ADMINISTRATIVELAW I

PREPAREDBYDATIUCEDIDACELWABUGIRWA
Phone:
+255685563704.
Emai
l:dat
iuced1
15@gmai
l.com

INTRODUCTION TOADMINISTRATIVELAW
Meani
ngofAdmi
nist
rat
iveLaw;
-
Def
ini
tionbyIvorJ
enni
ngs
I
vorJ
enni
ngsi
nhi
s"Thel
awandt
heconst
itut
ion,1
959"pr
ovi
dedt
hef
oll
owi
ng
def
ini
tionoft
het
erm"
admi
nist
rat
ivel
aw"
.

Accor
dingt
ohi
m,"
admi
nist
rat
ivel
awi
sthel
awr
elat
ingt
otheadmi
nist
rat
ive
aut
hor
iti
es"
.

Thi
sist
hemostwi
del
yaccept
eddef
ini
tion,butt
her
ear
etwodi
ffi
cul
tiesi
n
t
hisdef
ini
tion.
(
1)I
tisver
ywi
de def
ini
tion,f
ort
he l
aw whi
ch det
ermi
nest
he powerand
f
unct
ions ofadmi
nist
rat
ive aut
hor
iti
es may al
so dealwi
tht
he subst
ant
ive
aspect
sofsuchpower
s.
Forexampl
e:-Legi
slat
ionr
elat
ionst
opubl
icheal
thser
vices,houses,t
ownand
count
rypl
anni
nget
c..Butt
hesear
enoti
ncl
udedwi
thi
nthescopeandambi
tof
admi
nist
rat
ivel
aw,and
(
2)I
tdoesnotdi
sti
ngui
shadmi
nist
rat
ivel
awf
rom const
itut
ionl
aw.

Def
ini
tionbyK.
C.Davi
s
Accor
dingt
oK.C.Davi
s,"
Admi
nist
rat
ivel
awast
hel
awconcer
ningt
hepower
s
and pr
ocedur
es of admi
nist
rat
ive agenci
es,i
ncl
udi
ng especi
all
ythe l
aw
gover
ningj
udi
cialr
evi
ewofadmi
nist
rat
iveact
ion"
.

Def
ini
tionbyProf
.Wade
Accor
dingt
oWade(
Admi
nist
rat
iveLaw,1
967)admi
nist
rat
ivel
awmi
ghtbesai
d
"
thel
awwhi
chconcer
nsadmi
nist
rat
iveaut
hor
iti
esasopposedt
otheot
her
s".
Or
“
thel
awr
elat
ingt
othecont
rolofgover
nmentpower
.”

Def
ini
tionbyGri
ffi
thandSt
reet
Accor
ding t
o Gr
iff
ith and St
reet
,(Pr
inci
ples ofadmi
nist
rat
ive l
aw,1
963)
,
Admi
nist
rat
ivel
aw i
stheoper
ati
onandcont
rolofadmi
nist
rat
iveaut
hor
iti
es,
i
tmustdealwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hreeaspect
s:-
1
.Whatar
ethel
imi
tsoft
hosepower
s?
2.Whatsor
tofpowerdoest
headmi
nist
rat
ionexer
cise?
 3.Whatar
ethewaysi
nwhi
cht
headmi
nist
rat
ivei
skeptwi
thi
nthosel
imi
ts?

NATURE&SCOPE(
LIMITATION)OFADMI
NISTRATIVELAW
Nat
ureofAdmi
nist
rat
iveLaw;
-
Admi
nist
rat
iveLawi
sabr
anchofpubl
icl
awt
hatdeal
swi
tht
hepower
soft
he
Admi
nist
rat
iveaut
hor
iti
es,t
hemanneri
nwhi
chpower
sar
eexer
cisedandt
he
r
emedi
eswhi
char
eavai
labl
etot
heaggr
ievedper
sons,whent
hosepower
sar
e
abusedbyadmi
nist
rat
iveaut
hor
iti
es.
TheAdmi
nist
rat
ivepr
ocesshascomet
ost
ayandi
thast
obeaccept
edasa
necessar
yevi
linal
lpr
ogr
essi
vesoci
eti
es.
Par
ticul
arl
yinwel
far
est
ate,wher
e
manyschemesf
ort
hepr
ogr
essoft
hesoci
etyar
epr
epar
edandadmi
nist
eredby
t
he gover
nment
.The execut
ion and i
mpl
ement
ati
on oft
hese pr
ogr
ams may
adver
sel
yaf
fectt
her
ight
soft
heci
tizens.Theact
ualpr
obl
em i
stor
econci
le
soci
alwel
far
ewi
thr
ight
soft
hei
ndi
vidualsubj
ect
s.Themai
nobj
ectoft
he
st
udyofAdmi
nist
rat
ivel
awi
stounr
avelt
hewayi
nwhi
cht
heseAdmi
nist
rat
ive
aut
hor
iti
escoul
dbekeptwi
thi
nthei
rli
mit
ssot
hatt
hedi
scr
eti
onar
ypower
s
maynotbet
urnedi
ntoar
bit
rar
ypower
s.

Scope;
-Admi
nist
rat
ive Law as a l
aw i
sli
mit
ed t
o concer
ning power
s and
pr
ocedur
es of admi
nist
rat
ive agenci
es.I
tisl
imi
ted t
othe power
s of
adj
udi
cat
ionorr
ule-
maki
ngpoweroft
heaut
hor
iti
es.
Thus,i
tisl
imi
tedt
o:
 Est
abl
ishment
,or
gani
zat
ionandpower
sofvar
iousadmi
nist
rat
ivebodi
es
 Del
egat
edl
egi
slat
ion-t
heRul
e-maki
ngpoweroft
heaut
hor
iti
es
J
udi
cialf
unct
ionsofadmi
nist
rat
iveagenci
essuchast
ribunal
s
 Remedi
esavai
labl
esuchasWr
its,I
njunct
ionet
c.
 Pr
ocedur
alguar
ant
eessuchast
heappl
icat
ionofpr
inci
plesofNat
ural
J
ust
ice
 Gover
nmentl
iabi
lit
yint
ort
 Publ
iccor
por
ati
ons

SOURCESOFADMINI
STRATIVELAW
 TheConst
itut
ion– Var
iousadmi
nist
rat
iveor
gansder
ivet
hei
rpower
s
andf
unct
ionsf
rom t
heConst
itut
ion,suchor
gansi
ncl
udet
hepr
esi
dent
,
Mi
nist
ers,l
ocalgover
nmentaut
hor
iti
eset
c.
  TheSt
atut
e–Mostofadmi
nist
rat
iveor
gansar
est
atut
oryf
ormed.
 Casel
aw – Thesear
edeci
sionsbyt
hesupr
emecour
tsoft
hel
andi
n
admi
nist
rat
ivedi
sput
es.
 Recei
vedl
aws–Thesei
ncl
udet
hecommonl
aw pr
inci
ples,doct
rineof
equi
tyandsuchst
atut
esofgener
alappl
icat
ion.
 Books–Booksbypr
omi
nentj
uri
stsandopi
nionsf
rom pr
omi
nentj
uri
sts.

REASONSFORTHEGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTOFADMINISTRATIVELAW.
The f
oll
owi
ng can be consi
der
ed as t
he f
act
orst
hat gave ways t
othe
devel
opmentofadmi
nist
rat
ivel
aw;
-
1
.Aradi
calchangei
nphi
losophyast
other
olepl
ayedbyt
hest
ate.
2.The j
udi
ciary process was i
nadequat
eto set
tli
ng di
sput
es,j
udi
cial
syst
em pr
ovedt
obei
nadequat
etobeabl
etosol
vemul
tif
ari
ousi
ncr
ease
i
nnumberofdi
sput
es.
e.
g;-t
hedi
sput
esbet
weenempl
oyer
sandempl
oyees
3.Thel
egi
slat
ivepr
ocesswasal
soi
nadequat
etomeetal
ltheneedsoft
he
communi
tyi
nlegi
slat
ivemat
ter
s.
4.Fl
exi
bil
ityi
nthef
unct
ionofadmi
nist
rat
iveor
gans.
5.Theadmi
nist
rat
iveaut
hor
iti
escanavoi
dtechni
cal
iti
es.Admi
nist
rat
ive
l
aw r
epr
esent f
unct
ional r
ather t
han a t
heor
eti
cal and l
egal
ist
ic
appr
oach.The admi
nist
rat
ive t
ribunal
sar
e notbound byt
he r
ulesof
evi
denceandpr
ocedur
eandt
heycant
akeapr
act
icalvi
ew ofmat
tert
o
deci
decompl
expr
obl
ems.

CONSTITUTIONALLAW &ADMINISTRATI
VELAW
Const
itut
ionall
aw i
sconcer
ned wi
th or
gani
zat
ion and t
he f
unct
ionsoft
he
gover
nment at r
est
,whi
let
he admi
nist
rat
ive l
aw i
s concer
ned wi
tht
he
or
gani
zat
ionsandt
hosef
unct
ionsi
nmot
ions.

BASICADMINISTRATIVEPRINCIPLES

1
.RULEOFLAW

A)
Meani
ng-(
alsoknownasnomocracy)i
sthel
egalpr
inci
plet
hatl
aw shoul
d
gover
nanat
ion,Rul
eofl
aw i
mpl
iest
hatever
yci
tizeni
ssubj
ectt
othel
aw,
i
ncl
udi
ng l
aw maker
sthemsel
ves.I
nthi
ssense,i
tst
andsi
ncont
rar
ytoan
aut
ocr
acy,col
lect
ivel
eader
shi
p,di
ctat
orshi
p,orol
igar
chywher
ether
uler
s
ar
e hel
d above t
he l
aw (
whi
ch i
snotnecessar
ybydef
ini
tion butwhi
ch i
s
t
ypi
cal
).
DI
CEYat
tri
but
edt
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hreemeani
ngst
othesai
ddoct
rine;
-

 Supremacyoft
hel
aw-TheFi
rstmeani
ngoft
heRul
eofLawi
sthatnoman
i
spuni
shabl
eorcanl
awf
ull
ybemadet
osuf
feri
nbodyorgoodsexceptf
or
adi
sti
nctbr
eachofl
awest
abl
ishedi
ntheor
dinar
ylegalmannerbef
ore
t
heor
dinar
ycour
tsoft
hel
and.“
Iti
mpl
iest
hatamanmaybepuni
shedf
or
abr
eachofl
aw andcannotbepuni
shedf
oranyt
hingel
se,nomancanbe
puni
shedexceptf
orabr
eachofl
aw.Anal
legedof
fencei
srequi
redt
obe
pr
oved bef
oret
he or
dinar
y cour
tsi
n accor
dance wi
tht
he or
dinar
y
pr
ocedur
e”.

 Equal
itybef
oret
hel
aw-TheSecondmeani
ngoft
heRul
eofLawi
sthatno
mani
sabovel
aw.Ever
ymanwhat
everbehi
srankorcondi
tioni
ssubj
ect
t
otheor
dinar
ylaw oft
her
eal
m andamenabl
etot
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
he
or
dinar
ytr
ibunal
s.

 Predomi
nanceofl
egalspi
rit
-TheThi
rdmeani
ngoft
her
uleofl
awi
sthat
t
he generalpri
nci
plesoft
he const
itut
ion ar
ethe r
esul
tofj
uri
dical
deci
sionsdet
ermi
ningf
iler
ight
sofpr
ivat
eper
sonsi
npar
ticul
arcases
br
oughtbef
oret
heCour
t.

B)Appl
icat
ionofdoct
rineofrul
eofl
aw
I
nEngl
andt
hedoct
rineofr
uleofl
awwasappl
iedi
nconcr
etecases,Accor
ding
t
oWadei
famani
swr
ongf
ular
rest
edbypol
icehecanf
ileasui
tfordamages
agai
nstt
hem asi
fthepol
icewer
epr
ivat
eindi
vidual
s.

Cases;
-

Wi
lkesv.Wood(
1763)1
9StTr
I
twashel
dthatanact
ionf
ordamagesoft
respasswasmai
ntai
nabl
eeveni
fthe
act
ioncompl
ainedofwast
akeni
npur
suanceoft
heor
deroft
hemi
nist
er.

C)Import
anceofdoct
rineofRul
eofl
aw.
1
.Const
rai
nts(
limi
tat
ions)onGovernmentPowers
I
nasoci
etygover
nedbyt
her
uleofl
aw,t
hegover
nmentandi
tsof
fici
alsand
agent
sar
esubj
ectt
oandhel
daccount
abl
eundert
hel
aw.Moder
nsoci
eti
es
have devel
oped syst
ems of checks and bal
ances,bot
h const
itut
ional and
i
nst
itut
ional
,tol
imi
tther
eachofexcessi
vegover
nmentpower
,andt
osubj
ect
t
hegover
nmentpower
,orr
uler
,tol
egalr
est
rai
nts
2.AbsenceofCorr
upt
ion
Theabsenceofcor
rupt
ion-convent
ional
lydef
inedast
heuseofpubl
icpower
f
orpr
ivat
egai
n-i
soneoft
hehal
lmar
ksofasoci
etygover
nedbyt
her
uleofl
aw,
as cor
rupt
ion i
s a mani
fest
ati
on(
evi
dence orf
act
)oft
he ext
entt
o whi
ch
gover
nmentof
fici
alsabuset
hei
rpowerorf
ulf
illt
hei
robl
igat
ionsundert
he
l
aw.
3.OpenGovernment
Opengover
nmenti
sessent
ialt
other
uleofl
aw.
Iti
nvol
vesengagement
,access,
par
tici
pat
ion,andcol
labor
ati
onbet
weent
hegover
nmentandi
tsci
tizens,and
pl
aysacr
uci
alr
olei
nthepr
omot
ionofaccount
abi
lit
y.
4.Fundament
alRi
ght
s
Undert
her
uleofl
aw,f
undament
alr
ight
smustbeef
fect
ivel
yguar
ant
eed.A
syst
em ofposi
tivel
awt
hatf
ail
stor
espectcor
ehumanr
ight
sest
abl
ishedunder
i
nter
nat
ionall
aw i
satbest“
rul
ebyl
aw”
.Rul
eofl
aw abi
dingsoci
eti
esshoul
d
guar
ant
eet
her
ight
sembodi
edi
ntheUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s
i
ncl
udi
ngt
her
ightt
oequalt
reat
mentandt
heabsenceofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion;t
he
r
ightt
oli
feandsecur
ityoft
heper
son;t
her
ightt
otheduepr
ocessoft
hel
aw;
t
hef
reedom ofopi
nionandexpr
essi
on;t
hef
reedom ofbel
iefandr
eli
gion;t
he
absenceofanyar
bit
rar
yint
erf
erenceofpr
ivacy;t
hef
reedom ofassembl
yand
associ
ati
on;andt
hepr
otect
ionoff
undament
all
aborr
ight
s.
5.HumanSecuri
ty
Human secur
ityi
s one oft
he def
ini
ng aspect
s ofany r
ule ofl
aw soci
ety.
Pr
otect
ing human secur
ity,mai
nly assur
ing t
he secur
ity of per
sons and
pr
oper
ty,i
saf
undament
alf
unct
ionoft
hest
ate.
6.Regul
atory(
cont
rol
)Enf
orcement
Publ
icenf
orcementofgover
nmentr
egul
ati
onsi
sper
vasi
vei
nmoder
nsoci
eti
es
asamet
hodt
oinduceconduct
.Acr
iti
calf
eat
ureoft
her
uleofl
awi
sthatsuch
r
ulesar
e uphel
d and pr
oper
lyenf
orced byaut
hor
iti
es,par
ticul
arl
ybecause
publ
icenf
orcementmi
ghtr
aiset
hescopef
ornegl
igenceandabusebyof
fici
als
pur
sui
ngt
hei
rowni
nter
est
.
7.Ci
vilJ
ust
ice
I
nar
ule ofl
aw soci
ety,or
dinar
y peopl
e shoul
d be abl
etor
esol
ve t
hei
r
gr
ievances(
wrongs)andobt
ainr
emedi
esi
nconf
ormi
tywi
thf
undament
alr
ight
s
t
hrough f
ormali
nst
itut
ions ofj
ust
ice i
n a peacef
uland ef
fect
ive manner
,
r
athert
hanr
esor
tingt
ovi
olenceorsel
f-hel
p.
8.Cri
minalJ
ust
ice
Anef
fect
ivecr
imi
nalj
ust
icesyst
em i
sakeyaspectoft
her
uleofl
aw,asi
t
const
itut
es t
he nat
uralmechani
sm t
oredr
ess gr
ievances and br
ing act
ion
agai
nsti
ndi
vidual
sforof
fensesagai
nstsoci
ety.
9.Inf
ormalJ
ust
ice
For many count
ries i
tisi
mpor
tant t
o acknowl
edge t
he r
ole pl
ayed by
t
radi
tional
,or‘
inf
ormal
’,syst
emsofl
aw — i
ncl
udi
ng t
radi
tional
,tr
ibal
,and
r
eli
giouscour
ts,aswel
lascommuni
ty-
basedsyst
ems— i
nresol
vingdi
sput
es.
These syst
ems of
ten pl
ay a l
arge r
olei
n cul
tur
es wher
efor
mal l
egal
i
nst
itut
ions f
ailt
o pr
ovi
de ef
fect
ive r
emedi
es f
or l
arge segment
s oft
he
popul
ati
onorwhenf
ormali
nst
itut
ionsar
eper
cei
vedasf
orei
gn,cor
rupt
,and
i
nef
fect
ive.

D)
Thedroi
t(ri
ght
)ofadmi
nist
rat
if
dr
oitadmi
nist
rat
if'i
sabodyofr
uleswhi
chdet
ermi
nest
heor
gani
zat
ionand
dut
ies of publ
ic admi
nist
rat
ions and whi
ch r
egul
ates t
he r
elat
ion of
admi
nist
rat
ionwi
tht
heci
tizenoft
hest
ates.

E)Modernconcept
sofrul
eofl
aw
The New Del
hi Congress or Decl
arat
ion of Del
hi was an i
nter
nat
ional
gat
her
ingofover1
85j
udges,l
awyer
s,andl
awpr
ofessor
sfr
om 53count
riesal
l
overt
he wor
ld,uni
ted ast
he I
nter
nat
ionalCommi
ssi
onofJ
uri
stst
hatt
ook
pl
acei
nNewDel
hi,I
ndi
ain1
959.
Thet
hemeoft
heNewDel
hiCongr
esswas"
The
Rul
eofLaw i
naFr
eeSoci
ety"
.TheCongr
essf
urt
herdevel
opedt
hepr
inci
ples
andpr
ocedur
esunder
lyi
ngt
heRul
eofLawaswel
lasdef
ini
ngandcl
ari
fyi
ngt
he
concepti
tsel
f.
I
npr
epar
ati
onoft
heCongr
ess,t
heCommi
ssi
onhel
dapr
epar
ator
ymeet
ingi
n
TheHague,Net
her
landson7and8J
uly1
958,wher
ethedr
aft
ingoft
heCongr
ess
Wor
king Paperon t
he Rul
e ofLaw wasmandat
ed t
ofor
merI
CJSecr
etar
y-
Gener
al,MrNor
man Mar
sh.The 1
34 page paperwasbased on i
nfor
mat
ion
gat
her
edi
nani
nter
nat
ionalsur
veyofl
awyer
sandl
egali
nst
itut
ionsconduct
ed
byt
he I
CJSecr
etar
iati
nthe cour
se of1
957.The i
nfor
mat
ion gat
her
ed was
di
videdi
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ngsect
ions:
1
.TheLegi
slat
iveandt
heRul
eofLaw
 2.
TheExecut
iveandt
heRul
eofLaw
 3.
Cri
minalPr
ocessandt
heRul
eofLaw
 4.
TheJ
udi
ciar
yandLegalPr
ofessi
onundert
heRul
eofLaw.

TheDel
hiCongr
essgaver
iset
othr
eei
mpor
tantel
ement
sint
heconceptoft
he
Rul
eofLaw.
 Fi
rst
,thatt
hei
ndi
viduali
spossessedofcert
ainri
ght
sandf
reedomsand
t
hathei
sent
itl
edt
opr
otect
ionoft
heser
ight
sandf
reedomsbyt
heSt
ate;
 Second,t
hatt
her
eisanabsol
uteneedf
orani
ndependentj
udi
ciaryand
baraswel
lasf
oref
fect
ivemachi
ner
yfort
hepr
otect
ionoff
undament
al
r
ight
sandf
reedoms;and
 Thi
rd,t
hatt
heest
abl
ishmentofsoci
al,economi
candcul
turalcondi
tions
woul
d per
mit men t
oli
ve i
n di
gni
ty and t
oful
fil
lthei
rlegi
timat
e
aspi
rat
ions.

2.
SEPARATION OFPOWERS
Themodelwasf
irstdevel
opedi
nanci
entGr
eece.Undert
hismodel
,thest
atei
s
di
videdi
ntobr
anches,eachwi
thsepar
ateandi
ndependentpower
sandar
easof
r
esponsi
bil
itysot
hatt
hepower
sofonebr
anchar
enoti
nconf
lictwi
tht
he
power
sassoci
atedwi
tht
heot
herbr
anches.Thet
ypi
caldi
visi
onofbr
anchesi
s
i
ntoal
egi
slat
ure,anexecut
ive,andaj
udi
ciar
y.

A)
Ant
iqui
ty(Hi
stori
calbackground)
Ar
ist
otl
e f
irst ment
ioned t
he i
dea of a "
mixed gover
nment
" or hybr
id
gover
nmenti
nhi
swor
kPol
iti
cswher
ehedr
ewuponmanyoft
heconst
itut
ional
f
ormsi
ntheci
ty-
stat
esofAnci
entGr
eece.I
ntheRomanRepubl
ic,t
heRoman
Senat
e,Consul
sandt
heAssembl
iesshowedanexampl
eofami
xedgover
nment
accor
dingt
oPol
ybi Hi
us( st
ori
es,Book6,1
1-1
3).

B)
Mont
esqui
eu'
stri
part
itesyst
em
The t
erm t
ripart
ite syst
em i
s ascr
ibed t
o Fr
ench Enl
ight
enmentpol
iti
cal
phi
losopher Bar
on de Mont
esqui
eu. I
n The Spi
rit of t
he Laws (
1748)
,
Mont
esqui
eudescr
ibedt
hesepar
ati
onofpol
iti
calpoweramongal
egi
slat
ure,
an execut
ive,and a j
udi
ciar
y.Mont
esqui
eu'
s appr
oach was t
o pr
esentand
def
endaf
orm ofgover
nmentwhi
chwasnotexcessi
vel
ycent
ral
izedi
nal
lit
s
power
sto a si
ngl
e monar
ch orsi
mil
arr
uler
.He based t
his modelon t
he
Const
itut
ion oft
he Roman Republ
ic and t
he Br
iti
sh const
itut
ionalsyst
em.
Mont
esqui
eut
ookt
hevi
ew t
hatt
heRomanRepubl
ichadpower
ssepar
atedso
t
hatnoonecoul
dusur
pcompl
etepower
.Int
heBr
iti
shconst
itut
ionalsyst
em,
Mont
esqui
eudi
scer
nedasepar
ati
onofpower
samongt
hemonar
ch,Par
liament
,
andt
hecour
tsofl
aw.
Mont
esqui
eudi
dact
ual
lyspeci
fyt
hat"
thei
ndependenceoft
hej
udi
ciar
yhast
o
ber
eal
,andnotappar
entmer
ely"
."Thej
udi
ciar
ywasgener
all
yseenast
hemost
i
mpor
tantofpower
s,i
ndependentand unchecked"
,and al
so wasconsi
der
ed
danger
ous.

C)Import
anceofseparat
ionofpower

1
.Shari
ngPowerandChecki
ngOneAnot
her

Thesyst
em ofsepar
ati
onofpower
sdi
videst
het
asksoft
hest
atei
ntot
hree
br
anches:l
egi
slat
ive,execut
ive and j
udi
cial
.These t
asks ar
e assi
gned t
o
di
ffer
enti
nst
itut
ionsi
nsuchawayt
hateachoft
hem cancheckt
heot
her
s.Asa
r
esul
t,noonei
nst
itut
ioncanbecomesopower
fuli
nademocr
acyast
odest
roy
t
hissyst
em.

2.
ClearDi
sti
nct
ions

Thesepar
ati
onofpower
sisal
sor
efl
ect
edi
nthef
actt
hatcer
tai
nfunct
ions
mustnotbeexer
cisedbyoneandt
hesameper
son.Thus,t
heFeder
alPr
esi
dent
cannotatt
hesamet
imebeaMemberoft
heNat
ionalCounci
l,oraj
udgewhoi
s
appoi
ntedMi
nist
erorel
ect
edt
obeaMemberoft
heNat
ionalCounci
lmustbe
t
empor
ari
lysuspendedf
rom hi
s/herj
udi
cialdut
ies.

3.
TheLegi
slat
ivePower

Thef
irstoft
het
hreepower
shast
het
askofpassi
ngl
awsandsuper
visi
ngt
hei
r
i
mpl
ement
ati
on.I
tisexer
cisedbyPar
liament–i
.e.t
heNat
ionalandFeder
al
Counci
ls–andt
hePr
ovi
nci
alDi
ets.
Thei
mpl
ement
ati
onofl
awsi
sthet
askoft
heexecut
iveandj
udi
cialbr
anches

4.
TheExecut
ivePower

The execut
ive br
anch hast
he t
ask ofi
mpl
ement
ing l
aws.I
tcompr
isest
he
Feder
al Gover
nment
,the Feder
al Pr
esi
dent and al
lfeder
al aut
hor
iti
es
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hepol
iceandt
hear
medf
orces.

5.
TheJ
udi
cialPower(
Judi
ciary)

J
udges admi
nist
er j
ust
ice, vi
z.t
hey deci
de di
sput
es i
ndependent
ly and
i
mpar
tial
ly.I
tist
hei
rtask t
o ensur
ethatl
awsar
e compl
ied wi
th.J
udges
cannotbedeposedandcannotbeassi
gnedot
herposi
tionsagai
nstt
hei
rwi
ll.

D)Separat
ionofpowersi
npract
ice

i
)InU.
S.A-Separat
ionofpowersi
sa pol
iti
caldoct
rine or
igi
nat
ing i
nthe
wr
iti
ngs ofMont
esqui n The Spi
eu i ritoft
he Laws where he urged f
or a
const
itut
ionalgover
nmentwi
tht
hreesepar
atebr
anchesofgover
nment
.Eachof
t
het
hreebr
ancheswoul
dhavedef
inedabi
lit
iest
ocheckt
hepower
soft
heot
her
br
anches.Thi
sideawascal
ledsepar
ati
onofpower
s.Thi
sphi
losophyheavi
ly
i
nfl
uencedt
hewr
iti
ngoft
heUni
tedSt
atesConst
itut
ion,accor
dingt
owhi
cht
he
Legi
slat
ive,Execut
ive,andJ
udi
cialbr
anchesoft
heUni
tedSt
atesgover
nment
ar
ekeptdi
sti
ncti
nor
dert
opr
eventabuseofpower
.Thi
sUni
tedSt
atesf
orm of
separ
ati
onofpower
sisassoci
atedwi
thasyst
em ofchecksandbal
ances.

i
i)InUni
tedKi
ngdom-Al
thought
hedoct
rineofsepar
ati
onofpowerpl
aysa
r
olei
ntheUni
tedKi
ngdom'
sconst
itut
ionaldoct
rine,t
heUK const
itut
ioni
s
of
tendescr
ibedashavi
ng"
aweaksepar
ati
onofpower
s"A.V.Di
cey,despi
tei
ts
const
itut
ion bei
ng t
he one t
o whi
ch Mont
esqui
eu or
igi
nal
lyr
efer
red.For
exampl
e,i
ntheUni
tedKi
ngdom,t
heexecut
ivef
ormsasubsetoft
hel
egi
slat
ure,
asdi
d—t
oal
esserext
ent
—thej
udi
ciar
yunt
ilt
heest
abl
ishmentoft
heSupr
eme
Cour
toft
heUni
tedKi
ngdom.ThePr
imeMi
nist
er,t
heChi
efExecut
ive,si
tsasa
memberoft
hePar
liamentoft
heUni
tedKi
ngdom.

i
ii)InIndi
a-I
ndi
afol
lowsapar
liament
arysyst
em ofgover
nment
,whi
chof
fer
s
acl
earsepar
ati
onofpower
s.Thej
udi
ciar
ybr
anchi
sfai
rlyi
ndependentoft
he
ot
hert
wobr
anches.Execut
ivepower
sar
evest
edwi
tht
hePr
esi
dentandPr
ime
Mi
nist
er,whoar
eassi
stedbyt
heCabi
netSecr
etar
yandot
herSecr
etar
ies.But
pr
act
ical
lyt
hesepar
ati
onofpower
sdoesnotexi
stbet
weenLegi
slat
ureand
Execut
ive,asPr
imeMi
nist
eri
sel
ect
edbyPar
liamenti
tsel
f.Hencei
nIndi
a,
t
her
eisnosepar
ati
onbet
weenLegi
slat
ureandExecut
ive.Al
lthr
eebr
anches
have"
checksandbal
ances"overeachot
hert
omai
ntai
nthebal
ance.

E)
Doct
rineofUl
travi
resThi
saLat
inphr
asemeani
ngl
iter
all
y"beyondpower
s",
andsl
ight
lyl
essl
iter
all
y(f
rom i
nter
pol
ati
ng t
hedef
ini
tear
ticl
e"t
he"
,not
f
oundi
nLat
in)"
beyond[
the]power
s",al
thoughi
tsst
andar
dlegalt
ransl
ati
on
andsubst
itut
eis"
beyondpower
".I
fanactr
equi
resl
egalaut
hor
ityandi
tisdone
wi
thsuchaut
hor
ity,i
tischar
act
eri
zedi
nlaw asi
ntravi
res(
near
lyl
iter
all
y
"
wit
hin[
the]power
s",af
teri
nter
pol
ati
ng"
the"
;st
andar
dlegalt
ransl
ati
onand
subst
itut
e,"
wit
hinpower
").I
fiti
sdonewi
thoutsuchaut
hor
ity,i
tisul
travi
res.
Act
st ei
hatar nt
ravi
resmayequi
val
ent
lybet
ermed"
val
id"andt
hoset
hatar
e
ul
travi
res"
inval
id"
.

CLASSIFICATION OFADMINISTRATIVEACTIONS

Theadmi
nist
rat
ivel
awhascl
assi
fiedact
ionsoft
headmi
nist
rat
ioni
ntot
hree,
namel
y,“
admi
nist
rat
ive”
,“l
egi
slat
ive”
,“j
udi
cial
”or“
quasi
-judi
cial
”.Al
though
at
tempt
shavebeenmadet
oavoi
dsuchcl
assi
ficat
ionf
orr
easonsofpr
act
ical
ly
vague di
sti
nct
ions amongst t
hem.However
,thi
s exer
cise of l
abel
ing t
he
f
unct
ions cannot be avoi
ded compl
etel
y and r
equi
res a coor
dinat
ed and
consi
stentwor
kingoft
heset
hreepr
imar
yfunct
ions.
J
ust as t
he gover
nment of a count
ryi
s di
visi
blei
ntot
hree f
unct
ional
s,vi
component z.,Legi
slat
ive,J
udi
cial and Execut
ive,so ar
ethe power
s
conf
err
edont
heAdmi
nist
rat
ion,whi
char
ecl
assi
fiedi
nto:
-
(
i) Legi
slat
ive Power:whi
ch i
n admi
nist
rat
ive l
aw par
lance i
s known as
Del
egat
edLegi
slat
ion.Legi
slat
ionmi
ghtbedef
inedast
hemaki
ngofgener
al
r
ulest
ogover
nfut
ureconduct(
Publ
icAct
soft
hePar
liament
)

(
ii)Adj
udi
cat
ive,powerwhi
chi
sgener
all
ychar
act
eri
zedasquasi
-judi
cialor
adj
udi
cat
ivepower
.Admi
nist
rat
ioni
sconsi
der
abl
ymor
edi
ffi
cul
ttodef
ine.I
t
maybet
akent
omeant
heappl
icat
ionofgener
alr
ulest
opar
ticul
arcasesbyt
he
maki
ngofsomeor
derorsomedeci
sionorbyper
for
mingsomeact
ion.

(
iii
)Admi
nist
rat
ivepower,whi
chi
snon-
legi
slat
iveandnon-
adj
udi
cat
ivei
n
nat
ure.Thecent
ralcaseofj
udi
cialf
unct
ioni
sthef
inalandbi
ndi
ngr
esol
uti
on
ofdi
sput
esast
ofact
s,orast
otheexi
stencesort
hescopeofl
egalr
ight
sor
dut
ies,bymeansoff
indi
ngf
act
sdeci
dingwhatt
hel
awi
sandappl
yingt
hel
aw
t
othef
act
s.

DELEGATEDLEGISLATION

Del
egat
ed l
egi
slat
ion (
also r
efer
red t
o as secondary l
egi
slat
ion or
subordi
nat
elegi
slat
ionorsubsi
diaryl
egi
slat
ion)i
slawmadebyanexecut
ive
aut
hor
ityunderpower
sdel
egat
edf
rom al
egi
slat
urebyenact
mentofpr
imar
y
l
egi
slat
ion;t
he pr
imar
ylegi
slat
ion gr
ant
sthe execut
ive agency power t
o
i
mpl
ementandadmi
nist
ert
her
equi
rement
soft
hatpr
imar
ylegi
slat
ion.I
tis
l
aw made by a per
son or body ot
her t
han t
he l
egi
slat
ure but wi
tht
he
l
egi
slat
ure'
saut
hor
ity.Thepowert
ocr
eat
edel
egat
edl
egi
slat
ioni
sli
mit
edt
o
maki
ngr
egul
ati
ont
hati
sinci
dent
alt
oadmi
nist
eri
ngt
hepr
imar
ylegi
slat
ion.
Ot
her
wisei
twi
llbeconsi
der
edasi
nval
idorul
travi
res.

Del
egat
edl
egi
slat
ion,al
sor
efer
redt
oassecondar
ylegi
slat
ion,i
slegi
slat
ion
madebyaper
sonorbodyot
hert
hanPar
liament
.Par
liament
,thr
oughanActof
Par
liament
,canper
mitanot
herper
sonorbodyt
omakel
egi
slat
ion.AnActof
Par
liamentcr
eat
est
hef
ramewor
kofapar
ticul
arl
awandt
endsonl
ytocont
ain
anout
lineoft
hepur
poseoft
heAct

Reasonsf
ordel
egat
edl
egi
slat
ion

1
.Pressureuponparl
iamentt
ime
I
t avoi
ds over
loadi
ng t
he l
imi
ted Par
liament
aryt
imet
abl
e as del
egat
ed
l
egi
slat
ioncanbeamendedand/ormadewi
thouthavi
ngt
opassanActt
hrough
Par
liament
,whi
chcanbet
imeconsumi
ng.
Changescant
her
efor
ebemadet
othe
l
aw wi
thoutt
heneedt
ohaveanew ActofPar
liamentandi
tfur
theravoi
ds
Par
liamenthavi
ngt
ospendal
otoft
hei
rti
meont
echni
calmat
ter
s,suchast
he
cl
ari
ficat
ionofaspeci
ficpar
toft
hel
egi
slat
ion.

2.
Techni
cal
ityofexpert
sofcert
ainmat
ters
Somet
imes,subj
ectmat
terofl
egi
slat
ioni
stechni
cali
nnat
ure.So,assi
stance
ofexper
tsi
srequi
red.Member
sofpar
liamentmaybet
hebestpol
iti
ciansbut
t
heyar
enotexper
ttodealwi
thhi
ghl
ytechni
calmat
ter
s.Thesemat
ter
sar
e
r
equi
redt
obehandl
edbyexper
ts.
Her
e,t
hel
egi
slat
ivepowermaybeconf
err
ed
onexper
tst
odealwi
tht
het
echni
calpr
obl
ems.i
.e.gas,at
omi
cener
gy,dr
ugs,
el
ect
rici
tyet
c.

3.
Emergences
I
nti
mes of emer
gency,qui
ck act
ion i
srequi
red t
o be t
aken.Del
egat
ed
l
egi
slat
ioncandealwi
thanemer
gencysi
tuat
ionasi
tar
iseswi
thouthavi
ngt
o
wai
tforan Actt
o be passed t
hrough Par
liamentt
oresol
ve t
he par
ticul
ar
si
tuat
ion.E.
g;-i
nti
mesofwarand i
n casesofepi
demi
cs(
Sudden di
sease)
,
f
loods,i
nfl
ati
on(
incr
easeandf
allofpr
ice)
,economi
cdepr
essi
on(
decl
ine)and
ot
her nat
ionalemer
genci
es,t
he execut
ive i
s vest
ed wi
th ext
remel
y wi
de
power
stodealwi
tht
hesi
tuat
ion.

4.
Experi
ment
The pr
act
ice ofdel
egat
ed l
egi
slat
ionenabl
est
he execut
ive t
oexper
iment
.
Thi
smet
hod per
mit
srapi
d ut
ili
zat
ionofexper
ience and i
mpl
ement
ati
onof
necessar
y changes i
n appl
icat
ion of t
he pr
ovi
sions i
nthe l
ight of such
exper
ience.
Forexampl
e,i
nroadt
raf
ficmat
ter
s,anexper
imentmaybeconduct
edandi
n
t
hel
ightofi
tsappl
icat
ionnecessar
ychangescoul
dbemade.Theadvant
ageof
sucha cour
se i
sthati
tenabl
est
he del
egat
e aut
hor
ityt
oconsul
tint
erest
s
l
ikel
yto be af
fect
ed by a par
ticul
ar l
aw,make act
ualexper
iment
s when
necessar
yandut
ili
zet
her
esul
tofhi
sinvest
igat
ionandexper
iment
sint
he
bestpossi
bleway.
Ift
her
ulesandr
egul
ati
onsar
efoundt
obesat
isf
act
ory,t
hey
canbei
mpl
ement
edsuccessf
ull
y.Ont
heot
herhand,i
ftheyar
efoundt
obe
def
ect
ive,t
hedef
ect
scanbecur
edi
mmedi
atel
y.

5.
Flexi
blesi
tuat
ions
Del
egat
edl
egi
slat
ioncanbeusedt
ocoverasi
tuat
iont
hatPar
liamenthadnot
ant
ici
pat
ed att
he t
ime i
tenact
ed t
he pi
ece ofl
egi
slat
ion,whi
chmakesi
t
f
lexi
bleandver
yusef
ult
olaw-
maki
ng.Del
egat
edl
egi
slat
ioni
sther
efor
eabl
e
t
omeett
hechangi
ngneedsofsoci
etyandal
sosi
tuat
ionswhi
chPar
liamenthad
notant
ici
pat
edwhent
heyenact
edt
heActofPar
liament
.E.
g.bankr
ate,pol
ice
r
egul
ati
ons,expor
tandi
mpor
t,f
orei
gnexchangeet
c.

6.
Compl
exi
tyofmodernadmi
nist
rat
ivel
aw
Thecompl
exi
tyofmoder
nadmi
nist
rat
ionandt
heexpansi
onoft
hef
unct
ionsof
t
hest
atet
otheeconomi
candsoci
alspher
ehaver
ender
edi
tisnecessar
yto
r
esor
tto new f
orms of l
egi
slat
ion and t
o gi
ve wi
de power
sto var
ious
aut
hor
iti
esonsui
tabl
eoccasi
ons.I
nacount
ryl
ikeBangl
adesh,wher
econt
rol
andr
egul
ati
onoverpr
ivat
etr
ade,busi
nessorpr
oper
tymayber
equi
redt
obe
i
mposed,i
tisnecessar
ythatt
headmi
nist
rat
ionshoul
dbegi
venampl
epowert
o
i
mpl
ementsuchpol
icysot
hati
mmedi
ateact
ioncanbet
aken.

FORMSOFDELEGATEDLEGISLATION
1
-Ti
tlebasedcl
assi
ficat
ion
Rul
e:Fort
hedef
ini
tionseet
heGener
alCl
ausesAct1
897
Regul
ati
on:Ani
nst
rumentbywhi
chdeci
sions,or
der
sandact
sofgover
nment
ar
emadeknownt
othepubl
ic.
Order:i
ngener
alor
derr
efer
stoAdmi
nist
rat
iveRul
emaki
ng.
Bye-
laws:Rul
esmadebysemi
-gover
nment
alaut
hor
iti
esest
abl
ishedundert
he
Act
sofLegi
slat
ure
Di
rect
ions:Expressi
onofAdmi
nist
rat
iveRul
emaki
ngundert
heaut
hor
ityof
l
aw
Scheme:Iti
sthesi
tuat
ionwher
ethel
awaut
hor
izest
headmi
nist
rat
iveagency
t
olaydownaf
ramewor
k.
2-
Dist
inct
ionbasedcl
assi
ficat
ion
Subordi
nat
elegi
slat
ion:The processconsi
stofdi
scr
eti
onar
yel
abor
ati
onof
r
ulesandr
egul
ati
ons
Condi
tionalLegi
slat
ion:Thest
atut
ethatpr
ovi
descont
rolbutspeci
fiest
hat
t
heyar
etogoi
ntoef
fectonl
ywhenagi
venadmi
nist
rat
iveaut
hor
ityf
indst
he
exi
stenceofcondi
tionsdef
inedi
nthest
atut
eit
sel
f.

3.
Purposebasedcl
assi
ficat
ion

DELEGATEDLEGISLATION IN USA
Underconst
itut
ionalsepar
ati
on-
of-
power
spr
ovi
sions,l
awsar
eenact
edbyt
he
l
egi
slat
ure,admi
nist
eredbyt
heexecut
iveandi
nter
pret
edbyt
hej
udi
ciar
y.
I
ntheor
y,t
her
eisnodel
egat
edl
egi
slat
ioni
nUni
tedSt
atesbecausei
tisnot
wr
itt
eni
ntheconst
itut
ionandal
sot
her
eist
heor
yofsepar
ati
onofpower
s,I
n
const
itut
ionaland admi
nist
rat
ive l
aw,t
he pr
inci
ple del
egat
a pot
est
asnon
pot
est del
egari (
Lat
in) st
ates t
hat "
no del
egat
ed power
s can be f
urt
her
del
egat
ed"
.Al
ter
nat
ivel
y,i
tcanbest
ateddel
egat
usnonpot
estdel
egare,"
one
t
owhom poweri
sdel
egat
edcannothi
msel
ffur
therdel
egat
ethatpower
"Thi
s
pr
inci
plei
spr
esenti
nsever
alj
uri
sdi
cti
onssuchast
hatoft
heUni
tedSt
ates,
t
heUni
tedKi
ngdom andI
ndi
a

I
npr
act
icet
her
eisdel
egat
edl
egi
slat
ioni
nUni
tedSt
ateswher
ebyt
hehouse
ofcongr
essdel
egat
espowert
oit
spr
ovi
ncesorf
eder
algover
nment
stomake
l
aws
Case
Nat
ionalBroadcast
ingCo.v.Uni
tedSt
ates,31
9U.
S.1
90(
1943)
Fact
s
The Feder
al Communi
cat
ions Commi
ssi
on (
FCC) est
abl
ished Chai
n
Br
oadcast
ingRegul
ati
onsf
orper
tai
ningt
oassoci
ati
onsbet
weenbr
oadcast
ing
net
wor
ksandt
hei
raf
fil
iat
edst
ati
ons,i
n1941
,whi
chspeci
fical
lygover
nedt
he
l
icensi
ngandcont
entofchai
nbr
oadcast
ingst
ati
ons.NBC suedt
oenj
oint
he
enf
orcement of t
he r
egul
ati
ons.The Uni
ted St
ates Di
str
ict Cour
tfor t
he
Sout
her
n Di
str
ict of New Yor
k di
smi
ssed t
he compl
aint
,rul
ing f
or t
he
gover
nment
,andNBCappeal
ed.
Hel
d
Supr
eme Cour
toft
he Uni
ted St
ateshel
d on May1
0,1
943 t
hatt
he Feder
al
Communi
cat
ionsCommi
ssi
onhadt
hepowert
oissuer
egul
ati
onsper
tai
ningt
o
associ
ati
ons bet
ween br
oadcast
ing net
wor
ks and t
hei
r af
fil
iat
ed st
ati
ons,
ot
her
wiseknownas"
chai
nnet
wor
ks.
"Thecasei
simpor
tanti
nthedevel
opment
ofAmer
icanadmi
nist
rat
ivel
aw.
TheSupr
emeCour
tul
timat
elyaf
fir
medt
hedi
smi
ssaloft
hecompl
aint
,rul
ing
t
hatt
he gover
nmenthad t
he powert
oenactand enf
orce t
he r
egul
ati
onsi
n
quest
ion.

Li
cht
erv.Uni
tedSt
ates334U.
S.742(
1948)
Fact
s:
Pet
iti
oner
s(appl
icant
s) chal
lenged t
hat t
he Renegot
iat
ion Act
unconst
itut
ional
lyat
tempt
edt
odel
egat
elegi
slat
ivepowert
oadmi
nist
rat
ive
of
fici
als.Renegot
iat
ions Actaut
hor
ized t
he gover
nmentt
o det
ermi
ne and
r
ecapt
ureexcessi
vepr
ofi
tsbypr
ivat
econt
ract
orsdur
ingwart
ime.
Pet
iti
oner
s
br
ought sui
t chal
lengi
ng t
he const
itut
ional
ity of t
hisl
egi
slat
ion,ar
gui
ng
i
mpr
operdel
egat
ionbecauset
hel
egi
slat
ioncont
ainedt
oosl
ightadef
ini
tion
ofl
egi
slat
ivepol
icyandst
andar
ds.

I
ssue: Whet
her Congr
ess can del
egat
e i
ts war maki
ng aut
hor
ity t
o
admi
nist
rat
iveagenci
esf
ordet
ermi
ning“
excessi
vepr
ofi
ts”dur
ingwar
time.

Hol
ding:
Yes.The Supr
eme Cour
t hel
dthat t
he Renegot
iat
ion Act and t
he Second
Renegot
iat
ion Act wer
e const
itut
ional
ly sound because Congr
ess had t
he
expr
essaut
hor
ity,andt
hel
awswer
enecessar
yandpr
operf
orcar
ryi
ng i
nto
execut
iont
hewarpower
sandespeci
all
yit
spowert
osuppor
tar
mies.
Thecour
thel
dthatpet
iti
onert
axpayer
swer
erequi
redt
opayexcessi
vepr
ofi
ts
t
otheUni
tedSt
atesundert
heRenegot
iat
ionActandt
heSecondRenegot
iat
ion
ActbecauseCongr
esshadaut
hor
ityt
orecoverexcessi
vepr
ofi
tsaspar
toft
he
warpower
s gr
ant
ed by t
he U.
S.Const
itut
ion.Fur
ther
,pet
iti
oner
s wer
e not
ent
itl
ed t
oar
edet
ermi
nat
ion of t
he t
ax owed by t
he t
ax cour
t because
pet
iti
oner
sfai
ledt
opet
iti
ont
hecour
tforar
edet
ermi
nat
ion.

PanamaRef
ini
ngCo.v.Ryan,(
1935)
,
Fact
s
Al heHotOi
soknownast lcase,wasacase,i
nwhi
cht
heUni
tedSt
atesSupr
eme
Cour
trul
edt
hatt
heRoosevel
tAdmi
nist
rat
ion'
spr
ohi
bit
ionofi
nter
stat
eand
f
orei
gnt
radei
npet
rol
eum goodspr
oducedi
nexcessofst
atequot
as,t
he"
hot
oi
l"or
der
s adopt
ed under t
he 1
933 Nat
ionalI
ndust
rialRecover
y Act
,was
unconst
itut
ional
.
The r
uli
ng was t
he f
irst of sever
alt
hat over
tur
ned key el
ement
s of t
he
Admi
nist
rat
ion'
sNew Deall
egi
slat
ivepr
ogr
am.Ther
elevantsect
ion9(
c)of
t
heNI
RAwasf
oundt
obeanunconst
itut
ionaldel
egat
ionofl
egi
slat
ivepower
,as
i
tper
mit
tedpr
esi
dent
iali
nter
dict
ionoft
radewi
thoutdef
ini
ngcr
iter
iaf
ort
he
appl
icat
ionoft
hepr
oposedr
est
rict
ion.
The f
indi
ng t
hus di
ffer
ed f
rom l
ater r
uli
ngs t
hat ar
gued t
hat Feder
al
gover
nmentact
ion af
fect
ing i
ntr
ast
ate pr
oduct
ion br
eached t
he Commer
ce
Cl
auseoft
heConst
itut
ion;

Hel
d
nPanamav.Ryan,t
heCour
tfoundt
hatCongr
esshadvi
olat
edt
henondel
egat
ion
doct
rine by vest
ing t
he Pr
esi
dent wi
thl
egi
slat
ive power
s wi
thout cl
ear
gui
del
ines,gi
vingt
hePr
esi
dentenor s.Theomi
mousanduncheckedpower ssi
on
ofCongr
essi
onalgui
danceonst
atepet
rol
eum pr
oduct
ioncei
lingsoccasi
oned
t
headver
ser
uli
ngbecauset
hisomi
ssi
onal
lowedt
heexecut
ivet
oassumet
he
r
oleoft
hel
egi
slat
ure.J
ust
iceCar
dozodi
ssent
ed,cl
aimi
ngt
hatt
hegui
del
ines
hadbeensuf
fici
ent
.

Del
egat
edl
egi
slat
ionInTanzani
a
Ther
eis no del
egat
ed l
egi
slat
ion t
heor
eti
cal
ly but i
n pr
act
ice t
her
eis
del
egat
edl
egi
slat
ion.

EXCESSIVEDELEGATION
Del
egat
ion ofpower
s means t
hose power
s,whi
ch ar
e gi
ven by t
he hi
gher
aut
hor
iti
est
othel
oweraut
hor
iti
est
omakecer
tai
nlaws,i
.e.
,power
sgi
venby
t
he l
egi
slat
uret
o admi
nist
rat
ion t
o enactl
aws t
o per
for
m admi
nist
rat
ion
f
unct
ions
Del
egat
ed l
egi
slat
ion shoul
dn'
t be excessi
ve because t
her
e ar
e some
mandat
orypowerwhi
chcannotbedel
egat
ed.

Permi
ssi
bledel
egat
edl
egi
slat
ion;
-
1
.Commencement
(thebegi
nni
ngofsomet
hing.
)
Sever
al st
atues cont
ain an '
appoi
nted day'cl
ause,whi
ch empower
sthe
gover
nmentt
oappoi
ntadayf
ort
heactt
ocomei
ntof
orce.I
nsuchcases,t
he
oper
ati
onoft
heactdependsont
hedeci
sionoft
hegover
nment
.
2.Suppl
yingdet
ail
s:
I
fthe l
egi
slat
ive pol
icy i
sfor
mul
ated by t
he l
egi
slat
ure,t
he f
unct
ion of
suppl
yingdet
ail
smaybedel
egat
edt
otheexecut
ivef
orgi
vingef
fectt
othe
pol
icy.Whati
sdel
egat
edher
eisananci
llar
yfunct
ioni
nai
doft
heexer
ciseof
t
hel
egi
slat
ivef
unct
ion.
3.Modi
ficat
ions:
Somet
imes,pr
ovi
sionsar
emadei
nthest
atut
eaut
hor
izi
ng t
heexecut
ivet
o
modi
fyt
heexi
sti
ngst
atut
ebef
oreappl
icat
ion.Thi
sisr
eal
lyadr
ast
icpower
asi
tamount
sto an amendmentoft
he act
,whi
ch i
sa l
egi
slat
ive act
,but
somet
imes,t
hisf
lexi
bil
ityi
snecessar
ytodealwi
tht
hel
ocalcondi
tions.
4.Prescri
bingpuni
shment
s:
I
nsomecasest
hel
egi
slat
uredel
egat
est
otheexecut
ivet
hepowert
otake
puni
tiveact
ions.
5.Incl
usi
on:
Somet
imes,t
hel
egi
slat
urepassesanActandmakesi
tappl
icabl
e,i
nthef
irst
i
nst
ance,t
osomear
easandcl
assesofper
sons,butempower
stheGover
nmentt
o
ext
endt
hepr
ovi
sionst
her
eoft
odi
ffer
entt
err
itor
ies,per
sonsorcommodi
ties,
et
c.e.
g.,t
heTr
ansf
erofPr
oper
tyAct
,1882wasmadeappl
icabl
etot
hewhol
eof
I
ndi
aexceptcer
tai
nar
eas,butt
heGover
nmentwasaut
hor
izedt
oappl
ythe
pr
ovi
sionsoft
heActt
othosear
easal
so.
6.Excl
usi
on:
Ther
ear
esomest
atut
eswhi
chempowert
heGover
nmentt
oexemptf
rom t
hei
r
oper
ati
oncer
tai
nper
sons,t
err
itor
ies,commodi
ties,et
c.E.
g.,Sect
ion36oft
he
Payment of Bonus Act
,1965 empower
sthe Gover
nment t
o exempt any
est
abl
ishmentoracl
assofest
abl
ishment
sfr
om t
heoper
ati
onoft
heAct
.Such
pr
ovi
sion i
ntr
oduces f
lexi
bil
ity i
n t
he scheme of t
he l
egi
slat
ion. The
Legi
slat
urewhi
chi
sbur
denedwi
thheavyl
egi
slat
ivewor
kisunabl
etof
ind
t
ime t
o consi
der i
n det
ail har
dshi
ps and di
ffi
cul
ties l
ikel
ytor
esul
tin
enf
orci
ngt
hel
egi
slat
ion.
7.Suspensi
on:
Some st
atut
esaut
hor
ize t
he Gover
nmentt
osuspend orr
elax t
he pr
ovi
sions
cont
ained t
her
ein.e.
g.underSect
ion48(
1)oft
he Tea Act
,1953,t
he Cent
ral
Gover
nment i
s empower
ed under cer
tai
n ci
rcumst
ances t
o suspend t
he
oper
ati
onofal
loranyoft
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hesai
dAct
.
8.Appl
icat
ionofexi
sti
ngl
aws:
Somest
atut
esconf
ert
hepoweront
heexecut
ivet
oadoptandappl
yst
atut
es
exi
sti
ngi
not
herSt
ateswi
thoutmodi
ficat
ions(
wit
hinci
dent
alchanges)t
oa
new ar
ea.Ther
eis no unconst
itut
ional del
egat
ion i
n such cases,as t
he
l
egi
slat
ivepol
icyi
slai
ddowni
nthest
atut
ebyt
hecompet
entl
egi
slat
ure.
9.Frami
ngofRul
es:
A del
egat
ion of power t
ofr
ame r
ules,bye-
laws,r
egul
ati
ons,et
c.i
s not
unconst
itut
ional
,pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
her
ules,bye-
lawsandr
egul
ati
onsar
erequi
red
t
obe l
aid bef
oret
he l
egi
slat
ure bef
oret
heycome i
ntof
orce and pr
ovi
ded
f
urt
hert
hatt
hel
egi
slat
urehaspowert
oamend,modi
fyorr
epealt
hem.

I
mpermi
ssi
bleDel
egat
edLegi
slat
ions
The f
oll
owi
ng f
unct
ions,on t
he ot
her hand,cannot be del
egat
ed by t
he
Legi
slat
uret
otheExecut
ive:
-
1
.Essent
iall
egi
slat
ivef
unct
ions:
Event
hought
her
eisnospeci
ficbari
ntheConst
itut
ionofI
ndi
aagai
nstt
he
del
egat
ionofl
egi
slat
ivepowerbyt
hel
egi
slat
uret
otheexecut
ive,i
tisnow
wel
l-set
tledt
hatessent
iall
egi
slat
ivef
unct
ionscannotbedel
egat
edbyt
he
l
egi
slat
uret
otheexecut
ive.I
not
herwor
ds,l
egi
slat
ivepol
icymustbel
aid
downbyt
hel
egi
slat
urei
tsel
fandbyent
rust
ingt
hispowert
otheexecut
ive,t
he
l
egi
slat
urecannotcr
eat
eapar
all
ell
egi
slat
ure.

2.
Repealofl
aw:
Powert
orepeala l
aw i
sessent
ial
lya l
egi
slat
ive f
unct
ion,and t
her
efor
e,
del
egat
ionofpowert
otheexecut
ivet
orepealal
aw i
sexcessi
vedel
egat
ion
andi
sul
travi
res.
3.
Modi
ficat
ion:
Powert
omodi
fyt
heActi
nit
simpor
tantaspect
sisanessent
iall
egi
slat
ive
f
unct
ion and,t
her
efor
e,del
egat
ion ofpowert
o modi
fy an Actwi
thoutany
l
imi
tat
ioni
snotper
missi
ble.

4.
Exempt
ion:
(st
ateofbei
ngf
reef
rom anobl
igat
ion)
Theaf
oresai
dpr
inci
pleappl
iesi
ncaseofexempt
ional
so,andt
hel
egi
slat
ure
cannotdel
egat
ethepowerofexempt
iont
otheexecut
ivewi
thoutl
ayi
ngdown
t
henor
msandpol
icyf
ort
hegui
danceoft
hel
att
er.

5.
Removalofdi
ffi
cul
ties:
Under t
he gui
se of enabl
ing t
he execut
ive t
oremove di
ffi
cul
ties,t
he
l
egi
slat
urecannotenactaHenr
yVI
IIcl
auseandt
her
ebydel
egat
eessent
ial
l
egi
slat
ive f
unct
ionst
othe execut
ive,whi
chcoul
d notot
her
wise have been
del
egat
ed.

6.
Ret
rospect
iveoperat
ion:
(looki
ngbackon)
Thel
egi
slat
urehaspl
enar
ypowerofl
aw maki
ngandi
nIndi
a,Par
liamentcan
passanyl
aw pr
ospect
ivel
yorr
etr
ospect
ivel
ysubj
ectt
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Const
itut
ion.Butt
hispr
inci
ple cannotbe appl
ied i
nthe case ofdel
egat
ed
l
egi
slat
ion.

7.
Fut
ureAct
s:
Thel
egi
slat
urecanempowert
heexecut
ivet
oadoptandappl
ythel
awsexi
sti
ng
i
not
herSt
ates,buti
tcannotdel
egat
ethepowerbywhi
cht
heexecut
ivecan
adopt t
he l
aws whi
ch may be passed i
nfut
ure,as t
hisi
s essent
ial
lya
l
egi
slat
ivef
unct
ion.

8.
Imposi
tionofTaxes:
Thepowert
oimposeat
axi
sessent
ial
lyal
egi
slat
ivef
unct
ion.UnderAr
ticl
e
265oft
heConst
itut
ionnot
axcanbel
evi
edorcol
lect
edsavebyaut
hor
ityofl
aw,
andher
e‘l
aw’meansl
awenact
edbyt
hecompet
entl
egi
slat
ureandnotmadeby
t
heexecut
ive.
9.
Oust
erofj
uri
sdi
cti
onofcourt
s:
The l
egi
slat
ure cannotempowert
he execut
ive bywhi
ch t
he j
uri
sdi
cti
on of
cour
tsmaybeoust
ed.
Thi
sisapur
elegi
slat
ivef
unct
ion.

1
0.Of
fencesandPenal
ty:
Themaki
ngofapar
ticul
aracti
ntoanof
fenceandpr
escr
ibi
ngpuni
shmentf
or
i
tis an essent
ial l
egi
slat
ive f
unct
ion and cannot be del
egat
ed by t
he
l
egi
slat
uret
othe execut
ive.However
,ift
he l
egi
slat
urel
ays down t
he
st
andar
dsorpr
inci
plest
obef
oll
owedbyt
heexecut
ivei
ndef
ini
nganof
fence
andpr
ovi
dest
hel
imi
tsofpenal
ties,suchdel
egat
ioni
sper
missi
ble.

SAFEGUARDANDCONTROL

J
UDICIALCONTROL
Thi
sist
headmi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
ice,wher
ebyj
udi
ciar
yorcour
tcancont
rol
t
wot
hings;
-
1
.Thegover
nment
2.Thel
egi
slat
ure

Thecour
tcancheck;
-
1
.theabuseofpower
2.t
heval
idi
tyoft
hosepower
.

Subst
ant
ivel
awi
sthest
atut
ory,orwr
itt
enl
aw,t
hatdef
inesr
ight
sanddut
ies,
such as cr
imes and puni
shment
s(i
nthe cr
imi
nal l
aw)
,ci
vilr
ight
s and
r
esponsi
bil
iti
esi
nci
vill
aw.

J
UDICIALREVIEW
Meani
ngofJ
udi
cialrevi
ew.
Thepowerwhi
chi
sgi
vent
othehi
ghcour
tofl
aw t
orevi
ew t
heact
ionsoft
he
execut
iveandl
egi
slat
ivebr
anchesi
scal
ledj
udi
cialr
evi
ew.
Marburyv.Madi
son,
Fact
s
Onhi
slastdayi
nof
fice,Pr
esi
dentJ
ohnAdamsnamedf
ort
y-t
woj
ust
icesoft
he
peaceandsi
xteennewci
rcui
tcour
tjust
icesf
ort
heDi
str
ictofCol
umbi
aunder
t
heOr
gani
cAct
.TheOr
gani
cActwasanat
temptbyt
heFeder
ali
stst
otake
cont
roloft
hef
eder
alj
udi
ciar
ybef
oreThomasJ
eff
ersont
ookof
fice.
The commi
ssi
ons(
missi
on or j
ob) wer
e si
gned by Pr
esi
dent Adams and
seal
ed(
secur
ed)byact
ingSecr
etar
yofSt
ateJ
ohnMar
shal
l(whol
aterbecame
Chi
efJ
ust
iceoft
heSupr
emeCour
tandaut
horoft
hisopi
nion)
,butt
heywer
enot
del
iver
ed(
provi
ded orf
urni
shed)bef
oret
he expi
rat
ion ofAdams’
ster
m as
pr
esi
dent
.ThomasJ
eff
ersonr
efusedt
ohonort
hecommi
ssi
ons,cl
aimi
ngt
hat
t
heywer
einval
idbecauset
heyhadnotbeendel
iver
edbyt
heendofAdams’
s
t
erm.
Wi
lli
am Mar
bur
y(P)wasani
ntendedr
eci
pientofanappoi
ntmentasj
ust
iceof
t
hepeace.Mar
bur
yappl
ieddi
rect
lyt
otheSupr
emeCour
toft
heUni
tedSt
ates
f
orawr
it(
cour
tor
der
)ofmandamust
ocompelJ
eff
erson’
sSecr
etar
yofSt
ate,
J
amesMadi
son(
D),t
odel
ivert
hecommi
ssi
ons.TheJ
udi
ciar
yActof1
789had
gr
ant
edt
heSupr
emeCour
tor
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oissuewr
itsofmandamus
“
…toanycour
tsappoi
nted,orper
sonshol
dingof
fice,undert
heaut
hor
ityoft
he
Uni
tedSt
ates.

Hel
d
I
twashel
dthatMarburyhasari
ghtt
othecommi
ssi
on,TheSupr
emeCour
thas
t
he aut
hor
ityt
orevi
ew act
s ofCongr
ess and det
ermi
ne whet
her t
hey ar
e
unconst
itut
ionalandt
her
efor
evoi
d.Thel
aw gr
ant
sMar
bur
yar
emedyast
he
ver
yessenceofci
vill
iber
tycer
tai
nlyconsi
stsi
nther
ightofever
yindi
vidual
t
ocl
aimt
hepr
otect
ionoft
hel
awswheneverher
ecei
vesani
njur
y.Oneoft
he
f
irstdut
iesofgover
nmenti
stoaf
for
dthatpr
otect
ion.

J
UDICIARYREVIEW ISOFTHREEWAYS;
-

1
.Legi
slat
iveact
ion
2.Deci
sionact
ion
3.Admi
nist
rat
iveact
ion
SCOPE&NATUREOFJ
UDICIARYREVIEW

1
.Therul
eofl
aw
2.Thel
egi
slat
ion
3.Thej
ust
ici
abl
e
4.Thereasonabl
eness
5.Theabuse
6.Theexcessi
veofpowers

GROUNDSOFJ
UDICI
ARYREVIEW

1
.Noj
uri
sdi
cti
on
Thequest
ionofwhet
heranaut
hor
ityhasj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
omakeadeci
sionor
per
for
m anact
ioni
sofpar
ticul
ari
mpor
tancei
njudi
cialr
evi
ew.Thepower
ofanaut
hor
ityoradeci
sion-
makeri
susual
lyconf
inedt
oast
rict
lydef
ined
ar
eabyi
tsgover
ningst
atut
e,becausei
tispar
liamentt
hrought
hest
atut
e
t
hatgi
vest
hem t
hatpower
.
Thequest
ionofwhet
herornotagr
oundofr
evi
ewconst
itut
esa“
jur
isdi
cti
onal
er
ror
”canhavepar
ticul
arsi
gni
ficancei
ftheActunderwhi
cht
hedeci
sion
wasmadecont
ainsa“
pri
vat
ivecl
ause”t
hatat
tempt
stoexcl
udej
udi
cial
r
evi
ew.The Hi
gh Cour
thas hel
dthatpr
ivat
ive cl
auses ar
e notal
ways
ef
fect
ivet
oexcl
udej
udi
cialr
evi
ewf
orj
uri
sdi
cti
onaler
ror
s.Fur
ther
,most
er
ror
sofanadmi
nist
rat
ivet
ribunalwi
llbej
uri
sdi
cti
onali
ftheyar
eofany
subst
ance.Ther
eiscasel
awont
his(
seeAdmi
nist
rat
ivePowerandt
heLaw
(
det
ail
sin“
Fur
therr
eadi
ng”
,bel
ow)f
orf
urt
herdi
scussi
onont
hist
opi
c).

2.
Errorofl
aw
Er
rorofl
aw i
sacommonj
udi
cialr
evi
ew gr
ound.I
toccur
swhent
hedeci
sion-
makerhasmi
sunder
stoodormi
sappl
iedast
atut
e,f
orexampl
e,byappl
ying
t
he wr
ong cr
iter
ia,oraski
ng t
he wr
ong quest
ion.I
npr
act
ice t
hisof
ten
occur
sbecause t
he deci
sion-
makerhasf
ail
ed t
oread orunder
stand t
he
st
atut
e.I
naddi
tion,wher
epol
icyexi
sts,deci
sion-
maker
scanf
ailt
oreal
ize
i
tsl
imi
tat
ions,somet
imesbel
ievi
ngt
hatt
hepol
icyempower
sthem,r
ather
t
hant
hel
aw.
3.
Improperexerci
seofpower
Acour
twi
lli
nter
fer
ewi
thanadmi
nist
rat
ivedeci
sionorquest
ioni
fitcanbe
shownt
oamountt
oani
mpr
operexer
ciseofpower
.Ther
eisal
argeamount
ofcasel
awont
hevar
iousgr
oundsf
orsuchanat
tack.
Fol
lowi
ngi
sasummar
yoft
hesegr
ounds.I
fyout
hinkoneoft
hesegr
oundsmay
beavai
labl
eyoushoul
dinvest
igat
etheappl
icabl
elawf
urt
her
.

4.
Unreasonabl
eness
Anot
her gr
ound of j
udi
cial r
evi
ew i
sthat an act
ion or deci
sion was so
unr
easonabl
ethatnor
easonabl
ebodywoul
dhaver
eachedi
t.Thi
sisof
ten
cal
led “
mani
fest unr
easonabl
eness”
,or “
Wednesbur
y unr
easonabl
eness”
(
aft
eran ol
d Engl
ish case:Associ
ated Provi
nci
alPi
ct e HousesLt
ur dv
Wednesbur
yCor
por
ati
on[
1948]1KB223)
.Thi
sisadi
ffi
cul
tgr
ound;i
tisnot
enough t
o convi
nce t
he j
udge t
hatt
hey woul
d have made t
he deci
sion
di
ffer
ent
ly,i
tmustbeshownt
hatt
hedeci
sionwasanabsur
dori
rrat
ional
one.A deci
sion-
maker may have act
ed unr
easonabl
y because hi
ghl
y
si
gni
ficantf
act
orswer
enotgi
venpr
operwei
ghtorbecauset
hei
ropi
nion
coul
dnothavebeenr
easonabl
yfor
medont
hei
nfor
mat
ionavai
labl
e(Re
Mi
nist
erf
orI
mmi
grat
ionandMul
ticul
tur
alAf
fai
rs;Expar
teEshet
u[1
999]
HCA21
).Thi
sgr
oundofr
evi
ew hasgi
venr
iset
oanumberofr
ecentcases,
butt
hegener
alpr
inci
pler
emai
nst
hatusual
lyt
hisgr
oundi
sal
astr
esor
t.I
f
i
tiscl
eart
hatt
hedeci
sion-
makerer
red,i
twoul
dusual
lybeevi
dentas
anot
hergr
oundofr
evi
ew,f
orexampl
e,asaner
rorofl
aworf
ail
uret
otake
accountofar
elevantconsi
der
ati
on.

5.
Badf
ait
h
Anot
hergr
oundofat
tackonadmi
nist
rat
iveact
ionst
hatappearont
hei
rfacet
o
bepr
operi
sthatof“
badf
ait
h”.Her
e,i
tisnecessar
ytoshow t
hedeci
sion
wasaf
fect
edbycor
rupt
ion,br
iber
y,di
shonest
yorsi
mil
armal
pract
ice.The
gr
eatdi
ffi
cul
ty,ofcour
se,i
stoobt
ainevi
dencet
opr
ovewhati
sconsi
der
ed
by t
he cour
tst
o be a ver
y gr
ave al
legat
ion agai
nst t
he conduct of
gover
nment
.

6.
Improperdel
egat
ion
Theusualcaseswher
ei operdel
mpr egat
ionhasbeenmadeoutaret
hosewher
ea
bodyr
esponsi
blef
oradeci
siondeci
dedt
oleti
tsj
udgmentbef
ormedbya
body over whi
ch i
t had no cont
rol
.For exampl
e,i
t may be i
mpr
oper
del
egat
ioni
ftheSecr
etar
yofaDepar
tmentl
eftamat
terf
orwhi
cht
hey
wer
eresponsi
blet
oani
ndependentagencyt
odeci
de.
Ifgui
del
ineshadbeen
l
aid down,however
,and t
he Secr
etar
yhad onl
ytr
eat
ed t
he i
ndependent
agency’
svi
ewsasr
ecommendat
ory,t
her
e maybe no gr orj
ound f udi
cial
revi
ew.

Case;
-

A.
GV.
FURMUCH(
1927)

Fact
s
A per
sonwhowasat
eacherwi
thver
ybi
gst
omachwasdi
smi
ssedf
rom school
duet
ohi
sbi
gst
omach.
Hel
d
I
twashel
dthatt
heact
ionwasver
yinl
aw

DOCTRINEOFESTOPPEL

I
nlaw,t
hedoct
rineofest
oppeli
sal
egalpr
inci
plebywhi
chacl
aimantmaybe
pr
event
edf
rom asser
tingal
egalr
ightordependi
ngonasetoff
act
stosuppor
t
acl
aimi
fthatcl
aimanthassai
dordonesomet
hingt
hatcont
radi
ctshi
scur
rent
cl
aim.Thi
sdoct
rineat
tempt
stoavoi
dinj
ust
iceorhar
mtoonepar
tyduet
o
i
nconsi
stenci
esofanot
herpar
ty.Al
thought
her
ear
esever
alf
ormsofest
oppel
,
adoct
rineofest
oppelgener
all
yinvol
vesapr
omi
seorr
epr
esent
ati
onbyone
par
tyt
hati
nfl
uences t
he behavi
oroft
he second par
ty,who r
eli
es on t
he
ver
aci
tyoft
hepr
omi
seorr
epr
esent
ati
on.Forexampl
e,i
fadogbr
eederagr
ees
t
ogi
veacust
omeraf
reedog,hecannotmakeacl
aimf
ort
hepr
iceoft
hedog
si
x mont
hsl
ater
.The doct
rine ofest
oppelpr
event
shi
mfr
om asser
ting hi
s
ot
her
wisel
egi
timat
eri
ghtt
opaymentf
ort
hedogduet
other
epr
esent
ati
on
t
hathemadet
othecust
omert
hatt
hedogwoul
dbef
ree.
PUBLICACCOUNTABILITY
Theobl
igat
ionsofagenci
esandpubl
icent
erpr
iseswhohavebeent
rust
edwi
th
t
he publ
ic r
esour
ces, t
o be answer
abl
e t
o t
he f
iscal and t
he soci
al
r
esponsi
bil
iti
es t
hat have been assi
gned t
othem.These compani
es and
agenci
esneedt
obeaccount
abl
etot
hepubl
icatl
argeandcar
ryoutt
hedut
ies
askedoft
hem r
esponsi
bly.