HvtKona Tecna

KarbB e HeroBwflT xr4Bor?

cI4 IIPEACTABI4M cbBpEMBHrfr4fl cBtr

If^ e Bce eAHO fqa clA ro
6es enerrprqecr-
Ar:, npeflcraBilM 6es BoAara, Koflro nileM,
vnv 0e3 Bb3A)D(a, xofiro AiluaMe. Bce no-HapacrBauloro il3non3BaHe
Ha eneKrpr4r{ecrBoro npe3 nocneflHtlre 200 roAVtHtA ro npeBpbqa
LLI. Hepa3AenHa qacr or BceKil acneKT B Hauilfl *.4BOT. TO
namNpa npufloxe-
B

Hne KaKTo e natz-rpaHAilo3Hrre nocrilxeHnfl Ha qoBeqecrBoro,

TaKa h
a Hafi-''nanKilTe ycrpourcrBa, Kor4To il3non3BaMe B exe4HeBilero
cvt, vt e
ocHoBHa npeAnocraBKa 3a pa3Brrmero Ha cbBpeMeHHOTO
O6qecreo.

T'
Mnoro BennoAyqeHil uuzo6perarefln nMarcBofl npnHoc3a pa3Brrrero
Ha
eneKTpol/ HxeHepHara HayKa n pe3 foAl4 H ilTe. I n q nocril
Karo wcaxH rcroH,
Senfixannrau Opan KuAH, Tonnac Egncrn N An6epr
Arzrnr4ar,rn ca yqeHmre,
KOT4TO B Hauero cb3HaHile ca Hepa3prBHo cBbp3aHr c Ta3tA
O6nacr e
LU' HayKara, fqoBena Ao peBontoqnoHHr4 npoMeHr
B xilBora nr. MHoro L{ecro
o6aqe rMero Ha eAilH rrrso6peraren orcbcrBa or ilcropr4qecK[Te

ry
crpaHil-
4w, Kol4To Hu HanoMHflT KaK cBerbr e rqocrilrHan rqo cbBpeMeHHoTo
paBHilqe Ha cBoero pa3Bnrme. Toea e cpu6crilflryqeH
Hurona Tecna.
Epnn or HatZ-gHaL{rMhre raro6pereHrn Ha HeroB nn renwit
ca acnH-
xpoHHnnr ABilFaren n 6esxilqHnfiT npeHoc Ha eHepFnfl.
Tara Hnrona
l" Tecna noBeqe or BceKn yqeH B qoBeuKara ncropnn
nMa 3acnyra 3a
npor3BoflcrBoro tA tBnon3BaHero Ha efleKTpilqecKara

m" B HalIJl4Te AOMOBe. 3aqo Bce naK TOnKOBa MarKo xopa

toh n KaKbB e HefoBr4flT npilHoc 3a nocrrxeHilflTa
eHeprilR, KaKTO
r 3a Bb3MoxHocrra rF Aa flocrvtra or eneKTpolleHTpanilTe,qo ypeArre
3HaflT XOIZ e
Ha cbBpeMeHHOTO
o6rqecrao? Kar craBa TaKa, qe To3l4 HeBepoflTeH reHilra
ce oKa3Ba B
cRHKara Ha cBoilTe roneru? orroeoprre Ha re3r Bbnpocr4
ca TonKoBa

m-' cnoxHl4, KOflKOTO n nrtqHocrra Ha caMtAfl nao6peraren.

Kaxue e Hrrona Tecna Karo qoeer?
2750nnp.Xp.$ B 4peeHoerrnercKt4 reKcroBe ce onilcBar efleKrpnqecKnre 3MuopKl4 e pera Hrn.

500 r. np. Xp. I Tanec or Mnner il3BbpuBa ua6nogerrn, cBbp3aHu cbc craril'.{Horo eneKrpnqecrBo.

1600 $ Anrnr,rficwtat $uznxYunnn lr,u6tpr Bb3paxAa orHoBo r4Hrepeca KbM vl3cfleABaHilflra e o6nacrra Ha

$eugxaunH OpanrnrH Or6enRsea cbqecTByBaHeTO Ha eneKTpilqe6TBo B MbtlHt/ilTe.

Bonra neo6pernBa eneKrpt4qecKara 6arepnn,

Mafiru Oapalefr IoKa3Ba, qe eneKTpilqecrBoro Moxe Aa ce flpot/3BexIa no MexaHuqeH Ha'.,114H.

Ha 10 pnn B CMilnRH (AHeuua Xtpearun) ce pax.qa Huxona Tecna'

Haqano na Bropara nHAycrpilanHa peBonol{l4ff.

Tecna sanoqBa Aa yqil efleKrpoytHxeHepcreo e flonilrexHvrqecKoro yqilnilt4e a fpaq, Aecrpnn.

1880 g B Hro lzlopr Tomac EguctH cb3.qaBa cBoflra KoMnaHilF 3a npoil3BoAcrBo Ha eneKrpulqecrBo
(Ed u ct n I4n p u une0 m un z Kt ra n a n u).

Tecna npncrilra a Ho Vlopxu 3anoqBa pa6ora npr Egutctn.

1885 ! Tecna cb34aBa cBoflra KoMnaHilfl Tecna l4nexmpuxllatm eud ManrcQeKmqbpuHe, Ho no-K'bcHo e orcrpaHeH

1887 $ 3anovsa ga pa6orr za Yecmuuexayc l4nexmpux s ilurc6tpr, fleHcrngaHiln.

Mex4y Yecrnurxayc r EgutctH 3anoqBa "Boftxata Ha roxoeere".

Craea aueprKaHcKt4 rpaxgaHilH t4 cb34aBa na6oparopura s Hro lzlopx.

Tecna craea 3aMecrHtrK-peKTop Ha Ameprrancrn+ v+cr.Aryr Ha nHxeHeprre no eneKTporexHilKa.

1893 $ 3aegxo c flxopgx YecruHrxayc ocurypnBar 3axpaHBaHero c npoMeHnilBo efieKrpvlr{ecrBo Ha

MexgyHapogHoro n3noxeH ile B Ll nxaro.
3ano.{sa pa6orara Bbpxy npoeKr 3a il3rpaxAaHe Ha eneKrpoqeHrpana Ha Hrarapcrnn BoAonan.

Tecna 4emoncrpilpa cBoero nbpBo paAilonpe4aBaHe.

1896 Enerrpoqenrpaflara na Hnarapa 3axpaHBa c eneKTpt4'{ecrso 6rt$ano, Hr,c lr'lopr.

Tecna ce npeMecrBa e Konopago Cnpnnrc, Konopago, Kb.qero il3BbpuBa uaqa6Hr eKcnepnMeHTLt.

3anoqea crpoexbr Ha Kyflara "Yopgtuxnu$" Ha IoHr AfrntxA, Hro lulopx.

Tecna npeprara Mero4 sa 6esxilqHo npeHacflHe Ha eneKrpuqecrao - "eQexr na Tecna'i

1909 $ fynraenmo Maprorr noflyqaBa Ho6enoea HarpaAa no $nrnra 3a nprHoc B pa3Bilrilero Ha 6egxvt,{Hara

Tecna sanoqea 6eeycneulen ctge6en npoqec cpeqy npereHqililre na MapxoHtt.

Tecna nonyvaBa Megara"E4r,rctH"or Vlxctutyta Ha ilHXeHepilTe no eneKTporexHrKa il eneKTpoHvlra (IEEE).

Cnrcanne"TahM" v3nv3a c noprpera na Tecna Ha Kopvlqara cil.

1937 lecna npoeKTilpa optxrero'TeneQopc'i HapilqaHo ot4e"CutrptoHocHl4fl nbs" onucBaHo qecro

$ tA B

1943 I H" 7 nnyapvTecna yuupa e Hro l,4opx. Brpxosnunr cbg Ha CAI! ro npn3HaBa ea rso6peraren Ha paAlloro.

il
 oo
CneTerlbr rroKp oBureilr,
Ha cbBpeMeHHOTO ereKTprrqecTBo m
HefoBaTa o'nofiIgla" 3a cBeTJIvrHa B cBeTa
Hurona Tecna
-frzrKuJra e poAeH B erroxa,
rEUJla c elloxa, Kofaro eneKTpl4qecrBoro e AocrbnHo caMo 34 e LrH OrlpeAeneH eJII4T
vrBIdAtr]{o caMo 3a oHe3I'I, KokITo cavrvralrv Bb3MoxHocrra qasa6erexar upo6nxcr*a
MbJrHrrvre B
"i
rbMHoro 6ypenocno He6e. EnexrpuuecrBoro o6a.Ie crKaru [porr4qa npe3 reur4 arrHkrflMo3bK
ua Tecra,
Bce eAHo qe B Hero I4Ma Mpexa or MeAHLT)KrtrJrt.I4:o6perrsafiKn rrpoMeHnr{BoroKoBr.rr
eneKTpoABr4rareJr,
TOLI OTKpIIBaHAqLTH 3anpeHactHe Ha eneKTpl4qecrBoro Ao BC{KO Kbrqe Ha 3eM.rrra 14
Aopu3alIoqBa
"BoilHd'c Toltac E4ucrn, 3a AaocblrlecrBvrzrreflTacz. Tecra He ce orpaHuqaBa
caMo c rona. Tofi
nso6perrea paAl4oro I4 npaBrl otrIrr ra ce cBbpxe c u3BbH3enlrrra. 3aralbqHr4-f,T My
Haqr4H Ha x{r4BoT e
roqrl{ nereHAapeH Ir Ao ISBecrHa creleH nnarueq. I4crusara e, qe eAr4HcrBeHoro )KeJraHrre na Tecna
e
HeroBI{Te zso6perenkrfl Aa HalpaB.sr cBera no-xy6ae, urofi4eficrnlruenHo ycrrrBa
Aa rrocrrrrHe roBa.

PaxgaHe "nofl 3HaKa Ha efleKTpl/L{ecrBoro"

E POAEH B ManKoro cenqe CmnnRu, Ha rephro_
TECnA
rphnra Ha AHeuHa Xrpaarnn, Kbflero HeroBure npa_
po4hrenu ilABar or Ctp6un B cpeAara na XVlll e. Toea
e npuqhHara oule or paHHoro cl,4 flercrBo Huxona 4a
nonaAHe no4 BnhnHuero KaKTo Ha cpt6cxara, TaKa u Ha
xbpBarcKara Kynrypa. HeroehRr 6aqa Munyrur.r Tecna e
cpu6cxra npaBocraBeH cBeqeHilK, Ho ocBeH ToBa e nonil_
TUqecKh aHraxilpaH il qecTo nuue cTaTilu B MeCTHilTe
BecrHt4qt4. C ranaHrnileoro cu nepo rorl or4e Karo Mra_
Aex nphBnuqa BHnMaHrero ua cpr6cxuR l4HTeneKTya_
neH enur h raKa ce 3ano3HaBa c uafixara na Huxona _
Feoprrqa (.{xyxa) Man4uv, Koflro npou3xoxga or Bt4AHa
cpr6cra Qanunua. llo nefina nuHvtfl, KaKro il orKbM
crpaHa Ha 6aup cu, Hrxona Tecna e KpbBHo cBbp3aH c
r43TbKHaru AyxoBHr4 BOAaqU u Btlcuu BoeHHil, Cnyil<tLnv
B apMilFra ua Aecrpo-YnrapcKara uMnepiln. Ilpes 1g55_
Ta, eAHa roAuHa npeAil paxgaHero na Huxona, Mnnytnu
nonyqaBa noBilueHue 3apapu cBonre Bb3Aerlcreaqra
nponoBeAr 3a nor3ara or rpyAa u ceueircrgoro ce npe_
MecrBa B Cmunnn. lzlueuno ryK ce paxAa cuHbr r4M
Hnxola. Cnope4 HflKol4 cBr4AerercrBa roBa craBa npe3
Hoq Ha
eAHa flflTHa
.l856
r., xoraro uaert 6yuyea cunna
rpbMoreBilqHa 6ypn. I1o4o6no o6cronrencreo cnKau e
uafi-no4xo4nqoro 3a MoMqero, Ha Koero cu46ara e npe_
AonpeAenilna Aa il3Bbprxt4 l4cl4HcKo vy4o e o6nacrra ua
eneKTpot4HXeHepcTBOTO.
flercreoro xa Hurona npeMilHaBa cpe4 ilArnunra Ha
xbpBarcKaTa npoBl4Htll4ftA B tAtptA c no_roneMuff rvry 6par
,{aua ra cecrpl/re uy Mulxa, AnrenuHa ra Mapraqa. flo
roBa BpeMe 6ugeqranr uHXeHep 3a nbpBt4 nbr B xl4Bora
cu par6upa KaKBo e uro6pereHue or caon 6pa1 ruarlxa cu
ta ApyrilTe MoMqera or cenoro. Bcsxa ecen ceflcKure
MoM_
rrera ce onrrBar
Aa nocrpoffT 6exr ua MecrHilfl noroK,
3a Aa npe.qorBparflr ce3oHHilTe HaBoAHeHran. E4xo or
ycrpoficreara, Kor4To il3nor3Bal e tnaAKo BoAeHuLtHo
Koneno, cbAbpxaqo KoHqenquRra, xoRro Tecna npilnara
no-KbcHo, Koraro cb3AaBa 6egnonarxoenre napHu ryp_ : Hrxona Tecna sa 23 ro[nHr.
Bctl4nocl ronflMa qacr or ycrporicreara, c Kor4To
6raxra.
Huxona ilrpae B AercrBoro cu, no-KbcHo HaMrpar npuno_
xeHue B HnKol4 or roreMure my uro6perenun.

^ CunnnH, Xtpearlts. ['locerilTent,t

nanqT cBet4il B npaBocnaBHaTa qbpK-
Ba B poiqHoro Mrcro xa Tecna npn or-
6enngganero sa I 50-roAxrxHhHara
or poxAeHuero ta n:o6perarenn.
O6yuenue cbc cKopocrra Ha
CBeT!'II{HaTa
tlpe: 863 r. npil
'1
eEL4H yxaceH ilHtln4eHr 3arilBa
no-roneMilflr 6par na Hnxona, Iana. Tovt e xBbpneH
or KoHF, xoito nzgu, vt yMnpa no-K'bcHo or HapaHSBa-
NnflTa ctA. Tasu rpare4ran xBbpnn e g-un6oro orqaflHile
pogrrenilTe ilM, a Bbpxy camus Hnxona ocraBn cneAu
3a qffn xuBor KaKTo npnKo, rrr7 raro roil e cunxo npu-
B-bp3aH rtu6par ctA v ce Bb3xuqaBa or Hero, TaKa tr
KocBeHo. lana e il3KfloqilrenHo HaAapeHo flere, TaKa
LIC CNCA HCTOBATA CMbPT BCFKO TOIflMO NOCTilXEHhC
Ha no-MarKilfl l4M cl4H HanoMHfl Ha poAilTenrTe ilM 3a
ra3il roflflMa rary6a. Creg ranqragenra Hnrona "pacre c
Hr,lCKO CaMOLryeCtBWe" W 40ptt na6nrea or AoMa cIA tA ce
cKpilBa B eEilH napaKnric B nraHilHaTa.
ilpee 1870 r., Koraro e Ha 14 roAuHrl, Htrxona Eanvt-
HaBa 3a 6nnzt<ua rpag Kapnoeaq,3a Aa npoAbnxu o6y-
qeHileTo ctA B ftAMHa3tAF/ KbAeTO il3yqaBa MaTeMaTilKa
t4 tty:x'I.tA earar4ra. Totl ycnnBa Aa 3aBbptxtl o6pa30BaHti-
ero cll 3a rpil BMecro 3a qerr/pl4 roAtAHtA, rarro e o6u-
Tesil HeroBu ycnexu o6aqe ocraBar Hesa6e-
qarTrHo.
nA3aHV OT pOAilTenilTe My/ KOTTTO BCe OUle He Ca npe-
o4onenrl M-bKara or rary6ara Ha no-rofleMilA cvt ct H.
B'unpexr roea Hrrona rBbp4o 3aflBrBa na 6au1a cr,
Lre rcKa Aa craHe ilHXeHep no eneKTporexHilra. Toea
4eicrenreruo e eAHa cMena nocr-bnKa, rrrfi xaro 6au1a
N4y npeAnoqura rorl ga ras6epe Kapilepara Ha AyxoBH14K.
l-lelaeucnvlo or pa3oqapoBaHilero cvr,6aqa uy Bce naK
peuaBa Aa My noMorHe Aa oc-bulecTBvl cBoflTa MeqTa,
o6neneaiAxtA, qe cilHbr My ule "noceulaea aail-go6pvn
rexHilqecKil tltcrtlTyr e csera" - llonurexxrqecxoro
yq/ntaule e fpaq, Ascrpun.
Ja u:yuanam dr,Aerqero Ha
e"rleKTpuqecrBoro
Toea peueHre na MunyruH Aa n3nparil MnaAUfl
Hrrora s lpaq e nopo4eHo or 6esynpeuxara peny-
raLlL4fl, C KOflTO Ce non3Ba eneKTpOr4HXeHepHaTa npo-
Secrn u ocraHarilTe HayqHil 3aHilMaHrF. Hrrona ce
orEaBa noLtTr4 il3qflno Ha nHXeHepHilTe HayKu/ KaTo
HaMilpa BpeMe n 3a yqeHe Ha e3ilqil - ApyroTo HeroBo
yBneqeHl/e. lo nocruneauero cr4 B Korexa rotZ eeqe
roBopyr AeBeT e37rKa il 3Hae noLrTyr Hail3ycT npoil3BeAe-
HfiflTa Ha HFKOflKO l43BeCTHtl aBTOpil, B TOBa ql/1CIO t/t Ha
r
Vrrsvr lllexcnup, Bonrep, lzlcax Hrcrou Peue flexapr.
Oqenxrre, Kol4To nonyqaea e nonnrexH/qecKoro y.tvt-
nL4Ule, ca HancT/Ha BneqaTnFBaulil, a yLlilTenilTe My ca
o6e:noxoenn, ve rorir or4ern crpauHo MHoro BpeMe
Bw6nworcxa rr& cnomenlrre
EAHA KAPTT4HA CTPyBA KOnKOTO r000 AvM14
[a ce xaxe, qe Tecna e crpacreH qilTarer, o3HaqaBa no-
cKopo na ce oManoBaxr roBa HeroBo yeleveure. Toti He caMo
npOCTO qeTe KHvltVt, a e B CbCTOHHile Aa 3anOMHfl Lleflil TOMOBe.
Srarogapeure Ha cBoffTa, xaxro 6uxme r Hapeou 4xec, Qoro-
rpaQcra nauer, Tecna 6e: npo6nen qrrilpa npom3Be4eHunra
sa nto6rranre cn aBTopr4 - lllexcnup, Bonrep, flexap1 [uore.
'i'!a egrH no-KbceH eran B xhBora cil roneMilflT vtso6peraren
HiyqaBa 6y4rcxa nilTeparypa il qecro vr3nor3Ba 6ypucxure
3a no4roroBKara cn. Tagn crpacr Ha
Huxora y'{eHero npe.qvt3BilKBa
K-bM
noAl/lrpaBKilTe Ha HeroBuTe cby'le-
nnqn. Ha roea rofr orroBapn no eAr4H
flocra crpaHeH Haqv]H - 3anoqBa Aa
virpae xa3apr. Kaxro u ocraHarilTe
cnyqat/, Koraro pa3KptlBa cBol/Te
HeBepoflTHu cnoco6uocrn, TaKa il
yMeHilero My Aa l/1rpae Ha Kaprn npe-
Ar43Br4KBa Bb3Xr4UleHneTO Ha HerO-
BilTe C'byqeHilqil c nopa3nrenHara cil
MeTOA'4qHOCT.
llpn6rururerno no roBa BpeMe
Hurona Tecna ganoqea Aa npaBtl
l,l3CIeABaHfifTa/ KOUrO nO-KbCHO Ule
ce npeB-bpHar e nari-eeluxoro my
orKpl,lTile - npoMeHrilBrifl eneKTpr4qecKra rox. Tofr 4opu ^ tparl, Aecrpus. Tyx Tecra yun
eneKTporHXeHepcTBo.
cil no3BoflFBa Ea ornpaBu npeEn3BnKarencrBo KbM eATlH
or cBoilre npo$ecopra no BpeMe Ha neKqvrn, cBbp3aHo c
o6qonpnernn no roBa BpeMe HaqilH Ha npeHoc Ha eneK-
TpoeHeprilR c il3nor3BaHe Ha nocroflHeH ToK, npol4qaul
caMo B eEHa nocora. Cnopeg Hnrona, aKo or ereKTpt4qec-
Kara cxeMa ce orcrpaHil onpeAeneH eneMeHl il3BecreH
Karo KoMyrarop, eneKTpuqecreoro 6il Morno Aa nportlqa
B pa3flilLrHr/ nocoxu. flgocau orroBa npe4il3BuKareflcrBo,
npo$ecoprr orcrpaHnBa efleMeHra, c Llen fla noApa3Hu
Hnxona, il ce oKa3Ba npaB: eneKTpilqecrBoro He Moxe Ea
ce npeHacfl 6ea romyrarop, no Tecra e y6egen, qe ilEetra
My Moxe 4a npopa6ona.
)Knnor Ha cKrrrHI{K
Pasovapoeau or Heycnexa cil npil peuaBaHero na npo6-
neMa c npeBKnoqBarern il npoMeHrtABuF ToK, Huxola
3anoqBa Aa ilrpae AeHoHor4Ho xaaapr. Totit n:ry6ea na
3aflalaHilR napilTe 3a TaKCaTa B yql/inilUleTo il HaTpynBa
MHoro AbrroBe, c Koero e6ecRea 6nv'zxtrne cn. Bcuqxo
ToBa cflKau 6enexu Haqafloro na Qnnancoerre npo6nenu
Ha Tecra, c-bnbrcrBaqu ro npe3 cnegBau.lilTe ropilHu Ha
xilBora uy. Koraro uflBa BpeMe Aa ce fBM ua uzntnw,toit,
pa:6lrpa ce, ce oKa3Ba HenogrorBeH ra rpn6ea Aa HanycHe
florrrexHrqecKoro yqr4ntlule, 6er ga ce grnnourapa. Crpa-
4ariru or roea r43Krrcql4TerrHo yHuxeHue, Hurola 3anoqBa
Aa nbryBa r: lzlgroqua Eapona, pa6orenrra BpeMeHHo Karo
^ Muryrus Tecna,6aulara ua Huxora
e npaBocnaBeH cBeu.leHilK.
HeAunnoMilpaH MHXeHep. Tota o6a.re no BcFKaKbB HaquH
ur:6rrea 4a ce cpeula c poAilTenv:ne cw,tuv Karo ce npilTec-
HRBa Aa uM Kaxe KaKBo ce e cnyquro e nonilrexHilqecKoro
yuurnnule. Tecla Aoprl 14 3a Milr He ce orKa3Ba or npeffTa cr
Aa oTKp/e npoMeHnilBr{f ToK il npoAbnxaBa Aa il3BbpuBa
cBoilTe eKcnepilMeHTyl B r43onaqilfl - Heulo, KoeTo Ao ronf-
Ma creneH onpeAenfl il HeroBuff xapaKTep.
wrlev npvt $opmynrapaHero Ha cBouTe uayuru reophm. Tori ,1-.:,:-". - '
-;--.14 -.
xalga: "BcRro Hel4o, Koero e HaAapeHo c xtlBor - or qoBeKa, ,L./-:4t ....-t' _
xofiro noropRaa cruxvtAre, go nati-6tpsoro cbu{ecrBo e -
noABJracrHo Ha ABrxeHilero. Koraro gericrarero e po4eHo or
cilra, He3aBhcLlMo xonxo 6e:rpataHo MarKa e rF, KocM14qecKrffT
6ananc e xapyueH r'r roBa Ha ceorl peg nopax4a ABilxeHile BbB
Bcenesaral'Teru 4yrr,rn AoKa3Bal qe Eopu raKbB ronrM yqeH
raro Tecna He orpilqa AyxoBHara cuna, KoHTo flBr4xt4 cBera. ^ 6enexK!4 Ha HrKora Tecna.
 [er-l wan*mnr Mnarq Mbx c rpyfiHa cbfida
B rpa4a Ha r.{HTe,TeKTyaJ,rIIr{Te
B xpnnnn CMETKA Hrrona Bce naK npeoAonnBa cBo-
eTo npilrecHeHile, qe e HanycHan Korexa, il ce cpeula
crc ceMeficreorc cv.Toit Aopil noceu.laBa qbpKoBHilTe
nponoBeAil Ha 6ar4a cil, MaKap qe roBa He npoAbnxaBa
puro, rur,r KaTo cKopo cJreA 3aBpbulaHero My Munyruu
Tecna uanycra ro3u cBflT. peueH ga yBaxil xenaHl4ero
Ha 6au1a crA Aa nonyqvr
Ao6po o6paroeaHrze, npe: 1 gg0 r.
Huxona lanrnaea aa llpara, KbAero nocrbnaa aue
$unra_
ana "Kapr Oep4raHang" na flpaxrnn yHmeepcurer. Toea
e
eAHo or Bo4eqilTe evcwwyue6nv 3aBeAeHilF e Eepona.
llo roea eperve flpara e il3BecrHa Karo Kpenocr Ha /HTe_
fieKryanHara Mricbl - Heqo,3a xoero Hrxona Tecra Kon_
Hee oTAbnro Bper,re. flpe6reaaaHeTo B ro3r4 fpaA ce npeB-
pbqa B qyAecHa repanilr 3a Mnagexa, roirro
4rn6oro
crpaAa 3apaAil cBofl npoBarr B Konexa, aary6ara Ha Bcrq_
KVTe ctA naptt t't paz6wpa ce 3a cMbprra na 6ar4a
- cr. B
"Kapn OepgrrrHaHg"Hrrola ce 3ano3HaBa c
reoprnre Ha r TereQoHncrxa e rere$ouHara qeHTpana Ha EAilc.bH e 6ypaneqa.
Benr4KtAfl aecrpuucxrrr
susrar Epucr Max. Bctr4Hocr epe_ ^ Eprcr Max, npoSecop no
,[oxaro pa6oru ryK, Tecfla npilAo6L4Ba orpoMHu n03HaHhfl 3a eKcnepilMeHTanHa Qr:rxa e
Mero, Koero npeKapBa a flpara, 6eg crnruenre ora:ea ycrpoicreara, u:o6pereun or BenfiKL4ff aMepuKaHcKu orKptlBarefl. yHilBepchrera "Kapn 0epArHasa,i
l43Kllor/rrerHo 6laronpnnrHo BnrAflHLAe Bbpxy rB"bpAoro
peueHile Ha Tecna Aa peull4 npo6nevra c npoMeHnr_ o6opypeaHe Ha KoMnaHuflTa. Tora patrno6nBa pa3J.lt4LtHt4
Br4F ToK.,Qo xpan Ha rnToro, Koraro HanycKa yHuBepcil_ ycrpoficrea, uao6pereuu or E4uclH, Karo MylrrnneKc_
rera, roi Beqe e npeA npara Ha BaxHo HayqHo orKpytrue, Hun renerpa$, xofiro e B cbcroflHre
Aa il3npaula Mop_
Koero B 6tger4e ule npe4r3BilKa peBonoqilff B eJieKTpo_
:oer cuo6qeHilF B ABe nocoKv.Tazu wgen npeAil3Bl4KBa

r4H4ycrpviflrail ule npoMeHr il3qflro cBera. orpoMeH uHTepec y Hero/ rurZ xaro roi ce onrrea
4a
Cre4 xaro HanycKa "Kapn OepgranaH4,j npe: nny_ orKpile no4o6eH HaqrH 3a npeHoc Ha eneKrptlqecrBo.
apr '1881
r. no cbBer Ha ceofi npilFTen Huxona peuaBa
Aa 3aMilHe 3a cbce.qHa yHrapran il Aa 3anoqHe pa6ora e @auracruqHrr BrlAeHus
noeara reneQoHHa qeHrpana, cb3AaAeHa or eAHa aMe-
O6aer or BboAyueBeHile or eKcnepilMeHrilre c re3r
pfiKaHcKa KoMnaHilfl. Cnyx6ara B Ta3il KoMnaHrAfl
AaBa ycrpoficrea, Hmxona ce rpyAr4 no-ycbp4Ho or Koraro
Bb3MoxHocr Ha Tecna Aa nonyqu
Aocrbn Ao HflKoyt v ga 6vno,3a Aa orKpile HaqilH 3a npeHacflHe Ha npo_
or HarZ-Hoerre u Hah-eenvKA uao6pereHun B cBera,
MeHJlt4B rox. Tori pa6otu 6es noqilera B npoAbnxe_
KaKBilro ca orKpyll4flra Ha Touac E4ucuH.
Hr4e Ha qacoBe He caMo npe3 AeHF, HO il npe3 Hot4ra,
Karo ecexr reHriafleH orKpLiBarer, Hnxona npeKapBa
onwtaahru ce Aa HaMepil peueHile Ha rorr npo6_
qacoBecre4 KpaR Ha pa6orHlrn4eH, Yruaepcurerrr "Kapn Oep4uHarg,
vtzyuaeailxu HoBoro nen. Huxona npilrexaBa o6pa:uo Mt4crreHe, Koero ^
s flpara.

ENOXATA NPEA14 OTKPI4BAHETO HA E.lIEKTPI4TIECTBOTO

- EBPONA NPE3 XIX B.
llpe: uragexxureroAl4Hl,4 Ha Hnrola Tecna e4ru- eere u pa6onrre Mecra ce il3noi3Bar cBerfinHl4tll4
cTBeHilfiTAOCT'bneH HaqrlH 3a npoil3BoACTBO Ha ereK_
il ra3eHil naMnn, a oTonneHileTo Ha noMeu.leHilfTa l/t
Tpl4rtecrBo e c noMoulra Ha BoAHo roreno. Taruaea oQ,rrypneanero Ha ronla eoga craea qpe3 neqKr,t c
ycTpoL'tcTBa cbqecrByBar npeAr BcHqKO B nnaHrH- AbpBa il 6orrrnepra. Ererrprvecreoro 3anoqBa Aa ce
crraie pafionra, Karo Hanpl4Mep Arnilre e loxxa il3no,l3Ba no-qecTo npe3 oceMAeceTTe roAilHl,l Ha
Opanqran r,r Ceaepna ltranun, n npra rnx ie h3nofl3Ba XIX a., xoraro nocrilxeHilRra Ha Egrcut,6oauurrm
curara Ha reqaulara ao6a. Egea lBaAecer togl4Hkl KoHKypeHT ua Tecna, craBar H3BecrHr u Ha eeponer,r-
npeAil paxAaHero na Tecra, npe: lg31 r. anrnuhc- qrare. leneparopnre 3a nocroRHen rox ua EAyrctn
xv'ar $ntnx Marlxrn Oapa4efi orxpraa eneKrpoMar-
o6aqe ce oKa3Bar rBbpAe ueeQerrnauu il eneKTpt4-
HilTHara hHAyKqhfl il AeMOHCrpilpa, qe eneKrpl4qecT_ qecTBoTO, nonyqeHo no
To3il Haq4H, e AOCTbnHO CaMO
BOrO MOXeAa ce npoil3BeX<Aa fi OT XOpaTa; HeroBoTo 3a roleMilTe rpagose. Esponeficxara npoauuqrR xe
orKpl4THe no3BorfiBa Aa ce cb3AaAaT MOTOpl4, KoilTO
BilXAa eneKrpuqecTBo, AoKaTO He 3anoqBa
Aa ce pa3_
Aa npoil3BexAar eIeKTpilqecTBo, HO TOBa Ce oKa3Ba npocrpaHffBa rexHororuflTa sa Teoa 3a npoMeHflh-
il3KnoqilTerrHo cKbno h ocBeH ToBa nnncea ruspa_ Bl4fl T06 a TOBa CTaBa CaMo HffKOnKO rOAhHil CneA KaTo
BoAHo Koneno, il:nonaeauo s pafiona Ha Ai4anycrn, lzlcnaHlrr.
^ crpytfiypa 3a npeHoca uy. 3a oceeuen!4e Ha AoMo. ror,r tanycxa Eepona.
ce il3pa3flBa B'bB Bb3MOXHOCTTa qOBeUKOTO Bbo6pa-
xeHhe Aa npecb3AaBa flpKt4 KapTilHr4 He3aBilcr4Mo Aann
cmBa Bbnpoc 3a pncyHKa, apxilreKrypeH npoeKt Mare-
MaTUqecKo ypaBHeHue ilIil HFKaKBO MeXaHUqHO yCTpOrlC-
rBo. ToBa AaBa Bb3MoxHocr Ha ro3r4, Kotrro nMa noAo6Ho
MncreHe, Aa p[cyBa BbB Bbo6paxeHilero cr4 il Hai-Ape6-
Hrre Aerafinil or KapTnHa]?l I
Aa F npoMeHF oqe npeAu
Aa e KoHcrpyupafl cBoero rBopeHne B peanHara My 0r43u-
qecKa
QopMa. Toea pa$rapa ce cborBercrBa ua cnoco6-
Hocrra Ha Hmrona npe3 qenun cr4 xr4Bor Aa cb3AaBa
y1t BtrenHr uro6pereHuR, Ho ftr3u cnoco6r+ocr e Hox c
ABe ocrphera. Heroeilsr Mo3bK npe3 qFnoro roBa BpeMe
pa6oru na eucoxu o6opol4 il He no3BoflflBa Ha rF toro
MyAa cu noqhHe il Aa ce Bb3craHoar. B pe:ynrar Ha roBa
HRxou or o6pa3nre, Kor4To pa>x4a Bbe6y4eHoro My cb3Ha-
Hue, ca ronKoBa QaHracrnuHn, ve 6rxa Mornil Aa npeAil3-
BhKar Br4eHilfl. Egno e chrypHo - nperoBapeHoro cb3Ha-
une Ha Tecna craBa npilqrHa ra Qnruvecxoro rvry
eaHe.,Qoraro pa6oru rofi e nper-
e rene$oHHara qeHTpana,
next4aH oT HeKonqrHa neKapil, KovrTo ca Ha MHeHre, qe
3ApaBOCIOBHOTO CbCTOflHile Ha MnaAilfl qOBeK e TOIKOBa
nouo, qe roBa 6u morno ga npe4il3BilKa cMbprra My.
He xenaefiru no HilKaKbB HaqilH Aa npileMe no4o6na
cug6a, Hnrona Tecna ycnnea Aa npeoAonee onacHocrra
or AyueBHo aa6onReaue, BoAeH or Mr4cbrra Aa ocb-
u.fecTBr4 MeqTaTa cv tA Aa npeBbpHe npoMeHnilBnfl eneK-
Tpr4qecKn ToK B peanHocT.
Btnpexn qe Hurona Tecna AonpuHacn 3a ycbBbpueHcr-
BaHe TexHuKaTa 3a c"b3AaBaHe Ha BbpTfu.lo ce MafHilTHo
none - KIpqoB KoMnoHeHT npil npou3BoAcTBoTo Ha npo-
MeHrnB ToK - Torl e HuxaKbe cnyvafi ue e nupeunl xoftro
pa3BnBa ra3n KoHqenqun. Or4e nper 1842 r. $peHcrnnr
acrponona Opancoa Aparo il3BbpuBa eKcnepilMeHTil, Karo
3aBbpra MarHnrHa npbqKa c MeAeH AilcK. Ha flapmxxoro
eneKrporexHyrrrecKo r43floxeHue nper 1881 r. Apyr yqeH
Mapcen lenpe - neqenu Harpa4a 3a AeMoHcrpaqunra Ha
eneKrpo4Bilrarer, xorirro pa6orra 6et xorvryrarop - Knpqo-
Br4Rr KoMnoHeHl xorlro Huxona Bb3HaMepffBa Aa orcrpaHu
or eneKrpo4Br4rarenn. YcrporicrBoro Ha flenpe e peBonto-
r.ll4oHHO nO CBOfl XapaKrep, HO Hr4KOra He e npunoxeHo
Ha npaKTilKa 3apaAil HecbBbpr.ueHcrca e gutahna. 14
gpyrr uro6perarenra parpa6orear no4o6Hr ycrporlcrea,
B Kor4ro npunarar n4eflTa, Ao Koflro Aocrilra Tecra. Toea
n pa a ra n poSeco p lan nreo Oepa p ra c or Topra uo, lAr anna,
nper 1885 r., aMepilKaHcKr4flr r4HXeHep 9apna 6pa4nn
npea 1887 r., KaKro ra ,{xon finrctH [n6c n lpcneH
larap4, tl4r4ro npoMeHrilBoroKoB14 rpaHcQopnraropra ca
KyneHr or,[xop4x YecrilHrxayc - r]oBeKbl c Kororo no-
xucHo Hrxona Tecra erusa e 6nvzxn 6rasHec orHoue-
urs. BcRro or re3tA orKptATt fl o6aqe exnp.lea KoMyrarop
- KoMnoHeHTbI, xotlro Tecna ce onmrBa ga ueuovu. B
laonorpaQrnra cfi 3a cBoero ycrporicrao Oepapra nrau.re:
Torn npuuqun HflMa rbproBcKo 3HaqeHile Karo ABilra-
reri' fl o-rucHo, Koraro HayqaBa 3a npoMeHn rBoroKoBr4ff
eneKrpoABrrarer ua Tecna, rorl gaReRea: Tecna e Aopa3-
BHn fiAeflTa B MHofo no-ronffMa creneHor meHi'
flpra qenrar ro3il roJrFM 6pofr nrc6perarenil, cBbp-
3Hr4 C pa3BilTileTo il yC'bBbpueHCrBaHerO Ha npoMeH-
nhBoroKoBnre eneKrpogBhrarenu, Heilg6exHo e
BaHero Ha cnopoBe, orHacflulyr ce Ao roBa rotl rareo e
orKpnn Hafi-paHo. Ocrauannre il3o6perarenil ce nrrar
garn Hnrona Tecna e no3HaBan rexHilre parpa6orxra,
npeAil Aa pa3Bue cBoflTa KoHLlenqilf.
florerpxgaeauero Ha re3il noAo3peHun
6il o:Haqaeano/ qe HeroBara ilAeff He e
narl-pannara. Manro ca re3u, Kor4ro Bflp-
aa1 ve Tecna 4eficrerrenHo e orvrlubn
MHOrO no-Aalreq OT nOCTilTHaTOTO OT OCTa-
Hanure oTKpl4BaTenil Ao ro314 MoMeHT.
floHgoHcrunr npoQecop no Quruxa
Cureanyc TouncrH - uafi-uerurHalaRr
yqeH B o6nacrra Ha eneKrpor4HxeHep-
crBoTo no oHoBa BpeMe, TBbpAr4, qe KoH-
qenqilrra Ha Tecna oqeBilAHo flaneq HaA-
MuHaBa parpa6orrrre KaKro Ha HeroBnre
npeAuecrBeHmrlil, TaKa il Ha cbBpeMeH-
ce 3aHnMaBaT c To3vl
Hrlr.lt4Te My, Kor4To
npo6neu. Cnopeg nero Tecna He caMo
e oTKpiln HaqilH 3a npeHoc Ha eneKrpr4-
ra6onn- qecrBo, Ho cbrllo TaKa no cbulecTBo e
r:o6perrn "Hoe uero4 3a ereKrpl4qecKu
npeHoc Ha eHeprun'i CamnRr Tecna cur-
HaBa, qe rorl onpe4eneHo He e nbpBl4flI
ycnfln Aa 3aB'bprt4 MoTop tlpe3 cMFHa Ha
eIieKTpoMarHhTHnTe noIpcl4, Ho onpeAe-
neno e y6e4en, qe e n'bpBr4ffI, npunoxila
MeTOA 3a U3nOrr3BaHe Ha npOMeHnilB TOK
rorlro ne ce nprnara npu Hr4ro eAHa or
rexHonornilTe no oHoBa epeue. E4ea npes
1 888 r., cne4 npeAcraBflHero na uro6pere-
Hrero Ha Tecna npe4 AuepuKaHcKytff t4Hcruryr Ha nHXe- ^ ToBa ycrpoicrBo - nprMhrrBeH
Hepure no eneKTporexHilKa, ularcKt4flr cu4 a Ktuerrurur npeAuecrBeHtrK Ha po6orure - e xox-
crpynpaHo cborBercrBne c nareHra'
o6nenea, qe He e m3BecrHo npeAu roBa Aa e npeAcraBfH B
nony'reH orTecna npe:1898 r'vtzo6pe
il perucrpnpaH 4pyr nogo6eH npoMeHnuBoroKoB ABr4-
raren. cnopeg peueHilero Ha c-bga, floKaro ocraHarilre L1Y:l::1]:::::"':::l::.::::i-
raro6perarenu "npe4craenr HenpaKrilqHu a6crparrHn ffi: ::{T.i""T:o.i:IJ#:H:
- peuennn, Tecna e ycnFn Aa cb34aAe pa6orer4a rexHono- npilc.bcrBar B MHoro cQepu Ha exe,-
fuff, peBonoqhoHHa no cBofl xaparrep'i HeBHhfl xtrBor.
- EAUH or n'bpBr4Te hHAyKql4oHHl4 moropn xa Tecna. Tofi e npe4craaex ra Auepnxarcxun rHcrlrryr Ha
rHxeHephre no eneKrporexHL4Ka e Konyu6nhcxua yHrBepcrrer Ha 1 6 Mafi 'l 888 r.
Bb3H14K-
 Tecna sammruama sa AnnepmKa
flrpnara My cpeua c E4ucrn
llpr.: arunn 1882 L HilKona Tecra noryvaea Bb3MoxHocr
Aa ce cpeulHe a flaplrx c npeflcraBnrenti xa roneuuR r,r:o6-
peraren Tomac EgrzctH. Toea e Herogoro cb3HaHile e HeBe-
poFTeH uaHc Aa HaMepLi nRroro, xorlto 6u uorrn ga my
noMofHe Aa peanr3l/1pa cBoflra Meqra Aa cb3AaAe eneKrpo-
!B11rareflfl, Ao To3il MOMeHT CbU.leCTByBaul caMo cxeMaTilqHO
Ha xaprnn. Lloaeol xtm xororo Tecra npoflBflBa nafi-ronRvr
rHrepec, e Vapn: Eavertp ynpaBr/trennr na Kounauu
- Heroeoro nbpBo BneqarneHile or roleMriff rpa4 He e oco-
Konmuueuman Educau. Anrnvqauraulr Eavenrp e u3BecreH
raro "ruaficrop-rr,rexanur'1 lecer roguxlr no-paHo toil zavn-
HaBa 3a Auepuxa,:a 4a pa6orm c E4nctn, n cKopo craBa
rcit-6nuExnn My cbAp)xHt/K. Tecla ce cpeula c Eavenrp u
nofyqaBa pa6ora e Koumuneumon Educou.Toit craBa BcflKa
c!.rpl4H B 5 vaca, sa Aa nonfiyBa, npeAil Aa oru4e xa pa6ora,
a cfieA Kpafl ua pa6ornun 4en o6uxnoeeHo ce cpeula c
nprFTenil e 6ulnp4nara 3ana, Kb4ero o6crx4a nlaHo-
Bere cil 3a 6rger4rar eneKTpogBrrareJr c BceKyi, rorTtro uua
T-bpneHL4e Aa ro il3cnyuJa. Hari-nocne rofi nonyuaea ers-
r?loxHocr Ea KoHcrpyupa cBoR Morop. Toea craea B nbrHa
ral.tHa s Crpac6ypr; xtgero Tecna ce npeMecrBa or llaprx,
:a ga na6lo4aBa ocbqecrBnBaHero Ha eEnH npoeKT Ha
Koumuueumtn Eductu. Torl npe4craen ceoero ycrpoficreo
npeA KMeTa Ha fpaAa c HaAexAa Aa npilBneqe nraTexocno_
co6Hr,r ilHeecrrropra. 3a cbxaneHr4e o6ave rso6perenuero
r,ly e nocperqHaro Aocra perepanpano. Tecna ce 3aBpbula
B e uoKilpaH, xoraro E4nctn 3anoqBa Aa ro pa3nilTBa aa rpaQ
llapnx no-KbcHo no HacroflBaHe ua bauenrp peuJaBa Aa
ra
3aMuHe 3a Auepuxa,3a Aa noMara na Eguc-ur-r npil npeKoH-
crpyupaHe il peMoHr Ha HflKolt or MauilHilre uy. Ct46ara
orHoBo AaBa u:anc na Tecla il rofi orHoeo peuaBa Aa ce Bb3-
nofl3Ba oT Hero.
llpe: nporerra na i884 r. MnaAilflT
nao6perarer ce
Anepnra il cKopo npilcl/ra e Hro llopr.
KaqBa Ha xopa6 aa
6eno 4o6po. Tecra ro cMfiTa 3a Aocra HenpilrrHo r HeqytBr-
Iryr3oBaHo MflcTo B cpaBHeHL4e C aphcToKpaTilLlHOTO BeUUKO-
nenile Ha eBponerTrcxnre rpagoee, xorro roir nogHaea. Kaxro
ce oKa3Ba no-KbcHo, no4o6no e HetoBoro nbpBoHaqanHo
BneqarreHne vi ot caMVfr E4lrctlt - rpy6 n neqraerurnil3oBaH.
TRxHara nbpBa cpeula e B HoBara ra6oparopun na E4rcr>rr
Ha ynuqa "[oepr" e Hro l,,lopr. Tecna crpau:no ce BbnHyBa
or npegcronulara cpeu.{a c BenvKvt+ rzlo6peraren, u:aec-
rex Karo "marbocHnKbr or MeHro llapr'l Meulo tlapr a Hro
lxtpcu e mncroro, xr4ero EgrzcbH cb34aBa cBonra la6opa-
Topl4fl, B Korro pa:pa6orea e4Hu or Harz-eenrrilre
ctl orKptt-
run -
QoHorpa$br il flaMnara c HaxexaeMa xilqxa. Ctecelr
cKopo cfieg cpeu.lara um o6aqe craBar flcHri $yn4arvrenran- r Huxona Tecra npe3 1 884 r, roqHo
Htlre pa3nvqvfr Mexpy ABaMara. Karo rcruHcxil eBponeeq cneiq npilcrrraHero My B AMepnKa.
Tecna ce ropAee c 6esyropHnre cn MaHilepil u yMeHuero cr4
Aa BoAyt n3vcKaHV paaroeopr. Cnopeg HFKol4 ceegenrn ror
- Ynrlla e Hrc |lopx or spemero,
Koraro Tecna xilBee B rpaAa.

\
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*i

," ,jll
4-r!-
lpaKyna:apagn 6nu:ocrra Ha po4Horo Mflcro Ha Tecna 4o
Al,reprraHeqrr orilBa Eoprl oqe no-Aaneq c
TpaHculrtgaHlrR.
-reyMecTHilTe cn Bbnpocvr, r,{HTepecyBa7rKr/r ce Ean71 caMilflr
,lrrona "uRxora e onrlTBan qoBeurKa nn-ur'i Tecna e yxaceH
or ra:r ga6enexKa, Ha KoRTo orroBapn c Karerop/rqHo "He':
Tor,i o6aqe Bce naK e u3nbrHeH c yBaxeHre rttt,t ceor c-b6e-
ceAH[4K rofiro e ycnnn Aa nocrurHe ronKoBa MHoro, 6e3 Aa
rlMa HflKaKBa COnvrAHa HayqHa noAroroexa. camnrr Tecra,
BbnpeKil qe BnaEee noqTil Ay3r/Ha q).DKAt1 e3tlqr/l il qacoBe
Hapefl e npeKapan e 6u6nuorcxute, .reret/ril aagun6oveno
pa3nuqHa nvrreparypa, 3anoqBa cFKauJ Aa cbxafiFBa, Lie e
nzry6un rorKoBa qeHHo BpeMe B fi3yqaBaHero Ha Heula,
KorlTo He ca My or noraa. Terpge cKopo o6aqe
Bb3MoxHocr ga ce y6egr,r, qe nocpeAcrBeHL4FT Mcrog Ha
pa6ora Ha E4tzctu, BKnoqBaul onilT vr rpeuKa, e locra no-
- fiaMnara c HaxexaeMa xrqxa, u:o6pereHa or EAilcbH.
HecbBbpueH oT HeroBuTe cnoco6HocT/ Aa peuaBa npo6ne-
B cb3HaHilero cl4 vr qaK cfleA roBa Aa vt3pa-
nrrrre narir-nanpeE
6orea pa:lrv nnre ycrpoltcrea.
[Ien:nrnHeHoro o6erqasrae
Eguctr e BneqarfleH or $uneca sa Tecra il or oqeBillHo
reHl/laflHvlTe My Bb3MoXHOCTI/I KaTO eneKTpOt/iHXeHep,
BbnpeKyt qe He npileMa ,{AeffTa My 3a ABtlraTen c npoMeH-
nrlB roK. Tora npegnara Ha eBponeeqa 4a pa6olzr e Educxu
Matuuuu Ytpxc, K-b[ero Aa Bb3craHoBFBa il npeKoHcrpyilpa
nocroFHHoroKoBilTe MauilHvr, cb3[a4eH,4 or caMtz]f Egrctu.
ToMac Ansa Egucru e sa6enexilTefleH rao6perarel u cta-
nonyqaBa
Aaren Ha qffna ilH4ycrpnfl 6rarogapeuue Ha npaKrilqecKoro
npunoxeH/e Ha HeroBilTe oTKpl,4Tllifl, Ho tlMa cJlaBaTa Ha He
oco6ero KopeKreH 6rrrecmen, xofiro npu roBa He ycnflBa
!a ynpaBnrBa go6pe QuHancure cil. OceeH Bcvr'rKo roBa
Egucrn nna HaBilKa Aa o6eqaea u.le5pvr Bb3Harpax4eHilF
Ha xopara, Kovrro HaeMa Aa pa6ornr:a Hero, Ho MHoro qecro
l,1M 3annau.la MHoFo no-ManKo il no To3tl HaqtiH nonyqaBa
go6pa pa6ora 3a HnloxHa cyma. Tecna He npaBil il3Kfloqe-
Hile B ToBa orHoueHile. loaopu ce, ve EgrcrH my o6eqaea
50 000 llarcxr Aonapa, 3a [a peMoHrtipa il MogepHvt3ilpa
nocroflHHoroKoBnre My ycrpoficrea. Tecna nprema c roroB- ^ haenrnr o0rc aa flxenepan
r-rocl oco6eso Karo ce /rMa npegara4 Qaxra, qe roBa e BHytxr4- !4nexmpux KoMnaHilFta. \oq-o Ef, (1
ocHoBaBa B Kpaff Ha XIX B.,qHec rt e
TenHa cyMa, KoRTo AHec ce paBHRBa na uulnosn. Tora pa6orrur
Haft rofleMuflT AocraBqfrK Ha eneK
6yxeanno raro po6. l4ucranupa BbrpeuHo vr BbHuJHo ocBer- TpilqecrBo a Ameprra.
neHile, MoHTilpa nocToflHHoToKoBtlTe feHepaTopL4 Ha aMepil-
KaHcKr/rr r:o6perarel M [oprr KoHcrpyvipa MauilHr4, Kovrro ca
B cbcronHile Aa 3aMecrflT l,l3nor3BaHvire or Eguctn. CaurRr
Tecna ctqo ce onvrrBa Aa nonyltvr nareHT 3a cBotire ype4vi,
na4nearirn ce Ha no4Kpena or pa6orogarerfi crl,3a Aa pea-
nvBtApa BclAqKt/t cBol4 HoBri uso6perenrn. B xpafina cuerxa
o6ave Egrcrn ro il3lirpaBa n Tecna ce oKa3Ba B ponlTa Ha
rnyna6 Koraro noilcKBa o6eulaHrlre ruy 50 xr,rnn4ra Eonapa.
AneprrarcrrRr nao6peraren ce il3cMfiBa v ragea:'Tn cn
ocraBau Bce oule napilxaHilH. 9ar xoraro craHeu ,rcruHcKu
aMepL4KaHeq, ule Moxeu Aa oqeHrlrx auepnraucxun xyvopl',
Moxe c'uc crrypHocr Aa ce rBbpgr/r, qe Tecna HilKora He pa3-
6r pa ra:r uera, Aop,4 14 Koraro no-KbcHo craBa aMepi4KaHcKn
rpaxganrn. Tori HanycKa KoMnaHufiTa ra EpucrH r/ 3anoqBa
co6creeH 6u:Hec.

:a:

flwero&&
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7T,ut{,N@ctn
:
TOMAC EEr4C'bH 14 KOHOnUKTbT Mv C TECIA

<oRro rorl r,r:o6pernaa, ce il3nofi3Ba il Ao AHec B qnn CBFT. Hlrxona Tec,ra rl3nilTBa rouro Tecra cbulo ce 3ano3HaBa.
,4cl,1HcKo 6rarorogenlle npeg Eenoro Ha roueMl4fl aMep[4KaHcKr,r r:o6peraren, Kaxro qecro ce cnyqBa Ha rofleMilTe n:o6perarenn, E4uctH ce c6ntcxsa

-:
cHi4TerHyrff n n3vcKaH Tecna. "MaruocHuxtr or MeHno llapr'j xaxro qecro Hapuqar rvtBHtA! a KoHKypeHTrre My ycnnear no-6lp3o or Hero [a pa:pa6ornr no-ycneu:Hlt

H !4F, TaKa il CBOl,lTe eneKTpilqecKyt laMnil, KOI4TO Ca B CbCTOflHile Aa OCBeTflT C r]epBe- Hana AO BCFKO KlTqe Ha 3eMflTa.
:
r:1'::.::.:::i-+-:.::::=.a1=: ..:-!.;n-.- -: :
 cnmr 3a cb3gamaF{e Ha eo6erne!{ lwzHec
fl:spnara KoMrraHuq na Tec,ra
B neqa:roro IIA 1885 I Tecna HanycKa Educon Mawuin rro6perarenn Ha yHil3r4TeneH
Yopxc.Ioit e pa3oqapoBaH m o6e:ctpveH or Ll3MaMara Ha HarilcK/ npnuyx4aaafirr ro
aMepilKaHcKmr nro6peraren, Ho BbnpeKil ToBa ol.leHflBa
Aa HanycHe co6creeHara sA
BT4COKO noflyqeHaTa Bb3MOXHOCT Aa HaTpyna r3BecTeH KoMnaHuF. lzlanagHal B Mil3epfifl,
onilr B HeroBara xounaurR. Llenra My cera e Aa peanil3ilpa Tecna orHoeo rpn6ea 4a rupcra
ceoilte co6creenw av6raquw w v1ev. floraro pa6orra :a KaKBaroilAaepa6oraue
E4rzc-uH, Tecna ce 3ano3HaBa c Hafi-Hoerre uro6pereHun, oT'laFHileTo cv crufa Lle
AoTaM, ' ;: ing:iad T *U 1 {-."lur4*--i-:- :r* ; 3."il*i'.:l
nareHToBaHil e Alaepllxa, 3a KoilTo Ao ro3r,4 MoMeHT Aopl4 m3KapBa npexpaHaTa cil KaTo *& el ih: {rpiki **r* #ffi$iitirirc'r*gi;;i:';ffi; ,"u
",'.j"
il He e noAo3l4pal. Malxo cle4 Karo HanycKa KoMnaHr4FTa ronaq. Toea e eAuH t43t<ntoll4TenHo ri iL" &npre5, :n prna*, *ltiutin*lg. ;F *t *tant+r i.t ili6 &f,it;€'d,
Ha Epnctu, Tecna ctegaaa ceon co6cteeHa KoMnaHrF rpygeH nepilo4 or npe6ueaeauero t'r' ! .:ne:g ..',ue;i. ,}l u1 @^: Ls*rsd r.'- J*.;.
I Fa-

",..',.
- Tecna l4nexmpux [laum end Manrc$exmuapuuz. Ia ce uy e Aueprxa, ga xorlro rofi xa:aa: :t b i':ti":rnii*-are
oKa3Ba AOCTa ycneuHa u caMo cneA foAilHa Beqe ilMa "Moero 4o6po o6paroBaHile B
r{s?*L - //r,*'" ,c4 ;:t
r ..,'E*/,- ct"u:o'gu -,
3ana3eHo MflcTO Ha nbpBaTa cTpaHilqa Ha T3BeCTHOTO pa3nuqtvt o6nactu Ha HayKara,
cnilcaHile no ereKrpofiHxeHepcreo "y'lnexrprxtn preo'i MexaHilKara il nr4reparypara cera
Bcrr4Hocl il3Aaren Ha roBa cnilcaHile e Henp[Mt4prMl4flT Mil Ce CrpyBaue npocro Karo
cbnepHilK ua E4uctH - flxoppx YecrraHrxayc. Tora eAHa no4ilrpaexai'Toea e geracrerrenHo raKa, 3auloro AKqLlu or Tecno UneKmpuK
^
oqeHflBa ercoro paapa6orxure sa Tecra il [BaMara cKopo qepHara pa6ora, Koflro e npilHy4eH Ilaim eud Monto$eKmqbpuHe -
Aa Bbpulr4, He r/3r4cKBa
craBar cbto3Hr4qm cpeqy o6r4iln r4M KoHKypeur E4ucrH. nbpBara KoMnaHL4F Ha Tecna.
HilKaKBa xeanv$uxat4tn. Bce nar ro3r rexbK nepilog
MexgyeperrleHHo B KoMnaHflflra ua Tecla ce noFBflBar He npogbnxaBa rB-bp4e 4tnro. floraro pa6orr raro
HFKol4 B-brpeuuu npo6lemn. lzlHeecruropil B HeF xonaq, Tecna BneLlarrnBa c hHXeHepHilTe cfi no3HaHilF
ca 6ugHecueHr or Hro ,Qx-upcyr - 5. A. Berln u po6rpr 6puragrapa Ha rpynara, xofiro ro npe4craBn Ha eAilH
Iefiu. Te ca gun6oxo BneqarneHil or paHHure npoeKrlt sa6enexilrereH rauxenep - An$peg C. Epayn. Tofi or ceoR
ua Tecna, B Kot/ro rorl paapa6orBa Mpexa 3a ynilLlHo v Bropa cpeuta 6aHxer sa
crpaHa ro 3anoeHaea c 9apns0. ller- e4uH or uara-eu4Hure
Vtacturyta no paArlonHXeHep-
ocBerneHfie ua Payerl, Hro flxtpcn, rr4ero xueee Berln. aABoKaril no roBa apeue. SpayH m ller ca rrlHoro go6pe crgo (cera vacr or hnclrryra ta
He nponeRear ronnM ilHTepec o6aqe ruu xeflaHrero Ha 3ano3HaTh c nocTrlxeHilffTa Ha eneKrpilHxeHepcTBoTo trHXeHepuTe no e/leKTpoTexHfr Ka
14
Tecra 4a paspa6orra npoMeHnilBoroKoB eneKrpo4Br/raren, ocb3HaBar orpaHuqeHilflTa Ha nocronHHr4F ToK.Te cu4aear tr eneKrpoH[Ka, IEEE) I pecro-
rufi xaro cnope4 rFX no4o6Ho ycrpoficreo e 6e:nonesHo. HoBa KoMnaHnF, quero ceganilule e Ha ynilqa,,l1u6aprvt,
paHra ".llyvoc" a Ho lZopx xa 24
anpnr '1915 r. Tecna e HffKbAe B
lzlneecrlrropnre He ce npilTecHflBar Aa noAnoxar 89. Torn arr 6enexu Haqaroro Ha eAHa nopeArqa or EbHOTO Ha MaCaTa.

*:'r*#
i:.".*- ..
h3o6pereH ilF, Kol4ro Tecna pa3pa6orBa B npoAbnxeH he
Ha cneABaulhre 15 ro4uun.
EAun cepr{o3eH cbApy)nHr{K
Tecna ycnnea Aa nonyqil nopeArqa or nareHril 3a
cBoflTa chcreMa 3a npoMeHnnB ToK. Me)KAy eneKTpt4-
qecKuTe KoMnaHuil 3anoqBa HaAnpeBapa Aa ycra-
HoBffT cbrpygHr4qecrBo c resra Quptrlu, Kor4ro npure-
xaBar nareHT ra Hatl-go6para cucreMa 3a npoMeH-
nuB ToK. B Haqanoro He e cbBceM ncno rotl qe ce
-
oxaxe no6egnrer B Ta3u Ha4npeBapa cucreMara
ua Tecna vnv Ha HRrotl or HeroBure rofaBauHr KoH-
KypeHru. Cpeg rnx ca YunRu Creunu, xofiro orroaapn
HilTe UM CnOpOBe nO OTHOUeHTe Ha Apyru rrrso6pere-
srR na Tecna.
Teupgara no3wqt4t ua Tecra 3a BbBe)iqaHero Ha Hero-
BaTa c[cTeMa 3a npoMeHnuB ToK KaTo npeB'b3xoxAaqa
BcrqKu ocraHanra ra $arru1 ve ycrporlcreoro Ha Yunqln
Crennu cblt1o n3non3Ba KoMyrarop, enevarnnoar flxopAx
YecrnHxayc. Tori e rarnpqilrenHo Mt4flTerHa ruqHocr
B eneKrpouHAycrpt4qra tA e B cbclofHne Aa npeABuAt4
nens6exuure npoMeHil e HeR. YecrilHrxayc ocb3HaBa, qe
aKo He Bne3e B cbApy)ffe c Hurona Tecna npe4n ocraHa-
rrre, roBa 6u morno ga ce oKaxe $aranno:a 6uaneca my.
flpe: onu 1 888 r. e llrrc6upr rotl ce cpeula c Tecna, :a 4a
flpounruneHnsr paftor ua nhrc6bpr,
nperoBapfl 3a 3aKynyBaHero Ha HeroBlln narenr.,{aamara ^
fleHcl4nBaHrs, npe3 AeBerAecene
Mbxe, 3acraHanu eAuH Ao Apyt npeAcra Bnfl Bar eAHa Aocra roanHil Ha XIX e. Tecra 3aMrHaBa 3a

ea mogra$raraquure npil cr4creMara ua lanapg-lu6c,
u3nor3BaHa or lxopgx YecrrHrxayc, tAnv foneMnflr
Unexmpux Ktunanu, pazpa6ort4n ct4creMa 3a npoMeH-
nilB ToK 6nvtxa Ao ra3u na Tecna. Mex4y Tecna n
TounctH Bb3Hr4KBa cnop npu npe4craBnHero ilM npep
Araepr fl vHcrvryr Ha il HxeHepnre no en eKrpo-
xa Hcrn
rexHhKa (AIEE) npes uarl 1888 r. Tecna npeAcraBff cBo-
rra cucreMa 3a npoMeHnrB ror,4oxareatlKil, qe e B
c'bcroffHile Aa npeHece ereKTpilqecrBo Ha pa3cToflHue
croTl4r_lvl M14I14 OT t43TOrtHhKa My - HeqO HeBb3MOXHO
npn cilcreMuTe 3a nocTofHeH ToK, npn KoilTo npeHoc
Ha eneKrpl4qecTBoTo Moxe Aa ce ocbqecrBu Ha oKoIo
MunR pa3cronnue. Be4Hara cneA ToBa ne4aHruqHt4flr
TounctH, rorlro e B aMep[KaHcKara eneKTpuqecKa
vrHAycrpl4fl MHoro no-Abnro BpeMe or uoaara Tecna,
npaBu u3Ka3BaHe aa paepa6oreHo or Hero ycrpoficreo,
Koero e noqril hAeHTyrrHo c roBa Ha Tecna. Oxagea ce,
Lre vr3pa3br "novtn n4enrnvHo" npoueng acu,.txo. B
ra3ta HanperHaracrryaqilR Tecna ycnRea Aa ce AoKaxe
crpaHHa rne4ra. Cna6uvrunr Tecna, c HeroBure cflbpxaHu llnrc6tpr Karo ilHXeHep B KoMnaHhltra
MaHilep]4,e n-bfiHa npoTt4BononoxHocT Ha BHytllilTenHhfl ra ,[xop4x YecrrHrxayc, Korro pa3-
pa6oraa neroaure reHeparopr 3a
c p'bcra cr il c rpbMKfifl cil mac YecrrHrxayc. B cuttloro
npoMeHrnB ToK.
BpeMe ABaMara cnKaur ce AonbrBar B3auMHo. llo-rucHo
Tecra or6enqsBa cneAHoro 3a cBor cu4ppxuurc"Bupexut
qe 6eue npexB'bpailn qerupu4ecerre, rotit ace oule npil-
rexaBaue MraAexKLl eHrycha3bM. Buuaru yctuuxHal, npil-
BernuB u yqruBr rofr onpe4eneHo ce ornr4'{aBaue or4o6pe
o6neveuure, Ho nHa'{e rpy6r,r xopa, c Kot4To ce 6sx:anoE-
Har Ao ro3r4 wrotueHi.'
YecnaHxayc ce oKa3Ba 4o6tp cqAppKHvtK tA or 1 887 go
1888 r. npogax6rrre Ha ereKrpilqecKaftt KoMnaHrf ce yBenu-
qaBar noBeqe or venapr nuru. Taxa YecnaHxayc Moxe Aa cu
no3Bofl4 Aa nnaqa qAHa Aocl?l conuAHa cyMa 3a il3noJBBa-
Hero Ha narerm,ne ua Tecna. Tpy4Ho e 4a ce onpeAeru c rorr-
Hocr KonKo noD raBa r,r:o6perarenrl Ho or 1888 go 1897 r.
Ta3u c\A4a Bb3nu3a npu6nurrrenno Ha oKono 100 xunn4ra
aMepnrcHcKtl Aonapa.,{Hec, cnq4 Karo ce npecMerHe ran(rna-
4utra.,n6u6uaa paBHa Ha MunuoHn 4onapu.TaKa c noAnnc- EAHo or paHHfiTe ycrpoticraa xa
^
BaHero Ha cAerxara:a npoppr<6ara Ha narerm,ne,Tecra nua Tecna 3a npon3BoAcrBo Ha eneK-

sb3MoxHocrgp ce npeMeqlu or Htotlopxcxrn cr anapraMeHT TprqecrBo. Maoro ol retn xeroer

raro no6e4uren npeg aygilropl4r, cbcroflu.la ce or Hafr-
go6prare aMepil Ka HcKr4 eneKrpor4 Hxenepr. TorunctH.
pa:6urpa ce, He ce nprMilpflBa c roBa il MexAy ABaMara
Bb3HhKBa Henp[fl3bH k1 BpaxAa, npoAbnxilna Ao Kpafl
ycrporlcraa ca rorKoBa toneMn, qe
c rpaAuHa B rryr(co3eH xoren e llr,rrc6rpr. Toea nocErBF Haqa-
Morar Aa 3aeMar qnna cran. Ctepe
nep[oA B HeroBLrfl xl4Bol npe3 xoinorofi npr-
no-ro Ha qAilH uegHrre noAo6Hu MaurHt,t ca c
go6nea a$raurrer KbM nyKca. MHOrO nO-ManKil pa3Mep14,

Ha xilBoTa ylM h HaMep[na oTpaxeHue u B no-Kbc-

6E3KPAT4HA nOPEAT4UA OT y|3O6PETEHl4f

fiuec Tecna He ce paABa Ha raKaBa craBa Karo raso6peraren, KaKBaro
HanpuMep uuar Tomac Eguctn unu Anexcaugrp Fpetrrn Een. flo orHoue-
xne o6aqe na 6pon Ha HeroBure raro6perenun, KaKTo t4 Ha nphnoxeHil-
ero ilM B cbBpeMeHHnfl cgRl cnoxofiHo Moxe Aa ce rBbpAr4, qe ucroptl-
era onpeAefleHo e 6nna HecnpaBeAnvrBa KbM Hacfle4crBoro, ocraBeHo or
lolreMun ra:o6peraren. Camunr $ax1 ue AHec xopara pa3nonarar c ereK-
rpnqecrBo B AoMoBere ch, KaKTo l4 u3nor3BaHero Ha eneKrpl4qecKa eHep-
rufl 3a 3aABilx(BaHe Ha MaunHilTe B npoMr4uneHoro npoil3BoAcTBo, flbn-
xr4M B MHoro roflflMa creneH na uro6pereuuero ua Tecna, cBbp3aHo c
npoMeHnuBufl ToK, 14 Bb3MoxHocTTa eneKTpt4'lecTBoTo 4a ce npeHacfl Ha
roreMu pa3crorHr4n. He 6raea 4a ce npo,nycKa u Saxrul qe paAuoro, Koero
cryuaMe, EoKaro cu noquBaMe unu pa6ornu, cbujo e pe3ynrar or t43cneA-
BaHMflTa na Tecra e o6nacrra Ha pa4noBbnHure - 3acryra, Koflro MHo3uHa
npilnucBar ua lynuenmo Mapxorr, uegaqurariru HoBaropcKl4r npilHoc Ha
cpu6cxnn n:o6peraren. Heqo noseve, Bb3MoxHocrra ga ce o6axpaue
no reneQoua or aerolro6unvre cv vnv Aocrbna go 6eaxuvnuR unrep-
Her c'brqo Abnxr4M Ha ycnexure ra Tecra e o6nacrra Ha ereKrpoMarHhr-
HUTe U3'lbtlBaHilfl.
Paa6rapa ce, Moxe Aa ce rBbpar4, qe xuBorbr e 6un necnpaseAfluB KbM
Tecna, o6puua iaxu ro na He3acnyxeHa ra6paea. Moxe 6u o6aqe, aro r,rEo6-
perarerflT 6euie xhe,qHec, Karo ce mMa npeABuA cKpoMHtrfl My xapaKrep,
rofi no scRxa eepoRrnocr 6n ce ropAnn c $axra, qe HeroBilre n:o6pereunn
ca ce oKa3aru ycneuHu,6er ga ce hHrepecyBa or roBa KorKo nbru uMero
My e cnoMeHaro no BpeMe Ha HflKofl oQuqnanra Beqepr.
Haqano Ha"BoytHara Ha roKoBere"
3aronoprr na E4ncru u cryrrarr Ha
)h,rqM Keru,rep
,{etrrarn:rm c lIpoMEHJrI4B ToK, rzrso6peren orTecra, eeriru R ocrapflna il HecbBbpureHa. llpea gexeruepr 1 BBB r.
npeAil3BilKBa peBonrcLlLlfl B npeHOCa Ha ereK- Egnctn ce AoroBapn c Xapor4 11. 6payn ga nocerr ra6o-
'4CTilHCKa
rprlqecKa eHeprilR 7r AoHacF craBa il npn3HaHne na mo6- paropnflra My il Aa My noMorHe Aa no4o6prz craH4aprmre,
perarenff cKopo cJreA raro rotZ ce npeMecrBa Ea xilBee B orHacnu.lr4 ce Ao npeHoca Ha eneKrpr/qecxa eueprrn. llo
l1r.rrc6lpr. Heroeilre parpa6orxn no ro3r4 Bbnpoc ce [43y- HFKaKbB naqun rori ycnflBa Aa y6e4u 6payH, qe uMeHHo
qaBaT oT cTyEeHTilTe B qfnaTa cTpaHa, a napTHbopcTBoTo v Tecra npoBexAa eKcnepuMeHT
npoMeHn/BoTo eneKTpr4qecTBo e npilqilHa 3a cMbpTTa Ha
:a 6egxrqeH npeHoc Ha eHeprilr B
',rexgy Tecna u Yecrnnrxayc ce npeBpbula e-ue eaxen Qar- HrKor4 yqeHil or roKoB ypap. Tara Egrctu nocraBn Haqa- csonra na6oparopus. Ha6r ogarernr
iop B eneKTpor4HAycrpunTa, c roiro ecilqru ca npnHyneHu roTo Ha nponafaHAHa cxeMa, cTaHafla il3BecTHa no-KbcHo ocraBa c Bneqarnenue, qe noAo6su
aa ce cto6paaRear. BnocregcrBile Aoprl u Egncrn, nnxo- raro"BoilHara Ha roxoeere'i Heroeara qen e Aa noKaxe Ha onilTil Morar Aa y6rnr vosex, Ho
BCt,l4HocT ToBa eneKTPfr qecTBo
TaiilHr4FT pa6orogarel ua Tecra,3anoqBa Ea ce onacflBa, o6qecraoro, qe npoMeHrr4Boro eneKTpuqecrBo e rBbpne
npeAil3BuKBa caMo yceulaHe 3a
qe ToBa Moxe Aa ce oKaxe 3anraxa 3a HeroBaTa nocToFH- onacHo, aa 4a 6tge npeHacflHo B AoMoBere Ha xopara. neKo HanpexeHile npil AoKocBaHe
HOTOKOBa CUCTeMa 3a npeHOC Ha efleKTpoeHepfrF/ npa- llnaHtr ornea gopu oule no-ganeu, rui Karo npoMeHflrBr4flT n He npilcilHflBa HapaH9BaHhfl.

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TOK Ce n3nor3Ba 3a U3nbnHeHilero Ha cMbpTHara npucbAa
Ha yunflM Keunep, ocbAeH aa y6uftcrsoro Ha no6oeHil-
qara cu. Toru aKT Ha npaBocb4uero ce npeB-pbqa B nbp-
oilfl npuMep 3a 3aKoHHo y6whcteo Ha qoBeK qpe3 ereK-
TpuqecKu ToK.
Tecra n Vecrunxayc ca 6elcrnuu Aa ce nport4Bonocra-
BflT nO KaKbBTO vr Aa e HaquH Ha roBa peueHue il nphcb-
Aara e u3nbrHeua. Cu6nruero o6aqe ce pa3BuBa no yxa-
crBar4 HaqilH. Keunep nonyqaBa rexKil HapaHnBaHilfl, Ho
BbnpeKu roBa He yrrnrapa. Cryvanr e 3aKnefiMeH Karo Bap-
BapcKr4 14 MHo3vrHa o6euHRear 6payH 3a npoBana MyAa
ulecrBrl roBa, xoero rofi no4flt pxa xaro "xyuanex uavun
Aa ce h3nbnHu cMbprHa npucu4a'i Oarrul qe e il3nor3BaH
npoMeHruB roK o6aqe, xBbpnn rbMHa cFHKa Bbpxy o6qecr-
BeHoro peHoMe na Tecna u Yecrunxayc. llocneAHilFr e
HyAeH Aa ce orKaxe or pa6orara cil Bbpxy cl4creMara
Tecna aa npoMeHnuB roK u eABa cneA ABe rogr4Hvl orHoBo
ilMa B'b3MOXHOCT Aa nOAHOBI4 ycytfiVnra cU B Ta3n HacoKa,
6narogapenue Ha Koero craBa Bb3MoxHo ABilrarerflT Ha
Tecna 4a ce il3nor3Ba e 6ura ua xopara.
Brnpexra yr4tp6a u zary6wte, npilqhHeHn or KaMnaHil-
nra na E4nctu, Yecrunrxayc u 3a MuHyra He u3nilTBa cbM-
HeHhe no oTHoueHhe Ha orpoMHoTo npaKTilqecKo 3Haqe-
Hue na uro6pereHuero ua Tecra il no BcrKaKbB HaqilH ce
crpeMu Aa My noMorHe Aa oc-bqecrBvl Meqrara cu. llpea
1 89 1 r. re eugo6HoeRgar caonra pa6ora.
ttC;ry.rafino rl3rapflHe, Ho roBa e
BCIIIIKO''
Cne4 egno KparKo nbreuecrBue Ao flapux nper rRroro
ua I 889r. Tecna ce 3aBpbqa e Ho lZopx ur eanoqBa cb3AaBa-
Hero Ha noea na6oparopuR. Tr raeua qenuff qerBbpru
Ha crpaAara, B Koflro ce HaMupa. B Heq Tecna m3BbpuBa
eKcnepilMeHTu, cBbp3aHu c esauuo4eficrBhero
Ha eneK-
TpilqecrBoro c MarepuflTa. OcHoeHuRr Bbnpoc, rotiro ro
ilHrepecyBa npe3 ro3r4 nepiloA, e 3a orpaHilqeHilre npu-
po4Hr pecypcr4. Tofi e y6e4en, ue rpa6ea Aa ce HaMepil
Apyr HaqilH 3a nonyqaBaHe Ha eHeprilr. Bte eptaxa c rosa
Tecna cu 3a4aBa Bbnpoca: "Kaxeo qe npaBil qoBeqecrBoro,
KOTaTO rOpUTe U3qe3HaI a 3anacilTe OT B'brnilqa 6bAaT
usvepnanra?'i lzl:o6perarennr 3anoqBa rqa h3yqaBa reopll-
rra, cnope4 Koflro Karro arvrocQepara, raKa tI 3eMfra u3o-
6uncrear or HeorpaHilqeHu 3anacil or eHeprufl vr
Aa ce nonyqu eABa nil He HanpaBo or etrgyxa. Toea cnara
Haqaaoro Ha HeroBilTe u3cne4BaHun B o6nacrra na 6erxuq-
HU8 npeHOC Ha eHeprilfl - eAHa peBoflroql4oHHa hAef,
cnopeg Tecra e B cbcrorHile Ea npoMeHil HaquHa Ha
il pa3BmTuero Ha npoMr4uneHocTTa B cBera.
Or 1 889 4o 1 891 r. roti qecro ce cpeula cbc cBofl npuflren
- nhcarennr Torvrac C. Maplar.r, 3a Aa ro Abpxvl B TeqeHile
no orHoueHme Ha npoeKrure cil. Maprmu cxopo ny6nuryea
no4po6eH Marepilan 3a Tecna, e xotlro xBbpnfl cBerruHa
Bbpxy pa6orara Ha m3BecrHr4n u:o6peraren vr HeroBara
cilcreMa 3a npoMeHailB ror. Mex4yepeueHHo Tecra ornea
oqe no-Aaaeq, nreupueaftru eKcnepuMeHrn, npil
npeKapBa npe3 rflnoro cil eneKrpl4qecoA3apAAtA. Be4Htx
rorl gopr,r npe,qcraen nogo6en eKcnepilMeHr npe4 ny6lraxa,
Karo npil ToBa 3ananBa gee QnyopecqeHTHil naMnil, Abp-
xerTrrm no egra BbB BcrKa p'bKa. lly6rnxara e no6onurna pa
pa:6epe4anr,r npil onilTa e nonyqufi HflKaKBn HapaHflBaHilfl,
Ho orroBopbr Ha Tecra e:"1-louRxora geficrenrenHo nonyqa-
BaM HflKoe clyqafino uarapnne, Ho roBa e ecuqxoi'
[a pa:r'spc[[r cBera, pa3Tr,pcBafiKll
caMuq ce6e cI{
Kuru xpaR ua 1891 r. Hurora Tecra nonyvaea il3Becrre,
qe uarTrra My e Ha cM'bprHo rerno. Tori nesa6aeHo 3aMilHaBa
sa [ocnu.l, KbAero ca rpnre My cecrpr4 14 mafixa uy, roRro
Beqe He e B cbcroflHue Aoph Aa ce noMpbEHe B nefloTo cl4.
HRrorxo Meceqa cneg HeroBoro npilfiuraHe, npe3 anpiln
1 892 r. rn yuupa. Tecna e 4o raxaBa creneH cnoMeH or MbKara
cr4,qe Kocara B-bpxy AflcHOrO My Cnenooqile 6tp:o no6e-
nnea. Mafira My oKa3Ba [3Ktttot{urerHo nonoxurenHo Bnu-
ocb-
fHue Bbpxy xr4BoTa na uao6perarenn. lzltrresuo oT Hefl rotl
HacnegflBa cBonra rBopqecxa Harypa. Tecna ocraBa e locnilq
HRKorKo ceAMilqr4 cneg netTtnara cuupr. Toea e eAilH or Man-
Koro n'bru, Koratorofi cn nogeorflBa 3a rottKoBa n-btlro BpeMe
npil-
Aa ce orKbcHe or ceonra pa6ora.
Ha
Egna ro4rar.ra cneA 3aBpbu{aHero ct4 or locnuv, nper Qee-
pyapra 1893 r., Tecna n Maprun 3aMilHaBar 3a KoHrpeca Ha
HaqmoHannara acoqhaqilfl 3a eneKrpl4qecKo oceerneHile. Ha
nen Tecna npe4craBfl rontMa qacr or cBoilTe uao6peretnn,
B ToBa qhcno n uuoroQaenara cilcreMa 3a npoMeHnuB ToK t/
cpeAcrBara 3a npeHoc Ha npoMeHfluBa eneKrptlqecKa eHep-
run. Egno or reeu uao6pereHuF e u3BecrHo raro "6o6nnara
na Tecra" vr npil Hero eneKrpilqecKurr 3apr4 ce npeHacn no
Bb3AyXa, npil KOeTO B Craflra ce noflBfBa nypnypHa MbrlHt4f.
Tecna ycnoxonea ny6nurara, qe eneKrpilqecxure sapR4u "ne
npuqnHflBar HuKaKbB gracrouQopl c t43KnoqeHue Ha yce-
qaHero 3a neKo onapBaHe no BbpxoBere na npucrure'i Cneg
re3il AeMoHcrpaqvv u cBbp3aH[Te c TRX HeBepoflTHn 3a
oHoBa BpeMe npexuBflBaHilF , orKpvrutra Ha Tecla npe4u3-
Bu KBar u Hrepeca Ha MeAil ure. lz1ro6perarennr Aa Ba ilHrepBto
sa "Hro lZopr Xepan4'i B Koero cno4enn, ve ee4rux "ycnRea
erax Aa nonyqu HanpexeHile 300 000 Borra, Koero, nonyqeHo no
Apyr HaqnH, MoMeHTanHo 6u y6uno qoeed OaHracrilqHara Tecna c eAHa or cBo[Te
^
6o6uua Ha Tecna 6erexil Haqanoro Ha HoB xaHp B HayKara - eneKTp14.iecKh naMnh, KovlTo roi
HayqHara $anracrura. ycnFBa Aa :axpaun 6e:xrvHo.
r&sgdsKg€
,..
TA OAHTACTIIKA
TECNA }I]'HAYIIHATA
Hnxor or vlgairale raeo6perenr,rff.rHa iecra :
6o6una ua Tecra, KotlTo y6nBa BparoBere
rfl Moxe
(xaro ueroeara 6o6una, npu KoRTo eneKrpu- cbc cBerKaBvrqr4. MoxeM caMorfla npeAnotla-
qecrBoro ce np.9nqc4.qp9:. cranra rlogo6no raMe KolKo orpoMHo 6u 6uno u3yMreHuero
Ha BHe3anHo pagpa3ru.ra c€:6ypfl cbc cBer- xa n:o6perarean, aKo Moxeue Aa BnAn rBo-
KoRTo KaBilqu, nopa3nBau{lr.r :arenute) uy nponpa- peHuRTa cil, u3nofl3BaHil no ro:il HaqLrH. Tofr
xilBor BflT nbrn KbM cBera r_ra Hayqnara $anracruxa. caMhflT ce npeBpbqa B ]repcoHax B poMaHa
3arafltqxoro: ngBeAe!.r4e Ha raao6perarenn xa Xrp6tpr Ye.fic,orl 901 6f[ltpq!4ie xopa Ha
u rafixcreeHnre My nocruxeHuf ro npeBpb- nyr+-a!g::BinpouaeeAeuueiorTecfl agqoBeKbr,
u{ar B rparuqecKa Qrarypa, gocroftxa ea eguo xofiro nonyuaea pagraocuo6r4euur or rnaB-
HachreHo c ApaMarn3bM npou3BeAeHue. nun repori Hd poMaHa, cneA Karo rofr raqa
Heruo;. noaeue, ngroBute. r'lo6pereuuR egtx: ...
fa nyHara. lnera:Ien1aJ! :MQttLulH4il,npeAne
.Hoenear...cbsgaBaHero Ha Heo6r4rHoeeH[.. .. xesa or Tecra, e c tiosru ABurareru n nph-
ycrpoticrea, Kouro qecro ce noffBffBar BbB nr4:!td :,1to-c{opo xa .,qaena,!It+tttixg,, Tr He
..0agrtc1r4,{Hlrt. cen1, po4en or eto6paxexu.-: : ' d3not$9a,,craH8aplHo-ro :qalvlolleTHo'rqpu Bo,
Kot4ro
eToiHa-ii tiBpeMearvrre reopqn. oplxuero.Hq,,;' .Hs1vl6' gqpii..gaNlorerqx,,,4st4!'eten u Ilo:cKoPo
'e.'npclirlrian,,:na .nerfltqar rrtrllf.rt4t: BcltL{xocl
Tecra, u3aectto xaro TeneQopc" ranra "Crutp-
ronocuuR ntq'i e ycrpoftcreo, KoHcrpynpaHo HilKoe orre3n raao6perenun He ce npeBpbqa
Aa HacoqBa ereKrpoMarHhTHh nbqil cpeqy :B.,pearHocr,,.Hg f,opn, ri B Tg3l,i.BUOopaxaervr
.rlenia, roero gHec HaMupa Maci6 a.Miioio 9.1.:l',. cgnr Tecra HaMMpa HaqhH 4a cuafiaa vura-
pdsnpocrpaxrdanraie'ua na3apa au4eq!4rpnr TenrTe fl-b,lro olen KaTo caMilfT Hero Beqe
.
.r'
.. B eAna or reeu nrpt4 gopr4 npiletcTBa eaMara ,r l rO.HiMi.' ... ...., .,
Tpmynn$rrr Ha Tecna m Yecry{Hrxayc
rlnnaro ce ilpeBpr,ula n ot6e,tur rpagt'
llpe: tss3 l. uair-6nvr:xttrnr 6usHec naprHbop ua Tecna KaK ycnflBa Aa 3anann raMnv,
- lxopgx Vecrunrxayc, cneqerBa nopbqKara 3a ocilry- 6e: ga nenon3Ba npoBo4Huqr4.
pffBaHero Ha ocBerneHilero Ha CeeroeHoro rl3floxeHile Elsctxtr Ha HeroBara craBa
s thraro. Toea e rorqA ycnex 3a Yecrunrxayc npe4Byrg cneA tl3aoxeHileTo 3aceHqBa
orpoMHr,lTe uleril/ Koylro npeTbpnflBa roEilH,4 npeAn roBa EOpr4 CBeTtrlHaTa, n3nbllBaHa oT
3apaEh KneBeTHilqecKaTa KaMnaHilF, opraHil3ilpaHa oT nro6pereHuero rr,ty.
Tomac E4ncru. Toil ce o6ptr4a rru Tecla :a crrgericreue llper cnegsauiara 1894 r.6na-
n pil h3nblHeHilero Ha npoeKTa u nso6perarelnr ce cbrfla- roAapeHile na Touac C. Maprmn
crsa. 3a Aa ocbulecrBflT ToBa, [BaMara ecrecrBeHo ilMar Tecna ce 3ano3HaBa c il34arenfl
HylKIa or eneKrpr4\lecKrl KpyulKri, no E4uctn ram ea6pa- na "Ceuvrpu MerasilH" Po6rpr
HFBa Ea h3nor3Bar HeroBilF nareur.3a qacrueYecruurxayc bHgrpyyg !xoHc-ur-r, xoriro no-
nphrexaBa naTeHr 3a Apyr Tun eneKTpr4qecKa KpyuKa rl K-bcHo craBa neroe nari-4osepen
ro:ra Saxr ce oKa3Ba u3KnricLtilTerHo qeHeH 3a HaMepe- npilrren. lxoHcrH !r cbnpyrara
-[r8Ta hM Aa ocurypflT ocBeTneHileTo Ha ToBa crr6nrue or rvry Karpran 6yrearno 6ororeopnr
cBeroBeH maqa6. MexgyBpeMeHHo Yecruurxayc xaHgu- Tecna, erlxureHil KaKTo or xapaK-
IaTCTBa 3a nOnyqaBaHeTO Ha nopbrtKa 3a nocTpoFBaHe Tepa, TaKa u or reHilanHocrra Ha roreMilfl nro6perarel. ^ Tecra B cBoflTa na6oparopilr.
'1
ia eneKTpor-.leHTpana Ha Hrarapcrun BoAonaA, or KoflTo Cel,teticrsoro zrua go6plr Bpb3Ku BbB Br4cuero o6qecreo
ce HaAfiBa !a cneqenil qrro cbcrorHt4e. Ycneunoro npe4- Ha Hro Llopx. Te qecro ce cpeular c nilqHocrn xaro Mapr
araBffHe Ha L,r3roxeHilero 6il ogHaqaeano Aa cnet{enil Ta3rl Teeu r,r 6lger4ilff npe3ilneHr na CAI! Teogop Py:eenr.
ropbqKa, a:a Tecna - B'b3MoxHocr[a il3Bbprxu npoeKTyt- Karpnn lxoncbH u3flr4TBa oco6eu riHTepec xrm Tecla.
caHero. Pa6orara nn peficreurenHo ce oKa3Ba ycneuHa. Koraro ro cpeula 3a nbpBil nbl Tfl e BneqarneHa or Aenil-
Ha 1 uari e orKpr4To CeeroeHoro il3noxeHne e 9nraro. KarHoro My 3gpaBocnoBHo cbcroflHile, or6ernaealixil, qe
Excno:uqunre 3aeMar nfloul or 2 833 AeKapa, Ha Koflro roil urmexga "npeyMopeH ra rpn6ea ga cn novnHe'i Tecna
ca pa3nofioxenu 60 000 qaHga il BcilqKo roBa crpyBa ge/rcreureluo r/3rnexga 3ne, cneA xaro npexapsa 6e:-
25 uuntnoaa ularcKu Aonapa. floeeqe ot 28 wtvnuoua 6pora vacoee B cBonra na6oparopr,rn, Ho ManKo xopa npo-
AyuH noceu{aBar "6enun rpaA" vt noBeqero or rFX pa3- rBflBar ilHTepec KbM To3u oqeBilAeH $axr. Karo qoBeK Ha
rno,{Ear r y:nox6enara,nanata,.e xonro{Fecna c orpo- yr3KycrBorq Karpun en44a s Tecla e4mn AcrtAHcRt npegcra- v CBeroBHoro r3noxeHHeB
MeH ycnex BnTeI Ha eneKrpouHxeHepHaTa HayKa fi c yAoBoncTBile ro urKaro.npe3 I 893:tE::.r,::.:.+:ii:

"tJ
',\,
npegcraBr Ha cBoilre npilFrenil. Po6tpr flxoncru crr4o
olleHflBa B/coKo reHilannun uro6peraren il EBaMara c
Karpun vecro ro KaHFT B AoMa cn. Toea orHolueHile ocil-
rypflBa Ha Tecna cnororicrBilero,3a Koero rofi e xonngn
npe3 Bcr4qKil caMorHr4 qacoBe B na6oparoprnra, AoKaro
r43BbprJBa cBo/Te HayqHil eKcnepilMeHTvr.
llo-xtcuo, nper 1894 r., Tecna ce u3npaBff npeg narir-
ronflMoro npeAil3BilKarercrBo 3a HeroBara nHoroQaena
cilcreMa 3a npoMeHnuB ToK - noflyqaBaHero Ha eJreK-
rp/qecKa eHeprilfl or Huarapacxnfl BoAonaA h npeHoca
ri na pascronHvre or 20 MVnv Ao 6tQano, Hro l,4opr<. !o
TO3l4 MOMeHT npeHOC-bT Ha eneKTpilqeCTBO Ce il3BbpuBa
no cucreMara na Eguctn, npil KoFTo ce il3nor3Ba nocro-
flHeH ToK. Tn o6aqe ce oKa3Ba c rBbppe orpaHnqeHh Bb3-
MOXHOCTyT, KaTO ynilqHOTO OCBeTfleHTre HanpilMep MOXe
Aa ce 3axpaHBa or craHqilfl, HaMvrpaula ce o6ilrHoeeHo
Ha oKoJro eAHa MunR pa3croffHile. EEuclu npeAnara
nnaH 3a npeHoc Ha nocTofHeH rox or HuarapcKilfl BoAo-
naA Ao 6bQano, Ho nopapil orpaHuqeHnflra Ha cilcreMara
My roBa HaqvrHaHhe ce oKa3Ba HeocbulecrBl4Mo. flo roaa
BpeMe 4HBecrv\t/IoHHttflr rrraur flx. 11. Moprau, xoraro
no-paHo fiHBecrilpa B KoMnaHrifra na Egrctn, peuaBa
To3il nbr Aa nopKpenr c t4HBecrtlrluu Yecrrurxayc u cuc-
TeMara Ha Tecna aa npoMeHnilB ror. Toea AaBa rnac'bK Ha
peanil3ilpaHero Ha npoeKTa, Koero orHeMa Tpn roAnHil.
llpea 1 896 r. cBerbr craBa cBilAeren KaK c noMoqra Ha MHo-
roQa:Hara cilcreMa 3a npoMeHnilB rox na Tecna 3a nbpBtl

- leHeparopilTe Ha BoAHoeneKTpuqecKara LleHTpana Ha HtlarapcKilfl nbr B rlcTopr4FTa Ha qoBeqecTBoTo ce /3BbpuBa npe-

sogonag, CAI!. HOC Ha eneKTpilqecKa eHeprilF Ha cpaBHilTerHo rorFMo
pa3cronHile. Toea c'b6ilrile e o3HaMeHyBaHo c naMerHa
nno'{a, nocraBeHa [o BoAonaAa, Ha KoFTo ca n3ntAcaHn
ilMeHara Ha yecTilHrxayc il Tecna.
Ou{e npeAil ocbrl1ecrBflBaHero Ha npoeKTa c ^ Ia6oparopngra Ha Tecra
'1899
B

Konopago CnpnHrc, KonopaAo, r

Huarapcnrta BoAonaA, nilqHocrra na Tecra npnBn,4qa
TrHTepeca Ha MeAililTe. Ctattttv za Hero ce noflBnBar B v Craryfl na Hurxona Tecna 6nu:o go
"Cenvrpn Meraarn'i "Hro Car,ttsc Pvtep" u "Hro lzlopx HuaTa pcKilF Bo.qona,q, CAll-1.

Tarinac'i B rnx ce cto6qaBa 3a HeroBure

HeBepofrHr4 Teoprlil ri 3a nocneAHrire
nrry nro6peren/ff. B eAHa or crarililTe B
"fautttrc", B KoFTo ce Bu3npar re3il nocru-
xeHl/lf, ce rBbpflil, qe "nfirua no-Ao6po
AOKa3aTenCTBO :a npOQeCr OHarHilTe
KaqecrBa Ha feHilafl Hlrff rrrao6perarel'i
C'urpyguuvecrsoro na Yecrnnrxayc c
!x. 11. MopraH EaBa Ha Tecna stel ox-
HOCT Aa nonyqil AOCTbn AO BbpXOBere
Ha KopnoparilBHVA envr. can no ce6e crl
roan Qarr e AocrarbqeH Ea My ocvrrypvr
ycnoBtAfl u noAKpena 3a BcflKo cneEBaulo
HefoBo HaqnHaHtAe tA 3a peanil3upaHe Ha
KOfirO 14 Aa e OT 3aMilCnilTe My.

PasmwsssEEa

PA3TOBAPf,NKU C MAPC
.1899
B rpan ua XIX a. yueHrare ca pa3BbnHyBaHr4 or Bb3- Karo npe3 r ce npeMecrBa e Konopa4o CnpnHrc,
MoxHocrra 3a ocbulecrBflBaHe Ha KoHTaKT c yl3BbH3eMHyr Kbgero cb3AaBa cBoflTa BHyrxilTerua na6oparopnn, Tecna
ctqecrea. OrxpileaHeto Ha 6e:xilqHhf npeHoc Ha eHep- 3anoqBa Ea BflpBa, qe Bcblt1Hocr Beqe e nofiyqiln cilr-
rilfl, HapilqaH "eQerrur ta Tecla'l naaa ocHoBaHile Ha Hanu or Mapc. Te no cbqecrBo ca pa3nilqHu or il3nb.r-
HayqHara o6qecrseHocr ga BFpBa, qe e Bb3MoxHo Aa ce BaHilFra or 6yplrre n Apyrltre uyMoBe ua 3eunra. l/ go
il3npar4arh nonyqaBarnocnaHuR no6egxnqHarexHollo- AHec He Moxe Aa ce onpeAenu c rorJHocr npor3xolbr
run. Muctlra 3a ocbqecrBffBaHe Ha KoHTaKT c"uapcu- Ha re3il cr4rHaflil, Koero Moxe 6n e catp:aHo c HflKaKBo
aHqure'i KaKro Hapilqar BcilqKil Bb3MoxHu r13BbH3eMHr4 Hegopa3yMeHile no orHotueHile Ha HoBara rexHofiorrfl
Qopvrra na xilBor no oHoBa BpeMe, BbnHyBa tA caMVfl Ha Tecna. OceeH roea cbulecrByBa BepoflTHocr re Aa ca
Tecna. EoReRaarce BceBb3MoxHt4Teophll t4 ilAeil 3a Map- il3nbqeHil or HffKaKbB ecrecrBeH KocMuqecKr ti3ToLrHnK.
cilaHlluTe, Karo HffKoil yqeHu rBbpArI, qe re ca Aaneq no- flnaHoaete ua n:o6perarerff 3a KoHTaKT c xr/Teflrre Ha
HanpegHann or o6urarennre Ha 3emRra il xilBeffT B Ml4p, Mapc pa:6rapa ce HilKora He ce ocbu.{ecrBffBal, Ho Bcr4LtKtl
cneA KaTo ca npeoAonenil xhBoTyrHcKuTe l,lMnyjlcr4, KoilTo Te3tAycvntAfl fi npoyqBaHilff pa3nanBaT B Aylllata na Tecra
Bce oqe cbqecreysar a xopara. Tecna npoyqBa il3Knoqil- HaAexAara, qe re3u curHarvr 6rxa mornu Aa ce pa3npoc-
reluo geratanno Bb3MoxHocrTa 3a Bpb3Ka c rffx, Koero e TpaHflBaT no cBera il Aa ce n3non3Bal 3a !a ce ran$opura-
orpa3eHo B crar4n or 1 896 r., vuero earnaane e "lz1:npaqa par xopara 3a roBa, Koero ce cryqBa BceKfi AeH BbB Bce:<tl
nlr Tecna cvtf+am rtm:ee:glre?'1 B ueR ce rBbpAnr qe MoMeHT t,r HaBcffKbAe. Taau xomyHnxaqiloHHa cucreMa,
rorir pa:pa6oraa flnaHoBe 3a !43npau{aHe Ha cilrHaril KbM roRro rori cb34aBa ela ato6paxeuuero cn, gHec 4etZcr-
MapcilaHqilTe c noMoqra Ha eneKrpilqecKn atnnu. Cneg BilTeflHo cbqecrByBa. ^ flnauerara Mapc. :l
l-ogVtHt/t Ha ycbppHa pa6ora
Ha 3anaA
flpr: u+r 1895 t B na6oparopurra na Tecra Bb3Hr4KBa
noxap, xorlro yHl,4r.qoxaBa BcurlKo, cbx-
.rHr-.lrAeHr. l4z6yxea
paHFBaHo e na6oparopr,rnra or roALrHu. O6ulecraenocrra e
uoKhpaHa oT cny\]lllloTo ce, oule noBeqe qe no ToBa BpeMe
roMeqeHrero e no-cKopo uyaefi, oxonroro ra6oparo-
prr. Harieceuure uleril Bb3lil3ar na 250 xnnapv uptcxttt
xonapa. Creg nHqu4eHra Tecna, par6rapa ce, npogbnxaBa
c3oLTTer3cneflBaHfin B Apyra na6oparopran, HaMnpaqa ce
ria Xaycrun Ctpuitr. flpe: cenreuepv 1897 r. rori aeqe e
roroB Aa KaHgilAarcrBa 3a nareHT la 6eaxuqna rpaHcMr4-
c,rR.Tecna o6a,re octsHaea, qe ilMa upr4a orra6oparopvt+,
KOflTO e EOCTaTbqHO rorflMa,3a Aa My nO3BOIt4 Ea peanu-
:rpa r narir-au6ilquo3Hnre cil npoeKril. Ero:au1o HanycKa
ulyMHVA Hro tz'lopx, gaueuRrirrr ro c npocropa na Konopago
f npnrrc, qara Konopa4o.
Xrrernre Ha Konopago Cnprrrc nocpeqar u3Kntoqil-
-arHo paAyurHo u3BecrHlrfl nro6perarer. Heroeara cilc-
-€!ra 3a npoMeHnnB ToK Beqe ce ri3nor3Ba e parioHa, xaro
c ueraHa noMor! ce ocilrypflBa eHepfilfl 3a 3naTHnTe n cpe-
6rpxnre MhHrl TaM. Ero :aqo ilMero Ha Tecra e nony-
,rnpHo Aopn r cpeg o6uxnoBeHilre xopa u roir ce nofl3Ba c
fonRMo yBaxeHile cpeg ecyi,.txr4. Tecra or6enRlea, qe HaMe-
ceHHeTo My e Aa il3Bbprxr1 eKcnephMeHTuTe B noleTaTa Ha
{oropago, c qen Aa cb3paAe KoMyHilKaqiloHHa cilcreMa,
<orro 6n My Aana Bb3MoxHocr Aa "npeHacF ranQoprrraqran
ra roreMh pa3croflHufl, 6e: ga urnonaea npoeo4nmqn'i
'lrru cumuesue, qe nMeHHo re3tA ttryet aa 6eaxlrvna xovry-
il{Kaqhn noAxpaHBar nonBruure ce c'bo6qeHun, e rouro ce
rts'bp4n, qe Tecra ce onilTBa Aa Bne3e BbB Bpb3Ka c u3BbH-
3ernH14cbrlecrBa. Toea e nope4Horo floKa3arencrBo 3a Bru-
FHilero Ha rorreMun uro6peraren Bbpxy pa3Brruero Ha
xaHpa HayqHa fanracrura B nilreparypara.

,}i

t#tr:9ry9ffitrffry9
rb'lbEbT HA TECTIA
Oqe or flercKilTe aA roEtAHu Tecna e chnHo npt,l- uMa HaBilKa Aa ro cneABa HaBcRKbAe, AonurahKu Aopvt
sbp3aH KbM xl4BorHl/Te. Toga noxe 6u ce gtnxu na Ao npo3opeqa Ha craRra uy a Hofioprup Xorer, e rorlro
$ar<ra, ve rorl r:pacrea era Qeprvra a Xtpearnn u npe- Tecna nperapaa nocneAHilTe Aecer roguHr4 or xr4Bora
KapBa rolflMa qacT oT BpeMeTo ctA B wpvl cbc cBoR crzr. lzlao6perarenflT xpaHilrunr6a scexu AeH, a Be[Hbx
6par u cecrpnre cil oKono Kbqara h Ha noJtero,3ao- My ce Hanara il Aa ro neKyBa. Hail-crparxrnr enn3o4 B
6nxonet or pa3nilqHfi AoMauJHrl xt4BorHt4. B ceoilre Ta3v uctopu+ o6ave ce cnyusa eAHa Hou+ AoKaro Tecna
MeMOapu, HanilcaHil Abnro cneA KaTo HanycKa poflHrn rexil B rernoro cr,r. ltrt6tr Aonura npe3 oTBopeHilR
cr gom, u:o6perarerffr pa3Ka3Ba no4po6no sa nlo6h- npo3opeq, Kaqa Ha remoro r'r BrpeHqBa norneA B oqilTe
MHr cr4 KorapaK * BenilKoJlenHilRr Maqar. Beponruo my. Tecla ilMa yceqaHero, qe nrilqara ,4cKa Aa My Kaxe
hMeHHO 3apaEh Ta3U CBOfl npilBbp3aHOCT KbM )KI,4BOT- Her4o MHoro eaxHo: "Cne4 roBa, Koraro ocb3Hax nocra-
Hrre, a He or cto6paxeHuff 3a cna3BaHe Ha HflKaKBa uuero rl, B oqilTe Ha nvqara ce noflBh cBerrilHa, cHo-
crpora guera, Tecna craBa BererapilaHeq. l'lpe: nocneg- noBe or cBeTnhHHr4 nbqil, no-ocnenilTenHil oT Te3vr,
Hhre ro4uHr4, Kor4To npeKapBa e Hlc tlop6 rofi o6uqa Korro nonyqaBau e uonra ra6oparopranl'Cnopeg Tecra
Aa xpaHil rut6rre Ha ynilqara. Ha e4nH or aBropr4re, rut6rr my cuo6qaea :a ceoRra cMbpr il cne4 Karo nrta-
orpa3flBaqil HeroBilTe r:o6pereHun, Tecna paaxaaaa qara yrvuzrpa, rori e u3nbnHeH cbc crpaHHara yBepeHocr,
3a cBoero crpaHHo npilflTeficrBo c raKbB runr6. Kpacn- qe "oKoHqarerHo cbM npilKntoqun pa6orara, Ha KoflTo Efln f"bnb6, noAo6es sa togvt, xttvt xorlro ce
^ :i
eara 6nna nruqa cbc cuBu nepqa no Bbpxa Ha Kphnere cbM nocBeTnn xvgomcv". npnerp:ea Tecna. |:
Hafr-upauHara cflHKa Br'pxy pa6orara
Ha Tec,ra
flpes nHyapra 1900 r., nopagra Qarra ve n3qepnBa cBo-
L4TeKanilTalltl tl He e B cbcToFHile Aa 3annaula pa3xoAilTe/
cBbp3aHu c pa6orara uy e na6oparop/rflTa B Konopago oEP l4 AOKvMEHTAq14flTA rECtlA
AOKvMEHTALll4frA HA TEC'IA #
Cnpraurc, Tecna ce 3aBpbu.la e Hr,r lzlopr. Heroenre npu- Krm rpan HaXilBora cra Tecna pa:pa6orea qe no roBa BpeMe ce BoAl/l aofiHa r ecnvru npa- "
nreru Po6tpr ra Karprrrn flxonctH paa6rapa ce ca oqapo- cepilR oT HoBil opbxl4f, c qen Aa ru npoAaAe Ha BrlTencTBa il3KjlloqilTeflHo BHI/MaTeflHo cfleAflT
npaBurencrBoro Ha Ctepnuetnre r4al,r. Cne4 3a 3ana3BaHero Ha HaqiloHanHvtre cil nHTepecil. '
BaHil OT 3aBpbulaHero My vl qecro ro KaHflT Ha n3tAcKaHIA
CMbpTTa Ha u:O6perarenfl HFKOIIKO npaBilTe1- lOeOpn Ce, qe nnaHOBeTe Ha TeCna Ctptpxar !
Beqepil B narir-go6pure pecropaHTti na Hro lzlopx. flo roea
CreeHn CnyX6r, B TOBa qilClo u @egepannOro npOeKT 3a ycrpOriCreO, CTaHanO il3BeCTHo KaTo o
BpeMe B rpaga npe6rasaBa enilH Mtx Ha nme l-ynneruo "ctulproHocer qu/j roero e e clcronHl/te ga
6rcpo :a pa3cne[BaHe, ronQucxyear qnram !
Maprouu -
vranva+cKtA uao6peraren, xotiro uaetpusa
AOKyMeHraqilff Ha Tecna no ro3yl npoerr. flo npegna3ilBcflKaBoeHHa6asa,cr-:flaeafiruuap:
eKcnepilMeHTu e o6nacrra Ha pagilopa3nptcxeaHero. Toil BpeMero, xoraro rso6perarernT cl4 ornBa or Her elleKrpoMarHureH eKpaH. Crracel,l ecrec- I
npilcrilra e Hr,r lzloprl c qen Aa HaMeptl vtHBecrilroptl 3a rO:H CteAilHeHilre UlaTil Beqe ca ce BK1IO-
ceRT, TBeHO e fi Apyltl cTpaHn Aa Ce ilHTepecyBaT OT

orKpurilero cu. tlaaecrHo e, qe

Tecla cbulo vl3B"bpuBa eKc- qt4nr,1 BbB Bropara Caeroena eofiHa. HerOenre re:u pa:pa6o1n V TOBa o6RCHRsa pa3Ka3a-
nepuMeHTil B Ta3il HaCOKa m Ce CMflTa 3a nbpBtlfi, nocrilr- Bpb3Kh c rbproBl-lilre Ha opbxile e tlgroqHa Horo oT eAHa or KaMepilepKilre e xorena. Tn 3
Har 3HaqilMr ycnexil B Ta3vr nayvHa o6rac1 Koero e npeg- EApona gaAar ocHOBaHue Ha npaBilTefiCTBOTO TBbpAl/, qe e BilARna TptlMa Mb;1e Aa Bnil3aT B

il Aa ce onTTa Aa npeAOTBpaTil nonaAaHeTo Ha

XOTeICKaTa cran ga TeCna V Aa l/3fiacnT orTaM
nocTaBKa 3a B'b3HilKBaHe Ha KOHKypeHq/]fl MexAy Hero =
re:n pa:pa6oxil Ha eBeHryanHvl cMbproHocHll HflKot/ HeroBn seqra. tDbP o6a1Hns1
Mapxonu. Heulo noaeve - re flBaMara ny6nuvuo ctl pa3- leno:Ha-
Tecla
,=--;

opbxl4f B HenoAxoAflultl plqe. cammnr Ture, qe ca B3enil "qeuun poxylleHTil, cl,Ebp-

MeHflT OCTpvr penailKil 14 ToBa oule noBeqe oxecToqaBa ecrecrBeHo Hr,4Kora He 6u uanpasnn HeLqo, xar4r,r $oprvrynr n pazpa6oruv", Ho roBa raKa =
TffxHoro cbnepHilr{ecrBo. floloxenuero cbBceM ce Bro- xoero 6r Morno Aa HaBpeflil Ha crpaHaTa, npe- il He ce AoKa3Ba. Ctqecrayaar o6aue 4oxara-
uaBa, Koraro Mapxouu nonyqaBa Ho6enosa Harpa4a 3a BbpHafla Ce 3a HerO BbB aropa pOgUna r uutlro TeICTBa, qe npaBuTencTBOro na Cte4rHeHrre -

cBoeTo oTKpr4Tvre, KaTo cbuleBpeMeHHo HanbrHo ce npe- rpaxpauuu rotl cbBceM c.b3Harenuo u:6npa ga Lqaril Bce oule cbxpaHtlBa optxefinara Aory-
-
re6perea npilHocbr ua Tecra. Toea e egnn 4eticreureluo craue. Tpn6ea o6aqe Aa ce ilMa npegerag $arra, MeHraqriF Ha Tecna.
ffi C: "ef:- -=-
TparnqeH nponycK, oqe noBeqe qe cneA BpeMe c peueHile
ra Brrpxoenun c-u6 ua CAII rofi e o6seeH 3a IAcrnHcKtAA
roreMnre KoHKypeHTyt na Tecna - Ao r43BecrHa creneH cvr npncBoflBa craBara, KoflTo no npaBo ce
nao6perarer na pa4noro. ToBa craBa npea 1 943-ra - rogra-
na6a Ha cpr6cxun ueo6perarel. Toea pa:6rrpa ce e oco6ero HecnpaBeAnilBo no orHouleHL4e Ha
Hara, npe3 xoRro Tecna cv ortABa or ro3t4 CBFT. qoBeqecrBo.
Tecna, npe4eug Qarra ue Heroeure uao6pereunfl AoHacFT orpoMHa nor3a Ha qflfloro
lzluento Mytc'bflTa [a cny"xil Ha xopara e ocHoBHara EBuxeu]a cilfla, Korro rapa Tecna Aa cb3AaBa
HeaonlpureHara KvJIa
cBoilTe yAmBvtrenuu neo6perennR.
npe3 1901 r. Tecna 3ano'rBa pa6ora atpxy npoeKra B vecr na :acnyrure na Hurona Tecna ruu HayKara il qoBellecrBoro, npee 1 91 6 r. roi e ygoc-

'Yop4tHxnrQ'1 TorTr e cerpsaH c nocrpoflBaHero Ha Kyna, roeHcnoqerHilflMe4an"Epvtcttt", HailMeroHaHeroBilrcrapKoHKypeHr.flpe:1931 r'egur

or KoffTo cnopeg vrro6perareJrn no 6egxuqsa rexHono- or 6poeeere Ha cnilcaHile 'Tailrv" uznvza c noprpera la Tecna Ha 3arflaBHara cil crpaHilqa.
rilF ule Moxe Aa ce pa3np-bcKBa eHeprnfl no qenilfl CBRT. loremnRr nao6peraren yMilpa caM B xorencKara cil crafl npe3 1 943 r. ua B6-roguuua B-b3pacr.
Onnancupauero Ha npoeKTa e ocilrypeHo or tl3BecrHl4fl Ha qepeuoHrnra sa norpe6enilero My npucbcrBar noeeqe or 2 000 4yLuvt. Camo mecequ cneg
aMepilKaHcKu 6anrep flx. fluepnour Mopran, xofiro qenu crurprra rvry BtpxoBHylfr c'bA Ha CAL! nplrsnasa HeroBilF nareHT 3a pa4taoro il o6resea Tecra
eucoxo pa6orara na Tecra ra e y6egen, rle qe L43Bneqe 3a tAcrvHcKtAA ruy uao6peraren.
orpoMHa neqan6a or ro3u npoeKl AoKaro He ocb3HaBa,
qe ilcr4HcKoro HaMepeHtae Ha u:o6perarenfl e Aa ocnrypil v lllecrAecerroAuuHunr Hrxora Tecna AeMoHcrpilpa paguoycrpoficrso a ra6oparoprrra cu s Hro l,4opx.
Ha KaprhHara Ha creHara BilxAaMe eneKTpoMexaHilqeH reHeparop, KoHcrpyilpaH or Tecna npe3 90-re
6ernnarrra eHeprvrn. Lle4pocrra ua Tecna He ce npileMa
roauHr Ha XIX e.
pagyurHo or 6anrepa u roti npexparnaa QruancupaHero
Ha crpoexa Ha Kynara. Peuen ga 3aBbpulr npoerra, Tecla
rlHBecrnpa AecerKu xilnnAu or co6crseHure cn cnecrflBa-
HUF B Hero, uo a xpairna cMerKa He ycnlBa Aa peanil3ilpa
Meqrara cu. Kynara ocraBa HegoBbpueHa B npolbnxeHile
Ha rogilHr4, AoKaro HaKpafl pp<ea. Toea e oule eAHo nopa-
xeHrie B xyrBora na Tecna.

Crpanna MaHI{r
llocne4nure ronilHvr or xvtBora na Tecla ca 6enngaHu or
ncilxilqecKil npo6nem, xofiro gHec e il3BecreH Karo MaHu-
aKanHo-Harpanuueo pa:crpoticreo. Bcrrqnocl MaHilRTa 3a
r]rlcrora e xapaKTepHa HeroBa qepra, pa3BilTa Ao raKaBa
creneH, qe noHflKora rora popra nt6area 4a ce ptryea, rtrTr
Karo ce crpaxyaa or muxpo6n il 3aMbpcflBaHe. lpyr crpa-
HeH HeroB HaBvrK e fla npaBil Heulara no rpn ntru. Tara
HanpilMep rorrr r-re 6n orceAHar B xoreflcKa craR, aro nen-
Hi4flT HoMep He ce Aenn ua rpn. CrnoueH KbM caMotl3ora-
qur, Tecna lanoqBa Aa ce A-bpxil no-cKopo raro egnH geficr-
BnrenHo yruono6tpxau yven. Tlvreuuo roBa HeroBo noBe-
AeHile EonpvrHacfl no-KbcHo roti ga ce oKaxe B cflHKara Ha
r,lcropr4fiTa. craea rara, qe Tomac E4nctn - e4ru or xati-
 ApaMaTrrrrHr,r pa3p a6orKr,r B odracTTa
Ha eJreKTprrqecK aTa eHepfr,rfl
EnempnvecrBoro cbIIIecrByBa B IlpuporutanpeALr norBara Ha qoBeKa, Ho Ao cb3AaBaHero Ha u:o6pere-
rrt4flTa na Tecna xopara B MHoro MaJIKa creIIeH ce Bb3rlon3Bar or Hero. Herosure paspa6omra e o6flacrra
Ha eneKTporlHxeHepHara HayKa6es cbMHeHne [poMeHrr HanbJrHo xoAa Ha rroBeruKaratrcropkrs..

lu4+++r*+i
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ftffi ,,&i
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^ BevepHo ue6e, ocBereHo or MbnHilta. B 30para Ha qoBeulKara hcropt4fl cBerKaBrqilTe r 14:o6paxenun Ha nbpBure angoae 6arepuur,
ca Bb3nptreMaHu Karo npoflBa Ha Mofbt4ecrBoro Ha 6orosete. ranBaH[qHn eneMexrn, neo6-
B TOBa CUCnO t't
pereHn or AnecaHgpo Bonra.

E;rercrpr.ruecrBoro ce pa3rrpocrp aHfl Ba

^ Te:u metanxu Kynr, Kot4To
13non3BaT 3a npeHoc Ha eneKTp,l']ecT-
BO, MOraT Aa Ce BhAflT BbB BCUqKn KbT-
qeTa Ha 3eMgTa.
no uflJraTa 3eMfl
LfTBb3MOIG{O E AA CE OTpEr{E OAKT:bT, qe eneK- YcraHoseHo e, qe eneKTpt4qecrBoro cbqecrByBa HaBcfl-
I lrpravecxara eHepruff e rpu6Harcur Ha cbBpeMeHHoro KbAe n Moxe Aa ce 43non3Ba, 3a Aa ce 3aABilxBaT pa3nuqHu
o6qecreo. B ruunaaoro o6ave nrruge He ce e u3norr3- MauilHl4,
KOeTO OT CBOF CTpaHa CTaBa nprqmHa 3a noRBaTa 4
Bano eneKTpilqecTBo t4 To3il HaquH Ha xhBoT npoAbn- pa3Burmero Ha eneKrpol4HxeHepHam uayxa. Branuxearero
xaBa xnnflAolerilfl Hape4. flrec nnma Aa e npecuneHo, Ha TOBa HOBO HanpaBneHue npoMeHF HanbrHo Mt4porneAa
aKo ce Kaxe, qe xuBoTbT, TaKbB, KaKbBTO rO noUaeame, 6u Ha HayqHara o6qnocr vt 4o 1870 r. npe4usenxea 6pn e
cnpnn, aKo no HflKaKBa npuq[Ha 6ugeu nuueHu or Bb3- pa3BilTuero Ha ilH4ycrpr4flTa, AoBen e xpafina cMerKa Ao
MOXHOCTTa Aa U3nofl 3BaMe eneKTpr4qecTBo. Bropara uHAycrpnanHa peBonroqhe.
lltpsoro cBe4eHue 3a cbqecrByBaHero Ha eneKrpn- f1o epeuero, xoraro Tecna HaBbpuBa nbnHone-
qecKa eHepfrlfl e 3anhcaHo oqe oT ApeBHilTe erunTflHr4 Tile, HeKolqnHa yqeHu, B ToBa
'{uclo Touac E4ractu u
npe.qh oKoro 5 000 ro4unu npu ta6no4exne Ha noBerqe- lxopgx Yecrunrxayc, c'b34aBar nbpBure chcreMu 3a
Hilero Ha eneKTpr4qecKure 3MuopKt4, xouro o6uraear pexa npeHoc Ha eneKTpuqecTBo, KaKTo u MauuHl4, Kol4To
Hun. Terp4e ManKo cepuo3Hil HayqHil n3cneABaHun Ha pa6orn1, ugnonseafixu ra3n eHeprhn. Te o6aqe ca
roru Qeuouen ca u3BbpuleHr 4o 1600 t, Koraro anrnvti.tc- il3npaBeHu npe4 eAuH cbqecrBeH npo6nen, Abnxau.l
xunr Snaux Yunnu lm6tpr 3anoqBa Aa a43yqaBa cravq- ce ga o6cronrercrBoro, '{e eneKTpt4qecKuflT ToK Moxe
HOTO eneKrpl4rtecTBo, KoeTo ce nonyqaBa nph rp4eHeTo Ha Aa ce npeHacf caMo Ha oKono MilnF pa3cToflHile, npeAu
rucoee rexflu6ap eAhH e 4pyr. Tofi B'bBexAa noHfruero ga nzry6u cBoFTa Mou.lHocr. Kareu ca nphqilHure 3a
"enerrpuryc'i Koero Ha ApeBHorpbqKu e3rK o3HaqaBa Kex- roea? llo
oHoBa BpeMe eneKTponpeHocHara Mpexa e
ce
nu6ap, raKa BcrlqKr Herqa, cBbp3aHu c onucatuR Qeno-
vt n3rpaAeHa na 6alara Ha nocroflHHr4fl roK, Koero o3Ha-
MeH, or ro3u MoMeHT HararbK ca HapnqaHil vtnt "ene* qaBa, qe eneKTpnqecTBoTo Moxe ce npeHacF caMo rqa
rpuvecrr,r'i unil ce il3non3BaT Apyrn BapuaHril Ha AyMaTa. B e.qHa nocoKa. Tecla orxpnea, qe aKo ce HaMepu
 "PasmpocrpaF€eFsk?€Ts *Ee L4[4BtuEnMBaLAsTfiTa e Kars &rb*{: ruafi-ruanpeg €e
ffTSffiffiffitsa UECKpA' €fie& TGg& ffi&AltrBbx bT HAKpAH - gpKA eeermmmai'

HaqilH eneKTpl4qecTBoTo Aa ce npeHacf no npoMeH- lloqru 1,6 Munnapga Aylllt4 or HaceneHilero Ha 3eMFra

nuBa cxeMa, roea 6ui Aaro Bb3MoxHocr 3a no-AareqHo o6aqe ece oule xuBee 6es enexrpuuecreo. Aro Tecna
npeHacFHe Ha eleKTpl4qecKilfl 3apfA B cpaBHeHile c 6eue xne, roir eeponrno 6u uauepur HaqilH Aa peuh
TO3n, npeHacflH no TexHonorilflTa, il3non3Baula nocrof- rorr npo6neu.
HeH ToK. Tasu ugen e ronKoBa peBonoqtaoHHa, ']e flopl4
caMuflT E4ucun r orxBbpnfl/ Koero Ao rl3BecrHa cre- Odrqynaue rpe: rpocrpaHcrBoro
neH Moxe 6n ce gtnxu Ha Qarra, qe roil He n paa6rapa
llpeHoctr Ha eneKrpoeHeprilF Ha foreMn pa3cronHtln
fl cMfra 3a onacHa. llo-eeponrno o6aqe e Aa rneAa Ha
Lr
He e eguHcrBeHoro BenilKo HayqHo nocrllxeHile na Huxona
HoBara cr4creMa Karo Ha cepno3Ha 3anflaxa ga co6cree-
Tecna. lzlcrnncra peBontoqilF B pa3Bnrr4ero ua o6qecreoro
Hara cu nocrofl HHoToKoBa eneKTponpeHocHa cilcreMa.
npeAu3Br4KBaT HeroBure il3creABaHilfl u eKcnepnMeHTtl B

o6nacrra na 6eaxuqnoro pa3npocrpaHeHile Ha eHeprilF.

Epara Ha eJreKTpltqecrBoro Bctlqnocr oqe npea 1820 r. e xa6nngaeano 6e3xilvHo pa3-
Crpaxoeere na Eguctx rBbp4e cKopo ce npeBpbular npocrpaHeHile Ha eHeprilfl npil cb3EaBaHero Ha MaTHilTHO ^ leopr ou - nbpBl4er yqeH,
HanpaBfln MareMarff qecKn aHanfr 3

B peanHocT, rtti raro e CrepuHenure ularil, KaKTo 1,4 B none or ereKTpilqecKil ror. ErcnepnmeHTilTe B o6lacrra Ha eneKTpilqecrBoro. ToBa craBa
Ha eneKrpoMarHeril3Ma Ha yqeHm xaro Matirtn Oapagefi u npe3 1 827 r
Apyril qacrr4 Ha cBera,3anoqBa Aa ce u3non3Ba rpra$ar-
Hara npoMeHnuBoroKoBa cucreMa na Tecna. Bctqnocl Xarirnpux Xepq nocraenr ocHoBara na 6t4eqnre npoyqBa-
:.';
e Xupaarun - poAilHara na TecnacaMo rptl [Hl4
- nuR na Tecna, AoBenu go paapa6oreaHero Ha ilHAyKqLloH- '+rHoraL. ANDiRsoN.

cne4 nycKaHero Ha eneKrpoqeHTpanara Ha Huarapcrun HilTe eneKTpogBurarenr4. llopo6Ho Ha MHo3ilHa or cBoilTe

BoAonaA, 3anoqBa ga QyurquoHt/pa xugpoeneKTpo- npeAuecTBeHilqu, KaKTO il Ha yqeHn, xhBenil cneE Hero,
qeHTpanara "flpyra" - nbpBara no4o6na LleHrpana B Hrxona Tecra Ea6ernsea Heulo B npocrpaHcrBoro HaoKono,
Espona, KoFTo tl3nor3Ba HeroBara npoMeHnilBoroKoBa KOeTO npaBvr Bb3MoxHO pa3npocTpaHeHlieTo He caMo Ha

cr,4creMa. flpenoctr Ha eneKTpoeHeprilfl Ha loreMt'l ereKrpilqecrBo, Ho Lt Ha ranQoprvraqran. lulao6perarennr

pa3cronHuF npaBn Bb3Moxno enexrpuQuqilpaHero Ha yceula, qe B Ta3il CpeAa nMa oule Heulo/ Koero He Moxe Aa

AoMoBe wQa6pwxw, BbnpeKil

qe noHrKora eneKrpoLleH- ce BuEt/'r r/nn AoKocHe, Ho npe3 xoero no4o6no ua xopa6u u
Tpanmre ce HaMupar Ha cro Ml4ttt/ or rRx. Bcilqxo roea nOABOAHl,4ql,4 B MOpeTO, npeHaCFUl14 TOBapil n n3CTpenBal{il

nponpaBfl nbrfl KbM rno6alnoro elexrpr,rQuqrapane Ha cHapn4il, Morar Aa 6u4ar rarnpaqauu cto6qeHufl tA ct r-
nnaHerara. lzlrrpaAenn ca eneKTponpeHocHtl Mpexn, tant.foit Aopu npeAnonara, qe npe3 Ta3u cpeAa e Bb3Mo-
xaro xari-Hanpe4 roBa npaBflr pa3Bttrttre ilHAycrpr4an- xeH il npeHocbr r.ra o6paru - ,4ger, 3anerHara B ocHoBara Iti

Hil crpaHn, KaKBtlTo ca Cte4nHenure qaril tl crpaHilTe Ha rereBil3uoHHilre npueMHilqn. Cnopep Tecla roea paa-
or 3ana4na Eepona. Texnurr npilMep e nocnegBaH il or npocrpaHeHue He 6u morno Aa ce orpaHuqil e4r4HcrBeHo '\-
:.ni "
Apyril AbpxaBil il AHec HRMa CrpaHa B cBeTa, Koflro Ea B paMKhre Ha Hauara nrtaHera, a6w poctttruano Ao MHoro /,-N
.!fLll"
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ue e enerrprQuLlLrpaHa. Apyru cBeToBe.
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v EneKTpuqecKa 3MuopKa. 3apaAh eneKTpuqecrBoro, Koero
3Ml/OpKnre npol43BexrqaL ApeBHtrTe erhnrnHil ca fl4 cMalanv 3a ) CrpaHnqa or 6enexsuxa Ha HuKona Tecna. Tesu 6enexxri rot
"rp-bMoBepxllure aaHnn" n na3hrenh Ha Bct4LtKu ocraHanr pn6r. HanucBa no BpeMe Ha npecros ct1 e xoren "An4epclH'i

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lerrannlrre u:o6pereurR Ha Tecna 3acflrar rolKoBa mHoro o6racryr
ra HayKara, qe rorTr 6escnopHo 6rz vorrr Aa ce cMFra 3a eArlH or yLle_
rl.rte c xafi-ronflM ,4 pa3HocrpaHeH nptlHoc 3a pa3B/trrlero Ha qoBeuKoro
:6qecreo. Heroetzre pa:pa6orrra, cBt,p3aHil c peHrreHoBl,lTe rbqtz, eneK-
-ooHHrlle llaMnrl, Li3IbqBaHeTo yi KocMt/lLlecKilTe nbqil,
Aaneq HaAMilHa_
:ar no ycnex Li3cneABaHyrFra, Tt3BbpueHil or ocHoBHl,lTe My KOHKypeHril
::.,rcr,n r
MapKonr. lApeute Ha Tecla 3a A/cTaHLlytoHHoro ynpaBneHl/]e,
:3TOMaTr4KaTa, paAtlonoKaq/oHH/Te cTaHqLltl 1,1 fla3epr1Te ilMaT Ofpo_
'.'.r nprlHoc 3a ocilrypFBaHe Ha eAHo no_go6po 6t4er4e Ha qoBeqecr_
::ro. HerosnRr nocne4eH nareHr 3a Bb3AyutHo rpaHcnoprHo cpegcrBo e
-lceAHoro goKa3aTencTBo, qe He cb[qecTByBaT Hl/1KaKBrl orpaHrlqeHnR
3a
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r ilMa onr4ca_
-,': ra npoeKr 3a repManHa eneKTpoqeHrpana, npol/13BexAaula eneKrpo_
:iaprr,lF na 6a:ara Ha pa3nrKaTa B TeMnepaTypaTa Ha BOAara B cBeroBHt4F
: .ea r. Bcrq rr
Te3/ peBon rcqrlor r-r rrr r,r:O6pereH fi F il KoH qenll t/ltA, po EeHn
:- -eHl4a,rHl,1F
yu la Tecna, Hil Kapar EHec c ocHoBaHrle Aa c,4 3aAaBaMe
: : r poca Ka KBo Jl,,r Apyro uleue Aa w3MtAcnv rofi a ro oqe 6eue xrae.
,
^ flapa ce v3\Vra or KoMilHilTe Ha eneKTpoqeHrpanara B poqoK, fepMaHrF, Koflro npoil3BexAa
eHeprfrF qpe3 il3rapaHero Ha Bbrnilula. [epMaHilF e cpeA crpaHure? Korro aKTrBHo pa3pa
6oraar alrepHarrBHu HavvHV 3a nonyqaBaHe Ha eneKTpoeHeprilF, c Lien
Ea ce HaManFT
- --, ,rKa Na BrrbpHa ryp6rna.Tecla oqeHflBa BilcoKo Bb3MoxHocrra Aa BbrrepoAHfrre eMucvv.fecna e y6e4eu, ve rpr6aa 4a ce HaMepr HoB Haq4H 3a npofi3BoAcrBo
:: l3ri3BexAa eneKTpflqecrBo,6e:4a ce yBpexAa oKonHara cpeAa. Ha eneKrpilqecrBo, KotiTo He il3pa3xogBa rorKoBa xfiulHfiqecKil np4poAHilTe pecypcfi.

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Bunxa or npoMeHn
I'tetrHb)K Tecna :aReRea: "lAsxntr*tu-
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e KanaLlnrer-br Ha 3eMrra nxarcta6u6un
eneKrprqecKnat h zapaP!
l1o4o6Ho Ha fhrpaara ilHrqycrpnanHa
peBonpLlt4fl B Kpar Ha XVlll e., u Bropara
l4HAycrpilanHa peBonloqrfl B Kpafl Ha
XIX e. npegr:BvlKBa 3HaqltMu npoMeHr B
o6l4ecreoro. lzltueHHo roraea ce norBfl Ba
B'b3MOXHOCTTa 3a npeHoc Ha eneKTpvl-
vecra eieprrn Ha rofleMt4 pa3croflHtlfl
tA Aopvt or4aneqeHure cencKr pafioHr
nonyvaear.qocrbn Ao HeR. TogHo roea
e xeJraHilero Ha Tecna, Koraro 3anoqBa
cBoilTe h3cneABaHnfl, goraro yvu a lpaq
n e flpara. Oqe roraea rofi Pas6trPa,
qe aKo ycnee.qa BHece HflKOt4 npoMeHr
B npoeKruTe Ha enefiporeHeparopure,
eneKTpr4qecKara eneprnn 6il AocrvlrHana
AO TaKvlBa oTAaneqeHil Mecra Karo Man-
KOTO xbpBarcKo cenqe, KbAero e po.qeH.
Ycnexure na Tecna e o6nacrra Aa enex-
Tpor4HxeHepcrBoro BoflflT .qo BbnHa or
npoMeHil, h3BecrHa raro "enerrpuQvt-
rar-lvrn'i Toea noseonRBa Aa. ce uogrQr-
qupa ronflMa qacr oT npou3BoACTBe-
Hilre MoulHocrt4, raKa qe ,qa pa6orsT,
v3ion3Ba'iAKtAeneKrpl4qecKa eneprrn. 3a'
Ta3u qen o6aqe e ueo6xogumo cb3gaBa-
Hero Ha ranspacrpyrrypa, BKnot{Baqa
il3rpa>K4aHero Ha eHeprnth'rv nu+Vvt Eo
EOMOBeTe n npoil3BoAcrBeHrre npeA-
npvfrTvlfr, KaKTO 14 Ha noAcTaHql4n, ereK-
TpoqeHTpanr r enePrufiHtt Mpexh B
nafi-organeventare pailoHr. Bclu{Hocr
Harara ce ga 6tge r3rpaAeHa eAHa
qnnocrHa eneprrfiHa Mpexa. To:ra npo-
qec a CregraHeHrre qarn e r3BecreH
xaro aenerrpw$uxaqwn Ha crpaHara" ut
3afloqBa npes 1935 r. cbc cb3flaBanero
ss AgtvtrnllCrpaqilfl no enercrpu{irxa-
r-lr/r Ha crpaHara curnacHo "Ho Bnr Kypc"
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BenT, cneA KoeTo ce pa3npocTpaHflBa u
Apyrnre crpaHn. ,[ocruntr Ao eneKTpt4-
qecTBo B cencKure pafioHu gHaqvren_Ho
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AOTOTaBa Ca nphHyAeHu Aa nonarar
rexbK Qu:rvecxn rpyg. Enerrpfiqecr-
BOTO Ce vl3non3Ba npr r3noMnBaHeTO Ha
BoAa or KnaAeHqilTe; Koero npeAyl ToBa
ce npaBr p"br-rHo, a xpaHrTe,,rorro npe,qr
roBa ce pa3BanRT sa Hflronro"i{aca, cera
ee,{e Morar Aa ce cbJ(paHflBar no-Abnro
6naro4apenrae Ha eaeKrpt/qecKhre xrla-
AAnHtAt1;A. OceerneHrero Ha EoMoBere
tA ynvlJiuTe AaBa HoBvl Bb3MOXHOCTI4 Ul
3a pa3Brrre Ha o6qecreeHrfl xuBor.
Bcnqro roBa craBa ocuu4ecreruo 6na-
roAapeHre Ha nocrnxeHilflra Ha Tecna e
o6nacria Ha npeHoca Ha eneKTpuqecKa
eHepruF Ha roneMvl pa3cTofHl4fl.
Tpaucnoprbr cblqo ce
eneKrpuollqupa
OceeH cb3AaBaHero Ha eneKrpon-
peHocHa MpoKa, eneKTpl4qecrBoro
HaMilpa npunoxeHue n B TpaHcnopra'
KaTO Hanara npoMflHa B cbqecrByBa-
u{vrTe u Aopr noflBaTa Ha HOBI4 TpaHc-
noprHr4 cpeAcrBa. Oule e xpan Ha XIX e.
MHOrO OT napHt4Te il Fr3enoB]4Te IOKO-
MOTilBvr ca 3aMeHeHil or eieKTp14qecKu,
qheTo npeuMyqecTBo e oqeBnAHO,
npeABilA no-MarKoTo 3aMlpcfBaHe'
Koero nprqilHnear. BctqHocr' MaKap
qe eneKTpol-leHrpan[Te cbqo 3aM'bp-
cflBaT oKoflHaTa cpeAa, Te npaBflT roBa
il unoro no-MarKa creneH. or gn3eno-
BHTe MaurHr u noKoMoTvtBvt' AoptA w ocl4rypfT ronKoBa roIflMa MOUIHOCT npvl
Koraro paoorflT c vl3KonaeMn ropilBa.
Ora:ea ce, qe ereKTpl4qecrBoro e no-
noAxoEflulo 3a BraKoBere, a eKcnnoa-
raqrflTa nM e, no-eBruHa. OceeH roea
Te craBar vHoro no-6e3uyMHl4 14 ToBa
. rn npaBil noAxoAnqn 3a rpaAcKl4n
TpaHcnopl KbAeTO CeHarara Aa cnil-
par n norernffT r{ecro na muoro6pot7-
HrTe CnupKl,l nO cBOl4Te MapulpyTvl'
Enerrpruecrara eHeprnfl npaBu no-
eBTrHil r BnaKoBere, Kol4TO nbryBar
Mexgy rpagoBere. lr1 orHoeo rpn6ea
Aa ce il3TbKne $arru1 qe 6eg et3-
MOXHOCTTa Aa ce npeHacfl eHeprilF Ha
BCl4t{KO TOBa He
AaneqHil pa3cToFHl4R,
6ur crqecreyeano, rufi Karo B nporr4-
. eeH cnyvati BnaKbr ne6u6un B cbcro-
flHUe Ea u3MuHe floBeqe oT Mnnfl.
B
,[uec novrn BcilLtKll BnaKoBe B Eepona
ce ABuxar no elerrpn$uqrpaHn xene-
3OnbTHvr nv{Vvt, BKnloqilTeIHO TOBap-
Htztre r re3r B Merporo. l]ossRear ce m
Bce noBeqe aeto6ycta, Kovlro ca 3agBrx-
BaHr or eneKTprqecKa eHeprrfl, KoeTo
c'bulo AonpilHacfl 3a HaManflBaHeTO Ha
3aM'bpcflBaHnflTa Ha oKoIHara cpeAa B
Fbcro HacereHure paftoHu. lzlsrlex4a,
qe nocleEHtlre TpaHcnopTHt/ cpeEcrBa,
KOT4TO npoAbn)KaBar.qa u3non3BaT eHep-
rvlA, pa3nilqHa or eneKTpvlqecKara, ocTa-
ear aero^ o6ilnure. Heqara B ToBa orHo-
ureHre o6aqe cbu{o ce npoMeHfir. B xpan
Ha 90-re roAt4Ht4 Ha XX e. ce nocrrra
3HaqrreneH HanpegbK npn xn6pngHrre
MoAenil aerouo6nnu, Kol4To n3nor3Bar
He caMo 6eHslAH,Ho vl eneKTpl4t'{ecrBo,3a
Aa ce.qBuxar. Ha naaapa ce noflBrBar il
143qflno eneKrprrr$raqrapanra aerouo6nn n,
HO Te BCe oll.|e He ca rollKOBa nonynflpHt/t,
Koero .qo n3BecrHa cTeneH Ce A'bnx?l
r Ha o6croRrencrBoro, qe eneKTpnqec-
KilTe uM 6areprrrn He ca B cbcrorHile Aa
ABv{xeHne Ha aerolAo6rna, rortroro 6eH-
3t HoBVflr ABuraren. llpeeapexganero
Ha 6areprnre Ha eneKTpl4qecKrre aBTo-
rto6wnv c'brqo cb3gaBa Hey4o6crea npr
n'bryBaHe Ha no-roreMLr pa3cToflHt/f,
rufi xaro rpn6ea Aa ce npaBu rB'bPAe
9€cro; Karro r caMrFr Tecna o6aqe e
npegBu.qlln Hnrora, :anacnrd oT neQr r,r
ra3 nocTeneHHo HaManflBar r.cTaBa Bce
no-oqeBilgHa Heo6xo4ruocrra or HaMu-
paHero Ha afiTepHarilBHt4 vl3Tor{H]4l-lt4 Ha
eHeprilR. Moxe 6u roBa o3HaqaBa, qe
e Aouno BpeMero 3a HoBa peBonloqrF
NO OTHOUCHUE HA TOBA NO KAKbB HAqNH
qoBeqecrBoro Ea nonyqaBa Heo6xogtt-
MaTa My eHeprilfl, npeAil HanbnHo Aa
6rgar rasvepnaHn npvlpoAHrre 3anacvl
or HeQr vr raa.
il
 otMarbocHrrKbr oT 3au aaa"
II HEIOBOTO IIO3I,ITI,IBHO }T
HCIATUBHO BJIHflHUC
Tecna nocBelrlaBa ror-aMa rracr or x{rrBora cvr Ha wreflTa la cr3rare ycrpoficrBo, c qr4.f,To
rIoMotII 6u 6vurc Bb3MolKHo eneKTpr4rrecrBoro Aa craHe AocrbnHo 3a BceKrr 4orr. Tofi uua
Irlacrl{ero Ia cpeIIIHe xopa, Korrro npaB{T BcrrqKo Bb3Mo)KHo Aa My rroMorHar Aa ocbrrlecrBrr
Ta3I{ cBo-s IIeJI, Ho vMa kr raKLrBa, KoHTo He ycrt.gBar ya za6elrexar "cBerrusatd' Ha HeroBlr_f,
reHIEfi. Bruperu cBoero eKcueHTpr{qHo noBeAeHrre, roJreMr4-rr uso6peraren ycilflBa [a
ra3rpaav go6pu nprr{TencKlr B3arrMoorHorrreHkrfl c rarrr*ocrrr, oKa3anr4 ce AocrarbqHo MbAprr
.la ocb3Hatr peBonrcql{oHHr4.a xapaKTep Ha HeroBr4Te eKcnepr4MeHTrr v ycnexn e o6racrra
Ha eneKTplrqecrBoro. fenuanHrrre nocrr4)KeHvrfl Ha Tecna o6aqe npeAr43BrrKBar yBaxeHr4e
]OpE r4 CpeA OHe3r4, KOTTTO He Ca CbrnacHr{ c HeroBr4Te Teopr4r4.

Ilaprnuopbr, noMorHan Ha Tecna Ra flage ereKTpnqecrBoro

HA CBETA

,Qxopgx Yecrunrxayc (1 846-1914)

. E4ttH ot uail-6nttzxure 6ngnec naprHbopr4Ha Tecna il 3aKner KoHKypeHT Ha E4ncrH -

n{xop4x yecruHrxayc, e u3Bec-
reH Karo eA!'lH or cb3Aarenure Ha eneKTpl4qecKara uHAycrpr4n. Torl sa6enqsBa orpaHuqeHugTa Ha nocrogHHoroKoBara
:
,;:,:.i.'::..;'ii .':j cl4creMa ua E4uctH il 3anoqBa Aa rbpctl Hoe, no-eQexrrBeH HaqnH 3a npeHoc Ha eneKTpoeHeprnn, B Harlarloro
Ha

'* .
ry,. cMero HaquHaHhe, Karo ce ilMa npeAB[4 Qaxra, qe Ao ro3r4 MoMeHT cr4creMara Ha Tecna He e u:npo6eaHa B no-ult4poKr4
.. rr/laqa6ra' YecrraHrxayc o6ave e y6e4eH B npeAnMcrBara Ha nso6pereHrero Ha Tecna n cbBceM
cb3HarenHo noeMa ro 3tA pt cK,
Toea ce orassa neqenilBuJ xoA aa nero. .Qaauara c Tecna ycnflBar Aa cneqernT nponaraH4Hara eorlHa c E4racuH, yr3BecrHa
.!ffirl Karo
"BotlHara Ha roroeere'i vAaocafityp+T ocBerfleHnero Ha CseroeHoro h3noxeHre e g[raro
,.:.,' npea 1893 r.Toea nMAaBa [JaHca
npe: 1896 r. Aa nonyqar nopbqKara ea enerrpusuqrpaHero Ha rpaAqero blSano c eneKrpoeHeprnfl, npou3BeAeHa or eneK-
TpoqeHTpanara Ha Hnarapcxun BoAona.q. flo-rucuo YecrraHrxayc pa3uilpflBa cBoFTa eHepronpeHocHa Mpexa il
B parZonra Ha
Epytvt
Auepura, npeAnsarareatlKu c noMoqra Ha orKpt4Tnero na Tecna vcrtAHcKa peBonrclqiln B eneKrpor4H4ycrpr4gTa.
CaurRr Yecruurxayc cblLlo e uso6peraren. Egea Ha 19 rognnvrchcb3AaBa poropeH napeH
ABuraren , a na 22 ro*uHvtpa:pa6or-
BaBb3AyuHa cnilpaqHa cucreMa 3a BrlaKoBere. llo4o6peHu flTa,Konro tA3lbpuBa B cilrHa nv3aqvflraHa xefie3Hrr.44re, npoBoKrpa
HeroBtlfl t4Hrepec KbM eneKrpottHAycrpusra. YecruHxayc e eHepruqeH 6rsuecueH, xorlro nua ycer 3a HoBarop-
cKnre uAeu u yMee Aa npeABu4a rexHoro 3HaqeHre A ponn B 6u4eqero, Tosa My noMara oule B oHe3u paHHu
roAilHn Aa ocb3Hae, qe eneKrpt4qecTBoTo eAl4H AeH qe Ce npeBbpHe B u3KfltortilTerHo
AoxoAoHocHa uHAycTpt4f.
CurpyAHnvecreoro Ha Tecna c YecrnHrxayc gaBa Bb3MoxHocr Ha eeponeracxun ueo6peraren
Aa ocbqecrByl
cBoffTa Meqra 4 Aa HanpaB4 e.neKTpt4qecKara eHeprilR AocrbnHa r ra Hafi-or4aneqeHilre Kbrr.{era Ha Aueprra,
luluero Ha YecruHrxayc il AHec e cilMBon Ha qoBeK cbc crnHa Bonff fi qeneycrpeMeHocr. Torl cu orilBa or ro3r4 cBrr
npea 1914 r.na67-roguwHa Bb3pacr.
:=*: :,+:
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---*!
----{ 6u3HecBP53Ktr
Ll3aaren Ha "CeHqbPn Mela3ilH"
KoHKYPeHTu
u 6nu:tx npnnren ra Tecla.
.+ BntrqHne

XaponA n.6paYH
(1869-1932)
AMepnKaHcKil uHXeHeP il u3Aaren.
Torir HanucBa KHfl rara "t1306pereHtrF, AMeprrKaHcKr ff 3o6Peraren' Heroea
lt3cneaBaHufl u pa:Pa6orxr ra Huxona e ilAe9Ta 3a KOHCTpyhpaHe Ha eneK-
Tecra;' iThe inventi6ns, Research, and rpnqecxnn cton. Tofr u EPuctH eognr
Rritinqs of Nikola Tesla), a xonro nDonarargxa sotlna cPeqy Tecna
aeraitiuo pa:mex4a Pa6orara
sa ronemns n:o6Perarel.

Aurnnicxu n:o6Peraren.
ToMac EAtrcbH
tlMeHHo rofi noErffKBa Tecna Aa
(1 847-1931 ) 3aMnHe 3a AMePnKa, BneqarneH
or Herosrre pa:Pa6otxn'
AMepuKaHcKl4 il3o6Perarel.
Tou ce o6HBnBa nPortrB nPoMeH-
f,uBoroKoBaTa cilcreMa Ha lecna, Ennxy Tomctx
o6rsreaixu g aa "onacHa'i (1 853-1 937)

OpeHcKx Onnocoo, M_areMartrK tr
nffcareu. Tecna e abnooKo noBntrflH
or [3cneaBaHutra Ha,[exaPr e
o6naclm sa uateiuaruxara.
AMeptrKaHcxu nHxeHeP tr
uro6peraren, poAeH B AHrnnn.
lvlexAy ToMcbH u Tecna etgsux-
Ba oxecroqeHa KoHKypeHuuff
npil npeAcraBaHe Ha HflKOrl
or pa3pa6orKtrre ilM.

ct4BffTe Kapera ca npeAcraBeHu a ra3n rraBa'

^ tlilcHocrilTe B

goeexbT, KofiTo ycnnBa Aa HaAMnHe cKopocTTa Ha 3ByKa !r Aa

onpeAenlt nocoKaTa Ha oTKpnTnf,Ta Ha Tecla
Epncr Max (1 838-1916)
neKqnn B yHuBepcilTera "Kapn
Max u Tecna ce 3ano3HaBar npe3 nf,Toro Ha 1880 r., Koraro Tecna noceqaBa
il;;;.;;;;"';r'e Ha Max oKa3Bar H3K'ro,rilrenHo cnnHo BnvrrHt,e Bbpxv *tt:Tl::
d;;;^;;;; lo'lffMa creneH
peraTen. flo-KbcHure u3cflegBaHufl u reopl41":]_u*u B o6fiacrra Ha eneKrpo'lHxeHepcrBoToAo
Tecna not{Tvl l43lltltlo B'b3npu-
orpa3'Bar npoyqBaHrffTa Ha Max no onrtu(a, aKycrnKa u yAapHilTe BbJtHil. OcBeH ToBa

eMa $nfloco$ufTa n ilAet4Te Ha MaX no OTHOlneHfie Ha HayKaTa. Cnopeg yHilBepcuTeTcKl4tl npenogaBaTen HayqHure
Kaprl'lHa' Moxe 6u hMeHHo
3aKoHy! BKnpqBar cepr4fi or eKcnep4MeHTn, Ho He 3aAbnxilTenHo il L{FnocrHara o6eKTt4BHa
.-.-rvHvl ycrpoilcrBa
Mau D LuJnsnvlrrv
rrPsf'l B
Hafi-HanpeA I'r' rr},
cb3HaHuero cu, npeAu Aa KoH-
ToBa y6exAeHue Kapa Tecna 4a cb3AaBa cBOuTe 14

cTpyHpapeaaH!lMoAenil'3aKo'lToHeec4rypeHAanilu{epa6oTnT.
cBlp3aHn c'lcKopeHfeTo:Hi
Aecrpufrcrnsr $nar,rr e il3BecreH npeAu BcylqKo cbc cBonre eKcnepilMeHrr4;
qacTilr.lilTe. MaX ilMa Oco6eH npuHoc yl 3a u3yqaBaHeTo Ha CKOpoCTTa u HeilHOTo BJli4flHue BbBXy MaTepilSTA:

Tepunurr"Max ll BbBeAeH B HeroBa qecl ce r3nofl3Ba 3a o3HaqaBaHe Ha oTHOlueHueTo Ha cKopo-C.IT9 H'a''

rtrtro cnpflMo cKopocrra Ha 3ByKa' Max nonyvaaa t*": t-t'-:-e^ltl

ABilxeHHe Ha AaAeHo
eOeKr' l-lper 1 867 r' rora crgea
"6::1:i:t
Tera BbB Bnena, a reMaTa Ha HeroBilre paH'Ht4 npoyqBaHiltl e [onflepoBt4fT ,,,1
B yH4Bepcurera "Kapn oepgraHaHA" B'nparn r
pa6oru TyK B
npo+ecop no eKcnepfiMeHranHa oil3uKa
yHvlBepcilrer u locTbnB€:a
npoAbnxeHue Ha 28 roAmHt4. Ilpe: 1895',r. Epncr Max uanycKa llpaxKvlf
qneH ua ron111 xautapa Ha aBcrpvll4c:
pa6ora B cBoflia AnMa Marep BbB Bt eHa. flo KbcHO e n36paH 3a
s rHa cylHa dd B MloHXeH, lepmannn, eArH 8eH Cneg xaro or6enf 3Ba:cBOn
Krg napnaMeHr. Yrunpa rqoNla

78-uvr poxAen Aen.

 Hari-cxbnnflr npnf,Tefl B xutBora Ha Tecna
Karpun flxoncux (?-t g2S)
KarpraH ,QxoHcuH e cbnpyra Ha 43Aarerfl Po6tpr bHgupyy4,QxoHctn. He ca [seecrHr,r
nogpo6Hocr u ta neitlvranilqeH xilBo,, Ho Bce naK
c-bulecrByBar cBeAeHl/lF 3a npilflrercKr4re tl epurxra c Hurona Tecna. KarpuH e forrFMa noq4TarenKa
sa,,MaruocHr,rra,,n Tecna qecro fl npilApy-
xaBa Ha pa3nhqH'l cu6utua, KaKTo Ha MHoro o$uquanHn Beqepfi e Hro lzlopr npe:90-re roAilHt4 Ha XIX e., no BpeMe Ha
14
Korro rfl ro npeAcra-
Bfl Ha cBoilTe np|4FTeflu. Mex4y ABaMara cbqecrByBa raKa Haper]eHata "nnarouuqHa np6oe'i KarpuH BcbulHocr e oMbxeHa za uafr-6nwtxnn
nptrflTen Ha Tecna - Po6tpl, Ha Kororo e aceor4afiHo enpHa. CuqeepeMeHHo rfl vanurBagun6oxo yBaxeHfie KbM npo3peHuflTa Ha roneMilfl
uro6peraren' Camllgr Tecna, rotlro HrKora He ce oxeHBa il qecro npoflBffBa MHoro no-ronnM r4HTepec KbM cBorre HayqHil eKcnepuMeHTu,
orKonKoro KbM B3auMoorHoueHuflTa cil c ApyrilTe xopa, e nprBneqeH cunHo or Karpun no eAilH nO-CKOpO
efoqeHTpr4qeH HaqmH.3a Hefo rF
e repaneBrr lratl-go6tp np4flTen n Heqo Karo npneMHa mafixa. llousxora rofi crpaAa or cBorra
caMora n He ce qyBcrBa 4o6pe e4paeocroBHo,
Koero ce orpa3flBa Ha BbHtllHt4fl My Bl4A u npeAh3Bt4KBa cbqyBcrBilero Ha KarpnH.,[BaMara BoAflT
oxuBeHa KopecnoH4eHqilr npe3 roAilHhre u
B nhcMara ctArn BuHafu ce uHTepecyBa or 3ApaBocnoBHoro My cbcrofHile, BKJInqUTenHo
il or ncuxl4qecKara My KOHAI4qr4F.
KarpraH n Po6upr uMar ABe 4eqa - oyen u Arnec, xomro Tecna o6uqa raro ceou. HefiHoro sa6onssaHe npe: 1 925 r. 14 cMbprra ft no-xucHo
ca n3KrrovilrenHo rexbK yflap 3a rao6perarenn.

H a fi Ktdf,T a mepnranirui,nneat€rera Ba
-een td egt ;;r.H tri-rqo6pure
npnfreru Ha Tecna
Mapx TB€H:: (1,835;1910)
, , '. re€H t retna,ce,san,Guaaainp€s 90:Te roAr4Hu Ha XIX s, e Hro llopr, ior-aro 6na-
roAapeHhe Ha np!43HaHilero, Koero nonyrtaBa, uao6perarelnr ilMa Bb3MoxHocrra
I i Aa,,nonaaHe'Bbe,r3fi,6u1sr9 aMeprKaHcKO O6UleCrao. Tecnare,io-piu1 noqurarer Ha
TBopqecrBoro Ha Mapx TaeH 4 AOpu cnoAenfl c foreMnf nucaren KaK TMeHHO HerO-
Brre KHnryl Ca My noMorHanu Aa oqenee, Koraro Karo 4ere a Xrpearran ce paa60-
flflBa or Manaprf. l4ro6perarennr qecro raHu TaeH B CBoflra na60paropran,
AoKaro
ItlM Hay'{HilTe Cil eKcnep[MeHru. BegHrx rori gopra fo cHilMa no BpeMe
r43BbplrJBa
Ha onrrure c QnyopecqeHTHH naMnil ra ra]a
Qororpa$ran e ny6nuxyBaHa B eAHa or
craruHTe na Touac C. MaprraH sa Tecra.
6eg cu^4HeHne Mapr TaeH e eAuH or Hari-eertarilre nmcarenu B ilcropr4nTa Ha
aMepilKaHcKara nilreparypa. Heroeara ocrpa carr4pa v cvnara Ha Kpyrfl4r{Hilre My
npofi3BeAeHriff:,:My:::(neqenBar l4Tnara "6auara,,Ha'aueprxaHcxara nurreparypa,l
Po4eH e s rpaA onopra4a, qara Mrcypr, e ceuerlcreoro Ha npoB14H.lilaneH rbproBeq.
oqe or gercrrre My roAHHr4 HeroBr4rr xr4Bor e il3nbnHeH c rpyAHocn4 v nvu)eHvl,
craHan4 np4qilHa 3a cMbprra Ha rpn or ujecrre gerla e cerueficreoro. flo-xucHo re
ce npeMecrBar Aa xhBeFT e rpaA Xanra6an Ha peKa Mucwcnnvr. TlueHHo c ra3il peKa
ca cBbp3aH[ il ABe or HefoB4re Hafi-4:aecrHr4 npou3BefleHilfl "llpuKnrcveHunra
-
ra Torvr coriep"(The Adventures ofTom sawyer) r"flpuxnrcveuilflra Ha Xtrrn6epu
oun" (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn), raro Broporo or rflx qecro e HaprqaHo

i:Tee*,nposenua oi'1i'oueH
' ,', tanrepec,x,tm Hayxara u
HayqHara Sanracrnxa, roero
cbqo e eAHa or nphqilHrre 3a npufirencrBoro uy c Tecna. l-onenaunr nilcaren yMilpa
nper 1910 r. Ha 75-rognuHa Bb3pacr.
 Morrruqnf,T Qraxancwcr, qnfiro rHf,B e npeRU!3BilKaH or
"MarbocHr ttr^a"

,{xon fluepnonr Moprau (1837-1913)

BeAnlxTecna xasea aa Mopran, qeroft"ce u3BtAcABa HaA Bcr4trKvr Quuancrcrr ua YoncrputitrraKa, KaKro Caucon ce
e u3Br4cnBar Hag $nnucrramnRHilre'i BneqaileH or nocrr4xeHilffra Ha Tecna npn cb34aBaHero Ha eneKTpoqeHTpaflara Ha

Hnarapcxun Boflona& MopraH nporBrBa oco6eHo rcnffM ilHTepec xurr,r pa6orara My, cBbp3aHa c 6egxuqHiln npeHoc Ha

eHeprnn - npoerrur'YoppHrnraQ'i OnnaHcucrur ce cbrnacflBa Aa npe4ocraBil BHytxilrenHara cyMa or 150 000 ularcxvt
Aorrapa 3a nocrponBaHero Ha Kynara sa JloHr Araaln,q, B otHouenuqta Mex4y ABaMara o6aqe nocreneHHo ce noffBRBa
HanpexeHile, rufi xaro cKopo cfieA noAnucBaHero Ha EoroBopa :a'Yop4tHxnraS" Ha Qongoeara 6opca HacrbnBa cpilB B
pe3ynrar Ha Bpax4ara mex4y MopraH m xene3onbrHara rangycrpran. flo-xtcno QuHaHcrc-
HeroByrre KoHKypeHrx B

rur par6rapa, ve xpafiHara qel ua Tecna e ga ocurypv 6esnnarHo eneKrpuqecrBo 3a BcilqKil xopa m roBa oKoH-
qarenHo cnara Kpari na nHrepeca My KbM cbBMecrH[F ilM npoerr. Mopran peuaBa Aa cnpe $uuaucupauero

Ha eKcnepnMeHrnre sa Tecna u Aopr/ cbBerBa n Apyrilre ilHBecruropu Aa He ce aHraxnpar c n3o6perareln.

AueprraHcrunr $nHancracr r 6aHxep MopraH e eAilH or uafi-6orarure xopa B cBera no oHoBa
BpeMe, KoeTo AaBa ocHoBaHme na Tecla 4a ce o6tpHe nMeHHo KbM Hero c uon6a Aa noflKpenil npg-
erra rvry'YopArnrnra$'i flpegrrr roea Mopran uMa cKntoqeHu cnopa3yMeHilR c flxeuepan lrlnexmpux
- KoMnaHun, xoRro o6e4uHRBa KoMnaHililre ua Touac E4ucuH ufivxy TOtuclH - ABaMa or Hatl-

roneMilre KoHr{ypeHTu Ha Hrxora Tecna. Tpn6ea 4a ce or6elexr, ve ulo6perarerrr nponBrBa

[3KnpqilTenHa cMenocl o6plqafixn ce c uon6a aa QnHancupaHe KbM qoBeK raro MopraH.
OraHaHcucrul or Apyra crpaHa, e KoneKqroHep Ha npor3BepeHrfl Ha u3KycrBoro n uoxe 6u 4o
il3BecrHa creneH Bb3npmeMa il caMilfl Tecna e ro3il acneKt Koero HecbMHeHo ycnoKoflBa Hanpe-
xeHilero, Bb3Hr4KHaflo Mex.qy Tflx.

',,:,:|",Onn'nUr,r,npeebpHan ce B KoHKypeHT Ha Tecna KarO n3o6peraren

oro
Fynnenrtao MapKoHu (1 87 4-19371

Koraro npe: 1900 r.,:Tecna ra MalprOivr ie,,cpeu.lar, HenpilR3bHra h Han,pexeHr4ero rvrexy,rnx,ea cbBceM oqe-
argur.Tecna e oropqeH or Saxra, qe no-ronflMara qacr or parpa6orrrre Ha MapxoHu, cBbp3aHil c paAhoro, ce
ocHoBaBalra,coeCieeHrare My r3cneAeairtgrasn oOnaii.fa3n o6rga ce npeBpbqa B rcruHcKo nopaxeHhe,
Koraro npe3 1909 r. MapxoHH nonyqaBa Ho6enoea HarpaAa no Qu:nra - qecT, c Koflro roneMhnr uro6peraren
Tecna Huxora He e yAocroeH, BbnpeKh qe il3BbpuBa ilcrr4HcKa HayqHa peBontollr4ff, ycnaeahxw Aa HanpaBu
eneKTpt4qecKara eHeprun AocrbnHa 3a BcuqKLr. Oule npe4n Heflenara tAcroptAfloKono HarpaxAaBaHero, MexAy
ABaMara cur4edr.ay.ear cnopoBe 3a roBa Ha roro,npilt*aglexr,r nareHrtr:a pagrai:r6, Btnpena u,e e rpafrna crrner-
ra BtpxoeHunr cbg Ha CAUI e ro4ylHara Ha (Mbprra ua Tecna o6nanea, qe uMeHHo rorTt e ucruncxuRr rlo6pe-
, TaTefl Ha ,gziAa]c'I.g; Ao Kpas Ha xuBoTa cr rorl ce r3MbqBa oT Ta3h oveer,r4Ha recnpaBeAnxBocTi:Bcb-ulHocT To3H
,r

cnyvair Moxe Aa ce npra6aeu KbM A'bnrrr cnucbK or nocrilxeHuq Ha Hilrona Tecna, xouro raKa il He nonyqaBar
3acnyxeHo npu3HaHre.
MapxoHu e cHH Ha 6orar uranuaHcKil 3eMeBrrageneq. Torl hMa npHHoc 3a pa3Burilero Ha rener-
paQnara chcreMa, a or MHo3uHa e cMFraH ra rro6peraren Ha paAiloro, MaKap qe roBa npr3-
HaHile He orroBapn roqHo Ha o6errheHara,fleftcrBurennocr: B cBofife paipa6orru MaproHn
ne Qopr"rynrpa HoBt4 nphHqnnu e o6nacrra Ha 6esxilqHilre KoMyHrKaLlur, a no-cKopo ycbBbp-
ueHcTBa HflKOt4 OT CbU{eCTByBaqfiT€ Teopfl:l4,rCetptalrrr c rarra vrAen.' Mt+olo opraut{3aql/M lA
o6exrr sVlranua il no €Bera AHec Hocrr rzrrvrero Ha Mapr<oAra, xofflo eiqMtlraH 3a fiHronep e pa4n-
opa3npbcKBanero. Toil yMhpa or cbp4eqeH y4ap npe3 1937 r. e Puu Ha 63-ro4nurua Bb3pacr.

EI
HacreAcTBoTo Ha Tecra e
)nrrBo tt AHec
Tprrnafirr4 or cKpoMHoro xbpBarcKo ceJrrle, KbAero HflMar4 rroMeH or
eneKTporeHeparopr4, Tecra r43Mr4HaBa eArrH :e'arrcrvrHa Abnbr r4 TpyAeH
nrr. Tofi tpx1r,a Aa rrpeoAonee peArrua [perrKrr, npeAr4 Aa HanpaBr4 cBoero
feHTIaJIHO OTKpI4TIre, KOeTO npetru3Br{KBa r4cTrrHcKa peBonrorlr4f B pa3Brr-
Tnero Ha cBera I,I pa3KpHBa HOBI4 Bb3MOX{HOCTI4 3a I{3trOJI3BaHe Ha eJIeK-
Tpnr{ecKara eHeprr4r. Toea HeroBo orKpr4Tr4e rr AHec npoAbn}KaBa Ia
noMafa Ha qoBeqecrBoro B crpeMelKa My KbM HoBr{ xoprr3oHTtr.

Ee:Opofrnure rrbrr{ula, rro Korrro OrnrA paArroro, TeJreBrr3nflTa Ir

eJerTpl{qecrBoro oOnrcanq cBera
fTpE3 UqnATA cr4 KApr4EpA Tecna reupgo
r IBnpBa, qe eneKrpr,4qecrBoTo Moxe Aa Eoc-
TrrHe Ao BceKil oTAeneH qoBeK Ha nIaHeTaTa
n roi enara BcilrtKilTe cv ycnntAfl, raro pa6oru
HeyMopHo, 3a Aa npeBbpHe roBa B peanHocT.
MHoro6porZnure il pa3Hoo6paanra no4o6pe-
HoBoBbBeAeHilfl/ rorro rofi npaBu il3BbH
Hr,1F 14
ca6orara cil Karo eneKTpor4HXeHep, AaBar Ha
LroBeqecrBoro pegnqa ycrporlcraa
n ypeALA c
np!4JloxeHr4e B noqril ecnxa cQepa Ha uHflycrpt4-
rTa, h3non3Ba qa TeneKoMyHt/Ka qiloHHt4 Bpb3Kr4.
uo6ra,rnure re,reSonr,r
Orrprruero ta Tecna ga 6e:xil.1-to npeAaBaHe Ha
eHeprilF oTKpilBa nbTF n AaBa il3KnpqilTerlHt4 Bb3-
MoxHocl4 ra nogo6pneaHe Ha xilBora Ha xopara.
lzlsMilHanar no-MarKo or 30 rogrnra or HeroBoro nbpBo
eKcnepilMeHranHo pa4ror3nbqBaHe - $oprvra na 6ea-
xr4rlHo npeAaBaHe Ha eHeprfin - Ao nbpBoTo HoBilHap-
h
cKo paAuonpeAaBaHe npe3 1920 r. Cropo cneA roBa
craea Sarr ra nbpBoro refleBu3r4oHHo npegaBaHe - Tex- 'I 1
:1
HOnOfVfl, nOflOXilna HaqanoTo Ha MOU.lHa t4HAyCTpVn.
B xpatlHa cMerKa HeroBara u1efl,3anerHana B ocHo-
Bara Ha 6esxrqHoro npegaBaHe Ha eHeprilfl, npaB?t

,!Hec
Bb3MOXHOCT
roBapflT no
reneooHil. OTKpyl
xa Tecna a o6nacna
6e:xn,.iHoro
HC HA
Bb3MOXHOCT 3a pa3Blt:j,,:t!
rue Ha peArrja 6d3..lrj
xhr.t,Hh TexHonoryil,:.r.
".." as{* srsn*F* a.x"4&ey;der& &a peelT[*BElparu]

F€*K*sf* *T'ersec4Te €s!, Te *gxa Gslmffi ar

ffi&ffia& ge [4sgrsrc egeeqeereoi' *l
J

^ Cdepa, oHarneAflBaula orKpilTilero sa Tecna "e$errur ra Tecra'l

EgHo or mHoNecreoro uy r:o6pereHVA, Kovro noAxpaHBar nonero
Ha HayqHara OaHTacrilKa.

B-b3MoxHo paapa6oreanero Ha peAilqa ycrporzrcraa, craHant/t

Hepa3AenHa 'racr oT MoAepHrlF HaqilH Ha xilBoI KaTo nopTa-
n4B H ilTe pa6rl on pileMH n r-l n, caren r4THara rene Bil3t4n, t tio6n n-

lrzre reneSoHr n 6ezxnquun r4HTepHer. flpoyveaumnra Ha

it6,n
Tecra nomarar Aa npeBbpHar B peanHocr re3il HeMilcrr4Mrl
{of-'s1t,"-
npeAri roBa rexHororr/I,4 w yctpouctea. Tlxuo e, qe He caMo
HeroB!4FT npilHoc ocraBa HeAoolleHeH, Ho n caMtAAr Tecna ue

)'cnFBa Aa BilArl nocrilrHaroro B pe3ynrar HaycvnHnfl MyrpyA.

flplr:uanue Karo KbM cBererl

l4croprnra e r3nbnHeHa c nprlMepil, Koraro orAenHu xopa
Ca OCTaBanLl B CffHKa/ il3MecTeHil OT TaKilBa/ KOt/lTO Ce BntlCBaT B
ycraHoBeH ua6noH. B cnyvan Ha Tecna rolr uLa6nos HecbMHeHo
e oas6rr He 6u 6uno npeyBenilqeHo Aa ce rBbpAn, qe Hr4xora J) 19rX
19' *:
Tecna "L,r:o6pernea" XX eex, 3auloro 6e: rerosnre pa:pa6orru
peHoc Ha eHeprilfi, MHoro oT HeulaTa, c KoyrTo AHec cMe cBrlK-
.sl ,-\ -
no n

Ha/rLlr, HFA,4aUe Aa CrrqecTByBaT. [lpraHarelHocrra, KoflTo xopaTa

/3nrlTBaT Kbl\4 HerO/ L4 r43AilraHeTo My noqTn AO CBeTeq - nOKpO-

B/rerr Ha MoAepHara eneKrpoilHAycTpr,4fl, Moxe Aa ce BrArl B

NrHoro nprtl/epr Hil Kynrypa. Or6enRaeaHero

Ha cbBpeMeHHara
Ha Aenoro Ha BerHKrlF u:o6perarel B pe4nqa Mecra no cBera,
N4aKap 11 cKpoMHo no cBoF xapaKrep, HaBflpHo 6u 6uno pocra-
T-br]Ho,3a Aa r43nbrrHr4 cbpqeTo My cbc 3aEoBoncTBo/ KaTo ce r/Ma
npeEBilE HeroBoTo nocnoBili.rHo cA-bpxaHo oTHoueHile KbM cjra-
BaTa t4 fi3BeCTHOCTTa. ?tb
i-* tfts"
) Terear:rousara Kyna B lllyrrapT, lepmarrn. Tecna anpaa, ue e$uptr
e il3n-bnHeH c eHeprL4ff, KoFTo Moxe Aa 6tge tuogylupaHa,3a Aa npeHacff
.ff*ffi.'
cto6qeurs. Kynv, nogo6uv Ha ra3n, npaBflT ToqHo roBa, Karo npileMar il 1..(€e^
il3nbqBar reneBil3voauu cvraann, Cb3AaBaHero ilM e Bb3MoxHo ilMeHHo PF r^*
6raroEapenre na pa6orara Ha Tecfla.
4-.'F
.t*$?J
*-
{o6unaue Ha eHepruq or KocMoca
flpuuoctr na Tecla 3a pa3Buryrero Ha LloBeqecrBoro,
roriro rstp4e y4aqHo Moxe c-blt1o Ea ce napeve "e$er-
rbr" ra Tecna, sce oule ilrpae ponflTa Ha ceoeo6paaen
ycKopl4ren 3a cBeroBHara nayxa. lzlnxeuepytre npogbn-
xaBar Aa rbpcnr Haqr4Hu :a go6ueaue Ha eHeprnn or pa3-
,,rrLlHr1 l43To'tHt/qil KaTO CnbHqeTO, BffTbpa/ MopeTaTa il
nopr4 oTKpilil4f KocMoc, c HaAexAa Aa ycneflT Aa 3aAo-
eornr eneprnfiHilre Hyx4n Ha qoBeqecrBoro, 6er ga ce
r43qepnBaT orpaHilqeHhTe pecypct/, Kol4To r43nor3BaMe B
rrloM€Hrd. Tasu xonqenqun He e qyxAa u ua Tecra. Moxe
6n enunnneto Ha lr,larora n AercrBoro My, npeMilHano
l epuo o6qecreo c parnoo6pa3Ha Kynrypa, ca B ocHo-
3ara Ha HeroBoro xenaHre n gtl6oxa MoruBaqrtfl Aa cb3-
laBa Heulo Hoso. B'ue ecexu cryuafi, c 6bp3oro il3rlepn-
3aHe Ha HarytLtHrlTe pecypct4 l43fnexAa, qe HaAnpeBapaTa ilre My B npeoflonflBaHe Ha npeAil3BrlKarercrBara Ha )Xl B. ^ lz1:o6paxesne xa Hnxola
e B nocoKa Ha HaMilpaHe Ha TexHoflorilfl, KoFTo qe Hil Hari-npecrrrrxnilTe aMepilKaHcKt4 yHuBepclaTeril, Karo Tecna srpxy cpr6cxa 6asxxora
or 1 00 AuHapa.
nOMOrHe Aa CflOXtlM Xpatut ua nOpaXeHUflTa, KOnTo EHeC YHueepcurera Ha KanrurQopr-rran "6lpmn" n Macauy:ercxrn
HaHacflMe Bbpxy nnaHeTaTa. TexHororilqeH nHcrvryT, ca BoAeulilTe B pa3BflTileTo Ha
C-uc clrrypnocr HacneflcrBoro ua Tecla e Hati-rorRrua reHnarHnre vqetA Ha Tecna. lenu KypcoBe ca nocBereHil
oeneH e xilBo B na6oparoprure Ha eneKTporexHr4qec- na pa6orara My B onrr Aa ce 3ana3u t4cKpara, 3ananeHa
Krre rHXeHepHV yqvtr'tAuJa no qenilff cgRt 5es cu\4He- oT Hero, l/] Aa He noMpbKHe cBeTnilHaTa Ha HeroBilTe ilAeil.
lre Hair-rolRuara HecnpaBeAJluBocr KbM ren'tn 6w 6una OranocoQ, nso6perarel fi xyMaHilcr or Hari-sl,tcoxa
:a ce :a6paenr n4eure, xouto toirt ocraeR cneg ce6e ruraca,Hurola Tecna e voeex, vufiro unreaerryaneH 6nR-
clr. Mragoro noKoneHue, qecro npilBneqeHo or rparh3Ma cbK ule ocBernBa ra e 6tgeqe ncropnfrTa Ha qoBeqecrBoro - Crrjlecreyearero xa
cbBpeMeHHufl TeneBil3l4oHeH
3 xuBora ra nepaa6panure flriqHocn4, e Hafi-flo6pilnr npo- n qnL4ro rAeil ule npolbnxaBar Aa AonpilHacflT 3a pa3Bfi- npneMHnK cbrl]o Ao ToIflMa
:.uJrxrrer Ha Aenoro na Tecla il Moxe Aa npilnoxil u4e- TileTO Ha eIeKTpot4HXeHepHaTa HayKa. creneH e 3acryra sa Tecna.
 :: - .:.Ha3etvlHa]a,a:re|l!4T-H?:tso: :

:r':.t.Myr!fiK5qr,loHHa:aiaHLlr4n :
'::, a KapaiiaCrBdllq4yena,
:
:,r -:,, €i;ii.qrah;:'no&o6lih i+a ra3n,

.:,. rltliA Brxl4nF4j'lirpaAoBe

. qa,tLuraltflliaHeia.Se3
:::;::,:nrNlr,lx€kyinia e o6nacila
. ,.,,',iia,Eb3xtd*i4* npeHoc Ha
r
':,1.,eneB{48r!{:14-HsOpMaqras
::r::. :lJ91ft:!! !PYllr llogooHr4
; , ,..:rrycr,00*c.rea ,He'6t+Ia:' :

r;1..:.iG-ruett9V..,, a1ei'
: r:r:::. .-.rr:.

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