Annales d'Université „Valahia” Târgovişte

Section d'Archéologie et d'Histoire

Tome XII, Numéro 2, 2010, p.39-55
ISSN 1584-1855

The database of prehistoric bone and antler industry from Transylvania,

Romania: some remarks about the Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş” site

Diana-Maria Sztancs*, Sabin Adrian Luca**, Corneliu Beldiman***

* “Lucian Blaga” University, Doctoral Program, Sibiu, Romania; beldiana22@yahoo.com.

** Brukenthal National Museum, General Director; “Lucian Blaga” University, Faculty of History and
Patrimony, Sibiu, Romania; sabin.luca@brukenthalmuseum.ro
*** “Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University, Faculty of History, Bucharest, Romania;
cbeldiman58@yahoo.com

Abstract: The database of prehistoric bone and antler industry from Transylvania, Romania: some
remarks about the Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş” site. The bone and antler industry represents all the artefacts,
made in series, with the application of some well-defined operatory schemes (choice of raw materials, methods
of débitage, façonnage etc.). The paper, uses data inserted in the Ph.D. thesis elaborated by the first author
(“Bone and antler industry in the Neo-Eneolithic of Transylvania”), and proposes an example of Microsoft
Access database application in the study of 88 artefacts made from bone and antler through detailed morpho-
typological analyses of a batch of materials from the archaeological site from Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”,
Sibiu County (researches led by Professor Sabin Adrian Luca). The data’s analysis is based on the methodology
recently proposed by Corneliu Beldiman (2007). All the parameters of the artefacts were studied as descriptors
of the database: the archaeological context of the discovery, the special number of the artefact, the typological
code, the conservation state, the morphometry, the integral description (morphology, the manufacture process
with diverse parameters, the absolute chronology and the imagery). The database queries may offer relevant
elements about the characteristics, specific associations and the evolution of different components of the batch
from the same culture or several Prehistoric (Neo-Eneolithic) cultures from the site (Starčevo-Criş, Vinča,
Petreşti).

Keywords: bone and antler industry, database, Miercurea Sibiului, Neo-Eneolithic, Petreşti, Romania, Starčevo-
Criş, technology, Vinča.

Résumé: Base de données de l’industrie préhistorique des matières dures animales de Transylvanie,
Roumanie: quelques considérations sur le site de Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. L’industrie des matières
dures animales représente la totalité des artefacts produits en série par l’application d’une chaîne opératoire
standardisée bien définie (choix des matières premières, procédées de débitage et de façonnage etc.). L’article
utilise les données insérées dans la thèse de doctorat élaboré par l’auteur principal (“L’industrie des matières
dures animales du Néo-Énéolithique de la Transylvanie”) et propose un exemple de application de Microsoft
Access database pour l’étude des 88 artefacts datés du Néo-Énéolithique en provenance du site de Miercurea
Sibiului – “Petriş”, dép. de Sibiu (fouilles menées par Professeur Sabin Adrian Luca). L’analyse adopte la trame
méthodologique proposée récemment par Corneliu Beldiman (2007). Tous les paramètres quantifiables des
objets ont été utilisés comme descripteurs de la base de données: le contexte de la découverte, le numéro unique
de l’artefact, le code typologique, l’état de conservation, la morphométrie, la description intégrale (forme, les
procédées/opérations de débitage et de façonnage, mode d’utilisation supposé, datation absolue, images). Les
interrogations peuvent offrir éléments relevants concernant les paramètres des artefacts, les associations in
complexes et l’évolution de divers components de l’ensemble analysé pour chaque culture ou par l’approche
comparative des cultures attestées dans le site (Starčevo-Criş, Vinča, Petreşti).

39
 Diana-Maria Sztancs, Sabin Adrian Luca, Corneliu Beldiman
Mots-clé: base de données, bois de cerf, industrie des matières dures animales, Miercurea Sibiului, Néo-
Énéolithique, os, Petreşti, Roumanie, Starčevo-Criş, technologie, Vinča.
Bone and antler industry is an important
research domain of prehistoric technology,
economy or spiritual manifestations. It reveals
important data which is insufficiently studied or
assimilated in the present Romanian
archaeological research.
This particular kind of industry is
remarkably illustrated in Romania by the
structure of the prehistoric mobile inventories
dated from the Upper Palaeolithic to Bronze Age.
Bone and antler industry (in fact
including also teeth and shell) represents the
preconceived artefacts obtained after applying
well-defined operative schemes (these include
generally the process of raw material acquisition,
débitage and façonnage proceedings, finishing
and usage).
The terms “(animal) skeletal materials”
and “hard skeletal material industry” (matières
dures animales, industrie des matières dures
animales) were proposed by the French
researcher François Poplin in 1974 and were soon
assimilated in the international literature (F.
Poplin, 1974, p. 16; C. Beldiman, 2007, p. 44).
The various categories of objects
belonging to the bone and antler industry, like
artefacts made of bone, antler, teeth, shells etc.
occupied a central place in the life of prehistoric
communities. Their study offers important
information regarding paleoeconomic aspects, the
paleotechnological evolution, exchanges that are
specific for a certain archaeological culture or
epoch.
Human behaviour includes the
subsistence strategies and the selection of
species. By studying bone and antler industry in
these contexts, we may establish the traditional
characteristics of human behaviour in a precise
chronological sequence and we may define the
innovations that appear at a certain chronological
sequence.
The raw material acquisition refers to a
specific chain of stages that succeeded in a short
period of time. This chain starts with: 1. hunting
wild animals or slaughter of the livestock; 2.
processing of carcass; 3. storing, preparation,
consumption; 4. skeletal materials recovery.
The second segment is the technological
one, which refers to the artefacts’ manufacturing:
Tome XII, Numéro 2, 2010
1. débitage; 2. façonnage; conception and
execution of various morpho-functional details.
The last segment consists in: 1. using and
abandoning the artefact; or 2.
using/reshaping/abandoning the artefact.
The stages are simplified when we
discuss the deer’s antler characteristics. In this
case, the acquisition is simplified and refers only
to the gathering of the antlers in the period of
shed (bois de chute) stags’ hunting and the
detachment of the antlers from the animal’s skull
(bois de massacre) (C. Beldiman, 2007; D.-M.
Sztancs et al., 2005).
In the past two decades some Romanian
archaeologists have been constantly interested in
the systematic study of Prehistoric bone and
antler industry (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neo-
Eneolithic). In 2000 Corneliu Beldiman has
elaborated the doctoral thesis entitled: “Bone and
antler industry in Romanian Prehistory. Natural
resources, human communities and technology
dated from Upper Palaeolithic until Early
Neolithic” (published in 2007). This represents
the only monographic contribution treating all
these epochs.
The methodological pattern proposed
then was applied in some subsequent studies
(C. Beldiman, 2001; C. Beldiman, 2004;
C. Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs, 2005a; C.
Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs, 2005b; C. Beldiman,
D.-M. Sztancs, 2005c; C. Beldiman, D.-M.
Sztancs, 2005d; C. Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs,
2006a; C. Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs, 2006b;
C. Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs, 2007a;
C. Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs, 2007b;
C. Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs, 2008; D.-M.
Sztancs, C. Beldiman, 2004; D.-M. Sztancs,
C. Beldiman, 2007; D.-M. Sztancs et al., 2004).
The analyses of the artefacts made of
animal skeletal materials form Miercurea Sibiului
– “Petriş” were made according to the above
mentioned methodology. This fact had some
advantages regarding: the possibility of defining
some new types and subtypes of Prehistoric bone
and antler industry; the increasing of the studied
lots and the formulation of some considerations
regarding the artefacts’ typology and the
Neolithic specific paleotechnology in
Transylvania; the increasing of the studied Vinča
40
 The database of prehistoric bone and antler industry from Transylvania, Romania: some
remarks about the Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş” site
lots; the first systematic approach of a lot of
artefacts belonging to the Petreşti culture; the
possibility of correlation of the archaeozoological
diagnosis with the bone and antler industry
parameters; the correlation of relative
chronological that where established taking into
account the cultural phases and sub phases
represented in the site.
On this occasion we had the opportunity
to define some specific markers regarding the
methodology, the typology, the paleotechnology
and paleoeconomy. The lot of artefacts from
Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş” could be
augmented through future excavations. Then the
chance of an extended research – an exhaustive
and multidisciplinary research of the site – that
would offer the opportunity to correlate the
conclusions concerning the bone and antler
industry with other data.
Our approach intends to analyse and
enhance the value of the bone and antler industry
taking into account the methodology inspired by
the Cahiers de Fiches typologiques proposed by
the Commission Internationale de Nomenclature
sur l’industrie osseuse préhistorique of
U.I.S.P.P. (H. Camps-Fabrer, 1974). In order to
exhaustively explore the information, it takes into
account the registration and the analysis of all
essential data regarding: artefacts’ identification
using a code, the realisation of the repertoire
(which lays out the dataset regarding the code of
the piece, discovery context, raw material,
conservation status, subtype, and description),
morphometry and manufacturing chain. Also, an
important part is related to the digitization of
information (pictures and database).
The methodological aspects regarding
the complex study of bone and antler industry
are: criteria and typology structure (categories/
groups/ types/ subtypes/ variants/ subvariants);
the structure of the repertoire and individual
form; coordinates of the analysis which follow
the stages of the manufacturing chain; the
registration and the interpretation of the
manufacturing procedures and the use-wear
traces.
The study stages are: the examination of
artefacts using macro- and microscopic
instruments; the setting the typological code; the
identification of morphometrical parameters;
realisation of the database with the repertoire and
images; the completing the descriptive repertoire.
An important part of our study regards
computerised analysis: the input of data, applying
41
queries and the preparation of reports (with
structured data, charts and pictures).
The statistical approach using Microsoft
Access database is the main part of our
conclusions regarding the specifics of the studied
bone and antler industry which allows us to
establish the important aspects of a culture or of a
cultural phase. We also tried to distinguish the
main characteristics and “chrono-cultural
markers”, to observe the diffusion of influences
(C. Beldiman, 2007).
As apart of doctoral thesis entitled “Bone
and antler industry in Neolithic and Eneolithic of
Transylvania”, elaborated by the first author, this
article advances an example of Access database
applications in the study of bone and antler
industry by using detailed morpho-technological
analysis of the artefacts from Miercurea Sibiului
– “Petriş” (archaeological researches led by
Professor Sabin Adrian Luca) (S. A. Luca, 2004;
S. A. Luca, 2005; S. A. Luca, 2006; S. A. Luca et
al., 1998; S. A. Luca et al., 1999; S. A. Luca et
al., 2000; S. A. Luca et al., 2001; S. A. Luca et
al., 2002; S. A. Luca et al., 2003; S. A. Luca et
al., 2004; S. A. Luca et al., 2005; S. A. Luca et
al., 2006a; S. A. Luca et al., 2006b; S. A. Luca et
al., 2007a; S. A. Luca et al., 2007b; S. A. Luca et
al., 2008a; S. A. Luca et al., 2008b; S. A. Luca et
al., 2008c; S. A. Luca et al., 2009; S. A. Luca, C.
Suciu, 2007; S. A. Luca, C. Suciu, 2008). In this
case, the aim of our database is not to inventory a
type of archaeological objects, but to offer
descriptive information regarding those using
codes specific to typological taxonomy
(C. Beldiman, 2007).
The archaeological site from Miercurea
Sibiului – “Petriş” is located at 50 km North of
National Route No. 1 and at 3.5 km West of the
town centre, at 250 m North of Secaş River (S. A.
Luca et al., 2006, p. 10) (fig. 1). Archaeological
excavations began in 1997. Archaeological
vestiges are spread on a surface of approx.
300/100 m. Until now, 5 sections have been
excavated and the stratigraphy is the following:
the first level belongs to Starčevo-Criş culture (Ia
– Starčevo-Criş IB; Ib – Starčevo-Criş IC-IIA; Ic
– Starčevo-Criş IIB-IIIA); the second level
belongs to Vinča culture (in the IIa sublevel there
are huts built in two stages: Vinča A2-3 and Vinča
A3; the IIb sublevel belongs to Vinča A3-B1); in
2007 pits with Vinča archaeological objects were
discovered (S. A. Luca et al., 2008a; S. A. Luca
et al., 2008b); the third level
Tome XII, Numéro 2, 2010
Fig. 1 - Geographical situation of archaeological site Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş” (Sibiu County map)
 The database of prehistoric bone and antler industry from Transylvania, Romania: some
remarks about the Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş” site
belongs to the Petreşti culture, AB stage; the
fourth level is represented by pits dated from the
II-I centuries B.C.; the fifth level has Gepidic
complexes and graves from the V century A.D.;
the sixth level is represented by a house from the
I millennium A.D. (S. A. Luca, 2004; S. A. Luca,
2005; S. A. Luca, 2006; S. A. Luca et al., 1998;
S. A. Luca et al., 1999; S. A. Luca et al., 2000; S.
A. Luca et al., 2001; S. A. Luca et al., 2002; S.
A. Luca et al., 2003; S. A. Luca et al., 2004; S.
A. Luca et al., 2005; S. A. Luca et al., 2006a; S.
A. Luca et al., 2006b; S. A. Luca et al., 2007a; S.
A. Luca et al., 2007b; S. A. Luca et al., 2008a; S.
A. Luca et al., 2008b; S. A. Luca et al., 2008c; S.
A. Luca et al., 2009; S. A. Luca, C. Suciu, 2007;
S. A. Luca, C. Suciu, 2008).
The absolute dating of the Prehistoric
levels from Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş” is based
on results that have been published recently
(S. A. Luca et al., 2008a, p. 45):
Culture/subphase Complex Dating
Starčevo-Criş B10/2003, GrN 28520:
IB-IC Ia Level 7050 ± 70 BP
G26/2005,
Starčevo-Criş GrN 29954:
Ia Level,
IB-IC 7010 ± 40 BP
ritual pit
Starčevo-Criş B1/2003, GrN 28521:
IC-IIA Ib Level 6920 ± 70 BP
GrA 26606:
Starčevo-Criş B9/2003,
6180 ± 40 BP
IIB-IIIA Ic Level
(contaminated?)
In this site an assemblage of 88 bone and
antler artefacts was analysed (figs. 2-7). All data
can be finding in the previous publications
(C. Beldiman, 2004; C. Beldiman, D.-M.
Sztancs, 2005a; C. Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs,
2005b; C. Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs, 2005c; C.
Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs, 2005d; C. Beldiman,
D.-M. Sztancs, 2006a; C. Beldiman, D.-M.
Sztancs, 2006b; C. Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs,
2007a; C. Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs, 2007b; C.
Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs, 2008; D.-M. Sztancs,
C. Beldiman, 2004; D.-M. Sztancs, C. Beldiman,
2007).
The database of bone and antler industry
from Neolithic and Eneolithic from Transylvania
contains three main tables (NEOLITIC IMDA,
DICłIONAR, CATEGORII TIPOLOGICE).
While designing the first table (NEOLITIC
IMDA) there were recorded all the quantifiable
parameters of artefacts which became the fields
and store each information such as: context of
43
discovery, typological code of piece,
morphometry etc. From Miercurea Sibiului –
“Petriş” there are 88 records which correspond to
each artefact and 38 fields that correspond to
each characteristic of artefact.
The structure of the NEOLITIC IMDA
table takes into account data regarding all the
stages of the artefacts’ processing, characteristics
and use (tab. no. 1). For example, the field related
to the length of the active part has two numeric
fields (one for the length of the preserved active
part and one for the renewed one). For the objects
that are not broken, the two mentioned values are
the same. Two fields (having the same format)
were designed for the cases in which the
reconstruction of the incomplete artefacts is
possible. Some records in our database are
presented in the tab. no. 2.
The DICłIONAR table contains all the
abbreviations and codes used in the main table.
When the DICłIONAR and the NEOLITIC
IMDA tables are connected, we obtain decoded
information regarding the characteristics of the
analysed artefacts (tab. no. 3).
The database queries may offer important
clues regarding: the distribution of the artefacts’
characteristics, the specific associations and the
evolution of the different components of the lot
(in our case, Starčevo-Criş, Vinča, and Petreşti
cultures).
The distribution of materials on levels
and complexes reveals the following situation:
Vinča artefacts are the most numerous (53);
Starčevo-Criş materials are on the second place
(25) and 10 artefacts belong to the Petreşti
culture (chart no. 1).
It had been made a query regarding the
typological distribution on cultural levels and
complexes. The data obtained in this way was
statistically processed using an Excel datasheet.
According to chart no. 2 (which represents the
result of the statistical procedure of the above
mentioned query) we may observe that the
Starčevo-Criş artefacts were discovered in closed
complexes such as huts (B1, B4, B9, B10, B17,
B19, B20) and pits (G21 şi G43); only three
objects were discovered out of complexes – in
the layers (the sublevel). The Vinča artefacts
were discovered in huts (B5, B12, B15, B22),
houses (L11, L14) and two pits (G41 and G44),
while the Petreşti artefacts were discovered in
house no. 1 (L 1) and in the cultural level out of
complexes.
Tome XII, Numéro 2, 2010
.

Fig. 2. Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. Archaeological excavations in 2005. Starčevo-Criş culture: bone
points and polishing tools (left). Starčevo-Criş culture: bone spoons; blanks, bone and antler raw
materials; antler pendant; bone hammer (right)

Fig. 3. Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. Archaeological excavations in 2006. Vinča culture: bone and
antler industry
Fig. 4. Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. Vinča culture: points made of bone, antler and boar tusks;
polishing tools; bone spoons; pendant made of boar tusk

Fig. 5. Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. Vinča culture: blanks, raw materials, bone and antler waste
Fig. 6. Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. Archaeological excavations in 2006. Vinča culture artefacts 11 –
14; Petreşti culture artefacts 15 – 19

Fig. 7. Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. Petreşti culture artefacts

Table no. 1. Structure of „Neolitic IMDA” table

Table no. 2. Records in the main table

 Table no. 3. Records in „DicŃionar/Dictionary” table.

Table no. 4. Records in „Listă tipologică/Typological list” table.

Table no. 5. Query design for analyzing the raw materials of the Starčevo-Criş culture at
Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”.
 11%

28%

61%

Petreşti Starčevo- Criş Vinča

Chart no. 1. Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. Cultural distribution of artefacts

24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1

L1
0

2
t

t
B1

B4

B9

21

43

B5

41

44
ra

ra

ra
L1

L1
B1

B1

B1

B2

B1

B1

B2
G

G
St

St

St

Chart no. 2. Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. Distribution of artefacts in cultural complexes

 Diana-Maria Sztancs, Sabin Adrian Luca, Corneliu Beldiman

Site Culture Type Débitage Pieces sampled, such as: total length, the dimensions of
distal extremity/part, medial part, proximal
extremity/part, the length of active part etc.) is
Miercurea Starčevo-
I A7 PD/D, Şa 1 very important. Entering all this information into
Sibiului Criş
the database offers an important view regarding
the way in which the anatomical parts were
Miercurea Starčevo- I A7 chosen so as to obtain a certain type of artefacts.
PD/D, Şa 1
Sibiului Criş a The studying of the length classes, corroborated
with the archaeozoological analysis contributes to
Miercurea Starčevo- I A7 formulating conclusions regarding: the moment
Şa, PD/D 2 the raw material was obtained (the animal’s age,
Sibiului Criş a
the season of hunting/slaughter etc.); the
Miercurea Starčevo- I A9 technical proceedings applied during the
Şa, PD/D 1 manufacturing chain; the functional role of the
Sibiului Criş b
artefacts; the elements regarding the strategies
applied in animal exploitation (tab. no. 6, 7, 8).
Miercurea Starčevo- For example, table no. 5 and chart no. 6
I A9a Şa, PD/D 1
Sibiului Criş present the length classes for the typological
category of points (I A). The graphical
Miercurea Starčevo- Şa representation allows us to conclude that the
V A2 1
Sibiului Criş bilaterală Starčevo-Criş points from the site have an
average length of 70 – 80 mm and that Vinča
points have an average length of 60 mm. From
Table no. 9. The débitage by groove and this information, we may establish that the points
splinter technique of the Starčevo-Criş culture were used during the same activities. Also, we
at Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş” may observe that two Vinča points were broken
and one of them had reshaped the active part.
The distribution of the artefacts on levels, Inserting the characteristics of the bone
complexes and layers offers a specific image of and antler artefacts in the database allows us to
the utilisation of certain artefacts in complexes as formulate relevant conclusions regarding the
huts. In this case, we may establish if the Prehistoric exploitation of the environmental
artefacts were used during more stages of the resources and the human relationships with the
cultural evolution and we may draw conclusion vegetal and the animal world.
regarding i.e. the process of knowledge transfer In this context, the discoveries from
between generations (pointing out the role of Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş” offered new types
tradition). of artefacts attested for the first time in Romania
The study of raw materials may be done (for example, the Starčevo-Criş hook-pendant).
in correlation with levels, complexes and the The using of a database allowed us to insert them
typology. To exemplify this, it was chosen a in the typological list (C. Beldiman, 2007).
database query regarding the use of metapodials Database queries are very important
for obtaining different types of artefacts during because they deliver us relevant information
the evolution of three cultures presented in the about the artefacts’ characteristics, about the
analysed site. Statistical approach will offer the specific associations and the artefacts’ evolution
opportunity to draw conclusions regarding in the same culture or across centuries, in the
specific options made by prehistoric people with Transylvanian Neolithic and Eneolithic cultures
respect to the choice of raw material during the using complex combinations of parameters.
community evolution (charts 3, 4, 5).
The differentiation of animal exploitation
Acknowledgements
in the analysed communities could be observed
by applying a query regarding the evolution of
Contributions of Diana-Maria Sztancs to
raw materials from which specific types of
the present paper (database, artefact analysis,
artefacts were made at different chronological
translation into English etc.) are realized as part
moments. This is illustrated in table no. 4.
of Project ID-7706 (Invest in people!-The
In the analysis of bone and antler
development of doctoral studies’ and the PhD
industry, the morphometry (all the parameters

Tome XII, Numéro 2, 2010 50

 10% 10%

20%

50%
10%

V A2 I A9 I B1 I A7 I A1

Chart no. 3. Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. The use of metapodials as raw materials of the Starčevo-
Criş culture

7% 12%
7%

7% 7%

7%
13%
7%

7%

26%

I A1 I A7 I A9 b I B1 I B1 I I1 V A2 V A2 V A3 a V A3 a

Chart no. 4. Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. The use of metapodials as raw materials of the Vinča
culture
 14%
29%
14%

14%
29%

I A7 a I I1 b2 I I1 I I1 a I I1 b

Chart no. 5. Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. The use of metapodials as raw materials of the Petreşti
culture

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

V6

P1
1

3
ST

ST

ST

Lungime iniŃială Lungime păstrată

Chart no. 6. Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. The length of points made of metapodials (mm): ST =
Starčevo-Criş; V = Vinča; P = Petreşti
 Type Raw material Number of pieces
I A1 Metapodial 1
I A14 Tooth 1
I A15 Rib 3
Metapodial
I A7 5
Metapodial
I A9 b 1
Metapodial
I A9a 1
Metapodial
I B1 1
I B1 Long bone 5
I C4 Humerus 1
I F10 Rib 3

Table no. 6. Raw materials of the Starčevo-Criş culture

Culture Type Total length 1 Total length 2

Starčevo- Criş I A7 a 78 76
Starčevo- Criş I A7 a 73 70,5
Starčevo- Criş I A7 a 79 76,5
Vinča I A19 87 68
Vinča I G1 a 130 72
Vinča I A7 a 79 76,5
Vinča I A15 68 60
Vinča I A15 49 45
Vinča I A15 37 33
Petreşti I A7 a 57 55

Table no. 7. Classes of length used in tools typological category – points

Table no. 8. Query design for analyzing the débitage by groove and splinter technique (Şa) of the
Starčevo-Criş culture
 Diana-Maria Sztancs, Sabin Adrian Luca, Corneliu Beldiman
students’ competitiveness in the United Europe),
University “Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu, project
financed by Social European Fund (POS DRU).
BIBIOGRAPHY
Beldiman C., 2001, Tehnologia şi mediul
animal în preistorie: istoricul cercetărilor asupra
industriei materiilor dure animale şi evoluŃia
concepŃiilor metodologice, Analele UniversităŃii
Creştine „Dimitrie Cantemir”, Seria Istorie, 4,
Bucureşti, p. 49-88.
Beldiman C., 2004, Cerişor, com. Lelese,
jud. Hunedoara. Industria materiilor dure
animale, Cronica cercetărilor arheologice în
România, Bucureşti, p. 85-94, 469-475.
Beldiman C., 2007, Industria materiilor
dure animale în preistoria României. Resurse
naturale, comunităŃi umane şi tehnologie din
paleoliticul superior până în neoliticul
timpuriu, AsociaŃia Română de Arheologie,
Studii de Preistorie, Supplementum 2,
Bucureşti.
Beldiman C., Sztancs D.-M., 2005a,
Industria preistorică a materiilor dure animale
din „Peştera de la Cauce”, in S. A. Luca, C.
Roman, Dr. Diaconescu, H. Ciugudean, G. El
Susi, C. Beldiman, D.-M. Sztancs, Cercetări
arheologice în Peştera Cauce (II) (sat Cerişor,
com. Lelese, jud. Hunedoara), Universitatea
«Lucian Blaga» Sibiu, Institutul pentru
Cercetarea şi Valorificarea Patrimoniului
Cultural Transilvănean în Context European,
Bibliotheca Septemcastrensis V, Sibiu, p. 155-
254.
Beldiman C., Sztancs D.-M., 2005b,
Cerişor, com. Lelese, jud. Hunedoara. Raport
final privind studiul industriei materiilor dure
animale, Cronica cercetărilor arheologice în
România, Bucureşti, p. 112-120, 479-489.
Beldiman C., Sztancs D.-M., 2005c,
Şeuşa, com. Ciugud, jud. Alba. Date privind
industria preistorică a materiilor dure animale,
Cronica cercetărilor arheologice în România,
Bucureşti, p. 370-374, 499-507.
Beldiman C., Sztancs D.-M., 2005d,
Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. Industria
preistorică a materiilor dure animale, Cronica
cercetărilor arheologice în România, Bucureşti, p.
224-229, 493-498.
Beldiman C., Sztancs D.-M., 2006a,
Morfologie anatomică – artefact – rol funcŃional
în cadrul industriei preistorice a materiilor dure
animale: o brăŃară de os descoperită în aşezarea
Tome XII, Numéro 2, 2010 54
de la Gornea, jud. Caraş-Severin, Corviniana,
10, Hunedoara, p. 45-65.
Beldiman C., Sztancs D.-M., 2006b,
Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. Industria
preistorică a materiilor dure animale, Cronica
cercetărilor arheologice în România, Bucureşti, p.
224-229, 493-498.
Beldiman C., Sztancs D.-M., 2007a,
Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”. Industria
preistorică a materiilor dure animale, Cronica
cercetărilor arheologice în România, Bucureşti, p.
233-236.
Beldiman C., Sztancs D.-M., 2007b,
Date asupra industriei materiilor dure animale
din aşezarea neo-eneolitică de la Miercurea
Sibiului-„Petriş, jud. Sibiu, Corviniana, 11,
Hunedoara, p. 9-30.
Beldiman C., Sztancs D.-M., 2008,
Paléotechonologie et néolithisation dans la
partie sud de la Transylvanie, Roumanie:
l’industrie des matières dures animales de la
culture Starčevo-Criş dans le site Miercurea
Sibiului – “Petriş”, dép. de Sibiu, Roumanie,
Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, 7, Sibiu, p. 77-90.
Camps-Fabrer H. (ed.), 1974, Premier
Colloque international sur l’industrie de l’os
dans la Préhistoire, Université de Provence, Aix-
en-Provence.
Luca S. A., 2004, New data about the
Neolithic in Transylvania from the point of
prehistoric sites in Miercurea Sibiului area, in
Gh. Dumitroaia et al. (eds.), Cucuteni. 120 de
ani de cercetări. Timpul bilanŃului, Piatra
NeamŃ, p. 39-41.
Luca S. A., 2005, Miercurea Sibiului –
“Petriş”, “Luncă”, Cronica cercetărilor
arheologice în România, Bucureşti, p. 239-240.
Luca S. A., 2006, Aspecte ale neoliticului
şi eneoliticului din Transilvania (II), Corviniana,
10, Hunedoara, p. 11-44.
Luca S. A., Georgescu A., Suciu C.,
1998, Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”, Cronica
cercetărilor arheologice în România, Bucureşti,
p. 44.
Luca S. A., Georgescu A., Suciu C.,
1999, Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”, Cronica
cercetărilor arheologice în România, Bucureşti, p.
64.
Luca S. A., Georgescu A., Suciu C.,
Spânu L. A., 2000, Miercurea Sibiului –
“Petriş”, Cronica cercetărilor arheologice în
România, Bucureşti, p. 86.
Luca S. A., Georgescu A., Suciu C.,
2001, Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”, Cronica
 The database of prehistoric bone and antler industry from Transylvania, Romania: some
remarks about the Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş” site
cercetărilor arheologice în România, Bucureşti,
p. 143.
Luca S. A., Georgescu A., Gonciar A.,
Batiuk S., Suciu C., 2002, Miercurea Sibiului –
“Petriş”, Cronica cercetărilor arheologice în
România, Bucureşti, p. 204.
Luca S. A., Diaconescu D., Georgescu
A., Suciu C., 2003, Miercurea Sibiului –
“Petriş”, Cronica cercetărilor arheologice în
România, Bucureşti, p. 196.
Luca S. A., Diaconescu D., Georgescu
A., Suciu C., 2004, Miercurea Sibiului –
“Petriş”, Cronica cercetărilor arheologice în
România, Bucureşti, p. 124.
Luca S. A., Georgescu A., Gonciar A.,
Batiuk S., Suciu C., 2005, Miercurea Sibiului –
“Petriş”, Cronica cercetărilor arheologice în
România, Bucureşti, p. 204.
Luca S. A., Diaconescu D., Georgescu
A., Suciu C., 2006a, Săpăturile arheologice de
la Miercurea Sibiului-Petriş, (jud. Sibiu).
Campaniile anilor 1997-2005. Stratigrafie şi
cronologie, Brukenthal Acta Musei, I.1, Sibiu,
p. 9-20.
Luca S. A., Biagi P., Spataro M.,
Diaconescu D., Georgescu A., Suciu C., El
Susi G., Beldiman C., 2006b, Miercurea
Sibiului – “Petriş”, Cronica cercetărilor
arheologice în România, Bucureşti, p. 222-224.
Luca S. A., Beldiman C., Biagi P.,
Ciută B., Ciută M., Diaconescu D., Georgescu
A., Spataro M., Suciu C., 2007a, Miercurea
Sibiului – “Petriş”, Cronica cercetărilor
arheologice în România, Bucureşti, p. 233.
Luca S. A., Diaconescu D., Georgescu
A., Suciu C., 2007b, Archaeological researches
at Miercurea Sibiului-Petriş (Sibiu County,
Romania). The campaings from 1997 to 2005,
Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, 6, Sibiu, p. 7-24.
Luca S. A., Diaconescu D., Suciu C.,
2008a, Săpăturile arheologice de la Miercurea
Sibiului-Petriş (jud. Sibiu). Campaniile anilor
1997-2005. Stratigrafie şi cronologie,
Brukenthal Acta Musei, III.1, Sibiu, p. 7-46.
Luca S. A., Diaconescu D., Suciu C.,
2008b, Archaeological research in Miercurea
Sibiului-Petris (Sibiu County, Romania): the
Starčevo-Cris level during 1997-2005 (a
preliminary report), Documenta Praehistorica,
35, Ljubljana, p. 325-343.
Luca S. A., Beldiman C., Biagi P.,
Ciută B., Ciută M., Diaconescu D., Georgescu
A., El Susi G., Spataro M., Suciu C., 2008c,
55
Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”, Cronica
cercetărilor arheologice în România, Bucureşti,
p. 199-200
Luca S. A., Beldiman C., Biagi P.,
Ciută B., Ciută M., Diaconescu D., Georgescu
A., Natea Gh., NiŃu Fl.-M., Şeulean A.,
Dumitrescu Fl., M., Suciu C., El Susi G., Tincu
S., 2009, Miercurea Sibiului – “Petriş”, Cronica
cercetărilor arheologice în România,
Târgovişte, p. 147-149.
Luca S. A., Suciu C., 2007, Digitalizare
şi accesibilitate on-line – proiecte în desfăşurare
ale IPCTE Sibiu, Brukenthal Acta Musei, II,1,
Sibiu, p. 13-39.
Luca S. A., Suciu C., 2008, Migrations
and local evolution 5in the Early Neolithic of
Transylvania. The typological analysis and the
perspective of lithic industries, Acta Terrae
Septemcastrensis, 7, Sibiu, p. 39-56.
Poplin F., 1974, Principes de la
détermination des matières dures animales, in H.
Camps-Fabrer (ed.), Premier Colloque
international sur l’industrie de l’os dans la
Préhistoire, Université de Provence, Aix-en-
Provence, p. 15-20.
Sztancs D.-M., Beldiman C., 2004, Piese
de podoabă din materii dure animale descoperite
în Peştera Mare, sat Cerişor, com. Lelese, jud.
Hunedoara, Corviniana, 8, Hunedoara, p. 97-
109.
Sztancs D.-M., Beldiman C., 2007,
Identitate socială şi simbol în preistorie: piese de
podoabă din materii dure animale aparŃinând
culturii CoŃofeni descoperite în sudul
Transilvaniei, in S. Avram (ed.), Istorie şi
tradiŃie în spaŃiul românesc, 7, Sibiu, p. 9-32.
Sztancs D.-M., Beldiman C., Ciută M.-
M., 2005, Podoabe din materii dure animale
aparŃinând culturii CoŃofeni descoperite recent
în Transilvania, Revista BistriŃei, 19, BistriŃa, p.
31-49.
ABBREVIATIONS
CIMEC Institutul de Memorie Cul-
turală, Bucureşti
IPCTE Institutul pentru Cercetarea şi
Valorificarea Patrimoniului
Cultural Transilvănean în
Context European, Univer-
sitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu
Tome XII, Numéro 2, 2010