Electric circuits lab Friday 19 February 2016

Report of the third session:

Faculty of engineering

Prepared by: Charbel Hanna Mansour

Presented to: Dr. MARIE RITA HOJEIJ

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Objectives:

Determine the value of a resistance with different ways:

-By using the color code of a resistor

-By using an ohmmeter

-By using simultaneously a voltmeter and an ammeter and applying Ohm’s law

Materials:

4 resistors with unknown value of resistance

5 VDC source

1 ohmmeter

1 voltmeter

1 ammeter

-alligator clips wire

-banana test clip

-a breadboard

Theoretical study:

In a resistor, there exists 4 colors, we will use 4 letters a, b, c, d.

a corresponds to the first color

b corresponds to the second color

c corresponds to the third color

d corresponds to the tolerance

Color black brown Red orange yellow gree Blue violet grey whit
code n e
digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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 c
The value of the resistance is: R=ab x 10

The tolerance is 5% if the last color is gold and it’s 10% if the last color is silver.

Relative error=|theoretical value –practical value|/ (theoretical) value x100 ⩽ tolerance

a B c d R th
R1 Brown Black orange gold 10x103 Ω
R2 Red Red green gold 22x105 Ω
R3 red black green gold 20x105 Ω
R4 red violet red gold 27x102 Ω

Practical study:

By using an ohmmeter:

R measured
R1 9.82 kΩ
R2 2.23 MΩ
R3 2.02 MΩ
R4 2.67 kΩ

We take the resistor which have the greatest resistance (2.23M Ω).

We put the resistor on the breadboard and we realize 2 types of circuits:

The first is to connect the voltmeter in parallel with the resistor and to connect an ammeter in series.
The voltage is 5.04V and the current is 2.7 μA.

U=R i

R=U/ i=5.04/ (2.7x10-6) =1.866x106 Ω

The second is to connect the voltmeter in parallel with the resistor and the ammeter .The voltage is
5.04V and the current is 2.2 μA.

R=5.04/ (2.2x10-6) =2.29x106 Ω

Simulation using P Spice:

This photo represents the values of the current and the voltage through the resistor of 2230k Ω after
choosing bias point as the analysis type.

Conclusion: we can find a difference between the values of the resistances obtained by using the color
code and the values measured with the ohmmeter. Let’s calculate the errors:

Relative error=|theoretical value –practical value|/theoretical value x100

Relative Errors
R1 |10x103-9.82x103|/104 x100=1.8%
R2 |22x105-2.23x106|/(22x105)x100=1.36%
R3 |20x105-2.02x106|/(20x105 )x100=1%
R4 |27x102-2.67x103|/(27x102)x100=1.11%

The errors obtained are less than the tolerance (5%) which is acceptable.

Let’s calculate now the error in the 2 circuits that we made by using the breadboard.

First circuit (short parallel circuit): ∆R/R=|2.23x10 6-1.866x106|/ (2.23x106) =0.1632

∆R=∆R/Rx R=0.1632x2.2x106=3.59x105 Ω

R2/g= (2.2x106)2/ (2x106) = 2.42x106 > ∆R

So this method is invalid.

Second circuit (long parallel circuit): ∆R/R=|2.23x10 6-2.29x106|/ (2.23x106) x100=2.69%

The relative error is 2.69% < 5% then the method is valid.