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Cytogenetics QUIZ
Cytogenetics QUIZ
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Cytogenetics – is all about cells
We’re gonna review biochem concepts.
Looking at the cell, you will have 3 parts of it: cell
membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material
(sometimes a genetic material is RNA but most of
the time it’s the DNA)
Our viruses contains RNA, so the RNA of the virus
the way it works is that the RNA will incorporate
towards..well some viruses would hinder some
aspect of cell metabolism by incorporating a certain
protein brought about by the RNA. So if they have
an RNA, this will trigger the cell to make more
copies of the virus so the RNA will program the cell We start off with the BASE. Base can be PYRAMIDIN
to make proteins, components of the virus and so or PURINE.
they would be a lot of viruses inside the cell and And if you add sugar + base, then you have form a
eventually it will burst..so ganon yung idea non. nucleoside
Now sometimes, it will also be delivering a certain If you add phosphate to sugar + as you will have a
change in the DNA, all of which will be replication of nucleotide.
the virus. Then, if you have nucleotides coming together, you
So kapag RNA magiging DNA, the virus can have a will have a nucleic acid. Nucleic acids is the series of
reverse transcriptase para from RNA magiging DNA nucleotides
and the DNA will be incorporated to the host cells Nucleic acids is composed of DNA/RNA
DNA. So if you have your DNA and RNA you have a
SO inside the genetics, we are going to tackle things particular sequence of DNA that will code for a
that are found in the cells. When you talk about the characteristic of an organism. So those are your
cells, nasagitna siya or if you go down smaller genes.
magiging molecular siya. So we have several genes, they are packed into
units in what we called chromosomes. Several
chromosomes coming together will form all of
genetic materials of an organism which we can say
it’s the genome of the organism.
So it forms the base, nucleoside, nucleotide, genes,
chromosome, and a genome.
If you go larger, it will be population genetics So for us human, we have genome and we have
mapped already the complete human genome and
that’s the result of the Human Genome Project last
2001.
After genome, you can have a variety, heredity,
wherein it shows your population differences. So
you have a human genome that makes up a specie.
We have mutations all over the world. We also have Minsan ayaw na ayaw mo sa isang tao pero
the advantages and disadvantages of variations. attracted ka. Yun nga yung sinasabi na maybe it’s
Some mutations will be incomplete, some because somehow you were actually putting out
mutations are seen right away. These are some pheromones. And those pheromones are parang
variations in the species which will lead to better may relationship sa gene pool naten.
GENE POOL. 5th degree separation, pwede ka na pala mag asawa
Have you ever wondered baket pag nag asawa kahit ng iyong kamag anak. The closer you are, the least
gaano ka panget ang isang Pilipino pero nakapag you will be allowed to marry according to science
asawa sya ng Amerikano, yung anak artistahin. and law.
Baket kaya? Hmm.. Magasawang pinsan, may malaking possibility na
When it comes to genetics, it’s still probability. So if yung lalabas na anak minsan may abnormalities.
you look at it yung mga artista pinaghalo at ‘MA, WE WILL HAVE A BETTER GENE POOL BAKA
maganda ang combination it’s because of the MAGING ARTISTAHIN PA ANAK KO’
VARIETY. Variety increases survival of the specie.
People breed differently kapag na mix. When you We can go macro but still whatever happens in the
have variety in your gene pool, it will become larger scale, it’s always governed by the smaller
stronger. So when someone marries a Westerner, scale which are your molecular genetics.
that Westerner is actually giving variety to the gene
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pool and the Asians/Filipino is also giving variety to
the gene pool of the Westerner. DNA is a very long strand. And in order for it to be
Bakit hindi kayo na iinlove sa kapatid ninyo? Kahit contained inside the nucleus, we need to package
kilalang kilala mo na.. you know their likes and them into units, that’s why we have chromosomes.
dislikes. Pero merong isang tao kahit na ayaw mo, The DNA sequence is very very long but we only
hindi mo alam bat ka na attract sakanya pero hindi have 46 chromosomes. So imagine how much
nangyayari iyon sa kapatid mo. IT’S BECAUSE OF energy is put into packaging of the DNA.
THE GENES. There’s something in us that if we are Chromosome of monkey – 48
similar to that person hindi tayo gaano attracted
especially to our kin because are genes are quite Human chromosome – 46
similar to them.
In nature, we are given something in us na
magbibigay saten ng sense of decision/discernment
kung sino ang pipiliin naten makakasama. It’s all
about survival. SO if you have more varied gene
pool, you will survive better.
Kaya nga yung in breeding, for example laging
Paano magkakaron ng 46 chromosomes kapag 48 ka?
nagkakasakit because yung gene pool nila hindi na
nagbabago, same na lang ng same every Tatanggalan mo ng dalawa? No, it’s not gonna happen
generation. So yung gene pool nila will be because one chromosome has several genes in it. So
weakened. many genes inside that if you take out one chromosome
So tayo, merong binigay saten na hindi dapat ito alone, the organism might not survive.
ang maging partner naten. In nature, when we say So pano yan? Ang pwedeng mangyari is 44
partner, it’s for procreation. It’s natural for us that chromosomes tapos may apat na nag fused together ng
we picked someone that will give us offspring na monkey to humans.
mabubuhay because that’s how nature works, and
we have inside us like special sensory na hindi ka
naattract sa isang tao because maybe we have
some similarities in our genetic make-up that if we
procreate maybe our offspring will not have a very
strong gene pool.
Chromosome has this particular pattern. Telomere and FULL PIC
centromere at the center. And if this is true na meron
kayong na fused together, na yung 48 naging 46. Pwede
kayong magkaron ng pattern na kung saan magkakabit
tong dalawa so pwedeng.. ganito yung drawing..
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ribose
We need to rely on the Central Dogma of Molecular
Biology. Whereas we have replication for the DNA and
Sa mga C dito naka atach yung mga phophate group.
from the DNA you have your mRNA and you have your
protein. And this part here is known as transcription RIBOSE : DITO nakaattach yung mga 3 prime (under)
and translation sa isa. So we have to look at this DNA - Double stranded DNA, they are anti-parallel.
particular concept whenever we have applications in
genetics. So the complement strand of 3’ to 5’ in the direct in its
direction. You have to remember that we have pairing.
Replication – from one cell to the next cell you need to
have similar set of the DNA. If you don’t have that, G PAIRS WITH C
maybe there’s a mutation that happened. And after A PAIRS WITH T
that, if you have gene that should be expressed already,
the DNA will have its code transcribe into an mRNA.
And then finally it will come out of the nucleus and go
to the ribosome for protein synthesis. That’s
translation.
Remember again, we need to have similar DNA’s for
every cell. Guanine and Cytosine pairs together and form 3
hydrogen bonds. (MUCH STRONGER BONDS)
Then, for you to have you characteristics, the DNA’s
code should be transcribed into an mRNA. And there Adneine and Thymine pairs together and form 2
are certain steps wherein you can have abnormality or hydrogen bonds.
mutations and in the long run you will not have your
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expected characteristic.
Transcribing code
Kunyare pogi dapat kayo pero di kayo pogi so may
nangyari na mutation sa DNA mo. You need to have a basis. You need to look at the
concept of the DNA polymerase, which is the one that is
You have to bear that in mind that there are certain
responsible for creating a new DNA strand
steps in the central dogma of molecular biology that
could have been changed by a certain mutations. They work from the 5’ to 3’ direction. Ang basis nila
dapat ay 3’ to 5’ aka as the template strand.
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Genetic Code
Protein: ASP-TYR
The protein of GAU/UAC/A is Aspartic acid Tyrosine.
From AUG/CAU/GAA/UCG/CA. what will happen is that WHY? BECAUSE AUG IS A START CODON. ALWAYS
the tRNA will go to the ribosome and deliver the REMEMBER NA PAG MAY AUG LAGING MAG SSTART
needed amino acid to form protein. So tRNA will have ANG START CODON DON.
the anticodon of AUG and we’ll be attached to an amino
acid. In this case, AUG is attached to met. How are we
going to know what amino acids will be coded by the ff UAA IS AN EXAMPLE OF A STOP CODON
codons? We use the genetic code.
Example:
DNA: 5’ - C A T T T A A G T T T T T T T – 3’
mRNA: 3’- G U A/ A A U /U C A/ A A A/ AAA – 5’
AMINO ACID: VAL-ASN-SER-LYS-LYS