CHEN 106

PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER

CHAPTER ONE – PART 4

Heat Convection Equation

Thermal Resistance Network

1
 OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FOR
CONDUCTIVE - CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS

One of the common process heat

transfer applications consists of heat The solid wall may be a flat surface, but more
flow from a hot fluid, through a solid commonly will be a cylindrical pipe
wall, to a cooler fluid on the other
side.

There may be a scale or dirt deposit

that creates a heat transfer
resistance on either the inside or
outside surface of the pipe.
The heat flowing from one fluid to the other
must therefore pass through several resistances
in series;
The outside fluid film, the pipe wall, the scale
deposit, and the inside fluid film.

These resistances are additive regardless of the

nature of the individual resistance.
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Newton's law may be conveniently rewritten as

∆𝑡
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑡 = (𝑊)
1/ℎ𝐴

It is often convenient to express the heat transfer rate for a combined

conductive-convective problem in the form of the equation above with h
replaced by an overall heat-transfer coefficient U. The coefficients U for plane
and cylindrical wall systems are determined next.

Figure 1. Thermal network for convection-conduction plane wall system 3

 1. Plane wall.

A plane wall of a uniform, homogeneous material a having constant thermal

conductivity k and exposed to fluid i at temperature 𝑇𝑖 on one side and fluid
oat temperature 𝑇𝑜 on the other side as shown in Figure 1. Frequently the fluid
temperatures sufficiently far from the wall to be unaffected by the heat transfer
are known, and the surface temperatures 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are not specified.

Applying the equation of heat convection at

the two surfaces yields

𝑄
= ℎ𝑖 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇1 = ℎ𝑜 𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑜
𝐴
Or
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇1 𝑇2 −𝑇𝑜
Q= = [1]
1/ℎ𝑖 𝐴 1/ℎ𝑜 𝐴

Where h denotes an average value for the

entire surface, 1/ℎ𝑖 𝐴 and 1/ℎ𝑜 𝐴 are know as
the thermal resistance s due to convective
boundaries or the convective resistance
(K/W).
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 Cont.
The conductive thermal resistance due to the homogeneous solid flat wall is
𝐿
𝑅=
𝐾𝐴

Now, since the conductive heat flow Based on the system we have, the
within the solid must be exactly equal to equations will be as follows;
𝑄
the convective heat flow at the two 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 =
𝐾𝐴/𝐿
boundaries: 𝑄
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇1 = [3]
𝐾𝐴 [2] ℎ𝑖 𝐴
𝑄= 𝑇 − 𝑇2 𝑄
𝐿 1 𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑜 =
ℎ𝑜 𝐴

By adding equation [3] above, we get;

𝑄 1 𝐿 1 [4]
∴ 𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 = + +
𝐴 ℎ𝑖 𝑘 ℎ𝑜

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 Cont.

Generally, we may write;

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 ) [5]

where U is known as the overall heat transfer coefficient

From equation [5],

𝑄
(𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 ) = [6]
𝐴𝑈

Comparing equation [4], and [6], we get

1 𝐴
= (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 )
𝑈 𝑄
1 1 𝐿 1
= + + [7]
𝑈 ℎ𝑖 𝑘 ℎ𝑜

If the individual resistance (or coefficients) are known, U is easily calculated

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 2. Radial systems.

Consider the cylindrical system consisting of a single material layer having an

inner and an outer convective fluid flow as shown in Figure 2.

If 𝑇2 is the temperature at 𝑟2 , …….

𝑒𝑡𝑐, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠

∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜
𝑄= =
𝑅𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 σ 𝑅𝑡ℎ [8]

Where the thermal resistances for are;

1
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 =
2𝜋𝑟𝑖 𝐿ℎ𝑖

𝑙𝑛 𝑟𝑜 /𝑟𝑖
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = [9]
2𝜋𝑘𝑎 𝐿 Figure 2. Thermal network for
convection-conduction cylinder
1
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = system
2𝜋𝑟𝑜 𝐿ℎ𝑜
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In these expressions L is the length of the cylindrical system,
summing the thermal resistances, we get

1 𝑙𝑛 𝑟𝑜 /𝑟𝑖 1
∴ ෍ 𝑅𝑡ℎ = + + [10]
2𝜋𝑟𝑖 𝐿ℎ𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝑎 𝐿 2𝜋𝑟𝑜 𝐿ℎ𝑜

Now by definition,
1 1
𝑅𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = =
𝐴𝑜 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑖 𝑈𝑖 [11]

The terms 𝐴𝑖 and 𝐴𝑜 represent the inside and outside surface

areas of the tube. The overall heat transfer coefficient may be
based on either the inside or the outside area of the tube.
Accordingly,

1 1 𝐴𝑖 𝑙𝑛 𝑟𝑜 /𝑟𝑖 𝐴𝑖 1
= + + [12]
𝑈𝑖 ℎ𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝑎 𝐿 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑜
and,

1 𝐴𝑜 1 𝐴𝑜 𝑙𝑛 𝑟𝑜 /𝑟𝑖 1 [13]
= + +
𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑖 ℎ𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝑎 𝐿 ℎ𝑜
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Example 4.1
A flat wall 15 cm thick of thermal conductivity 0.87 W/m K is exposed to air at 30 ℃on
one side where the heat transfer coefficient is 15 W/𝑚2 K, and air at 15 ℃on the
opposite side where the convection coefficient is 60 W/𝑚2 K. Determine the overall
heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer rate per unit area of the wall.

Solution Date Given: 𝐿 = 0.15 𝑚, k = 0.87 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾 , 𝑇𝑖 = 30 ℃, ℎ𝑖 = 15

W/𝑚2 𝐾, 𝑇𝑜 = 30 ℃, , ℎ𝑜 = 60 W/𝑚2 𝐾

Calculation using overall heat transfer:

1 1 𝐿 1
= + +
𝑈 ℎ𝑖 𝑘 ℎ𝑜 𝑄
= 𝑈∆𝑇 = 3.9 × ( 30 − 15)
1 1 0.15 1
𝐴
= + + 𝑄
𝑈 15 0.87 60 = 58.5 𝑊/𝑚2
1
𝐴
= 0.256 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊
𝑈
1
∴𝑈= = 3.9 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
0.256
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Example 4.2
The heat flow from steam to the air is represented by the following image. The image is
also labeled with temperature profile, heat flow direction and arrangement of the walls.
The thermodynamic data are as follows:
Steam Ti = 120 0C and hi = 98 W/m2.C, Air To = 15 0C and h0 = 3.09 W/m2.C, first
wall k1 = 78 W/moC and thickness x1= 490 mm, second wall k2 = 49 W/m.℃ and
thickness x1= 560 mm and first wall k3 = 13 W/moC and thickness x3= 220 mm. The
assumed to be 678 cm2

CALCULATE :
1. Overall heat transfer coefficient U
2. Total heat loss Q
3. Interface temperature T1 , T2 , T3 , T4

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 Solution;
c)
a)
For First Resistance
1 1 x1 x 2 x3 1 𝑄
= + + + + 𝑄 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 → ∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = 2.89 ℃
U hi k 1 k 2 k 3 ho ℎ𝑖 𝐴
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇1 = ∆𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 → 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟏 ℃
1 m2 ℃
= 0.3684 For Second one
U w
U = 2.71 w/m2 ℃ 𝑘𝐴∆𝑇1 𝑄 𝑥1
𝑄= → ∆𝑇1 = = 1.78 ℃
𝑥1 𝑘𝐴
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = ∆𝑇1 → 𝐓𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓. 𝟑 ℃
b)
For third one
𝑄 = 𝑈 𝐴 ∆𝑇 𝑘𝐴∆𝑇2 𝑄 𝑥2
𝑄 = 2.71 × 0.0678 × 120 − 15 𝑄= → ∆𝑇2 = = 3.25 ℃
𝑥2 𝑘𝐴
𝑄 = 19.2 𝑤 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 = ∆𝑇2 → 𝐓𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟓 ℃

For forth one

𝑘𝐴∆𝑇3 𝑄 𝑥3
𝑄= → ∆𝑇3 = = 4.8 ℃
𝑥3 𝑘𝐴
𝑇3 − 𝑇4 = ∆𝑇3 → 𝐓𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟓 ℃
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Example 4.3
Steam at temperature of T∞1=320 oC flows in a cast iron pipe [k = 80 W/m-oC] whose
inner diameter is 5 cm, and outer diameter is 5.5 cm. the pipe is covered with a 3 cm
thick glass wool insulation [k = 0.05 W/m-oC]. heat is lost to the surroundings at T∞2=
5 oC by natural convection and radiation, with a combined heat transfer coefficient of
h2 = 18 W/m2-oC. Taking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be h1= 60
W/m2-oC. see the figure. Calculate the following;

1. Determine the rate of heat loss from the

steam per unit length of the pipe?
2. Determine the temperature drop across
the pipe shell (∆𝑇 pipe), and the insulation
(∆𝑇insulation)?
3. Overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑜
4. Interface Temperatures, 𝑻𝒊𝟏 (inside surface
temperature of the pipe) , and
𝑻𝒊𝟐 (temperature between the pipe and the
insulation), and 𝑻𝒊𝟑 (outside surface
.temperature of the insulation)
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Solution;

Data Given are;

Please do the calculations
T∞1=320 oC, inside temp. and show me your final
T∞2= 5 oC, outside temp. answer
Cast Iron Pipe:
k = 80 W/m-oC
ID = 5 cm,
OD = 5.5 cm,
h1= 60 W/m2-oC
Glass wall insulation:
used to cover the pipe.
k = 0.05 W/m-oC
Thickness = 3 cm
h2 = 18 W/m2-oC

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Example 4.4
Boiling water is flowing though a iron pipe of length 70 m. The pipe is covered with an
insulation layer. The pipe is exposed to air. So heat loss Q takes place from the pipe to
air. The detail schematic is presented in the following image.
Boiling water Tb = 110 0C and hb = 201 W/m2.C, pipe inner radius R0 = 55 mm and
outer radius R1 = 75 mm, the insulation outer radius R2 = 100 mm , pipe conductivity
k1 = 78 W/m.C , insulation conductivity k2 = 2.7 W/m.C, Air Ta = 14 0C and ha = 5.20
W/m2.C.

CALCULATE THE FOLLOWING;

1. Total heat flow rate Q
2. Overall heat transfer coefficient U
3. Plate surface temperatures T0, T1 and T2 .
4. What is the value of U if the value of
Q changed to 6667 W

Please do the calculations

and show me your final
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answer
 Review Questions
1. A square cupper plate with 10cm width is exposed to water. The plate surface temperature is 75˚C and its
thermal conductivity is 3.77 W/m.˚C. if the water temperature is 20˚C and the convection coefficient from one
side is 25 W/m².˚C and 85 W/m².˚C from the opposite side. Calculate the heat transfer if the plate thickness is 2
cm.
2. A steel pipe wall has a thickness of 50 mm, and thermal conductivity of 45 W/m.K is exposed to hot oil at 315 K
on one side where the heat transfer coefficient is (hi) 98 W/m2.K, and air at 290 K on the opposite side where
the convection coefficient is (ho) 33 W/m2.K. Calculate the following;
a. Overall heat transfer coefficient, U
b. Rate of heat transfer per unit area, Q/A

3. A room wall is made up of wood (thickness of 15 mm and kw = 0.2 W/m.0K), foam (thickness 80 mm and kf =
0.02 W/m.0K) and brick (thickness 225 mm and kb = 1 W/m.0K) from inside to outside. The room air is at a
temperature of 270 K with a convection heat transfer coefficient 30 W/m2.K. The outside air at 300 K and the
outside convection heat transfer coefficient is 15 W/m2.K. If the wall area is 100 m2
Calculate the following
(a) find the overall heat transfer coefficient and heat gain to the room,
(b) if the thickness of the foam layer is doubled, find the change in heat gain, and
(c) if the wood thickness is doubled, what is the change in heat gain ?

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