CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 RELATED LITERATURE

2.1.1 FLOATING COTTAGE
Floating cottages are floating structure that is designed, or has been substantially and
structurally remodeled or redesign, to serve primarily as residence. This unit is built with a
floatation system at its base, to allow it to float on water. The design and construction of the
house is made up of light materials allowing it not to exceed the uplift force of the water which
enabled it to float. The base structure can be made of bamboo, plastic drums, fiber or metal.
Most of the constructed floating cottages are use as recreational site. Floating cottages are
often “temporarily moored” for it is usable for navigation and visiting places.

2.1.2 OCEAN / SEAWATER

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater
An ocean is a body of water that composes much of
a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth there is the world ocean, a system of five oceans. These are, in
descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans.
Saline seawater covers approximately 361,000,000 km2 (139,000,000 sq mi) and is
customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean as a whole
covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface and 90% of the Earth's biosphere. The oceans
contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that less than 20% of the oceans
have been mapped. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million
cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).
Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's
oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/l, 35 ppt, 599 mM). This means that every kilogram
(roughly one liter by volume) of seawater has approximately 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved
salts (predominantly sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions). Average density at the surface is
1.025 kg/l. Seawater is denser than both fresh water and pure water (density 1.0 kg/l at 4 °C
(39 °F)) because the dissolved salts increase the mass by a larger proportion than the volume.
The freezing point of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases. At typical salinity,
it freezes at about −2 °C (28 °F). The coldest seawater still in the liquid state ever recorded was
found in 2010, in a stream under an Antarctic glacier: the measured temperature was −2.6 °C
(27.3 °F).  Seawater pH is typically limited to a range between 7.5 and 8.4. However, there is no
universally accepted reference pH-scale for seawater and the difference between measurements
based on different reference scales may be up to 0.14 units

2.1.3 DESIGN RESEARCH AS CONCEPTUAL DESIGNING:

The term ‘conceptual design’ refers to an activity that various practitioners already
undertake, but for which we lack a clear definition. We define conceptual designing as
constructive framing and re-framing activity, which is mediated by and targeted at the creation of
new design concepts. Conceptual designing as an approach is valuable for addressing the
fuzziness and ambiguity typical of research that explores novel areas with new partners, methods
and resources. The approach embraces openness, resource-construction and collaboration. We
conclude that conceptual designing can be especially useful in research and design projects that
bring different kinds of people, organizations, technologies and domains together into the
forming of new well-founded proposals for development. The presentation of conceptual
designing has an intention to provide designers and researchers with terminology and concepts
that they may use to structure their work as well as to become more resourceful in reflecting
upon their projects.

https://academic.oup.com/iwc/article-abstract/28/5/648/1750357?redirectedFrom=fulltext

2.1.4 CONCEPT DESIGN AND SCHEME DESIGN

Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners (RSHP) is an award-winning, international architectural

practice based in London. Over three decades, RSHP has attracted critical acclaim with
innovative projects across Europe, North America and Asia.
Concept design generally takes place after feasibility studies and options appraisals have
been carried out and a project brief has been prepared. The concept design represents the design
team's initial response to the project brief.
Scheme design means a design that is more advanced than an outline or concept design,
and to include layout drawings, scoping calculations and be sufficient to show how the facility
would operate and to allow a cost estimate of the facility to be produced. It should have
sufficient detail to allow a future Site operator to place a contract for the detailed design and
build of such a facility without further work.
Some designers will differentiate between 'concept design' and 'scheme design'. In this
case, the 'concept' is the initial design idea, whereas the 'scheme' develops the concept, taking on
board more functional and practical considerations. Most project plans have now combined these
two steps into the single stage 'concept design', or 'concept'.
Concept design is followed by 'detailed design' or 'developed design' during which all the
main components of the building and how they fit together are described.

2.2 RELATED READING

www2.gov.bc.ca › building-codes-and-standards

2.2.1 GENEREAL REQUIREMENTS

I. FLOATATION STABILITY
a) The floatation system shall be designed according to accepted marine engineering and naval
architectural principles. The design shall be approved and sealed by a Professional Engineer
qualified in such design.
b) The floatation device shall be durable and protected from deterioration by water, mechanical
damage due to floating debris, electrolytic action, water-borne solvents, organic infestation or
physical abuse. The design shall be approved and sealed by a Professional Engineer qualified in
such design.

c) Where solid floatation devices are not used, adequate pumps shall be maintained in proper
working order, and accessible sounding pipes shall be provided for each compartment.

d) A float home with a floatation device other than solid floatation shall be equipped with a bilge
alarm system with detectors in each compartment with audible and visual alarm indicators in the
float home.

e) The overall buoyancy and stability of the floatation device and superstructure shall be
designed to accommodate local wind conditions and water turbulence, moving and launching,
wave action, tides, loads imposed by vessels and walkways moored to the structure, live and
dead loads and the possibility of water flooding associated with fire-fighting.

II. SAFETY EQUIPMENT

Safety equipment within a float home shall include at least one buoyant throwing aid with at least 7.5
meters of line attached (e.g. a life ring conforming to Coast Guard small craft requirements).

2.2.2 DESIGN STANDARDS FOR FLOATATION

I. RESERVE BOUYANCY CRITERIA
The floatation device shall have sufficient buoyancy to support the lightship weight of the float home plus
the maximum combined weight of deadweight items and design snow load and maintain a minimum
freeboard of 200 mm. The floatation device shall maintain a minimum freeboard of 400 mm under normal
load conditions (the above noted loads minus design snow load).

II. STATIC STABILITY

The floatation device shall have sufficient stability in both the longitudinal and transverse directions to
limit the amount of trim and heel resulting from wind forces to a maximum of one half of the freeboard
at rest or 5 degrees, whichever is less. This can be established by application of a wind heel criteria as
follows:
GM = PAH W tan (T) where P = 0.028 tonnes/sq meter A = projected area in sq meters of the portion of
the float home (floatation system and superstructure) above the waterline H = vertical distance in meters
from the centre of "A" to one half the draft T = 5 degrees or the angle of heel at which one half the
freeboard is immersed, whichever is less.

III. DAMAGE STABILITY

The floatation device shall be subdivided by watertight bulkheads, have integral floatation material or
employ alternate methods of limiting the ingress of water such that in the event of damage to any two
adjacent compartments, the minimum freeboard of the floatation device after damage is not less than
100mm at any point. The initial load condition for assessing damaged stability shall represent the
maximum normal load of the float home, but excluding snow load.
 2.2.3 SAFETY REGULATION
I. ELECTRICAL

a) Electrical work shall comply with the Electrical Safety Regulation.

b) Protection systems, such as grounding, shall be based on sound engineering practice and be in
compliance with the Electrical Safety Regulation.

c) Where Quick Disconnect systems are used, they shall be based on sound engineering practice
and be in compliance with the Electrical Safety Regulation
II. GAS AND FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

a) Lighting, heating and cooking systems utilizing either natural or liquid petroleum gases or
flammable liquids such as gasoline, oil, kerosene and naphthalene shall not be permitted on float
homes unless the design and installation of the entire lighting, heating and cooking systems have
been inspected and accepted by the authority having jurisdiction.

b) The float home/cottage shall be fitted with a gas detector for liquid petroleum or natural gas
with an audio-visual alarm interconnected with an electrical solenoid shut-off valve to stop the
gas flow before it enters the float home.

c) Gas work shall comply with the Gas Safety Regulation.

III. PLUMBING

a) Float homes/cottages shall be supplied with an approved source of potable water.

b) Float homescotages shall have a plumbing system which conforms to good engineering
practices and is accepted by the authority having jurisdiction. Plumbing systems conforming to
the B.C. Building Code are acceptable.
c) Where a piped water supply is available, each moorage space for float homes shall be
provided with a potable water connection
IV. SEWAGE DISPOSAL
Float homes shall have, or be connected to, an approved sewage disposal system. Sewage
disposal systems shall comply with the Sewerage System Regulation or the Municipal
Wastewater Regulation.

2.3 RELATED STUDY

2.3.1 Design floating homes located at Macabebe, Philippines
Wasson, Charles S. (2016), System engineering analysis, Design, and Development, Wiley &
Sons Inc.
All around the world floods are a growing problem. Dealing with high water levels in residential
areas will be of great importance. In the Netherlands multiple organizations and companies are
working daily on finding solutions. One of these is Finch Buildings which designed modular
floating homes. Two years ago Pieter Ham and Joran van Schaik did their graduation research on
the implementation of these houses in foreign countries, more specific in the Philippines.
Nowadays Finch Floating Homes, part of Finch Building, is founded by Pieter Ham, Jurrian
Knijtijzer and Joran van Schaik together with TU Delft Global Initiative. They aim to create
affordable, sustainable and typhoon proof homes for developing regions like the Philippines. The
design of the houses has to be extended at some aspects, before the pilot project can be built in
the summer of 2018. The research, design improvement and implementation are carried out by a
multidisciplinary team of 6 Civil Engineering master students.

The goal of this Multidisciplinary Project is to improve the current design for the pilot project on
several levels. These are the structural aspects, water management, a logistical plan and the
analysis of the flooding effects on the floating structure. The structural aspects are all related to
the homes themselves. From the timber parts to the connections between them. Water
management focuses on drink water catchment and sustainable sanitary. The logistical plan
entails the construction process of a floating home where material and workforce are brought in
locally/regionally to reduce costs and provide information for the community to eventually build
and sustain the homes without external help.
2.4 RELATED READINGS
http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/2111417993!.pdf
2.4.1 PHILIPPINE BEACH LAW
SENATE S.No. 2732
Introduced by Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago

Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress
assembled

AN ACT 2 ESTABLISHING PUBLIC BEACH ACCESS SITES TO AND ALONG 3

SHORELINES
SECTION 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Public Beach Act" 5
SECTION 2. Declaration of Policies. - The State recognizes the need for low impact, universal
access to the marine and coastal resources of the country. Towards this end, the State shall
establish public beach access sites to and along coastal shorelines for recreation and livelihood
purposes
SECTION 3. Definition of Terms. - Whenever possible, definitions shall be adopted from those
established under existing national laws, department rules and regulations, and jurisprudence.
For purposes ofthis Act, the following terms shall mean:
(a) Public Beach Access Site/s - Area/s declared accessible to the public to get to and be able
to go along the shorelines. Public Beach Access Sites are further classified into two
kinds:
(1) Beach transit corridor - The area from the highway, road, street or alley
seaward where the right of transit exists.
(2) Public Beach. -- Foreshore lands starting from the interior limit of the
shoreline landward of up to at least twenty (20) meters shall be made
accessible to the general public for recreation and livelihood purposes subject
to reasonable regulations to be imposed by the city or municipal council.
(b) Identification and Establishment in Unoccupied and/or Undeveloped Shorelines. - Not
later than two (2) years after the date of enactment of this Act, and after consultation with
appropriate government agencies, including private stakeholders, the governing authority,
by ordinance, shall identify existing rights-of-way customarily available to the public
from the highway, road, street or alley seaward to and along the shorelines and establish
them as such.
(c) Identification and Establishment in Occupied and/or Developed Shorelines. - Not later
than three (3) years after the date of enactment of this Act, and after consultation with
appropriate government agencies, including private stakeholders, the governing authority
concerned, by ordinance, shall develop a phase-out scheme covering occupied and/or
developed shorelines, with or without existing foreshore lease agreements, to establish
public beach access sites to and along shorelines.
This subsection does not prohibit the owners of the property from voluntarily providing
public access to and along shorelines upon terms acceptable to the city or municipality
 (d) Consultation with the DENR. - In all cases, every step in the identification and
establishment of public beach access sites shall be in consultation and coordination with
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
Within a year from the date of enactment of this Act, the DENR shall give every city or
municipality a copy of its inventory of foreshore areas and list of all existing grantees of
contracts or permits involving foreshore lands. All public beach access sites created shall
likewise be reported to the DENR.

SECTION 5. Development of Criteria. - Not later than one (I) year from the 6 enactment of this
Act, the DENR, in coordination with the local government unit, shall develop a set of criteria
that shall assist in the identification and establishment of public 8 beach access sites including,
but not limited to, the following:
(A) Existence of sites customarily accessed by the public even before the creation of this
Act;
(B) Distance from the highway, road, street or alley to the shoreline, taking into
consideration the topography and physical characteristics of the shoreline desired to
be reached;
(C) Existing structures on identified public access beach sites; and
(D) Existing integrated coastal management programs and other conservation efforts.

SECTION 6. Putting Up of Signs Indicating Public Beach Access Sites. - The city or
municipality, in coordination with the DENR and the DPWH, shall put up conspicuous signs
indicating the existence of a public beach access site.

SECTION 7. Creation of Online Locator of Public Access Sites. - The DENR shall keep an
inventory of whatever public beach access sites are identified and established by the local
government units and develop an online database that shall be 23 made accessible to the public.

SECTION 8. Prohibited Acts. - The following shall be prohibited under this Act:
(A) Impeding or hindering in any way public access to the shoreline and the sea;
(B) Removal, vandalization, or obstruction in any way from the public view of public
beach access site signs.
(C) Dumping of solid wastes in public beach access sites;
(D) Quarrying of sand and pebbles found in public beach access sites;
(E) Building of structures of whatever kind that alter the public nature of the access
sites; and
(F) All other acts relating to the public beach access site to be declared prohibited by the
governing authority.

SECTION 9. Non-establishment of public beach access sites on certain foreshore lands. - No

public beach access site shall be established on foreshore lands declared as reservations,
sanctuaries, environmentally critical areas and/or mangrove cultivation sites.
SECTION 10. Conservation efforts. This Act shall respect existing integrated coastal
management programs of the DENR. The DENR, in consultation with the cities and
municipalities concerned and the Department of Tourism, shall devise appropriate 18 guidelines
for the maintenance and regulation of public beach access sites

SECTION II. implementing Rules. - The DENR, in consultation with the cities and
municipalities concerned, Department of Tourism and Department of Public Works and
Highways, shall promulgate the implementing rules and regulations of this Act within one year
from its effectivity.

SECTION 12. Separability Clause. - If any provision or part hereof, is held invalid or
unconstitutional, the remainder of the law or the provision not otherwise affected shall remain
valid and subsisting

SECTION 13. Repealing Clause. - Any law, presidential decree or issuance, executive order,
letter of instruction, administrative order, rule or regulation contrary to or is inconsistent with the
provision of this Act is hereby repealed, modified, or amended accordingly.

SECTION 14. Effectivity Clause. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its
publication in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation