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18 Residue Theorem
18 Residue Theorem
18 Residue Theorem
Bernd Schröder
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Introduction
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Introduction
1. The Cauchy-Goursat Theorem says that if a function is analytic
on and in a closed contour C, then the integral over the closed
contour is zero.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Introduction
1. The Cauchy-Goursat Theorem says that if a function is analytic
on and in a closed contour C, then the integral over the closed
contour is zero.
2. But what if the function is not analytic?
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Introduction
1. The Cauchy-Goursat Theorem says that if a function is analytic
on and in a closed contour C, then the integral over the closed
contour is zero.
2. But what if the function is not analytic?
3. We will avoid situations where the function “blows up” (goes to
infinity) on the contour.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Introduction
1. The Cauchy-Goursat Theorem says that if a function is analytic
on and in a closed contour C, then the integral over the closed
contour is zero.
2. But what if the function is not analytic?
3. We will avoid situations where the function “blows up” (goes to
infinity) on the contour. So we will not need to generalize
contour integrals to “improper contour integrals”.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Introduction
1. The Cauchy-Goursat Theorem says that if a function is analytic
on and in a closed contour C, then the integral over the closed
contour is zero.
2. But what if the function is not analytic?
3. We will avoid situations where the function “blows up” (goes to
infinity) on the contour. So we will not need to generalize
contour integrals to “improper contour integrals”.
4. But the situation in which the function is not analytic inside the
contour turns out to be quite interesting.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Introduction
1. The Cauchy-Goursat Theorem says that if a function is analytic
on and in a closed contour C, then the integral over the closed
contour is zero.
2. But what if the function is not analytic?
3. We will avoid situations where the function “blows up” (goes to
infinity) on the contour. So we will not need to generalize
contour integrals to “improper contour integrals”.
4. But the situation in which the function is not analytic inside the
contour turns out to be quite interesting.
5. We will prove the requisite theorem
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Introduction
1. The Cauchy-Goursat Theorem says that if a function is analytic
on and in a closed contour C, then the integral over the closed
contour is zero.
2. But what if the function is not analytic?
3. We will avoid situations where the function “blows up” (goes to
infinity) on the contour. So we will not need to generalize
contour integrals to “improper contour integrals”.
4. But the situation in which the function is not analytic inside the
contour turns out to be quite interesting.
5. We will prove the requisite theorem (the Residue Theorem)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Introduction
1. The Cauchy-Goursat Theorem says that if a function is analytic
on and in a closed contour C, then the integral over the closed
contour is zero.
2. But what if the function is not analytic?
3. We will avoid situations where the function “blows up” (goes to
infinity) on the contour. So we will not need to generalize
contour integrals to “improper contour integrals”.
4. But the situation in which the function is not analytic inside the
contour turns out to be quite interesting.
5. We will prove the requisite theorem (the Residue Theorem) in
this presentation and we will also lay the abstract groundwork.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Introduction
1. The Cauchy-Goursat Theorem says that if a function is analytic
on and in a closed contour C, then the integral over the closed
contour is zero.
2. But what if the function is not analytic?
3. We will avoid situations where the function “blows up” (goes to
infinity) on the contour. So we will not need to generalize
contour integrals to “improper contour integrals”.
4. But the situation in which the function is not analytic inside the
contour turns out to be quite interesting.
5. We will prove the requisite theorem (the Residue Theorem) in
this presentation and we will also lay the abstract groundwork.
6. We will then spend an extensive amount of time with examples
that show how widely applicable the Residue Theorem is.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
−1 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
−1 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
i r
r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
i r
r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i r
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0
2 3 4
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
··· r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r· · · r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r r· · · r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r r r· · · r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r r r r· · · r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r r r· · · r· · · r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Definition.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Notes.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Notes.
1
1. z = 1, i, −i are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Notes.
1
1. z = 1, i, −i are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
1 1 1 1
2. z = 1, , , , . . . are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
2 3 4 sin πz
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Notes.
1
1. z = 1, i, −i are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
1 1 1 1
2. z = 1, , , , . . . are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
2 3 4 sin πz
1
But 0 is not an isolated singularity of f (z) = .
sin πz
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Notes.
1
1. z = 1, i, −i are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
1 1 1 1
2. z = 1, , , , . . . are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
2 3 4 sin πz
1
But 0 is not an isolated singularity of f (z) = .
sin πz
3. 0 is not an isolated singularity of f (z) = Log(z) or of any root
function.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Notes.
1
1. z = 1, i, −i are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
1 1 1 1
2. z = 1, , , , . . . are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
2 3 4 sin πz
1
But 0 is not an isolated singularity of f (z) = .
sin πz
3. 0 is not an isolated singularity of f (z) = Log(z) or of any root
function. (Remember that every branch cut must contain zero
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Notes.
1
1. z = 1, i, −i are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
1 1 1 1
2. z = 1, , , , . . . are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
2 3 4 sin πz
1
But 0 is not an isolated singularity of f (z) = .
sin πz
3. 0 is not an isolated singularity of f (z) = Log(z) or of any root
function. (Remember that every branch cut must contain zero, so
these functions will not be analytic on a set 0 < |z| < R.)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Definition.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Theorem.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Resz=z0 (f )
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Resz=z0 (f ) = a−1
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof (concl.)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof (concl.)
-
0 ]
r ?
O
C
-
- 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof (concl.)
r
-
0 ]
r ?
O
C
-
- 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof (concl.)
r
r
-
0 ]
r ?
O
C
-
- 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof (concl.)
r
r
r-
0 ]
r ?
O
C
-
- 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof (concl.)
r
r
r-
r 0
]
r ?
O
C
-
- 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof (concl.)
r
r
I r r-
0 ]
r ?
O
C
-
- 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof (concl.)
r
r
R
I r r-
0 ]
r ?
O
C
-
- 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof (concl.)
r
r
R
I r r-
0 ]
r ?
O
C
-
- 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Theorem.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
-
6 ℜ(z)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
-
6 ℜ(z)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
? -
6 ℜ(z)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
? -
6 ℜ(z)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
? -
3
6 ℜ(z)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
r
? -
3
6 ℜ(z)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
i r
? -
3
6 ℜ(z)
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
i r
? -
3 ℜ(z)
r 6
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
i r
? -
3 ℜ(z)
−i r
6
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2
z2 + 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1
=
z2 + 1 z2 + 1
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1
= = 1− 2
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z
Resz=i 2
z +1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1
Resz=i 2 = −
z +1 i+i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2
z2 + 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1
=
z2 + 1 z2 + 1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1
2
= 2
= 1− 2
z +1 z +1 z +1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
= 1− 2 = 1−
z +1 z +1 z +1 z−i z+i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
= 1− 2 = 1−
z +1 z +1 z +1 z−i z+i
2
z
Resz=−i 2
z +1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
= 1− 2 = 1−
z +1 z +1 z +1 z−i z+i
2
z 1
Resz=−i 2 = −
z +1 −i − i
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
= 1− 2 = 1−
z +1 z +1 z +1 z−i z+i
2
z 1 i
Resz=−i 2 = − =−
z +1 −i − i 2
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
z2
Z
2
dz
C z +1
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
z2
2 2
z z
Z
2 +1
dz = 2πi Resz=i 2 +1
+ Resz=−i 2 +1
C z z z
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
z2
2 2
z z
Z
2 +1
dz = 2πi Resz=i 2 +1
+ Resz=−i 2 +1
C z z z
i i
= 2πi + −
2 2
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
z2
2 2
z z
Z
2 +1
dz = 2πi Resz=i 2 +1
+ Resz=−i 2 +1
C z z z
i i
= 2πi + − =0
2 2
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Definition.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz
2πi C0−
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1 1
Z Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz = − f (z) dz
2πi C0 − 2πi C0+
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
∞
1 1 1
Z Z Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz = − f (z) dz = − ∑ cn zn dz
2πi C0 − 2πi C0 + 2πi C0+ n=−∞
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
∞
1 1 1
Z Z Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz = − f (z) dz = − ∑ cn zn dz
2πi C0 − 2πi C0 + 2πi C0+ n=−∞
= −c−1
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
∞
1 1 1
Z Z Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz = − f (z) dz = − ∑ cn zn dz
2πi C0 − 2πi C0+ 2πi C0+ n=−∞
∞
1 cn−2
Z
= −c−1 = − ∑ n
dz
2πi C0+ n=−∞ z
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
∞
1 1 1
Z Z Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz = − f (z) dz = − ∑ cn zn dz
2πi C0 − 2πi C0+ 2πi C0+ n=−∞
∞
1 cn−2 1 1 ∞ cn−2
Z Z
= −c−1 = − ∑ dz = − ∑ zn−2 dz
2πi C0 n=−∞ z
+ n 2πi C0+ z2 n=−∞
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
∞
1 1 1
Z Z Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz = − f (z) dz = − ∑ cn zn dz
2πi C0 − 2πi C0+ 2πi C0+ n=−∞
∞
1 cn−2 1 1 ∞ cn−2
Z Z
= −c−1 = − ∑ dz = − ∑ zn−2 dz
2πi C0 n=−∞ z
+ n 2πi C0+ z2 n=−∞
1 1 1
Z
= − 2
f dz
2πi C0+ z z
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
∞
1 1 1
Z Z Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz = − f (z) dz = − ∑ cn zn dz
2πi C0 − 2πi C0+ 2πi C0+ n=−∞
∞
1 cn−2 1 1 ∞ cn−2
Z Z
= −c−1 = − ∑ zn dz = − ∑ zn−2 dz
2πi C0+ n=−∞ 2πi C0+ z2 n=−∞
1 1 1 1 1
Z
= − 2
f dz = −Resz=0 2 f
2πi C0+ z z z z
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Theorem.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
-
6 ℜ(z)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
-
6 ℜ(z)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
? -
6 ℜ(z)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
? -
6 ℜ(z)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
? -
3
6 ℜ(z)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
r
? -
3
6 ℜ(z)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
i r
? -
3
6 ℜ(z)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
i r
? -
3 ℜ(z)
r 6
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
i r
? -
3 ℜ(z)
−i r
6
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 1
f
z2 z
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2
1 1 1 z
f =
z2 z z2 1 2
z +1
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2
1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2
z +1
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2
1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2
z +1
1 1
=
z 1 − (−z2 )
2
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2
1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2
z +1
1 1 1 ∞
= = ∑ (−1)n z2n
z2 1 − (−z2 ) z2 n=0
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2
1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2
z +1
1 1 1 ∞
= = ∑ (−1)n z2n
z2 1 − (−z2 ) z2 n=0
∞
1
= + ∑ (−1)n z2n−2
z2 n=1
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2
1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2
z +1
1 1 1 ∞
= = ∑ (−1)n z2n
z2 1 − (−z2 ) z2 n=0
∞
1
= + ∑ (−1)n z2n−2
z2 n=1
Z
and hence f (z) dz
C
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2
1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2
z +1
1 1 1 ∞
= = ∑ (−1)n z2n
z2 1 − (−z2 ) z2 n=0
∞
1
+ ∑ (−1)n z2n−2
z2 n=1
=
1 1
Z
and hence f (z) dz = 2πiResz=0 2 f
C z z
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2
1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2
z +1
1 1 1 ∞
= = ∑ (−1)n z2n
z2 1 − (−z2 ) z2 n=0
∞
1
+ ∑ (−1)n z2n−2
z2 n=1
=
1 1
Z
and hence f (z) dz = 2πiResz=0 2 f = 0.
C z z
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Definition.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
sin(z)
Example. The function f (z) = has a removable singularity at
z
z = 0.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
sin(z)
Example. The function f (z) = has a removable singularity at
z
z = 0.
sin(z)
z
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
sin(z)
Example. The function f (z) = has a removable singularity at
z
z = 0.
sin(z) 1
= sin(z)
z z
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
sin(z)
Example. The function f (z) = has a removable singularity at
z
z = 0.
sin(z) 1
= sin(z)
z z
1 ∞ (−1)n 2n+1
= ∑ (2n + 1)! z
z n=0
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
sin(z)
Example. The function f (z) = has a removable singularity at
z
z = 0.
sin(z) 1
= sin(z)
z z
1 ∞ (−1)n 2n+1
= ∑ (2n + 1)! z
z n=0
∞
(−1)n 2n
= ∑ z
n=0 (2n + 1)!
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = has simple poles at z = 1 and at
1 − z2
z = −1.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = has simple poles at z = 1 and at
1 − z2
z = −1.
1
1 − z2
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = has simple poles at z = 1 and at
1 − z2
z = −1.
1 1 1
=
1 − z2 z+1 z−1
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1 + z2
Example. The function f (z) = has a pole of order 3 at z = 0.
z3
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1 + z2
Example. The function f (z) = has a pole of order 3 at z = 0.
z3
1 + z2
z3
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1 + z2
Example. The function f (z) = has a pole of order 3 at z = 0.
z3
1 + z2 1 1
3
= 3+
z z z
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = e z has an essential singularity at
z = 0.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = e z has an essential singularity at
z = 0.
1
ez
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. The function f (z) = e z has an essential singularity at
z = 0.
∞
1 1 1
ez = ∑ n
n=0 n! z
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Theorem.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Proof.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example. Find all poles, their order and their residues for
z+1 3
f (z) = .
z−1
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example. Find all poles, their order and their residues for
z+1 3
f (z) = .
z−1
The only singularity of f is z = 1.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example. Find all poles, their order and their residues for
z+1 3
f (z) = .
z−1
The only singularity of f is z = 1.
z+1 3
f (z) =
z−1
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example. Find all poles, their order and their residues for
z+1 3
f (z) = .
z−1
The only singularity of f is z = 1.
z+1 3
1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1
f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example. Find all poles, their order and their residues for
z+1 3
f (z) = .
z−1
The only singularity of f is z = 1.
z+1 3
1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1
f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example. Find all poles, their order and their residues for
z+1 3
f (z) = .
z−1
The only singularity of f is z = 1.
z+1 3
1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1
f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1, m=3
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example. Find all poles, their order and their residues for
z+1 3
f (z) = .
z−1
The only singularity of f is z = 1.
z+1 3
1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1
f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1, m=3
0 2
Φ (z) = 3z + 6z + 3
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example. Find all poles, their order and their residues for
z+1 3
f (z) = .
z−1
The only singularity of f is z = 1.
z+1 3
1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1
f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1, m=3
0 2
Φ (z) = 3z + 6z + 3
Φ00 (z) = 6z + 6
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example. Find all poles, their order and their residues for
z+1 3
f (z) = .
z−1
The only singularity of f is z = 1.
z+1 3
1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1
f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1, m=3
0 2
Φ (z) = 3z + 6z + 3
Φ00 (z) = 6z + 6
Φ00 (1) = 12
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example. Find all poles, their order and their residues for
z+1 3
f (z) = .
z−1
The only singularity of f is z = 1.
z+1 3
1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1
f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1, m=3
0 2
Φ (z) = 3z + 6z + 3
Φ00 (z) = 6z + 6
Φ00 (1) = 12
12
Resz=1 (f ) =
2!
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example. Find all poles, their order and their residues for
z+1 3
f (z) = .
z−1
The only singularity of f is z = 1.
z+1 3
1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1
f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1, m=3
0 2
Φ (z) = 3z + 6z + 3
Φ00 (z) = 6z + 6
Φ00 (1) = 12
12
Resz=1 (f ) = =6
2!
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z)
2
= 2
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i)
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z) 1 Log(z)
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z) 1 Log(z)
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) =
(z + i)2
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z) 1 Log(z)
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z) 1 Log(z)
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2
z (z + i) − 2(z + i)Log(z)
Φ0 (z) =
(z + i)4
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z) 1 Log(z)
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
z (z + i) − 2(z + i)Log(z) z (z + i) − 2Log(z)
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z) 1 Log(z)
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
z (z + i) − 2(z + i)Log(z) z (z + i) − 2Log(z)
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
z + i − 2Log(z)z
=
z(z + i)3
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z) 1 Log(z)
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
z (z + i) − 2(z + i)Log(z) z (z + i) − 2Log(z)
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
z + i − 2Log(z)z
=
z(z + i)3
i + i − 2Log(i)i
Φ0 (i) =
i(i + i)3
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z) 1 Log(z)
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
z (z + i) − 2(z + i)Log(z) z (z + i) − 2Log(z)
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
z + i − 2Log(z)z
=
z(z + i)3
i + i − 2Log(i)i 2i − 2i π2 i
Φ0 (i) = =
i(i + i)3 i(2i)3
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z) 1 Log(z)
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
z (z + i) − 2(z + i)Log(z) z (z + i) − 2Log(z)
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
z + i − 2Log(z)z
=
z(z + i)3
i + i − 2Log(i)i 2i − 2i π2 i 2i + π
Φ0 (i) = = =
i(i + i)3 i(2i)3 8
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z) 1 Log(z)
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
z (z + i) − 2(z + i)Log(z) z (z + i) − 2Log(z)
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
z + i − 2Log(z)z
=
z(z + i)3
i + i − 2Log(i)i 2i − 2i π2 i 2i + π
Φ0 (i) = = =
i(i + i)3 i(2i)3 8
Log(z) 1 π + 2i
Resz=i 2
=
(z2 + 1) 1! 8
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z) 1 Log(z)
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
z (z + i) − 2(z + i)Log(z) z (z + i) − 2Log(z)
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
z + i − 2Log(z)z
=
z(z + i)3
i + i − 2Log(i)i 2i − 2i π2 i 2i + π
Φ0 (i) = = =
i(i + i)3 i(2i)3 8
Log(z) 1 π + 2i π + 2i
Resz=i 2
= =
(z2 + 1) 1! 8 8
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
Example.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. Integrate f (z) = around the positively oriented
z3 (z + 4)
circle of radius 5 around the origin.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. Integrate f (z) = around the positively oriented
z3 (z + 4)
circle of radius 5 around the origin.
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. Integrate f (z) = around the positively oriented
z3 (z + 4)
circle of radius 5 around the origin.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. Integrate f (z) = around the positively oriented
z3 (z + 4)
circle of radius 5 around the origin.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. Integrate f (z) = around the positively oriented
z3 (z + 4)
circle of radius 5 around the origin.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. Integrate f (z) = around the positively oriented
z3 (z + 4)
circle of radius 5 around the origin.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. Integrate f (z) = around the positively oriented
z3 (z + 4)
circle of radius 5 around the origin.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
1
Example. Integrate f (z) = around the positively oriented
z3 (z + 4)
circle of radius 5 around the origin.
logo1
Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem