HEALTH 8

Quarter 3
Disease Prevention and Control
(Communicable)
What This Module is About
Disease prevention and control is a very important health concern because it affects the quality of
people’s lives. Communicable diseases not only threaten the sick person but also his/her family and the society
in general. Thus, protecting ourselves and our families from diseases is both a personal and social
responsibilities.
This material will introduce you to nature of communicable diseases and their prevention and
management. You will discover that the spread of communicable diseases threatens the populace, so each one
must understand how to prevent their spread and learn how to manage them.
There is very popular saying “Prevention is better than cure.” As you go along, you will notice that the
diseases you are experiencing or encountering can be prevented if you only know how to control them.
Accordingly, if you lack self-discipline, then prevention and control of diseases will be difficult.
Our target is to let this knowledge be seen in your actions, words, and way of life. This is the best legacy
you can contribute not only to you and your family but to the whole nation.
Lastly, I hope that you will enjoy going through this material.

What I Need to Know

OBJECTIVES꞉

This unit is designed for you to learn the importance of responsible parenthood in order to have a
successful family life in the future.

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to꞉

1. Discuss the stages of infection. - H8DD -IIIa -15
2. Analyze the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines. - H8DD -IIIa -16
3. Discuss the most common communicable diseases  signs and symptoms of common communicable
diseases
 effects of common communicable diseases - H8DD -IIIb-c-17
 misconceptions, myths, and beliefs about common communicable diseases- H8DD -IIIb-c-18
 prevention and control of common communicable diseases - H8DD -IIIb-c-19
4. Analyze the nature of emerging and re - emerging diseases - H8DD -IIId - e -20
5. Demonstrate self - monitoring skills to prevent communicable diseases - H8DD -IIIf - h -21
6. Promote programs and policies to prevent and control communicable diseases-H8DD-IIIf- h22

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

 What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

What I Know

Pre-assessment

Activity 1: How Well Do You Know the Nature of Diseases?

Read very carefully each statement about the nature of communicable diseases. You will be
guided in determining whether the statement is true or false by putting a check (/) mark on the
appropriate column.

STATEMENT TRUE FALSE

1 Organisms like bacteria and viruses are all over the environment
2 Many of the most common diseases are caused by tiny
microorganisms called pathogens.
3 Communicable diseases come from one infected person to another
4 Stomachache is one symptom that can be manifested by a
communicable disease.
5 Viral hepatitis is caused by a virus that affects the liver.
6 Rabies virus enters the brain cells while polio-virus attacks only the
nervous system.
2
7 Malaria is a sickness caused by a carrier mosquito
8 Pinworms hatch and live primarily in the intestines of a person
 9 Stagnant water is a reservoir for mosquitoes to multiply.
10 It is the nature of pathogens to invade their host through certain
points of entry to cause morbidity.

LESSON: Disease Prevention and Control (Communicable)

What I Need to Know

Activity 2: Read, Analyze, and React
One summer, my family went to Ilocos for our yearly vacation. My daughter liked the scenery at
the backyard and enjoyed playing there with her cousins. At night, my daughter had fever so I gave
her medicine. In the morning, I saw rashes on her arms so I suspected of measles. I had her occupy
another room to prevent cross-infections.
After breakfast, my mother-in-law took my daughter to the backyard and started scattering some
rice grains while uttering indistinctive words. She took a handful of soil near the tree where my
daughter played and rubbed it on my daughter’s arms, face, and feet. My mother-in-law did that
because she believed my daughter might have disturbed some spirits in the backyard while playing
yesterday.
Judith Langbayan-Javier

React on what you read

Analyze and read the following questions. Write Yes or No on the space provided before the
number.
________ 1. Are the rashes caused by some disturbed spirit?
________ 2. Can playing at the backyard harm some spirits?
________ 3. Can scattering some rice grains around help heal the rashes?
________ 4. Can rubbing the soil in the arms, face, and feet heal the rashes?

What’s In

Activity 3: Did You Know?

Dear Christy,
I received your text message about the Factors that Influence Disease Transmission. Anyway, thank
you for this opportunity to share with you what I learned in my medical training.
As fa as I can remember, the following are factors that influence disease transmission. 1)
Environmental Factors. Sanitation and its facilities can affect the transmission of diseases. Food and water
can be contaminated because of poor sanitation. Pollution also plays a major role in disease transmission as
evidenced by floods during the rainy seasons. These floods are the culprits in the spread of leptospirosis. In
addition, climate takes its role as an environmental factor. Or country has dry and wet seasons when various
microorganisms can cause morbidity in both seasons.
2) Socio-economic Factors. Cultural practices influence disease transmission. For instance, there
are some places in the Cordilleras where people drink wine from one glass after a tiring day of planting. They
use one glass to show unity. I experienced similar practice observed by the Ilocanos and that is washing the
hands in one basin before eating. Another way of transmitting disease is through living arrangements where a
group of people live near their livestock.
Considering these factors, I hope you can share these with your family and friends so they can avoid
getting diseases.
Jhon Mark Judith Langbayan-Javier

Answer the guide question:

1. What is the Title? ______________________________________
 2. What are the 2 factors? What are the things that affect the factors?
a. _________________________
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
b. _________________________
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________

What’s New
Did You Know? Complete each blank with the appropriate word. Then, follow
There are three levels of these guidelines to reduce the spread of infections.
preventing diseases: 1. ___________ every day to keep your skin, hair, and nails
primary, secondary, and clean.
tertiary. In primary 2. Avoid sharing ____________ or drinking utensils.
prevention. Activities are 3. Store and prepare food in a safe way to prevent food
done to prevent one from
___________________
having the disease. This
4. _____________ your hands after using the toilet and
includes getting
immunized, eating a ______________ eating
healthy diet, and getting 5. If you are sick, avoid infecting others. Cover your
enough sleep. The _______________ when coughing.
secondary prevention 6. There are three other ways to protect yourself from
activities are done to __________ diseases. You can become ___________ by
prevent further damages having the disease. You can be immunized by injection. If a
when the disease has _______________ is available, then you can practice bio
already started. This __________ back.
includes prompt diagnosis 7. There are three levels of prevention.
and treatment. For the
1. The p_________ p_________ level is used before the
tertiary prevention, the
person gets the disease.
focus is on rehabilitating
the sick person so as to 2. The s_________ p__________ level is used after the
prevent long-term disease has occurred, but before the person notices that
complications of the something is wrong.
disease. 3. The t________ p__________ level targets the person who
already has symptoms of the disease to lessen the damage
and pain from the disease, to slow down the disease, to
prevent it from causing complications, to give it the best
care, and to make the sick healthy again.

What is It

Many of the most common diseases are caused by tiny microorganisms called pathogens.
Pathogens infect or invade the body and attack its cells and tissues. Some bacteria, rickettsiae, fungi,
protozoa, certain types of worms, and all viruses are pathogens. Diseases caused by the direct or
indirect spread of pathogens from one person to another are called communicable diseases.

The following are the types of pathogens and their nature.

Types of
Nature
Pathogens
1. BACTERIA Bacteria are one-celled microscopic organisms that rank among the most
widespread of living things. Some are small that a single grain of soil may
contain over 100 million of them. Most bacteria do not cause diseases. In
order to live, al bacteria must have a food supply, as well as suitable
temperature, moisture, and darkness. Some bacteria digest non-living food
materials such as milk and meat. These organisms are saprophytes. if the
food supply is a living plant or animals, the microorganism is called a
parasite. The plant or animals that the parasite feeds on is called a host
 Toxin bacteria produce a certain food poison called botulism
 Resident bacteria live in the human mouth, intestines, and skin.
2. RIKETTSIAE Rikettsiae are organisms that are considered intermediate, that is,
somewhere between a virus and a bacterium. Most of them grow in the
intestinal tracts of insects, which carry them to their human hosts. Rikettsiae
requires living cells in order to grow and multiply. Bloob sucking insects, such
as lice, mites, and ticks carry rickettsiae to humans. Typhus fever, a rocky
mountain spotted fever, is a disease caused by these organisms.
3. VIRUS Viruses are small, simple life-like forms one-half to 100 size of a bacteria.
These organisms are the human body’s worst enemies. All viruses are
parasites. Examples are rabies virus that enters the brain cells and polio
virus which attacks the nervous system. Cold virus enters the respiratory
system. Viral hepatitis is caused by virus that affects the liver. Mumps and
mononucleosis are caused by viruses that infect glandular tissues. Smallpox,
chicken pox, shingles, and warts are infections caused by viruses that attack
the skin tissues. When a virus enters the body, it attaches itself to a cell and
releases its nucleic acid into the host cell.
4. FUNGI Fungi are simple organisms that cannot make their own food. Many live on
dead animals, insects, and leaves. Fungi are therefore saprophytes. they
prefer dark, damp environments. Two of the most common fungi are yeast
and mushrooms. Disease-producing fungi invade mainly deep tissues of the
hair, nails, and skin. Fungi cause infections of the scalp, such as ring worm,
and of the feet, such as athlete’s foot. Pathogenic fungi can also cause brain
inflammation and serious lung infections.

5. PROTOZOA Protozoa are single-celled organisms that are larger than bacteria and have a
more complex cellular structure. Most of these are harmless and they are
most common in tropical areas that have poor sanitation. They cause
malaria, African sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery, a severe
intestinal infection.
6. PARASITIC A worm is classified as a parasite. A parasite is a disease-causing organism
WORM that lives in human or other animals and derives its nourishment from its host.
The word “helminth” is derived from the Greek “helmins” (worm).
Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms.
Common helmints and the problems they cause include the following:
 Roundworms: roundworms hatch and live in the intestines. The eggs
usually enter the body through contaminated water, food fingers
placed in the mouth.
 Pinworms: Also called seatworms and threadworms. Pinworms hatch
and live primarily in the intestines.
 Tapeworms: Tapeworms live in the intestine. The eggs usually enter
the body via raw or uncooked beef. Symptoms of their presence are
usually absent. Some patients experience abdominal pai, fatigue,
weight loss, and diarrhea.
 Flukes: Flukes live in different locations in the body including the
intestines, bladder, rectum, liver, spleen, lungs, and veins. Fluke-
caused illnesses are classified as schistosomiasis.

ACTIVITY 4: Match and Connect

Directions: Match the type of pathogens and their nature. Write the letter of the correct answer on
the space provided before the number.

TYPES OF PATHOGENS NATURE

_____ 1. Organisms that are considered intermediate, that is, somewhere A. Fungi
between a virus and a bacterium.
_____ 2. A disease-causing organism that lives in human or other animals B. Bacteria
and derives its nourishment from its host.
_____ 3. Are one-celled microscopic organisms that rank among the most C. Protozoa
widespread of living things. Some are small that a single grain of
soil may contain over 100 million of them. D. Virus
_____ 4. Simple organisms that cannot make their own food. Many live on
E. Parasitic
dead animals, insects, and leaves.
Worm
_____ 5. Small, simple life-like forms one-half to 100 size of a bacteria.
These
F. Rikettsiae
organisms are the human body’s worst enemies
_____ 6 Single-celled organisms that are larger than bacteria and have a
more complex cellular structure. Most of these are harmless and
they are most common in tropical areas that have poor sanitation.

Activity 5: Word Pool

Directions: Choose the correct chain of infections in the box. Write your answers on the
answer sheet.
Mode of Transmission Portal of Exit Reservoir
Pathogens Portal of Entry Susceptible Host

The Chain Letter

(1) P______________________ is a disease-causing organism which includes bacteria, virus,
parasitic, protozoa, and fungi and lives in the (2) r_____________ which can be a living or non-living
object. In order to be transmitted, the pathogen leaves the reservoir through the (3)
p______________ o__ e________. Examples include the mouth, nose, anus, and other body
openings. The pathogen is then passed through a direct or indirect (4) m___________

of t_______________ from one host to the next host. It is transmitted through a living vector like a
mosquito or flea. Some diseases like malaria have complicated life cycles involving more than one
species. Some are transmitted by respiratory droplets, while others are through blood contact, semen,
or other secretions. Hand-to-mouth is a common mode for gastrointestinal pathogens. The organism
enters the body through the (5) p_________ o__
e______ such as the nose, skin, or mouth. The portal of entry determines the type of personal
protective equipment (PPE) to use to keep health care workers, family, and visitors safe in the hospital.
The (6) s_____________ h_________ is a person with low immunity to disease. This includes the
very old and the immune suppressed (due to genetics, transplant drugs, malnutrition, or viral infection
like HIV).

6
Read This!
Here are some additional preventive measures for diseases according to different modes of
transmission.
Mode of Examples of Preventive
Transmission Diseases Measures
I. DIRECT
1. Contact
transmission
a. Kissing Hand, foot and  Adopt proper isolation for the sick
mouth diseases  No human contact
b. Handshakes  Keep both hands clean and perform hand hygiene
with a sick Acute conjunctivitis properly
person Scabies  Clean and disinfect properly the items used by
patients.
c. Sleeping with Head lice infestation  Do not share towels and other personal items
someone with Chickenpox  Wear gloves when making contact with patients
ice

2. Food-borne/water Viral gastroenteritis  Ensure all foods are adequately cooked especially
borne transmission high risk food like shellfish
 Perform hand hygiene before meals and after using
Cholera the toilet
Bacillary dysentery  Handle vomitus and excreta properly
Hepatitis A  Sick food-handlers should refrain from work and
Hepatitis E seek medical advice early.
3. Vector-borne  Maintain environmental hygiene to prevent
transmission breeding of mosquitoes/insects in stagnant
(usually insects) water.
 Take personal protection to prevent
Mosquito bites Dengue fever insect/mosquito bites, wear light-colored, long
Malaria sleeve clothed, and trousers/pants, and use
Insect bites Japanese insect repellents
encephalitis
II. INDIRECT
1. Droplet Influenza  Maintain good indoor ventilation
transmission  Keep both hands clean. In particular, perform
Common cold hand hygiene properly and immediately after
Coughing making contact with sick persons having
respiratory secretions.
 Cover mouth and nose when sneezing or
Sneezing Streptococcus coughing. Use tissue paper to contain
respiratory secretions and dispose it in garbage
bins with lid.
 People with respiratory infection symptoms and
their close contacts like hospital aids should
Pneumonia wear surgical masks.
infection  Keep a distance at least one meter from the
sick person.
 Seek medical advice immediately if unwell.
 Adopt proper isolation for the sick
 Use appropriate personal protective equipment
when necessary.
2. Air-borne Pulmonary  Maintain good indoor ventilation
transmission Tuberculosis  Seek medical advice immediately if unwell
Measles  Anyone with symptoms suggestive of air-borne
Chickenpox transmissible diseases should not attend
school.
7
 What I Have Learned

Activity 6: Fill Me
Directions: Fill in the shapes with the correct answers of the questions that follow.
1. What are the kinds of transmission?

2. What are the different modes of transmission?

3. What are some examples of communicable diseases?

4. What are their preventive measures?

8
 PERFORMANCE TASKS 1

Make an advertisement / drawing on the prevention of the skin diseases described in the box.
Write your advertisement/ drawing below.
The following criteria will be the bases for judging your work.
1. Does your advertisement/drawing match with the description?
2. Is your message clear to the people who will read/see your advertisement/drawing?
3. Is your advertisement / drawing attractive enough to catch the attention of other people?
Ringworm of the Body (Tinea corporis). Ringworm usually causes a very itchy
rash. It often makes a ring pattern, but not always. Sometimes it is just a red,
itchy rash. The outer ring is very reddish and the middle ring is reddish, too. The
ring in-between is whitish.
Prevention:
 Keep your skin clean and dry
 Change your socks and underwear at least once a day.
 Wear loose-fitting cotton clothing
 Avoid tight underwear, pants, and panty hose
 Always dry yourself completely after showers or baths
 You can also use a hair dryer, set on a cool setting to dry your skin
 Do not share clothing, sports equipment, towel, or sheets
 Wear slippers or sandals in locker rooms, showers, and public bathing
areas
 Shower and shampoo hair thoroughly after any sport that requires skin-to-

1
 PERFORMANCE TASK 2
Self Monitoring Chart

Check on the day you have accomplished the following:

Table A

Committed to
maintain Mon. Tues. Wed Thurs. Fri. Sat. Sun.
cleanliness
Self
Home
School
Community

Table B
Committed to prevent the spread of
M T W TH F S S
disease
I do not drink from somebody’s bottle/glass.
I use my own comb and don’t share other’s
comb
I use my own towel and do not use other’s
towel
I use my own socks and do not use other’s
socks
I wash my hands before and after eating.
I always wear clean clothes.

Student’s Signature Parent’s Signature

2
 SUMMATIVE TEST
HEALTH 8
QUARTER 3
Name: _________________________________ Date: _______________
Grade/Section: ___________________________ Score: ______________

A. Directions: MUTIPLE CHOICE: Read carefully the questions and choose the correct
answer from the choices. Write the letter of your choice on your answer
sheet.
1. Simple organism that cannot make their own food. Many live on dead animals,
insects and leaves
A. protozoa B. bacteria C. rickettsiae D. fungi
2. It is an organism with the ability to cause diseases.
A. bacteria B. pathogens C. virus D. fungus
3. Are one-celled microscopic organisms that rank among the most widespread of living
things.
A. bacteria B. rickettsiae C. roundworm D. protozoa
4. Small, simple life-like forms from one-half to 100 size of a bacteria.
A. fungi B. virus C. parasitic worm D. bacteria
5. An organisms that are considered intermediate, somewhere between a virus and a
bacterium.
A. rickettsiae B. fungi C. viruses D. protozoa
6. The pathogen that causes amoebic dysentery
A. parasite B. protozoa C. virus D. bacteria
7. Helminth are pathogens referred as ________________.
A. bacteria B. parasites C. viruses D. fungi
8. The helminths which lives in the intestines and causes s serious illness.
A. leukemia B. covid 19 C. malaria D. schistosomiasis
9. Prevention of helminth diseases requires ___________.
A. eating good food B. maintaining cleanliness C. taking medicine D. cooked food
10. Direct and indirect spread of pathogens from one person to another.
A. communicable disease C. toxin bacteria
B. non-communicable disease D. non-toxin bacteria

B. FILL IN THE BLANKS. Choose your answers from the choices below. Write the
correct answers in your answer sheet.

11. In the three levels of prevention, the first level is _________________.

12. The objective of this first level is to _______ one from having the disease.
13. _______________ is probably the best example of this level of prevention and health
education to all.
14. The second level of prevention is called ________________.
15. This level of prevention aims to prevent further ____________ when the disease has
already started.
 16. The best action to do in this level is prompt diagnosis and _______________.
17. ________________ tests ate excellent examples of this level.
18. The third level of prevention is called __________.
19. The focus of this level is _________ the sick person so as to prevent long term
complications of the disease.
20. The best thing to do in this level is follow-up and very close ________ of the sick
person.

Choices:
A. damage F. rehabilitating
B. immunization G. Screening
C. monitoring H. secondary level
D. primary level I. tertiary level
E. prevent J. treatment

C. Directions: IDENTIFICATION: Write the causes of the diseases on the space provided.
Choose your answers in the box.
21. wart ______________________
22. typhus fever ______________________
23. rabies ______________________
24. athlete’s foot ______________________
25. malaria ______________________
26. amoebic dysentery ______________________
27. viral hepatitis ______________________
28. Strep throat ______________________
29. diarrhea ______________________
30. jock itch ______________________

virus bacteria fungus protozoa parasite rikettsiae

 ANSWER SHEET
HEALTH 8
QUARTER 3
Name: _________________________________ Date: _______________
Grade/Section: ___________________________ Score: ______________

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ______________
2. ______________
3. ______________
4. ______________
5. ______________
6. ______________
7. ______________
8. ______________
9. ______________
10. ______________

B. FILL IN THE BLANKS

11. ____________________________
12. ____________________________
13. ____________________________
14. ____________________________
15. ____________________________
16. ____________________________
17. ____________________________
18. ____________________________
19. ____________________________
20. ____________________________

C. IDENTIFICATION
21. ____________________________
22. ____________________________
23. ____________________________
24. ____________________________
25. ____________________________
26. ____________________________
27. ____________________________
28. ____________________________
29. ____________________________
30. ____________________________
Key to Answer
Activity 1: React on What You Read
1. T 1. no
2. T 2. no
3. T 3. no
4. T 4. no
5. T
6. T
7. T
8. T
9. T
10. T

Activity 3: Did you know?

1. Factors that Influence Disease Transmission
2. A. Environmental factors
1. Sanitation
2. Pollution
3. Environment
B. Socio-economic factors
1. Cultural practices
2. Living arrangements

What’s New
1. Take a bath
2. Eating
3. Contamination
4. Wash
5. Mouth
6. Communicable, immune, vaccines, biofeedback
7. Primary prevention
8. Secondary prevention
9. Tertiary prevention

Activity 5: Word Pool

1. Pathogen
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of exit
4. Mode of transmission
5. Portal of entry
6. Susceptible host

Activity 6: Fill Me
1. Direct Indirect
2. Contact transmission Droplet transmission
Foodborne/water borne transmission Air-borne transmission
Vector-borne transmission
3. Hand, foot and moth diseases Influenza, Tuberculosis
Cholera, malaria, etc pneumonia, etc.
4. Adopt proper isolation for the sick, maintain good indoor ventilation, etc.
Key Answer – Summative Test
A.
1. D
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. B
10. A

B
11. D
12. E
13. B
14. H
15. A
16. J
17. G
18. I
19. F
20. C

C
21. FUNGUS
27. RIKETTSIAE
28. VIRUS
29. FUNGUS
30. PROTOZOA
31. PROTOZOA
27. VIRUS
28. BACTERIA
29. PARASITE
30. FUNGUS