Khwopa Engineering College

Affiliated to Purbanchal University

Libali, Bhaktapur
 COMMUNITY DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
PLAN
BUDANILAKANTHA WARD-12, 2020

Submitted By
Submitted To
Sudip Nepal
Dr. Bijaya Kumar Shrestha
MSc. UDC 07614
Disaster Risk management and Urban Development

1
 Table of Contents

LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................2
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................2
ACRONYMS............................................................................................................2
PART I: INTRODUCTION...................................................................................5
1.1 Background......................................................................................................5
1.1.1 Housing and other Infrastructure...............................................................6
1.1.2 Map of Budanilkantha Municipality..........................................................8
1.2 Objectives of Paper..........................................................................................9
1.3 Limitation of Paper...........................................................................................9
1.4 Methodology....................................................................................................9
PART II: HAZARD, VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY ASSESSMENT10
2.1. Hazard Ranking.............................................................................................11
2.2. Hazard Calendar............................................................................................12
2.3. Historical Timeline........................................................................................13
2.4. Hazard Analysis............................................................................................15
2.5. Problem Analysis..........................................................................................17
2.6. Town Watching / Transect Walk...................................................................18
2.7 Mobility Mapping..........................................................................................18
2.8 Vulnerabilities of Ward..................................................................................20
PART III: DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN....................................21
Conclusion..............................................................................................................28
Annex: Photographs..............................................................................................29
References..............................................................................................................33

2
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Major structure and important building available in ward no-12.........................6

Table 2 : Hazard Ranking of Ward-12 Budanilkantha Municipality................................11

Table 3: Hazard calendar of Ward 12, Budanilkantha Municipality................................12

Table 4: Historical Timeline in tabular form, Ward 12, Budhanilkantha Municipality....13

Table 5: Hazard Analysis of Ward 12, Budhanilkantha Municipality..............................15

Table 6: Problem Analysis...............................................................................................17

Table 7: Vulnerabilities analysis of ward 12, Budhanilkantha Municipality....................20

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Building Category...............................................................................................6

Figure 2: Historical Timeline of Ward 12, Budhanilkantha Municipality........................14

Figure 3: Mobility Mapping of Ward 12, Budhanilkantha Municipality..........................19

ACRONYMS
CBDRRM : Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
WDMC : Ward Disaster Management Committee
DPHO : District Public Health Office
DRM : Disaster Risk Management
FCHVs : Female Community Health Volunteers
HVCA : Hazard, Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment
I/NGOs : International/National Non-Government Organization
IEC : Information. Education and Communication
JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency

3
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
“Disasters bring serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving
widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the
ability of the affected community to cope using its own resources” [CITATION 09Un \l 1033 ].
Nepal is prone to multiple natural hazards such as Earthquakes, floods, landslides, fires, extreme
weather conditions, windstorms, hailstorms, epidemics, animal attacks and Glacial Lake
Outburst Floods (GLOFs) etc. its due to the geographical condition, climatic condition, soil
characteristics, diversity of rivers, rapid urbanization etc.. Nepal stands at the top 20th list of the
most multi-hazard prone countries in the world and is ranked 4th, 11th and 30th in terms of
climate-change, earthquake, and flood risk respectively (Maplecroft 2011, BCPR 2004 cited in
MoHA 2015).[CITATION adp19 \l 1033 ] More than 80 percent of the total population/community
of Nepal is at risk of natural hazards affecting every aspects of the community almost every year.
Nepal lies in a seismically active zone with a high probability for a massive earthquake due to
which Nepal is more vulnerable and is at greatest risk to earthquake. Earthquake is the most
disastrous hazards in terms of losses and affects human settlement, infrastructures, cultures,
economic conditions, lifestyles etc. A recent massive earthquake in April 2015 cause widespread
loss of life (nearly 9000 people and injured nearly 22000 people), damaging or destroying over
half a million homes and buildings, social and physical infrastructure, lifeline system, human
settlements, cultures, economic etc.[CITATION htt \l 1033 ]
2015 Earthquake response in Budanilantha ward -12 shows our capabilities, resources, and
preparations to the disaster. Different Government institutions, I/NGOs, were unable to respond
in an effective and coordination manner largely due to lack of technical capabilities of
forecasting, responding and managing disaster, poor public awareness, low literacy rate, mass
poverty, fatalistic nature of some people, difficult and undeveloped physical infrastructure,
unplanned settlement, lack of political commitment, slow decision making process and so on.
The nation response during the emergency phase was tremendous. Besides that ward-12 is also
exposed to different man-induced hazard like epidemic, Road accident, fire, related to poisonous
material etc.
Disaster risk management is a crucial task if not handled properly, can result a catastrophic
failure of the city and can convert it to the large scale disaster with huge unexpected losses. The
practice adopted in Nepal or Budanilkantha ward-12 is largely from top-down relief and
response approach in past which is less effective and less impact during disaster. In a disaster,
community people face instance impact of loss or damage. They act as first responder to deal
with the disaster before arrival of any rescue team and relief. To withstand until the rescue team
arrival they need to be more patience and act more sensibly without any panic at that situation to
prevent it from being worse and complicated. To achieve such the need of formation of
community based disaster management should be given priority and its need is undeniable. If the
community is well prepared for the disaster they will have to suffer less from the various
disaster.

4
.
The aim is to manage disaster at community level by integrating the community people in close
coordination with the local government stakeholders in an effective way and in timely manner.
Local committee can closely coordinate and collaborate with both government bodies and people
of their own communities. They can also built a platform to utilize the local manpower’s to bring
them together to help out their own community people. It helps in raising necessary resources to
work effectively and accountability. As social harmony exist in community, it will help to solve
many social issues arises in the community by these committee during the response. Disaster risk
or vulnerability can be reduced through the Community based disaster management. Vulnerable
group should be given priority during response as these group will have worse condition during
the disaster. Proper management should be arranged for these group of people to address the
issues of risk reduction.
With the Recent disaster and its response there is the absolute need of local level disaster
management body to minimize and reduce the effects of natural and man-made disaster to a great
extent. Recent disaster learning is bitter but the gap needs to be fulfilled and need to be prepared
for the next any major disaster. Despite such importance ward disaster management committee
(WDMC) has not been formed in some wards and if formed are not in an active phase. The
committee role is only seen after the disaster affects the community and found only distributing
the relief goods but not involved in enhancing the capacity of the individual community people.
Therefore, the existence of Community Disaster Management Committee (CDMC) is crucial for
effective disaster management ensuring stronger community awareness and participation.

5
 PART I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Budhanilkantha Municipality is located in Kathmandu District in Province No. 3 of Nepal. It was
established in 2014 (2071 B.S in Nepali calendar) by merging the former village development
committees Khadga Bhadrakali, Chapali Bhadrakali, Mahankal, Bishnu, Chunikhel and Kapan.
The municipality is bounded by Kathmandu metropolitan in the south, Tokha Municpality in the
west, Gokarneshwar Municipality in the east and Shvapuri watershed and wildlife reserve in the
north. The municipality consist of 13 wards with a total population of 153,303 people residing in
32,039 households and covering an area of 34.80 km2 (Annual Municipal Development plan,
2019). The temperature ranges from an average minimum of 3˚C to a maximum of 28˚C with an
altitude ranging from 1,289 m to 2,699 m above mean sea level (Annual Municipal Development
plan, 2019). [ CITATION CWI19 \l 1033 ]
Budanilkatha ward no -12 is one of the smallest ward among the 13 wards of budanilkantha
municipality. It has 4805 Households with total population of 4449 (male-9713 and Female-
9318).It has 1 community school and 11 Private schools. (Old ward-wise population of Census
2011 was reorganized based on reconstruction of municipality in 2017)
For a drinking water, the main sources in ward no 12 is their own water supply scheme Jhordhara
Khani Pani Sasthan where Bore water treatment is done and is supply to the individual
Households. Many households have their own wells in their house. They also used the alternative
water supply scheme. More than half of the households are dependent on their Jhhordhara khani
pani sasthan scheme and have individual wells.
In few years back, the ward has converted itself into emerging urban as it has significant
infrastructural development like the construction of roads, improvement of water supply,
education, health facilities etc. Human settlement has also been increased significantly as it is at
a distance of 1.5KM from the ring road, favorable climatic condition, good excess of
transportation facilities, land plotting and availability of fresh land for settlement, easily
accessible to any core part of the Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and lalitpur valley which attracts many
students to live here and to study etc. People with diversified cast and ethnicity are living in
harmony. Basically, the people from different districts especially from sindhupalchowk,
Dolakha, sindhuli etc has resettle here as a second home. The majority are involved in own
business, government/non- government services, as a daily wage worker in different construction
site, students and private organizations.
Different committee groups (sasthan), cooperative savings, youth local clubs exist in the ward
along with numerous mother and female groups. Recently, Kapan Hospital has been established
in a ward to provide a health facility to the local people.

6
Budanilkatha Municipality has a total open space of 404.20 sq.km. In ward-12, it has only few
open spaces and a handball ground where the football and different games are played.

1.1.1 Housing and other Infrastructure

Table 1: Major structure and important building available in ward no-12.
S.N Description Units Remarks
1 School Buildings 12 1-Community ,11-private
2 Hospital 1
3 Police Station 1
4 Government Building 1
5 Mobile Towers 2
6 Temples 4 Shiva status, Ganesh
Source: Map Book of Budanilkantha Municipality, JICA
It has 12 numbers of schools building which can used for the immediate occupancy after
disaster. Kapan hospital has been recently opened in this ward. For a security purpose there is a
police station which will be alert during any major disaster and will involve in the rescue work.
The ward has good mobile network connectivity and have two different mobile towers. Nepal
telecom office is also situated at the kapan-12
Total households of ward -12 is 1453 having population of the ward 6129 having 3097 Females
and 3032 Male according to the ward office data record. (2016)

Bui ldi ng Category

RC Engineered RC Non Engineered Brick or stone with cement
Brick or stone with mud Adobe other

5% 1% 11%

23%

60%

Figure 1: Building Category

Chart shows that the building constructed in ward-12 is Non engineered which is more
vulnerable during disaster
Source: Map Book of Budanilkantha Municipality,
JICA

7
Most of the constructed houses are RC Non engineered. i.e. constructed without the design and
supervision of the technical team. These Houses would be more vulnerable to the disaster they
do not comply the guidelines and Nepal building code. As a result many building are structurally
weak in foundations. Many Houses were collapsed in the earthquake 2015. Only 11% house are
constructed with consulting with the technical team.
From the view of disaster, the ward has a risk of earthquake, flood, epidemic, road accident etc.
Though ‘Community Disaster Management Committee’ was formed in this ward but did not
have any such significant preparedness actions to counter the risk of disasters. At present
condition they are only focus on distributing the relief goods and items after the disaster occurs.
To minimize the potential damage from existing disaster risk, disaster management through
community-based approach should be adopted. Involvement of community to identify the major
vulnerabilities and risk will provide significant details and feedbacks which help for mitigating
the risk and implementation the prepare plan effectively.
It is necessary to enhance the capacity of community, making ward resourceful for disaster
response and well-functioning sustainable institutions.

8
 1.1.2 Map of Budanilkantha Municipality

Source: Boundaries of municipality

9
1.2 Objectives of Paper
The main objective of this paper is to study the ward to reduce the disaster impact. The ward
implementing strategy preparedness, and response, risk reduction in the vulnerable area, groups
etc. This study will help the policy makers to identify the disaster of the ward and to take
necessary actions as needed.
Some of the specific objective of this research paper is to study and evaluate the ward from
disaster risk management perspective.
 To study the past disasters, their impacts and understanding of the community level
people and ward in regards to disaster, their capacity, knowledge, strength and weakness
before, during and after disaster.
 To study identify and analyze the potential hazards, vulnerable and exposure areas,
Households and risk pockets.
 Identifying the potential elements i.e. existing local resources and capacities of the
community that can be explored during emergency situations.
 To prepare an effective and efficient disaster risk management plan in coordination with
the ward.

1.3 Limitation of Paper

This paper admits that there are some limitations of the study. This research work is carried out
with some constraints. It is mainly carried out by the Masters level students as the part of
assignment work.
 Due to the pandemic (covid-19), unfavorable condition, budget, time and resource
constraints and various reasons. The work has not been carried out as it has to be. It’s
only based on the research paper reviews, secondary data and key informant interview
(KII) with the local government’s authority, few neighborhoods, and visit to limited sites
etc.
 Disaster risk management plans should be guided by Local Disaster Risk Management
Planning Guideline 2011, which is endorsed by the government of Nepal.
 This paper can only be reviewed for collecting the information and getting knowledge as
it has used a secondary data as far as available, study make by different researchers. Only
few primary data has been used.

1.4 Methodology
This research is the based on the study of different research paper based on the community level
disaster plan, and key informant interview (KII) with the local government representatives,
Discussions with the neighborhood and the problem faced during the disaster by myself. This
study somehow will help the concern authority while making policy and identifying the wards

10
vulnerable areas and will give priority to these area. The paper was prepared based on Local
Disaster Risk Management Planning Guideline 2011.

PART II: HAZARD, VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY

ASSESSMENT

Hazard, vulnerability and capacity assessment of this ward is analyzed through study of different
research papers, Interactions with the different government stake holder and community people
as far as possible.
In order to identify the hazards, vulnerability and capacity of the ward HVCA tools were used.
These tools were key to gather the information of the community in terms of measuring the
community’s vulnerability and recognizing the community capacity to counter the situation. The
HVCA tools that were used during the process is listed below:
 Hazard Ranking
 Hazard Calendar
 Historical Timeline
 Hazard Analysis
 Problem Table
 Town watching
 Mobility mapping
 Vulnerabilities of ward

11
2.1. Hazard Ranking
Hazard ranking will help to rank the hazard in terms of their potential to cause damage to life and property in community level. It is an
effective tool to rank hazard of the community. Hazards are ranked on the basis of proportion and territory damage. Below table
illustrates the major hazards identified by the community.
Hazard Earthquake Fire Flood Epidemic Road Accident
Earthquake Earthquake Earthquake Earthquake Earthquake
Fire Flood Fire Road accident
Flood Flood Flood
Epidemic Road accident
Road Accident
Total points 4 1 3 0 2
Ranked obtained 1st 4th 2nd 5th 3rd
Table 2 : Hazard Ranking of Ward-12 Budanilkantha Municipality

From the Hazard Ranking table we can conclude as earthquake as the most destructive disaster and is ranked first, similarly, flood is
ranked as second followed by the road accident and fire at 3rd and 4th in terms of intensity of destruction at ward-12, Budanilkantha
Municipality.

12
2.2. Hazard Calendar
A hazard calendar is a timeline prepared for different hazards throughout the year. It usually helps to find out the probability of
occurrence of a particular disaster in a particular month/s of the year. The hazard calendar of ward no. 12 is shown below:
Table 3: Hazard calendar of Ward 12, Budanilkantha Municipality
Month

Hazard Baishak Jestha Asar Shrawan Bhadra Ashwin Kartik Mangsir Poush Magh Falgun Chaitra
(Apr- (May- (Jun- (July- (Aug- (Sept- (Oct- (Nov- (Dec- (Jan- (Feb- (Mar-
May) Jun) July) Aug) Sept) Oct) Nov) Dec) Jan) Feb) Mar) Apr )
Earthquak
e
Fire
Flood
Epidemic
Road
Accident

From the above table earthquake, fire, flood, epidemics, and road accidents are major hazards in the ward. From the hazard calendar
earthquake, and road accident may occur every month. Flood generally occur in the month of Jestha, Asar, Shrawan and Bhadra
(May, June, July August September) whereas fire may occur in Chaitra, Baisakh and Jestha (March, April, May June). The epidemic
may spread mainly in rainy and summer season like February, March, April, May, June, and July. The hazard calendar also enables
the community to make preparation before the disaster to minimize impacts of possible disasters

13
2.3. Historical Timeline
This ward is prone to floods, fire, accident, earthquake, epidemics etc. They contribute significantly to the total annual loss of life and
damage to property. There is need of systematic compilation of the disaster and its impact for documentation purposes for the Future.
From this information, we can study about the tendency of recurring hazards, the damage caused by them and their impact can be
projected. The ward has not proper filing of these data and it is based on the information collected from different sources. The
historical timeline of disasters occurred and the effect in the ward is listed below.
Table 4: Historical Timeline in tabular form, Ward 12, Budhanilkantha Municipality
Years Disaster Damage Impact
1990 Earthquake  Death and injury to human, wildlife  Loss of life, property, damages infrastructures.
 Destruction of houses and other  Damages shelter, wash, livelihood, etc.
significant infrastructures  Scarcity of food , poverty, stay in temporary shelter.
 Affects Daily activities, unemployment.
 Psychological impact on people.
2045 Earthquake  Partial destruction of houses  Loss of properties
2062/63 Epidemic  Almost 109 people were ill  Increase in number of victims
2063 Flood  Number of death/missing – 2  Loss of fertile land
 Loss of crops  Flooding of houses at the riverbank.
 Soil erosion
2072 Earthquake  Completely damaged households – 71  People were settled in camp for more than 1 month
 Partially damaged - 707  Psychological effect on people
 Death - 14, Injured - 23  Affected livelihood and education
 Loss of domestic animals  Damaged few temples
Different Road accident  Death in 2072 B.S - 2 people  Damage to vehicles and human casualties
year  10 death, 2 injured in past 2- 3 years

14
Above timeline show that an earthquake in the year 1990 B.S. killed many people, animals and damage many infrastructures including
shelters, schools ,temples etc. Similarly, the earthquake in 2045 B.S resulted in the loss of many human lives and destroyed properties.
Epidemic in (2062-2063) B.S. around 109 people were sick. And flood in 2063 B.S. destroyed many cultivable land and effects
human day to day activities. Likewise, Earthquake that struck in 2072 B.S killed 14 people and injured 23 people. Many domestic and
street animals were dead. Death of animals, birds; loss of trees and herbs were reported due to land pooling every year. Road accident
killed 10 people and injured 2 in different years and damaged lots of vehicles.
Figure 2: Historical Timeline of Ward 12, Budhanilkantha Municipality

Death and injury of human, Completely damaged houses

wildlife, destruction of – 371, partially damaged -
Almost 109 people were ill
houses and other 707, Death - 4, Injured - 13
infrastructures. Loss of domestic animals

Earthquake Epidemics Earthquake

2062/63
Years (B.S) 1990 BS 2045 BS 2063 BS 2072 BS 077 BS
BS

Earthquake Flood Pandemic

Almost 25 people are ill

Partial destruction of houses 2 dead, loss of trees and crops. Death count-2

15
 2.4. Hazard Analysis
Hazard analysis tool helps to identify the causes and impact of the disaster. Similarly, it also facilitates in finding out the time interval
of disasters, its impact level and capacities to cope with any disaster. Hazard analysis of ward 12 is given below the table.
Table 5: Hazard Analysis of Ward 12, Budhanilkantha Municipality
Type Danger Impact Time seasons Impact Impact
Indication level Interval level Capacities that
Hazard Natural Technical Rapidly Time Time and component sector High/ help to
or man And or slowly duration year medium minimize
induced traditional /low
Earthquake Natural Dog barking, Rapidly Every year Any season Death/ injury of Human, High Community
sound of birds small to human; damage Economic, Awareness,
medium and loss of Social and Rescue,
intensity infrastructure mental. Rehabilitation
Fire Man-made Windy season Occurs Occurred Mostly March, building, Injury Human, High Human awareness,
and seen of slowly but every year April, and human, loss of Economic, Economic, rescue
smokes spreads May property social and materials, ,fire
rapidly mental extinguisher
Flood Natural Heavy rainfall Rapidly Occurred Rainy season Human, damage Human, Cash management,
every year property economic, coordination ward

Road Man-Made Consumption of Rapidly Many Risk in all Death/injury of Human being Medium Public awareness
Accident alcohol, narrow accidents months human and and economic about traffic
and unmanaged every year. (Mostly during damage to loss system
road. rainy time) vehicles.

Epidemics Natural Climate change Slowly Occurred 10 Anytime Physical, Physical, Medium Health post.
and unmanaged years ago economical, Economical, FCHVs
waste Educational
disturbance

16
Above Hazard analysis table shows that an earthquake as the main hazard among any hazards. Earthquake is unpredictable and could
destroy the entire community within very short span of time .It is believed that continuous barking of dogs and unusual sound of birds
might be the indication of the occurrence of earthquake. Earthquake has a huge impact on human lives, animals, physical
infrastructure, and great social and economic losses. Many people are found to be the victim of psychological problem.
Fire is also another hazard caused mainly due to human negligence. It is more likely to occur in windy and dry season like Chaitra and
Baishak (March, April, may). It can also have huge impact in terms of losses it can cause death and injury to human and animals life,
many physical and mental problems and structural damage of the community. There is no fire brigade in the ward due to which a rapid
fire will cause a huge destruction.
Flood is considered as the major natural hazards seen in this ward during heavy rainfall. Due to the unmanaged sewer system,
drainage pipe and houses constructed near the river side faces different problems during floods. Water enters in the houses and mess
up all the things of people. There is also a chance of water contaminated and spread of water borne disease in the community level and
affects the health of individual.
Due to narrow and unmanaged road, consumption of alcohol, lack of traffic awareness, unmanaged electric poles ,over speeding etc is
the main cause of road accident in this ward. Road accident may occur at any time causing human and economic loss. Capacity is not
available to cope with a road accident.
Likewise, the epidemic is another listed hazard in this ward which occurs due to climatic variations and unmanaged waste materials.
Spread of epidemic directly affect human health whereas it indirectly affects the economic aspect of an individual. Health post of this
ward has trained FCHVs who are responsible to organize awareness and prevention programs to prevent the spread of epidemics.

17
2.5. Problem Analysis
In this, the root cause of the problem has been explained along with their effect or impact in the
community level. Basically, it is the identifying of the local problems, its possible cause and how
this problem has effects the individual, community and environment in short and long term..
Identifying these problems and its causes will help to develop the DRM plan effectively.
Table 6: Problem Analysis
Problem Main cause of Problem Effects in community
 Naturally  Loss of human and damage to
 Weak physical infrastructure physical infrastructure
 Lack of disaster preparedness  Psychological disturbances.
Earthquake  Weak government laws and lack  Effect on lifestyle of human being
of effective implementation of  Decrease in economy
laws  Increase in crime
 Lack of awareness
 Heavy rainfall and drought  Damage to physical infrastructures
 Unmanaged seasonal river ,(khare and loss of human life
Flood Khola)  Loss of property
 Difficult in day to day life
 Unmanaged wire at the street,  Destruction of physical property
Fire carelessness at Households.  air pollution
 Lack of awareness
Narrow and  Unplanned settlement and  Risk in road accident
unmanaged road development of the infrastructure.  Risk of human and physical property
,poles, infrastructure  Lose government laws and policy
etc.

Disaster are not natural, hazards are .Ignoring the hazards can hurt .Human has great role in
converting the hazard to the disaster. Hence in the above table how the hazard has been
converted to the disaster and their effects are shown. The factors that trigger to have disaster is
mentioned.
Earthquake is a shaking of earth and is a natural event causes damage to the structure causing
partial or total collapse, damage to the road, and it is multiplied by the unsafe and weak
infrastructure, lack of community preparedness, neglected government laws and lack of
earthquake awareness in the community. Structure constructed should comply the Nepal building
code. The table indicates the consequences of the earthquake like loss of human lives, damage to
physical infrastructures, hamper daily activities and decline economic activities of the
community.

18
Unplanned settlement which includes the rapid excavating of the land, constructing the house in
a river bank, increment of use of sloppy land has resulted in flood. Similarly, vulnerable group of
people living near the river side are more vulnerable in a small disaster like flood. Due to their
low economic status they will have to face problems and poverty hunt them in every stage. The
problem mentioned in the above table suggest that the government needs a strong policy and
strategy to control those haphazard activities in order to minimize the risk of flood.
Likewise different unmanaged infrastructure the narrow road, unmanaged poles, is taken as a
problem because it is considered as one of the causes of a road accident in the area. The cause of
narrow road is pointed as negligence of government laws and policy.

2.6. Town Watching / Transect Walk

In this different cluster of the ward is visited to observe hazard of the ward. Generally it should
be done with the community representatives, different stakeholder. This will help to verify the
VCA data through direct observation in the field, to update DRR map and to collect the
experiences of disaster victims. Unlike other tools, this tool helps to generate real-time data
regarding the risks, vulnerabilities and capacities.

2.7 Mobility Mapping

Budanilkantha is an emerging urban town. It is necessary to explore the movement pattern of
people for better facilities within and outside the community. People moved to different places
for various purposes like education, employment, health, business, entertainment and religious
work. . Also, there is a trend of travelling abroad to the countries like USA, Australia, Japan,
U.K etc for higher studies.

19
 Figure 3: Mobility Mapping of Ward 12, Budhanilkantha Municipality
Within ward
Gataraj school, puspahal memorial
school, Baludhar college and schooletc.
Near to ward
Joseph High school, Reliance
International, Daffodil School etc.
International
Australia, Japan, Canada, Norway etc.

Within ward Education

Mobile ,TV, games, festival

Near to ward
Movie Hall, KL tower ,Fun
Park, Entertainment Health
Within ward Ward no-12
Durga mandir, Shiva Temple,
panchakanya temple

Near to ward
Kapan Gumba,Pasupati temple, Religious
Chabahile Monastery, Bouddha work Employment
20
Within ward
Kapan Health Post, Pharmacy etc.
Near to ward
Helping hand, Om Hospital,
Teaching Hospital, etc.
International
India ,U.S

Within ward and Near to ward

School, Health Post, Government and
Non-Government Organization, etc.
International
Dubai, Qatar ,Malaysia, Japan, India,
U.K., U.S etc.

21
2.8 Vulnerabilities of Ward
In order to develop an effective DRM plan, there is a need to assess the possible vulnerabilities exciting in the society that can
contribute to human casualties and infrastructural destruction. Possible vulnerabilities and risks of ward no 12, Budhanilkantha
Municipality are analyzed in tabular form:

Table 7: Vulnerabilities analysis of ward 12, Budhanilkantha Municipality

Name of the cluster
 Dulal tole, Khare tole, Muskan Tole.
Milanchowk, tensing Chowk,
Bhirkuti Chowk, Durga Mandir tole
etc.
 Khare Tole, Police chawki tole,
Baludar tole, Milanchowk tarkari
bazar tole
 All population of ward-12
 All population of ward-12
Major vulnerabilities and hazards
 Old and dense settlement and poor
construction practice.
 Houses built near the river bay.
 Increase in death toll due to delay in
response to injured people during a
disaster.
 Skilled and trained human resources are not
prepared. (E.g.: Search and rescue units,
First aid, Firefighting etc)
 Fire brigade and ambulance service are not  The community does not have DRM
available nearby. So, during earthquake
disaster, it may not be accessible.
Major reason for the problem
 Unmanaged and rapid urbanization
 The community is not prepared for
disaster response activities.
 The community is dependent on the
government for response to a disaster
 No proper policy and guidelines for
building near river
 Low cost of land
 Construction of government hospital is
not planned and prioritized.
 The community does not have DRM
plan for health response during a
disaster.
 Lack of awareness and resources in the
community
plan for emergency services during a
disaster.
 Lack of awareness and resources in the
community

22
 PART III: DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN

Disaster management plan is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding both natural and man-
made disaster. This discipline involves preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen
the impact of disasters. Through some safety measures these disasters could be avoided to some
extent.
It has to be done through active participation of the vulnerable communities and other
stakeholder so that effective Disaster risk management plan of any ward will be prepared. It
needs to be formed as per the guidance of local disaster risk management plan guidelines 2011 in
a participatory approach including male, female, representative of various community level
stakeholder representatives of ward office, municipality and as well as the representatives from
the central level in series of workshop, meetings, assessments and follow ups with the
community, ward officials and municipality. The formed plan will be more transparent,
accountable, gender inclusive and socially viable and will be easy for the government agencies to
implement the plan as per the need.
Hazard vulnerability and capacity assessment of the ward (HVCA) listed, earthquake, fire,
epidemics and road traffic accident as major hazards. Based on HVCA, the pre-disaster plan was
formed to increase the capacity of the community to cope with disaster to minimize immediate
loss. The next phase was developing DRM Plan focusing on disaster situation for operating
rescue, relief and response activities where disaster strikes. Final stage includes implementation
of the DRM plan i.e. recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction using the locally available
resources.
The DRM plan is a document that requires annual review and update to make it operative. Pre
disaster plans are preparatory plans which need to be performed soon because plans for during
and after a disaster are directly influenced by pre-disaster plans. Pre, during and post disaster
activities are described as follows:
Pre Disaster Plan (preparation, mitigation and prevention):
 Identifying the risk of disaster.
 Awareness to the community level people through different IEC materials, pamphlets etc.
 Selection of the safest place for disaster which includes community buildings, school
buildings, Municipality building or any other.
 Management of the essential materials for the disaster which includes food items,
transportation facilities to deliver them to the safe place etc.
 Alert to the community people to be in safe place.
 development of plans, policies and strategies; protection of existing natural and social
resources

23
During Disaster Plan (Emergency relief, response, search and rescue):
 Providing emergence help to disaster victims instantly , which includes search and rescue
of victims, provide first aid , fulfilment of emergency basic needs for disaster-affected
individuals, mobilization of human resources and task forces, management of camps,
provide medical support
 Shifting the most Vulnerable group to the safe place.
 Information sharing & coordinating to the local government bodies, police station and
health center.
 Managing safe place for the child, women, old age people and disable group of people.
Post Disaster Plan (Recovery phase - rehabilitation and reconstruction):
 Damage assessment after the disaster which includes human life, property, livelihoods
etc.
 Identifying the injured people
 Includes shifting disaster-affected families to safe camps, provide basic facilities like
food, clothes, water and sanitation to ensure their protection
 Focusing on the livelihood support activities.
 Reconstruction with ‘Build Back Better’ approach.

24
 Before Disaster
Major Management of resources
S.N Disaster Major problems and Activities for disaster management Responsibiliti TimeLi
Risk es Internal External ne
 Lack of awareness  Awareness through disseminate of IEC  CDMC  Co-ordination  Trainers /
activities, inadequate materials, placement of hoarding boards,  Ward with donors and Facilitators
training on disaster street drama, orientations etc. about ward and  In
preparedness and disaster preparedness  Human resources materials 2074
response.  Increasing capacity through different Financial support  Technical B.S.
training related to disaster response. support
 Unsafe construction  Conducting trainings, orientations to  CDMC,  Human resources  Technical
practices no local masons, house owner on safe  Technical and Mason, support and
implementation of construction. team of venue financial 2074
national building codes.  Increasing the nos. and flow of ward support
technicians for awareness to implement from
the NBCs.
 Strict rules and policy, penalty for
1 Earthquak violating the NBCs during construction.
e
 Only few open space are  Open safe space should be identify and  CDMC.  Open Spaces.  Financial
available at ward but do awareness to people.  Ward office.  Community support
not have basic  Community infrastructure should be  Municipality buildings  Technical
infrastructure could be constructed i.e. community hall, public assistance
used during disaster. latrines, water tap etc.

 Misuse of available  Available fund should be used  CDMC.  Request for seed  Seed
disaster Management fund effectively for disaster response activities  Ward office. money, money
due to lack of disaster  Establishment of Rescue task force  Municipality coordination support
plan. Insufficient  Storing of response materials at safe and from the ward. from ward
immediate relief kits, easily accessible place of the ward  Human resources  Coordinate
tools, rescue team for (Tarpaulin, hooks, ladders, toolkits, with other
rescue and response. stretchers, first aid kit, search and rescue organizatio

25
 materials, water supplies and hygiene n
materials etc.)
 Houses near khare khola  Houses constructed not following the  CDMC  Human resources  Technical ,  Sooner
are at high risk of flood river guidelines should be managed.  Vulnerable (Skilled and material
every monsoons.  Aware vulnerable households that are HH unskilled)  Financial
prone to flood to get prepared for support
possible flood consequences.
 High possibility of road  Management of Proper drainage system  CDMC  Human resources  Technical ,  Sooner
accidents during monsoon so that there will be less water in the  Ward office (Skilled and material
2 Floods seasons. Children’s, old road. and unskilled)  Financial
age people, women are at  Alternative road can be used where the municipality support
high risk. water level is very high in the road.
 Every year floods hit the  Houses which are likely to be effected by  CDMC  Community Hall  Sooner
households and lot of the small flood should make some  Community  Community
peoples are affected. precautions to avoid it. people
 Arrangement of space for temporary
settlement at community buildings and
schools.
 Poor and narrow road  Maintenance of the road in regular basis.  CDMC,   Technical, 
conditions and high speed  High traffic road should be extended. traffic material
of vehicles puts  Placement of signboard and warning department, and
3 Road pedestrian at high risk. boards. ward office financial
accident  Construct speed breaker and put a convex support
mirror in turns.
 Motorbike accident can  Prepare first aid kit, stretcher at ward  CDMC,  Ward office and  Technical,
be serious and life- office with all other required materials.  Health post human resources material and
threatening  Keep numbers of ambulance and  FCHV  Health post financial
emergency numbers visible. support
4 Epidemics  Unawareness and  Conduct various awareness activities,  FCHV,  Human resources,  Financial
carelessness in personal trainings, orientations and discussion volunteers, FCHV, health po and technical
hygiene. program at community level. CDMC support from
 Placement of hoarding board, distribution municipality

26
 of IEC materials etc.

During Disaster
Major Management of resources
S. Disaster Major problems and Risk Activities for disaster management Responsibilities TimeLin
N Internal External e
 Delay in search and rescue  Quick Mobilization of the SAR team to  CDMC  Human  Materials  Within
activities. Fire may follow rescue the trapped people inside buildings  Ward office resources and  Army few
after earthquake disaster. and infrastructure.  Stakeholders materials Rescuers. hours of
 Call for help from armed police force and and community  Financial the
rescuers and fire brigade if required. people. support disaster.
 Challenge in Quick review  Communicate with representatives of  CDMC  Coordination  Within
of damage assessment after clusters, leaders, various group, volunteers,  Ward channel few
disaster. CDMC, ward officials etc. and collect Chairperson hours of
information from every cluster of the ward. the
 Plan for further activities. disaster
1 Earthquak
 Delay in providing the  Providing immediate basic health facilities  Health post,  Human  Materials,  Within
e
emergency first aid to the to the victims. FCHVs, first resources hospital, few
injured people.  Help desk ,Volunteering work aiders financial hours of
 community support disaster
people
 Affected people losses  Manage temporary settlement at safe place  CDMC  Human  Training,  Within
their life, homes, with basic needs  Ward office. resources and response few days
livelihoods etc.  Distribution of emergency items  Community open spaces materials of
tarpaulins, foods, clothes, blankets, CGI people  Locally disaster
sheets, shelter kits etc.  Youth groups available
 Coordinating with the local government material

27
 and donors agencies for support.
2 Floods  After the flood, victims  Move affected household members to CDMC, ward Community Financial Soon
(During might face problem in safer place/areas ( community building) office, Hall support after
and after ) managing their basic where people can receive basic supplies community flood
needs. like food, clothes etc. people disaster
3 Road  Delay in the treatment of  Call trained personnel and provide first  Ward office  Health post Hospitals Soon
accident victim can lead to deaths aid to victim/injured as soon as possible. Community Community nearby after
(During and serious injury.  Call ambulance and take the victim FCHV accident
and after) immediately to hospital after first aid  First aid
assistant
 Health post
 High chance of spreading  Conduct awareness activities on a  FCHV  Human  IEC  Soon
disease to the community disease that can be spread.  Health post resources materials after
level.  Awareness of possible precautions  Volunteers from epidemi
measures, maintaining health and DPHO cs
sanitation, methods of purifying drinking  Health
water. institutes
 Aware to consult hospital as soon as
possible if any symptoms seen.
 Difficult to identify the  Co-ordinate with DPHO for surveillance  Health post,  Health post  Technical  Soon
source of the disease. and necessary investigation on the  municipality, support and after
 Negligence in number of severity of the disease.  ward office recommend epidemi
4 Epidemics cases and data  Document number of cases at health post ations from cs
and record it in ward office as well. DPHO
 Shortage of medicines  Co-ordinate with DPHO and health post  Health post,  Health post  Medicines  Soon
to supply medicines organizing camps at  Municipality  FCHV after
the cluster level.  Ward office epidemi
 Conduct regular awareness activities. cs and
until the
disease
control.

28
 After Disaster
Major Management of resources
S. Disaster Major problems and Risk Activities for disaster management Responsibilities TimeLi
N internal External ne
 Problem in selecting  Appropriate open place and feasible to all  CDMC Open Spaces  Support from
appropriate place, the people should be selected.  Political leaders  Co-ordination municipality
conflicts, duplication and  Fair Distribution of materials through  Cluster Human and donor
inequality in distribution of proper coordinate and lobby with the Gov development resources organizations
response materials. bodies and donors. committees to construct
 Minimizing conflicts through proper  Local basic
1 Earthquak managements stakeholders infrastructure
e  High chance of epidemic if  Conduct awareness programs to maintain  FCHVs, trained  Human  Financial  Regular
proper sanitation and hygiene, drinking safe water, proper volunteers resources support after and
hygiene is not adopted sanitation, safe waste disposal and during
(unsafe drinking water.) hygiene. disaster
 Recover and reconstruction  Damage assessment data needs to be  Ward office  Open Spaces  Materials,  Within 2
of the poor and collected at every cluster properly.  Municipality  Financial weeks
marginalized group is  Developing and Implementation the  CDMC supports of
difficult. Programs targeting to the vulnerable disaste
group.
 Difficult in implementing  Conduct awareness programs for safe  Municipality  Co-ordination  Technical  After 1 -
new technology in reconstruction and building codes.  CDMC team support and 2
rebuilding different  Training to the local masons, engineers  Community and  Human training months
structures, shelters, about Earthquake resistant shelter. ward office resource  IEC materials of the
community buildings,  Temporary structures should be disaster
schools etc. constructed to continue schooling after
disaster.
 Different health issue  Conduct different psychosocial  Volunteers  Human  Trained  Within 2
problem to the people after counselling, camps, help desk..  Teachers resources volunteer weeks
earthquake and its shock.  Engaging in different work.  Youth groups team of
 IEC materials disaster
29
  Conduct awareness programs to alert the
community to stay safe. (Group
orientation, public announcement)

30
Conclusion
Hence, it can be concluded that the Natural disaster occurs almost all over the year causing
heavy loss of human life, destruction of infrastructure and properties. Usually natural disasters
are unstoppable. However its magnitude can be reduced if appropriate plans, policy measures are
adopted in due time. The Government, community and the people should work together in an
effective way to this end.
As we know that, Disaster has always been a major problem for the urban area. Budanilkantha
ward -12, experiences various dreadful disasters from time to time, including flood, earthquake,
epidemic, fire incidents etc. and is at the highest risk in terms of impact on people. It’s due to
unplanned urbanization, high population density, unplanned and weak physical development
construction practices, inadequate planning for road accesses, weak institutional capacities and
inadequate solid waste disposal facilities etc.
Community people are directly affected by any disaster. Community based disaster management
plan, should be revised on regular basis and concerned agencies should effectively implement the
disaster mitigation programs. Their role, functions, duties and responsibilities should be
explained and specified before, during and after disaster. To reduce the risk of disaster in ward-
12 of Budanilkantha, Increasing public awareness in the community level regarding disaster risk
is necessary. Moreover, disaster management course should be included in the school and
university curriculum. It is also necessary to train school teachers, selected students, women
leaders, health workers and social workers to educate others in measures to prevent or mitigate
the natural disasters. Such types of programs may convince people to believe that natural
disasters are not an act of God.
Local level government plays a vital roles and their activities at a condition will be more crucial
than any other government institutions before, during and after the disaster. Having profound
knowledge about the area and community, their vulnerable group or community, locations etc.
will help in protecting life reducing loss and damage through immediate actions. To attain all
this, there is the need of the strong political determination, pragmatic policy formulation and
quick decision making. Moreover, active people's participation is also very necessary.   
It is also needed very much to improve road infrastructure, transportation and communication
facilities to carry out rescue and relief works effectively and efficiently. In order to prevent
inappropriate construction of buildings, the building code should be strictly implemented. To
prevent duplication of relief works and the lack of cooperation, it is needed to establish mutual
understanding and frequent dialogue between the focal persons.

31
Annex: Photographs

Photographs showing some effects of disaster in community level.

32
Different location of budanilkanth ward-12 showing the vulnerabilities for disaster

33
Vulnerabilities locations Shelter construction, Open space,

34
 References

Bhandari, D., & Malakar, Y. (October 2009). Practical approaches on community based disaster
management planning. kathmandu: Practical Action in Nepal.
CWIS TA, Hub, south Asia/ENPHO. (15/11/2019). SFD Lite Report Budanilakntha
Municipality Nepal.
(2009). Global Assement of Risk Nepal Country Report.
JICA. (2016). Map Book of Budanilkantha Municipality.
JICA. (2017). ward Level Disaster Risk Managment Plan,Ward No. 2 Budanilkantha
Municipality. ENPHO ,MoUD,MoFALD,MoHA.
Marahatta, P. S. (June 2013). Community-based Earthquake Vulnerability Reduction in
Traditional Settlements of Kathmandu Valley . Lalitpur.
(september 2009). Municipal Disaster Risk Identification program (MDRIP) Illam and panauti
municipalities of nepal. kathmandu: national society for earthquake technology
-nepal(NSET).
(december 2017). Nepal Disaster Report the road to sendai. Ministry of Home
Affairs,Government of Nepal , .
Nepal Government,. (2011). Local Disaster risk managment planning guideline-LDRMP. Nepal
Government ,Ministry of local Development .
Shrestha, B. K. (n.d.). Municipal development after restructuring of local areas in
Nepal:prospects and challange.
(April 2019). The roles of Local Government in Disaster management and Earthquake
Reconstruction. Democracy resource center.
(November 2014). Tinputz District Disaster Risk Management Plan. Papua New Guinea: District
Disaster Risk Management Committee.
Understanding Ward Disaster Managment Committee (WDMC) For Community Based Disaster
Management in Dhaka. (2019). International Conference on Disaster Risk Management.
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
UNDRR. (2019). Disaster risk reduction in Nepal status report.
UNSIDR. (May 2009). Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations International strategy for disaster reduction
(UNSIDR).

Wikipedia. (2015). April 2015 Nepal earthquake. Retrieved from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake

35
36