Professional Documents
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5 and 6 OCC Contemporary World
5 and 6 OCC Contemporary World
SUBJECT CODE: GE 4
MODULE DESCRIPTION:
In this module, the learners will look into the meaning of global governance through the discussion of the
United Nation’s (UN) organs roles and functions.
This course introduces the students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted
phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic, social,
political, technological, and other transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the
interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe. To this end, the course provides an overview of the
various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the students to the world
outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.
EXPECTED OUTCOME/ OBJECTIVES: At the end of this module, you are expected to:
LESSON CONTENT
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
how international cooperation, through its various institutions, arrangements and rules, could be reformed and
strengthened to achieve and sustain development gains beyond post-2015.
It argues that international cooperation and the resulting governance mechanisms are not working well.
First, the current global governance system is not properly equipped to manage the growing economic integration
and interdependence among countries, both of which are compounded by the current globalization process.
Globalization tends to accentuate interdependencies among countries. Second, global governance structures and
rules are characterized by severe asymmetries in terms of access, scope and outcomes. While developing countries
must abide by and/ or shoulder the effects of global governance rules and regulations, they have limited influence
in shaping them. Meanwhile, the unbalanced nature of globalization implies that important areas of common
interest are currently not covered, or sparsely covered, by global governance mechanisms, while other areas are
considered to be overdetermined or overregulated by a myriad of arrangements with different rules and
provisions, causing fragmentation, increased costs and reduced effectiveness. These deficiencies have contributed
to the generation of asymmetric outcomes among countries and have had important implications for inequality at
the national level as well. Finally, current approaches to global governance and global rules have led to a greater
shrinking of policy space for national Governments, particularly in the developing countries, than necessary for the
efficient management of interdependence; this also impedes the reduction of inequalities within countries.
Five principles are critical to guiding the reforms of global governance and global rules:
(i) Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capacities: This principle calls for
recognizing differences among countries in terms of their contribution and historical
responsibilities in generating common problems, as well as divergences in financial and technical
capacities, in order to address shared challenges. This principle also acknowledges the diversity
of national circumstances and policy approaches—a diversity which should be embedded in the
architecture of global governance as an intrinsic feature of the global community, not as an
exception to general rules.
(ii) Subsidiarity: Issues ought to be addressed at the lowest level capable of addressing them. This
principle implies that some problems can be handled well and efficiently at the local, national,
subregional and regional levels reducing the number of issues that need to be tackled at the
international and supranational level. Subsidiarity suggests an important role for regional
cooperation in addressing issues of mutual concern.
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
(iv) Coherence: Definitions of global rules and processes need to rest on comprehensive approaches,
including the assessment of possible trade-offs, so that actions in different areas will not
undermine or disrupt one another, but instead be mutually reinforcing. Enhanced coherence is
also needed between the international and national spheres of policymaking. This also requires
improved coordination among various stakeholders and enhanced information sharing.
(v) Responsible sovereignty: This principle recognizes that policy cooperation is the best way to
achieve national interests in the global public domain. It also requires Governments and States to
be fully respectful of the sovereignty of other nations so as to fulfil agreed policy outcomes.
After laying out these core principles, this Note then examines how the principles could be applied to
strengthen key areas of international cooperation that are in need of reform. It identifies deficiencies in their
respective governance structures and makes recommendations on how to address the shortcomings based on the
five principles introduced above
In the final section, the Note considers the role of the United Nations in the global governance
architecture. It argues that the General Assembly, with its universal membership and democratic decision-making
process, should function as the main political forum for managing global challenges, in close interaction with the
Economic and Social Council and its subsidiary bodies on economic, social and environmental issues. For the
Organization to utilize its distinct advantages, however, Member States need to strengthen its position in global
governance. In particular, the Note suggests that the Economic and Social Council take on greater responsibility for
advancing the global governance reform agenda, and that it provides guidance to the United Nations system in
addressing current governance deficiencies in areas requiring improved international cooperation. These areas
include the environment, international monetary and financial architecture, capital and labor flows, trade rules
and inequality. Moreover, the Council’s ability to coordinate and guide should be supported by appropriate follow-
up and monitoring mechanisms for bridging the gap between commitments made and their implementation. The
layout of such a system will require special attention in relation to the quantification of targets, data collection,
and definitions and indicators measuring representativeness, inclusiveness, transparency and coherence of global
governance.
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
2. Max Weber (pronounced as Max Veba) defined a state as a polity that maintains
monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. It sounds very cruel but is justifiable if it is
to establish a standard behaviour among residents of the state. For example paying
taxes, keeping the environment clean, respect to other members in the society,
avoiding all actions that destroy the future of the young like drug addiction,
prostitution, theft and burglary, etc.
3. There are four (4) theories of a state: Force Theory, Evolutionary Theory, Divine Right
Theory and Social Contract Theory. A state is created through some force, as the losers
of war subject themselves to the victorious new rulers; the Force Theory follows this
thought. The evolutionary theory supports the idea that formation of states developed
naturally and gradually as by product of historical development, factors of which
include family and kinship, religion, natural social instinct, economic needs and politics.
(Evolutionary Theory)
5. What is then the role of the government running off the state?
Major State responsibilities include schools, hospitals, conservation and
environment, roads, railways and public transport, public works, agriculture and
fishing, industrial relations, community services, sport and recreation, consumer
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
affairs, police, prisons and emergency services. These form government spending and
subsidies that are primarily sourced from taxes. Moreover, government‘s role to
development includes controls over production, distribution, consumption of
commodities. To achieve these objectives, it devises physical controls, monetary and
fiscal measures that are essential for reducing economic and social inequalities
(Suman) that prevail in underdeveloped economies like the Philippines.
Technical Terms
1. Monetary measures are policies on money supply management and interest rates
regulation by the Central Bank that help achieve a macroeconomic objective like
curving inflation, regulating consumption, achieving target growths and maintaining
certain level of liquidity.
2. Fiscal measures are policy handles of the government like taxation and government
spending that greatly affect overall spending adjustments of the country.
3. Economic inequality measures the extent to which income, most commonly measured
by household or individual, is distributed in an uneven manner.
4. Areas of social inequality include access to voting rights, freedom of speech and
assembly, the extent of property rights and access to education, health care, quality
housing, traveling, transportation, vacationing and other social goods and services.
Apart from that, it can also be seen in the quality of family and neighbourhood life,
occupation, job satisfaction, and access to credit. (Social Inequality)
The Republic
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
2. Socrates listened to the various definitions of justice from his companions. Justice is
essentially, giving what is owed. Justice is an art that gives good to friends and evil to
enemies. Justice is but the interest of the stronger. Socrates overturned all these
definitions by asserting that it is advantageous for a man to be just and
disadvantageous to be unjust. Socrates needed to prove that justice is not only
desirable, but that it belongs to the highest class of desirable things.
3. His companions presented advantages of being unjust. The unjust man could grow
wealthy by injustice and does not need to be fearful of Divine judgement in the
afterlife because he can always allocate a portion of his gains to religious losses, thus
rendering him innocent in the eyes of the gods. Socrates emphasized the need to
define justice from the city rather than to a person. The individual is unable to supply
everything he needs and thus seeks provisions from the city he called the Healthy
State.
4. The healthy state needs guardians (now called political leaders) that protect the city
from attacks and the discussion furthered describing what type of education is
appropriate for them in their early years. They concluded that to ascribe evil to the
gods are untrue and hence, should not be taught. What should be the lifestyle of the
guardians? Essentially, the city is assumed to contain individuals who are happy in the
occupations that best suit them. If the city is happy, the individuals are happy.
5. For the guardians, in the physical education and diet, the emphasis is on moderation;
for both poverty and excessive wealth corrupt them. Without controlling their
education, the city cannot control the future rulers. Socrates says that it is pointless to
worry over specific laws, like those pertaining to contracts, since proper education
ensures lawful behavior, and poor education causes lawlessness (425a425c).
6. In a just human being, reason rules, spirit is reason’s ally, and appetite is held in check.
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
In this way, the three parts of the soul are organized in such a way that action is in
accordance with knowledge of what the good life is. This knowledge belongs to
reason. In this part of the soul, there is the knowledge that existence in the body is
temporary, that the body and its needs are distractions, and that the good life is one of
“contemplation”. (Henry George Liddell)
8. The virtues are then sought in the individual soul. Socrates creates an analogy between
the parts of the city and the soul (the city-soul analogy). He argues that a completely
unified soul could not behave in opposite ways towards the same object, at the same
time, and in the same respect (436b). The guardians, both females and males, should
be educated in wisdom, temperance, justice and courage, gymnastics and physical
training. Physical training is aimed at maintaining good health and physical fitness in
order for them to live preventing illness and weakness and without needing medical
attention to focus their energies in serving the people.
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
poor education causes lawlessness. It is pointless to worry about laws when leaders’
behaviour is corrupt.
10. Guardians are of three classes – guardian rulers must have the wisdom, guardian
warriors must possess courage and temperance should be found among classes in the
city agreeing who should rule and be ruled. For Socrates, justice means each class
performs only its own work and not meddling on the work of others. Moreover,
Socrates also discovered virtues in the city from the individual soul, the city-soul
analogy.
11. He argues that a completely unified soul could not behave in opposite ways
– meaning the city and the individual must possess the same behaviour toward same
objective. A person is wise if he is ruled by the part of the soul that understands what
is good for the part and for the whole. A person is courageous if his soul preserves
pleasures and pains and that the decision is reached by the rational part; and a person
is temperate if the three parts agree that the rational part should lead. One person
cannot be just if he does not have the other virtues.
12. The ideal city will have harmonious cooperation of all the citizens of the city. The
philosopher-King must be intelligent, reliable and willing to lead a simple life.
Education‘s curriculum is designed to teach learners THE GOOD. Just as visible objects
need to be studied in order to be seen, so must also the objects of KNOWLDEGE kings
need in order to properly lead. A would be philosopher – king must study arithmetic,
geometry, music and astronomy.
13. Would be guardians should be educated in military training, gymnastics, martial arts
and warfare and philosophy for five years. Math is taught for ten years and five years
dialectic training. Guardians may spend 15 years as young leaders, and at 50 years of
age, when they are fully aware of the form of good and are mature already, they are
now ready to lead.
14. The four unjust constitutions are timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny being
aristocracy as the best. Aristocracy is the just government, dominated by wisdom
loving system of government, ruled by the philosopher-king. When the social structure
breaks down and civil war is created, timocracy is formed. Warrior generals, who are
the ruling class of property owners, dominate timocracy. When wealth accumulation
replaces honour, the government formed is oligarchy, where the rich are the ruling
class.
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
15. When the number of poor widens and starts a revolt, democracy is established.
Democracy emphasizes maximum freedom and power is distributed evenly. This form
of government is dominated by desire in an undisciplined and unrestrained ways.
Populism of the democratic government leads to mob rule, fuelled by fear of
oligarchy, which can be exploited by tyrants to take power and establish tyranny.
16. In a tyrannical government, the city is enslaved to the tyrant, who uses his guards to
remove the best social elements and individuals from the city to retain power (since
they pose a threat), while leaving the worst. He will also provoke warfare to
consolidate his position as leader. In this way, tyranny is the most unjust regime of all.
Technical Terms
1. City-soul analogy – Justice is the right order of the soul. The city-soul analogy refers to
Plato‘s argument saying that the just person is happier than the unjust person and that
if the city is composed of just persons, then the just city is happier than the unjust
cities. The city cannot go opposite to what is good for the soul. (Internet Encyclopedia
of Philosophy)
5. Oligarchy is the rule of the few. There are numerous kinds of oligarchy rule and
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
Timocracy and Aristrocacy fall under it. One very attractive rule of government is
Geniocracy which is exclusively ruled by the geniuses. The criteria to govern include
excellence in problem solving and creative intelligence. A geniocratic government
usually has faster economic growth and better welfare. Germany and Canada are two
famous countries practising geniocracy. (Buddy Mantra) Technocracy, a quite similarly
defined form is a rule where the leaders are technical experts as practiced by Peoples
Republic of China and of Russia.
6. Tyranny comes from a Greek word tyrannos meaning an absolute ruler who is
unrestrained by law.
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, learners must have:
I will present four political theories only for you to carry as you go through life. These
are the ideas on The Social Contract, Romanticism and Idealism, Utilitarianism and Marxism. I
hope these concepts will make you more equipped in facing deals and ordeals in the societies
you circulate now and in years ahead.
1. The Social Contract presents the reconciliation of the freedom of the individual with
the authority of the state. It appears to be like the constitution of the land. In
particular, it says.
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
Each of us puts his person and all his power in common, under the
supreme direction of the general will and in our corporate capacity;
we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.
The contract presupposes alienation of each associate, together with all his rights to
the whole community. For, as one gives himself absolutely, the conditions are the
same for all; and this being so, no one has any interest in making them burdensome to
others. No one has anything more to demand for if individuals retained certain rights,
as there would be no common superior to decide between them and the public, each,
being on one point, his own judge would ask to so on all, the state of nature would
thus continue and the association would necessary become inoperative and tyrannical.
2. Lastly, each man, in giving himself to all, gives himself to nobody, and as there is no
associate over whom he does not acquire the same rights as he yields others over
himself, he gains an equivalent for everything he loses and an increase of force for the
preservation of what he has. in simple words, social contract is an agreement between
the individual and the society and or the government about upholding certain rights
and abiding on certain laws in order to ensure smooth relationship dynamics of
citizens in a city or a country.
4. One key theme of the romantic period is revolution, democracy, and republicanism.
The essential political thinking of the period is liberty, equality and brotherhood as a
reaction against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and
of the scientific rationalization of nature. While age of enlightenment or the age of
reason dominates intellectual discourse in Europe during 17th and 18th centuries, an
emerging thought had convinced many that the truest basis for political power was the
consent of the governed.
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
Democracy Republic
Vote for
Majority BasedchangeConstitution decisionsbased decisions
Economic
NationalSystemIndividual SovereigntySovereignty
Social
No constraint onStructureConstraints the the
GovernmentGovernment
Figure 1
6. Another key theme is the Sublime and the Transcendence. Many had become
fascinated with the ideal of sublime in physical, moral, intellectual, metaphysical,
aesthetic, spiritual greatness. Such greatness is beyond measure and sublimity is on
the perception of the perceiver, mind and imagination. The briefest definition of
sublimity is the presence of exquisite and admirable quality of beauty. Edmund Burke
disputes such. He says there are sublime experiences that bring terror, like seeing
tsunami, or walking in the edge of a cliff etc.
7. Absorbed by the personal genius of man, it was believed that this man got the
inspiration from tutelary spirits teaching him to work in certain set of acceptable and
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
9. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that
maximizes utility. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, described utility as
the sum of all pleasure that results from an action, minus the suffering of anyone
involved in the action. Jeremy Bentham (1748— 1832) Jeremy Bentham was an English
philosopher and political radical. He is primarily known today for his moral philosophy,
especially his principle of utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based upon their
consequences.
10. Utilitarianism is one of the best known and most influential moral theories. Utilitarians
believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by increasing the amount of
good things (such as pleasure and happiness) in the world and decreasing the
amount of bad things (such as pain and unhappiness). The goal of utilitarian ethics is to
promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Jeremy Bentham, an English
philosopher, was the founder of utilitarianism; John Stuart Mill was its best-known
defender.
11. Utilitarianism is based on the Greatest Happiness Principle, which states that actions
are considered moral when they promote utility and immoral when they promote the
reverse. Utility, itself, is, defined by Mill as happiness with the absence of pain. There
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
13. Marxist social and political thought encompasses the Marxist class conflict and
Marxian economics. Together with Friedrich Engels, he wrote The Communist
Manifesto that lays the theory of class struggle and revolution. Marx presented the
flaws of capitalism in his book Das Kapital and argued that capitalism shall naturally
vanish because of the chaotic nature of free market and surplus of labour.
14. Marx portrayed capitalist society as composing of the bourgeoisie and the
proletariat, i.e. the ones controlling the means of production and the workers that
transform raw commodities to valuable economic goods. The bourgeoisie‘s power to
control capital allows them to limit workers‘ ability to produce and obtain what they
need to survive. Capitalism is all about commodities bought and sold, reducing the
value of labour as another kind of commodity for sale, like cars, wine, cloth and the
like making labourers weak in the capitalist economic system.
15. One very influential concept introduced in Marxist political and economic thought is
the labour surplus theory. This measures the difference between wages paid to the
workers and the price of goods sold, which the workers previously manufactured. For
example, if a worker who is making wall clocks is given a daily wage of $300 and his
productivity rate is 8 clocks per day, which clock is sold for $300 each and that the
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
market absorbs all 8 clocks daily, then the value of labour of the worker is reduced to
only one clock and the revenue from the remaining clocks sold belongs to the
capitalists. The $2100 difference is called the surplus value of labour that is not
enjoyed by the workers. To maintain their position of power and privilege, the
bourgeoisie employ social institutions as tools and weapons against the proletariat.
The government enforces the will of the bourgeoisie by physical coercion to enforce
the laws and private property rights to the means of production. The media and
academics, or intelligentsia, produce propaganda to suppress awareness of class
relations among the proletariat and rationalize the capitalist system. Organized
religion provides a similar function to convince the proletariat to accept and submit to
their own exploitation based on fictional divine sanction, which Marx called “the
opium of the masses.” The banking and financial system facilitates the consolidation of
capitalist ownership of the means of production, ensnares the workers with predatory
debt, and engineers regular financial crises and recessions to ensure a sufficient supply
of unemployed labour in order to undermine workers‘ bargaining power.
(Investopedia)
a. Surround yourself with people who make you happy, people who make
you laugh, who help you when you‘re in need, people who genuinely care.
They are the ones worth keeping in your life. Everyone else is just passing
through.
b. The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways. The
point, however, is to change it.
c. Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real
suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the
oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless
conditions. It is the opium of the people.
d. The less you eat, drink and read books; the less you go to the theatre, the
dance hall, the public house; the less you think, love, theorize, sing, paint,
fence, etc., the more you save-the greater becomes your treasure which
neither moths nor dust will devour- your capital. The less you are, the
more you have; the less you express your own life, the greater is your
alienated life-the greater is the store of your estranged being.
e. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The
proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to
win. Workingmen of all countries unite!
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
Lesson Outcome:
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. World Government is an idea where every country unites under one political authority,
but this has not happened yet. Proponents reasoned that such political organization
will solve problems on war, production of weapon for mass destruction, poverty and
inequality as well as environmental decay. The more modern objective is to design
global institutions that move humanity world federalism or cosmopolitan democracy.
(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Opposing this move suggests that this is
infeasible, undesirable and totally unnecessary.
2. However, it is no longer uncommon to hear words like World Bank, World Health
Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Food Programme etc. that give us
the concept of some global polity. The World Bank is an international organization
designed to help fight poverty by providing financing and research advice to
development projects of the poorer economies.
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
3. If global world sounds infeasible, global economy is far from different. When
governments control their own specific economies, big banks and large companies
fund these governments. In effect, these large financial institutions and corporations
dominate and control global economies (Burrows). Less than one per cent of the
companies 40% of the entire business ownership network in the global economy. This
organization controls the financial flows going in and coming out the economies.
4. However, other factors certainly affect the movements in global economies. If there is
an increase in the price of oil due to some quantity controls, essentially, the cost of
production and shipping costs increases. This eventually is translated as price hikes for
goods bought in from store shelves. The multiplier effect continues by driving off
purchasing power of earning individuals, which, if uncontrolled, leads to increasing
number of families under poverty line. The higher the prices, the more likely it is to
create larger disparities in incomes.
5. Economic instabilities will generate social problems. More poor people will
participate in many underground illegal activities like drug trafficking, prostitution,
and burglary. Police matters become one of the hit news in each morning headlines
and some dirty politicians may take advantage of the poor by hiring them as internet
trolls against their opponents. Another social could come out from this trolling game.
It could create social upheavals and collective disruptions making the ordinary citizen
and less informed individuals confused.
6. Thus, in order to maintain social and economic order, countries try to help one
another through trade and international organizations aiming at achieving a
common goal of peace, harmony, economic growth and technological advancements,
social progress and cultural development. The six international organizations we need
to know include The United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the
European Union (EU), World Trade Organization, the Group of Twenty (G20) and
International Criminal Court (ICC). Within our reach is the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations.
7. The UN’s mission is to promote international peace and stability, human rights and
economic development. Specialized agencies under it are UNICEF (United Nations for
Children‘s Fund), UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO). (Six
Essential International Organizations You Need to Know)
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
8. NATO’s mission is to safeguard its member‘s freedom and security through both
political and military means. Members of NATO are primarily countries in North
America and Europe including Turkey. EU’s mission is to help member countries
cooperate on economic, political and security matters. WTO, on the other hand, has a
mission to manage the rules of international trade and to ensure the fair and equitable
treatment of all members via negotiations and trade disputes settlement. The G20
convenes officials from the largest economies both the wealthiest economies and
developing to jointly address global concerns and to coordinate economic policies.
REFERENCES:
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
POST TESTS:
1. Kindly choose five states and describe its history, economic system, military strengths, political
structures and general provisions of the government to the people
government called
(a) employment policy
(b) monetary policy
(c) trade policy
(d) tax policy
(e) fiscal policy
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
(b) educated
(c) having enough choice sets
(d) enjoying freedom of speech
(e) all of those enumerated earlier
The Republic
Activity 2.
Conceptualize your perfect village, or your perfect town, or your perfect city or your ideal country. Identify the
variables you wish to be in place in your village, say day care center, police station, grades school and advanced
schools, etc. You may present your ideas in a drawing or pictures
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
(e) king
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
8. In the ideal city, who should be intelligent, reliable and willing to lead a
simple life?
(a) the would be guardians
(b) military generals
(c) the philosopher king
(d) the members of congress
(e) members of the business club
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
and invasion
(d) designed to teach the good infusing arithmetic geometry,
astronomy and music
(e) designed to teach trading, diplomacy and political values
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
2. Describe in what way big companies and international organizations have helped the Philippine
economy.
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor
Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
OAS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Oas, Albay
Prepared by:
_______________
MARY R. GAMBOA
Instructor
Noted:
______________________
GEMMA G. ESPINEDA, MBA
Prog. Head, BSOA Dept.
Recommending Approval:
___________________________
Approved: ______________________
EMERITA R. RELLEVE, Ph. D.
College Administrator
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MARY R. GAMBOA
OCC Instructor