A paper Review on

Optimization of Power Transmission in Hybrid Vehicles using Fuzzy Logic

Controller

By

Tigist Andarge

Id.No PGR/19303/12

School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering

Department of Mechanical Systems and Vehicle Engineering

Program: MSc. in Automotive Engineering

Adama Science and Technology University

Submitted to: Ramesh Babu N. (PhD)

Adama, Ethiopia

July 2020
Acronym

(ANN): artificial neutral network

(EM): electric motor

(EREVs):.Extended Range Electric Vehicles

(FC): Fuel Consumption

(FCEV): fuel cell electric vehicle

(HEV): hybrid electrical vehicle

(HSV): Hybrid Solar Vehicle

(ICE): internal combustion engines

(MFs): member ship function

(MPP): maximum power point

(NEDC): new European drive cycle

(PEVs): pure electric vehicles

(PHEV): parallel hybrid electric vehicles

(PV): photo voltaic

(REVS): renewable energy vehicle simulate

(SOC): state of charge

 Abstract

This comprehensive review converses on Optimization of Power Transmission in Hybrid Vehicles

using Fuzzy Logic Controller.

Currently in the world there is an increasing transportation system in day to day life this is because
of the increasing of population, so the modern technology is focused to decrease the transportation
system by invention a modern cars on the world for the development of transport system .In this
case the transport and the growth of population have direct relation. This cars may be causing
serious possessions to the environment and to humans, such as global warming, and depletion of
oil reserves, and also air pollution is rapidly increasing and affecting most of the major cities of
the world. These increased is mainly due to the emission of carbon dioxide and other toxic gases
from the vehicles which leads to gradual increasing in global warming. This situation encourages
the research for brand excellent new energy forms and devices with higher energy efficiency. The
adoption of hybrid propulsion technology has contributed, considerably, to reducing gases such
as oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur and the reduction of particulate materials. The term
"hybrid” derives from the combination of two or more power sources, and the most common
combination is through of an internal combustion engine (ICE), commonly used in conventional
vehicles, beside the battery and motor (EM) utilized in EVs (Electric Vehicles). In general, the
most reason to use electric hybrid architecture is that the additional degree of freedom thanks to
the presence of a further energy source, which means that, at each instant, the power required by
the vehicle can be provided by one of these sources, or a combination of both. Choose the correct
combination is usually a complex task. The results of this compressive literature review is to gat
lot of research idea and after this I can find the different kinds gap of problem and it is important
to identify a new problem and it is important for my project strategy.

Key words-fuzzy logic, Hybrid vehicles, Matlab / Simulink

1. Introduction to Hybrid Vehicle
The invention of Internal Combustion Engine was very interesting and most welcomed
development of the century. Since the first innovation of four stroke cycle by Nicolas Otto, there
was always a revolution in Automobile field. Petrol and Diesel became the most source of fuel for
these vehicles. This technology made Human Efforts very easy through commercializing in the
market. Later through 20th century scientists noticed that these machines are very helpful for
human being and they also need advancement to make them efficient and effective in cost and
power utilization. Due, to which it became the commercial success and its use in the day to day
period increased. People could reach thousands of kilometers/miles in hours with the help of this
technology. Later on as we know everything has its own merits there is also demerit of this
technology. As time passes researchers discover that the rate of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) suddenly increased at the dangerous level in the beginning of 21st Century
which made a negative impact on Ecosystem, reason for Global Warming, Health related issues,
etc. This forced Scientist, Researchers and Policymakers to focus or made them start thinking for
Green Technology or the technology which can stop the adverse effect happening on Nature.
(Karan C. Prajapati, 2014).

Recently due to many studies and researches on reducing the adverse effect of petroleum fuels,
engineers and scientist were looking for new source of energy which can substitute petroleum
fuels. Meany researches have been conducted to replace petroleum fuel with other alternative fuels
like biodiesel alcohol, natural gases and etc. Now a day’s electric vehicle (EV), hybrid electrical
vehicle (HEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) have become one of the most viable
alternatives solutions to conventional vehicles, which are driven only by internal combustion
engines (ICE) (F. Khoucha1, 2010).

Hybrid Electric Vehicles include two energy converters to generate the power required to drive
the vehicle and operate other electric accessories. Typically, the architecture of these vehicles
includes an ICE with an associated fuel tank and an electric machine with an associated energy
storage system ( battery and/or ultra-capacitor) Suitable management of power flow or
distribution of torque may be a critical issue for the implementation of HEV’s. This task is
performed by HEV control strategy. The HEV control strategy determines which power source
must be used according to the driver’s torque demand at a specific speed and the precise features

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of the driving situation. In other words, the control strategy is the algorithm according to which
energy is produced, distributed and stored (F. Khoucha1, 2010).

As recent studies show the technologies which will change the face of Automobile Sector would
be “Hybrid Electric Vehicle”, “Hybrid Solar Vehicle”, “Hydrogen Fuel Cell”, etc. From all this
Hybrid Electric Vehicle is considered to be the most industrially matured technology and has an
efficient running than Petrol/Diesel/CNG while Hybrid Solar Vehicle has lower efficiency than
vehicle running on Petrol/Diesel/CNG. So, this technology is for drivers who want to hide less
distance. To overcome this constraint, “Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle” came into existence
(Karan C. Prajapati, 2014).

According to an article (Karan C. Prajapati, 2014) Toyota Prius Series named Pirus I is considered
to be the first example of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology in Toyota Company. Astrolabe is
an example of Hybrid Solar Vehicle and Chevrolet Volt is the first plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Type of Hybrid Vehicle

A. Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

A hybrid electric vehicle may be a sort of hybrid vehicle which mixes a standard combustion
engine system with an electrical system. Or during a technical way, a Hybrid Electric Vehicle may
be a sort of technology which indulges both mechanical drive train and electric vehicle.

A mechanical drive consists of the Fuel tank (containing conventional fuels like
petrol/diesel/CNG), the Combustion Engine, the gear box and transmission to the wheels in Figure
1.

Figure 1: Flow of energy within a mechanical drive train

An electric drive consists of the Battery, an electric motor and Power Electronics for control as
shown in Figure 2.

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 Figure 2 Flow of energy within an electric drive train

Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Series Hybrid: (M. Barcaro, 2009) The traction power is delivered by the electric motor, while
the internal combustion engine, via a generator, produces electric power to drive the electric motor
(M. Ehsani Y. G., 2005). The excess power is then stored in the battery pack. The Internal
Combustion Engine is decoupled from the driven wheels and can be operated mostly in the
maximum efficiency region. The major shortcomings of the series hybrid drive train configurations
are the high power installed in each component and the request of a generator. In fact the energy
from the Internal Combustion Engine is converted twice before to drive the wheels. Thus the
system is more expensive than the parallel one (Karan C. Prajapati, 2014).

Figure 3 Series Hybrid Structure

Parallel Hybrid: As shown in below (M. Barcaro, 2009) There is direct mechanical connection
between the hybrids power unit and the wheels. In addition, this layout has an electrical traction
motor that drives the wheels and may recuperate a share of the braking energy, so as to charge the
batteries (regenerative braking) or help combustion Engine during acceleration conditions. In fact,
combustion Engine and motor are coupled by a robot. Then the electrical machine are often
designed with a reduced capability, i.e. cost and volume. There are several configurations counting
on the structure of the mechanical combination between the interior Combustion Engine and
therefore the electrical motor. There can be a torque-coupling with a single shaft or two shaft
configuration, a speed-coupling with planetary gear unit, a merge of both previous coupling.

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 Figure 4 Parallel Hybrid Structure

Series-Parallel Hybrid: As shown in below (M. Barcaro, 2009) the series layout and the parallel
layout are merged together in order to have both advantages. In particular the ICE is in a position
to provide the electrical motor or charge the battery because of a generator.

Figure 5 Series Parallel Hybrid Structure

Complex Hybrid: (M. Barcaro, 2009) There are two separate mechanical links obtaining a light-
weight transmission and a versatile mounting. As an example, the front wheels are powered by
hybrid propulsion, while the rear wheels have a pure electric system. There’s a wi-deflexibility on
the facility flux managing.

B. Hybrid Solar Vehicle (HSV)

This technology is an integration of Vehicle and Photovoltaic Panels. Normally, photovoltaic

panels are mounted on the roof-tops of the vehicles. It is also classified into four types such as
Series Hybrid, Parallel Hybrid, Series-Parallel Hybrid and Complex Hybrid. Out of which, Series
Hybrid technology is very efficient and more research is going on this type as shown in Figure 6.

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 Figure 6 Basic Diagram of series Hybrid Solar Vehicle (Zs. Preitl, 2006)

C. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is similar to the hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) on the market
today, but it has a larger battery that is charged both by the vehicle's gasoline engine and from
plugging into a standard 110 V/230V electrical outlet for a few hours each day (Karan C. Prajapati,
2014).

Classifications of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Series Plug-In Hybrids: (Karan C. Prajapati, 2014) Also called as Extended Range Electric
Vehicles (EREVs). Only the electric motor turns the wheels; the gasoline engine is only used to
generate electricity. Series plug-ins can run solely on electricity until the battery needs to be
recharged. The gasoline engine then generates electricity to power the electric motor. For shorter
trips, these vehicles might use no gasoline at all.

Parallel or Blended Plug-In Hybrids: (Karan C. Prajapati, 2014) both the engine and electric
motor are mechanically connected to the wheels, and both propel the vehicle under most driving
conditions. Electric-only operation usually occurs only at low speeds.

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2. Literature review

Power optimization of Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Besides to reducing the emission level and environmental effect of IC engines and the reliability
and comfort are also the main advantage of hybrid electric vehicle. Despite on the obvious benefits
of electric and hybrid vehicles, the market still grow slowly because of one major challenge that
due to the performances of the energy storage systems. At present, almost all pure electric vehicles
(PEVs) are equipped with galvanic electrochemical batteries, which have lower energy density
(J/m3 or J/kg) compared to petrol (S. PIRIIENKO, 2016).While high-end cars like Tesla model X
provide more than 450 km travel range, the average-cost electric vehicles can drive far less than
conventional cars (S. PIRIIENKO, 2016). There is even a special term – “range anxiety”,
describing the fear that electric vehicle can run out of charge before reaching its destination or
recharging point (S. PIRIIENKO, 2016).

This problem is partially solved in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) equipped with conventional
combustion engines, hydrogen engines or fuel cells. However, such hybrid traction systems, unlike
those in pure electric vehicles, cannot effectively utilize regenerative energy during braking.
Neither can it be captured in pure electric vehicles during intense decelerations because of low
power density and fast degradation of the cells in the battery under high charging currents. These
losses of the braking energy substantially reduce the travelling range of the vehicle. The current
surges under acceleration in the urban driving cycles also significantly reduce the lifetime of the
batteries. Even when using the battery management systems that directly control the charging and
discharging rate, cell’s state of charge (SOC), voltage and temperature, the lifetime of the common
traction batteries does not exceed 4–5 years. Meanwhile, the battery is the most expensive part of
electric vehicle.

In (Karan C. Prajapati, 2014) it is described that the first generation of hybrid electric vehicle
manufactured in Toyota named Prius. The main challenge for this project was the life of the battery
and power consumption. The main factors affecting the fuel consumption and emission
performance of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) include the performance parameters of various
powertrain components and vehicle control strategy parameters. Optimizing the parameters of the

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powertrain and control strategy won't only end during an inexpensive match for the powertrain,
but also reduce the vehicle fuel consumption and emissions.

The main idea of hybrid energy storage system is to combine different energy storage technologies
and devices (e.g., batteries, fuel cells, solar panels, ultra-caps, etc.) into the coherent system with
special control strategy, which may use the benefits of every energy source so as to enhance overall
performances.

At this stage, the energy management strategy based on logic threshold is mainly used in HEVs
(Jingxian Hao, 2016). The focus is to predetermine variety of threshold parameters that make the
engine and battery add the high efficiency area. The battery charging and discharging efficiency
also are considered so as to properly distribute the driver’s required torque to the engine and motor,
thereby attaining an honest vehicle fuel economy and emission performance. In vehicle tests, the
predefined parameter values of the logic threshold control strategy are usually obtained by trial
and error supported engineering experience. This method requires considerable debugging time to
acquire satisfactory results both in simulation and vehicle transfer hub test for the defined typical
driving cycle. In addition, this method cannot ensure optimal global parameters (Jingxian Hao,
2016).

Therefore, it's necessary to adopt an optimization method which will automatically search the
globally optimized threshold parameters for the energy management strategy (Jingxian Hao,
2016).

As it is concluded in (S. PIRIIENKO, 2016) adding ultra-capacitors to the energy storage of

electric vehicle improves vehicle’s dynamic performances and allows the battery of less capacity
to be installed. Ultra-capacitors also smooth currents flowing from and to the battery, thus improve
its operating conditions. It is proven that among various “battery plus ultra-capacitor” schematic
solutions, the foremost practically feasible is “battery–double buck DC/DC converter–ultra
capacitor” configuration.

Also a regenerative braking system is an energy recovery mechanism which slows down a vehicle
by converting its K.E. into another form, normally into electricity, which may be used immediately
or stored until needed in high voltage batteries. The electric motor is operated in reverse during
braking or coasting, acting as generator. The rotors of electrical traction motor are including

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wheels, they experience opposing torque as current is induced within the motor coils. (ms.pdf>,
2014)The wheels transfer kinetic energy via drivetrain to generator. At an equivalent time,
generator resistance produced from the electricity created, slows the vehicle. When more braking
torque is required than the generator alone can provide, additional braking is accomplished by
friction brakes.

What is Fuzzy Logic controller

Fuzzy logic idea is analogous to the human being’s feeling and inference process. Unlike classical
control strategy, which may be a point-to-point control, symbolic logic control may be a range-to-
point or range-to-range control. The output of a fuzzy controller springs from fuzzifications of
both inputs and outputs using the associated membership functions. A crisp input are going to be
converted to the various members of the associated membership functions supported its value.
From now of view, the output of a symbolic logic controller is predicated on its memberships of
the various membership functions, which may be considered as a variety of inputs.

Fuzzy ideas and symbolic logic are so often utilized in our routine life that no-one even pays
attention to them. For instance, to answer some questions in certain surveys, most time one could
answer with 'Not Very Satisfied' or 'Quite Satisfied', which are also fuzzy or ambiguous answers.
Exactly to what degree is one satisfied or dissatisfied with some service or product for those
surveys? These vague answers can only be created and implemented by human beings, but not
machines. Is it possible for a computer to answer those survey questions directly as a human beings
did? It is absolutely impossible. Computers can only understand either '0' or '1', and 'HIGH' or
'LOW'. Those data are called crisp or classic data and may be processed by all machines.

Is it possible to allow computers to handle those ambiguous data with the help of a human being?
If so, how can computers and machines handle those vague data? The answer to the first question
is yes. But to answer the second question, we'd like some symbolic logic techniques and knowledge
of fuzzy inference system.

This theory is stated by Professor Lotfi A Zedah in1965 and recently in the last 25 years this theory
get into applications. Now a days, control devices are been designed to use this logic. Fuzzy logic
controller is one of the intelligent controller used in different application.

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A PHEV incorporates two power drives, including an ICE and an IM. Therefore, it is the task of
the PHEV control strategy to determine how to distribute the driver required torque between the
ICE and the IM (Langari, 2002). For positive torque requests, the sum of the engine and motor
torques should be equal to the driver torque request. However, for negative torque request where
the driver is braking, the engine torque is “0” and the sum of the motor and brake torques would
be equal to the driver request.

The PHEV control strategy is designed at several simultaneous targets such as minimization of
Fuel Consumption (FC) and exhaust emissions (HC, CO, and NOx). These aspects are often in
conflict with each other, where the minimum fuel consumption does not necessarily result in the
minimum emissions, which implies the need for an additional solution (M. Ehsani Y. G., 2004)

(S. Delprat, 2004). The main aim of the control strategy is that the vehicle must follow the driver
request. This means that the total torque delivered by the ICE and the IM must be determined such
that the driver torque requests (from brake and accelerator pedals) are consistently satisfied. The
driver request is like the driving cycle. Therefore, control strategy must perform such that the
driving cycle is adequately tracked. Another aim for the control strategy is its ability to allow
extended drive ranges, acceleration and deceleration performances. Indeed, short drive range is
obviously the most significant problem with current battery EVs (N.J. Schouten, 2003). EVs drive
range can be extended by improving battery energy performance, increasing the efficiency of the
propulsion motors and the power electronics interface, or recovering regenerative braking energy.

It should be noted that in addition to the above constraints, there are also some physical constraints
such as ICE torque limits, electric motor torque limits, and battery power limits. These limits are
hard constraints that cannot be violated. In (F. Khoucha1, 2010), these constraints are imposed on
the component models.

Intelligent control such FLC has become more and more popular as the modern computers
capabilities have considerably increased. The reason (F. Khoucha1, 2010) using Fuzzy logic was,
because it can handle both nonlinear data and linguistic knowledge.

In (F. Khoucha1, 2010) the fuzzy logic controller used to accomplish the same task more
efficiently and without the use of lookup tables or interpolation. The main objective of this
controller is to force the ICE to work in the vicinity of its optimal operating points. The optimal

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operating points are determined based on ICE parameters at the current vehicle speed so as to
minimize instantaneous fuel consumption and emissions for all torques at the current speed are
taken from the engine maps. At any particular point in time, the ICE speed is determined based on
the powertrain configuration and the current gear ratio. This is the speed at which instantaneous
optimization is performed. For the present speed, all possible torques provided by the ICE are
considered.

The FLC structure used in (F. Khoucha1, 2010) is shown below in the figure and the two main
parts are structure (input and output variables, fuzzy rules structure, number and type of
Membership Functions (MFs), the inference mechanism type, operators, and defuzzification
method) and parameters (related to MFs and fuzzy rules).

Figure 7 Schematic of the proposed fuzzy control strategy (F. Khoucha1, 2010)

In (F. Khoucha1, 2010) the proposed Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle fuzzy controller has been
implemented and simulated via the advanced vehicle simulator ADVISOR using the European
urban (ECE-15) and sub-urban (EUDC) driving cycles. The Simulation outcomes disclose that the
proposed fuzzy torque transfer strategy is effective over the whole operating range of the car in
terms of performance and fuel economy.

In (Junyi Liang, 2017), It is also discussed that fuzzy logic-based EMS is developed for proper
management of power distribution in a parallel HEV, which is equipped with a battery/UC-based
HESS. Fuzzy system parameters are optimized by using genetically algorithm to reduce fuel
consumption and three emissions (HC, CO, and NOx) over the ECE driving cycle.

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Dinçer Mehmet Baharand et.al (2008). Hear the researchers examine on the Development of
Control Strategy Based on Fuzzy Logic Control for a Parallel Hybrid Vehicle. Overhear the control
algorithm will be modeled and simulated on the fuzzy engine MATLAB Fuzzy Logic Tool-BOX.
Fuzzy control system can be divided into the main sections each sections have its own function
this are, Fuzzification, Rules, and Degree of membership, Inference, and Defuzzification. The
control algorithm settled in this paper is fuzzy based power distribution between ICE and EM to
operate these units as possible as on the most efficient operating points according to the driver’s
requests and situations of the other components like batteries. The simulation results of the PHEV
and conventional vehicle configurations will be particular for the New European Drive Cycle
(NEDC) because the demanded power values will be more proper for the FLC algorithm to point
out all operating conditions.

Shichun Yang and et.al (2010). In their paper the torque distribution fuzzy controller which has
been designed for the hybrid vehicle which is optimized by genetic algorithms. The model of the
hybrid vehicle was built upon matlab / simulink and ADVISOR software. A fuzzy rules and
communicator membership functions had remained proven and therefore the input language
variable and output language variable use trapeziform and deltoid membership functions. After the
design of fuzzy logic torque controller, the genetic algorithm was introduced and used it to
optimize the fuzzy logic torque controller.

Zhang Yi and et.al (2011). In their paper they investigate the design method of a torque control
strategy for parallel hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) by using fuzzy logic. By enchanting the
driving force command, the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, and therefore the motor/generator
speed as inputs, a fuzzy controller and relevant fuzzy rules are developed to effectively determine
the torque distribution between motor (EM) and combustion engine (ICE). A torque control
strategy based on fuzzy logic for parallel hybrid electric vehicles is developed to optimize the
operation of all major PHEV components and optimize the operational efficiency of all
components. Then they are using an advanced vehicle simulator (ADVISOR) in
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. For simulation in and they get the final results under NEDC
show potential improvement by applying fuzzy logic, over conventional strategy that relies on
Boolean logic.

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Professor Dr. Sorush Niknamian. In his research, the control structure has been investigated due
to the complexity of hybrid electric vehicle powertrain. From the view point of hierarchy, the
switching strategy relates to upper hierarchy and plays the key role in systems operating. The
strategy of fuzzy control for driving capability of hybrid car is balancing the battery charge. Thus,
the control strategy is as the performance of combustion engine is optimal at low speed areas. The
designed control strategy apples an inductive engine to compensate the shortage of demanded
torque from the driving cycle to improve the performance of combustion engine. At higher speeds,
as the combustion engine acts at better efficiency, it is better to use inductive engine to charge the
batteries. After the design of control strategy, it is implemented on Advisor modes software.
Indicates parallel hybrid car with the designed control strategy. The fuzzy control strategy can
keep the charge stage of batteries at good range.

Emad M. Natsheh and Alhussein Albarbar (2013). Offerings a novel adaptive scheme for energy
management in stand-alone hybrid power systems. The pro- posed management system is meant
to manage the facility flow between the hybrid power grid and energy storage elements so as to
satisfy the load requirements based on artificial neural network (ANN) and symbolic logic
controllers. The neural network controller is employed to achieve the maximum power point
(MPP) for different types of photo- voltaic (PV) panels. The advance mathematical logic controller
is developed to distribute the power among the hybrid system and to manage the charge and
discharge current flow for performance optimization. The Simulation results are obtained by
developing MATLAB/SIMULINK software .The dynamic simulation model is described for a
hybrid power system consists of a PV panels, wind turbine, PEM fuel cell, and lithium-ion (Li-
Ion) battery bank, dc-dc and dc-ac converters. The mathematical models describing the dynamic
behavior of every of those components.

Reza Ghorbani, and et.al. the researchers examine the Energy Management Of A Series Parallel
Hybrid Electric Vehicle by Using Fuzzy Controller .They present A series parallel hybrid electric
vehicle (HEV) with a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) and the power split device
are designed using REVS (Renewable Energy Vehicle Simulator) . REVS provides new libraries
to model different vehicle configurations in addition to Matlab/Simulink standard toolboxes. For
the design they used a model of Toyota Prius .Fuzzy controller has been used to control the power
flow as well as to track the vehicle velocity and they developed a fuzzy controller to simulate the

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driver and to command the acceleration and brake pedal. Another fuzzy controller also employed
to manage the power flow in hybrid vehicle. The energy management strategy has been applied
through a rule-based fuzzy approach. Several rules are wont to determine, supported the facility
demand value, what proportion power to urge from motor if the facility demand is positive. The
vehicle has been simulated with REVS by velocity commands.

Scott Jason Moura, and et.al (2010). researchers examines the problem of optimally splitting driver
power demand among the different actuators in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV).the main
goal of this paper is to develop power management algorithms that optimize the way a PHEV splits
its overall power demand among its various, and sometimes redundant, actuators. In their work
they contributes three things. Generally this paper demonstrates the use of stochastic dynamic
programming for optimal PHEV power management.

Niels J. Schouten and et.al (2002). In their research they proposed a fuzzy logic controller for
hybrid vehicles with parallel configuration. The power controller optimizes the energy flow
between the main components of the PHV and optimizes the energy generation and conversion in
the individual components (ICE, EM, transmission, and battery). The power controller ensures that
the driver inputs (from brake and accelerator pedals) are satisfied consistently, the battery is
sufficiently charged at all times, and the fuel economy of the PHV is optimized. The simulation
results, using the driving cycles described in the SAE J1711 standard, show potential improvement
by using fuzzy logic, over other strategies that optimize only the ICE efficiency.

Abdulla A. Karmustaji (2016). In his research an optimization based power flow controller is
presented to find the appropriate power split between the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and
the electric motor to reduce the energy consumption and emissions. However, he was not taken
emissions into consideration in the results due to lack of reliable results. A plant model of each
component of the vehicle was built in Simulink to evaluate the performance of each controller.
The results for both optimization based power flow controllers using shift schedule and shift logic
show a reduction in energy consumption when compared to the basic controller. Since the
ReTEEM-SS controller uses the shift schedule, experimental tests need to be carried out to obtain
the shifting thresholds. Therefore in simulation it is harder to evaluate the performance of the same
vehicle using different components in the powertrain or different parallel powertrain architectures.

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Sk. Khairul Hasan (2012). In his research he present Fuzzy Logic Controller for Parallel Plug-in
Hybrid Vehicle. In this thesis, he used two fuzzy logic controllers have been developed for the
energy management system of the hybrid vehicle the Simulation and result analysis of developed
fuzzy logic controller based vehicle in UDDS cycle the simulation is done using both fuzzy logic
controllers. The first controller is developed by considering the vehicle is a plug in hybrid vehicle,
and the second controller is developed by considering the vehicle will operate as a parallel hybrid
vehicle where the battery will recharged by the engine only. During simulation through the UDDS
cycle, the default controller in AUTONOMIE has been replaced by the developed fuzzy logic
controllers. The results from the both developed controllers are compared with the default
controller in AUTONOMIE so as to point out performance improvements.

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