Redox titrations

Pharma.analytical chemistry II

Dr.Jehad M Diab, faculty of pharmacy

Damascus University
REDOX titrations
A volumetric method of analysis which
relies on oxidation or reduction of the
analyte using redox indicators or
potentiometry.
This unit covers:
changes in solution potential during a
titration
basic calculations
methods of sample preparation and
common titrants
Example applications Dr.Jehad diab
Dr.Jehad diab
Determination of equivalence point potential:
Fe2+ Ce4+ = Fe3+ Ce3+
E0Fe3+= 0.771 v , E0Ce4+=1.70 v
Eeq = E0Fe3+ - 0.0592/1 log [Fe2+] / [Fe3+] (1)
Eeq = E0Ce4+ - 0.0592/1 log [Ce3+] / [Ce4+] (2)
1+2:
2Eeq = E0Ce4+ + E0Fe3+ - 0.0592/1 log [Fe2+][Ce3+] / [Fe3+] [Ce4+]
At the equivalence point:
[Fe3+] =[Ce3+ ]
[Fe2+]=[Ce4+ ]
Rearrangement:
2Eeq = E0Ce4+ + E0Fe3+ - 0.0592/1 log [Ce4+][Ce3+] / [Ce3+] [Ce4+]
Eeq = (E0Ce4+ + E0Fe3+) /2= 1.70+0.771/2= 1.24 volt

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draft
2Eeq = E0Ce4+ + E0Fe3+ - 0.0592/1 log [Fe2/ [Fe3+]-0.0592/1
log [Ce3+] / [Ce4+]
2Eeq = E0Ce4+ + E0Fe3+ - 0.0592/1(log [Fe2]/ [Fe3+]+ log
[Ce3+] / [Ce4+]
2Eeq = E0Ce4+ + E0Fe3+ - 0.0592/1( (log [Fe2]-log [Fe3+]+
log[Ce3+]-log[Ce4+]
2Eeq = E0Ce4+ + E0Fe3+ - 0.0592/1(log [Fe2]+log[Ce3+]-log
[Fe3+]-log[Ce4+]
2Eeq = E0Ce4+ + E0Fe3+ - 0.0592/1 log ([Fe2+][Ce3+] / [Fe3+] [Ce4+])

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E eq =(n1e0ox+n2e0red) / n1+n2

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 Dr.Jehad diab

A more complex example

Determine of Eeq for the following reaction:

Mno4- +5 Fe2+ 8H+ = Mn2+ + 5Fe3++ 4H2O

e eq= 0.77+0.059/1 × log [Fe3+] / [Fe2+] (1)

e eq=1.51+0.059/5 × log [Mno4-][H+]8/[Mn2+] (2) × 5
1+2:
6eeq= 0.77+5 × 1.51+0.059 × log [Fe3+][MnO4- ][H+]8/[Fe2+][Mn2+]

[Fe2+]=5[MnO4-] , [Fe3+]=5[Mn2+] ,
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= [Mn2+] / [MnO4-]
6eeq = 0.77+5×1.51+.059 log [Mn2+][MnO4-][H+]8/[MnO4-][Mn2+]
6eeq = 0.77+5×1.51+.059 log [Mn2+][MnO4-][H+]8/[MnO4-][Mn2+]

6eeq=0.77+5×1.51+0.059 log[H+]8
eeq=(0.77+5×1.51)/6 + 0.059/6 log[H+]8
eeq=(0.77+5×1.51)/6 - 0.079 pH
If [H+]=1M (pH= 0):
eeq=(0.77+5×1.51)/6 + 0.059/6 log[1]8 =1.39 v
So, the potential at equivalence point is dependent
on [H+]. If [H+]=1M we can calculate from the
following equation:

eeq=(n1e0ox + n2e0Red ) / n1+n2 Dr.J.Diab

 Dr.Jehad diab

E,volt

E,volt

Volume of reagent,ml
Complete titration curve

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(or volume of titrant)
 100 ml 0.1 M Fe2+ with 0.1 M Ce4+ solution
Ce4+ + Fe2+ Ce3++ Fe3+ Dr.Jehad diab
Dr.Jehad diab
Ce4+ + Fe2+ Ce3++ Fe3+

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Ce4+ (0.1 M) + Fe2+ (100 ml 0.1 M) Ce3++ Fe3+

 Addition of 20 ml of Ce4+:

100 0.1  20  0.1

0.059 100  20
EFe  0.771 log  0.735v
1 20  0.1
100  20
 Addition of 50 ml of Ce4+:

100  0.1  50  0.1

0.059 100  50
EFe  0.771 log  0.771v
1 50  0.1
100  50 Dr.Jehad diab
Dr.Jehad diab
Dr.Jehad diab
Fe2+ Ce4+ = Fe3+ Ce3+ , e0Fe3+/Fe2+= 0.771 v , e0Ce4+/Ce3+=1.70 v

E eq =n1e0ox+n2e0red / n1+n2

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Dr.Jehad diab
Ce4+ + Fe2+ Ce3++ Fe3+

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Dr.Jehad diab
Ce4+ + Fe2+ Ce3++ Fe3+

200 x0.05= 210 x[Ce3+]

10ml x0.1M=210ml x [Ce4+]

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 Ce4+ + Fe2+ Ce3++ Fe3+

E = e0 – 0.059 log [Ce3+]/ [Ce4+]

(200 x0.05/ 210)
1.70 -
(10ml x0.1M/210ml)
1.64 v
volt
Or E =1.70-0.059log 100%/10%=1.64 v
1.66 V

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 Homework

You are titrating 50 ml 0.1M of Co2+ solution

wuth0.1 M Ce4+ titrant.E0Co=0.85 v ,E0Ce=1.70.
What is the potential for the titration
system after addition of:
a. 0 ml of Ce4+
b. 25 ml of Ce4+
c. 50 ml of Ce4+
d. 75 ml of Ce4+
Dr.Jehad diab
Ce4+ + Co2+ Ce3++ Co3+
Equivalent point volume:
CCe4+ VCe4+ = CCo2+ V Co2+
0.1 x VCe4+ = 50 x0.1 ==> VCe4+ = 50 ml
a) Addition of 0 ml of Ce4+ ,absence of Co3+ ,E can
not be calculated
b) Addition of 25 ml of Ce4+ before the equivalent
point; excess of Co2+
E= 0.85+0.059/1xlog([25x0.1)/75/(50 x0.1-25x0.1)/75=0.85v
c)Addition of 50 ml of Ce4+;at the equivalent point:
E= (e0Co+ e0Ce)/2= (0.85 +1.70)/2= 1.275 v

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c)Addition of 75 ml of Ce4+;after the equivalent point
excess of Ce4+
E= e0Ce+0.059/1xlog[Ce4+]/[Ce3+]
E =1.70+0.059/1xlog(75x0.1-50x0.1)/125 /(50x0.1)/125= 1.682 v

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 Dr.Jehad diab

(True)

Self indicators: KMnO4 (purple) → Mn2+ (colorless)

I2 (yellow) → 2I- (colorless)
Ce4+(yellow) → Ce3+(colorless)
 Redox indicators
Specific indicators:
Starch:
Starch +I2 <--> blue complex
It is an easy to detect and rapid indicator. This
explains why iodine is a common titrant even
though it is a weak oxidant.
KSCN:
Fe3++ SCN- ( Indicator) → FeSCN2+(red complex)
Determination of Fe3+ with Ti3+ in presence of
SCN-
Fe3+ with Ti3+ --> Fe2+ with Ti4+
when [Fe3+] decreases then color of red complex
disappears which indicates the end point.
Dr.Jehad diab
 ____
1

E=E0ind - 0.059/n (color of reducing form)

E=E0ind + 0.059/n (color of oxidizing form) Dr.Jehad diab
Dr.Jehad diab
general

(Ferroin)

1.150v

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Dr.Jehad diab
 Dr.Jehad diab

Ox

Potential range for color change is:

e0-0.059/n - e0+0.59/n:
From 0.80-0.59/1 to 0.80 +0.59/1=(0.741→ 0.859 v)
√
√
√

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 Potential Indicator
End point is determined by measuring the potential of
indicator electrode against reference electrode and plotting
the potential against the volume of titrant.

(Pt for E( mv) and

glass electrode for
pH)

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 Potentiometric titration ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة اﻟﻛﻣوﻧﯾﺔ‬
It is possible to monitor
the course of a titration
using potentiometric
measurements. The Pt
electrode, for example,
is appropriate for
monitoring an redox
titration and determining
an end point in lieu
of an indicator. The
procedure has been
called a potentiometric
titration. The end point
occurs when the easured
potential undergoes a
sharp change—when all
the oxd. or red. in the
titration vessel is reacted Dr.Jehad diab
 The potential scale is calibrated in pH units (59.16 mV/pH at 25o C).
A temperature adjustment feature changes the slope by 2.303RT/F.

Fig. 13.10. Typical pH meter.

©Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. (Wiley)
Dr.Jehad diab
Dr.Jehad diab
‫اﻟﻌوﻣل اﻟﻣؤﻛﺳدة واﻟﻣرﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬

‫‪Dr.Jehad diab‬‬
Dr.Jehad diab
‫اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﻣرﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬

‫‪Dr.Jehad diab‬‬
Dr.Jehad diab Reducing column
 Dr.Jehad diab

Auxiliary reducing agent

Fe2++ Fe3+ (reductor ) → Fe2+ , Cr3+ +e →Cr2+

Fe2++ Fe3+ (reductor ) → Fe2+ , Cr3+ not reduced

Than
n that of Walden
Dr.Jehad diab
Auxiliary oxidizing agents

Sodium bismuthate-NaBiO3 ‫ﺑﯾزﻣوﺗﺎت اﻟﺻودﯾوم‬

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 ammonium persulfate, ‫ﻓوق ﻛﺑرﯾﺗﺎت اﻷﻣوﻧﯾوم‬
Ammonium peroxydisulphate- (NH4)2S2O8

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 H2O2,Na2O2

Oxidizes Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+

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 Some common oxidants
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indicator‫٭‬
Oxidizing Reduction stability
agent product eo volt standardization
‫٭٭‬

AS2O3 ,
KMnO4 Mn2+ 1.51 Na2C2O4 Mno4- (b)
Potassium
permanganate
, Fe

KBrO3
Potassium Br- 1.44 KBrO3 (1) (a)
bromate

1.44
Na2C2O4
(H2SO4)
Ce4+ Ce3+ , AS2O3 , (2) (a)
1.70
Cerium(iv) Fe
(HClO4)
 Some common oxidants

K2Cr2O7 Cr3+ 1.33 K2Cr2O7 (3) (a)

Potassium
dichromate

H5IO6 IO3- 1.60 AS2O3 starch (b)

Periodic acid

KIO3 ICl2- 1.24 KIO3 (4) (a)

Potassium iodate

BaS2O3.
I2 I- 0.536 H2O , starch (c)
Iodine
AS2O3
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 *(1) α- Naphthoflavone; (2) Ferroin;(3)
diphenyl amine sulfonicacid;(4)
disapperance of I2 from chlorofom.

**(a) stable ;(b) moderately stable ;(c)

unstable

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 Dr.Jehad diab

E0 =1.33 v

Cr2O7-2 +14H+ +6e- 2Cr3++ 7H2O

 Dr.Jehad diab

Primary applications of Cr2O7-2

- Determination Fe2+
- Indirect determination of oxidizing agents;
A known excess of fe2+ is added to the
sample which is oxidant such as MnO4- and
the excess of fe2+ is back titrated with
Cr2O7-2
- Ethanol (C2H5OH)
Reactions:
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14H+ → 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

3C2H5OH + 2Cr2O72- + 16H+ → 4Cr3+ + 3CH3COOH + 11H2O

 of titrant

Moles of Fe2+ = 6 moles of Cr2O7-2

W Fe/ Mw Fe = 6 CCr2O7-2 x VCr2O7-2 (L)
0.2464/56 = 6 CCr2O7-2 x 39.31/1000
CCr2O7-2 = 0.01871 M

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Dr.Jehad diab
Dr.Jehad diab
MnO4- at pH < 1(H2SO4 is used ,HCl can not be used
because MnO4- oxidize 2Cl- to Cl2)
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5 e- → Mn2+ + 4 H2O
(E0 = 1.51 V strong acidic med)
MnO4- + 2H2O +3e- →MnO2 +4OH- (E0=0.59 v weak basic med)
MnO4- + 4H+ +3e- →MnO2 +2H2O (E0=1.69 v weak acidic to neutral )
MnO4- + e- →MnO4-2 (Eo=0.56 v strong basic med)

Standardization of MnO4-

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 Application of KMnO4 in Redox -
Titrations
MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e-  Mn2+ + 4 H2O

Mo3+ Mo3+ +4H2O →MoO42- + 8H+ +3e

H2O2 H2O2 → O2 +2H+ + 2e-
Ti3+ Ti3+ +H2O→ TiO2 +2H+ + e

H3AsO3 H3AsO3 + H2O →H3AsO4+ 2H++ 2e

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 Common titrants
Oxidizing titrants
Cerium (IV) (Ce4+),E0=1.44 v and 1.70 v in 1M
H2SO4 and 1M HClO4 respectively
- Commonly used in place of KMnO4
- Works best in acidic solution
- Can be used in most applications in
previous table
- Used to analyze some organic compounds
- Color change not distinct to be its own
indicator ,Ferroin indicator is used
Yellow colorless

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 Common titrants Dr.Jehad diab

Oxidizing titrants
I2 (Iodimetry)
I2 + 2e- →2I-
I2 + I- → I3- (I- added to increase solubility of I2)
I3- + 2 e- ------> 3 I- , E0 =0.536 V
Week oxidizing agents
Unstable
 Needed to be re-standardized
starch
I2 + 2S2O3 → S4O62- + 2I-
2-

( end point: disappearance of blue color)

 Less popular than Ce4+, MnO4- ,Cr2O72-

 used for the determination of strong reductants
 Applications of Iodine in Redox
Titrations(Iodimetry) ‫اﻟﻣﻘﯾﺎس اﻟﯾودي‬
I3- + 2 e- → 3 I- , I2 + 2e- →2I-
Iodimetric titrations carried out in weak acidic to weak basic
medium because in strong basic I2 + OH- → OI-+H+
And 3OI-disproportionate to IO3- +2I- this resulted in error by
disturbing the stoichiometry of the reaction. In strong acidic
medium starch decomposes.
H2S + I2 → S + 2I- + 2H+
H3AsO3 +I2+ H2O →H3AsO4 +2I- +2H++ 2e
SO32- + I2+H2O →SO42- + 2I- + 2H+
Sn2+ + I2 → Sn4+ + 2 I-
AsO33- + I2 + H2O →AsO43- +2 I- +3H+
N2H4 + 2I2 → N2 +4H+ +4I- Dr.Jehad diab
Iodimetric determination of hydroquinone by
back titration

Excess of standard II22 is added and excess is back

titrated with Na2S2O3

I2 + 2S2O32- → S4O62- + 2I-

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 → +2H+ + 2e

C6H8O6 + I3-  C6H6O6 + 3I- + 2H+

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 Oxidizing titrants
Potassium iodate:KIO3 ‫ﯾودات اﻟﺑوﺗﺎﺳﯾوم‬

IO3- + 5I- (excess) + 6H+(0.1-1M) → 3I2 + 3H2O

IO3- + 2I2 + 10Cl- + 6H+(3M) → 5ICl2- + 3H2O
IO3- + 2I- + 6Cl- + 6H+(3M) → 3ICl2- + 3H2O
In intermediate step iodate is converted to I2
;I2 In presence of CHCl3 resulted in violet
color. in final step iodine converted to ICl2-
and violet color disappear which match the
end point.
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 Application:
Determination of iodine(I2) and iodide(I-) in an
aqueous mixture
the iodine in an aliquot of a mixture is determined
by standard sodium thiosulfate solution in
presence of starch as indicator . the concentration
of iodine plus iodide is then determined with
standard potassium iodate solution in strong HCl
in presence of chloroform as indicator.
I2 + 2S2O32- → S4O62- + 2I-
IO3- + 2I2 + 10Cl- + 6H+(3M) → 5ICl2- + 3H2O
IO3- + 2I- + 6Cl- + 6H+(3M) → 3ICl2- + 3H2O
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 Bromometry
BrO3- (standard soln.) + 5Br- (excess) + 6H+ →3Br2 + 3H2O
(BrO3 ≡3Br2 ≡6e-)

Determination of phenol (back and substitute

titration):

C6H5OH + 3Br2 (Excess) →C6H2Br3OH

3Br2 + 6I-→ 3I2 +6Br- , 3 I2 + 6S2O32- → 3S4O62- + 6I-
3Br2 ≡ 3I2 ≡ 6S2O32-
C6H5OH ≡3Br2 ≡6e- Dr.Jehad diab
 (Iodometry) ‫اﻟﻣﻘﯾﺎس اﻟﯾودوي‬

I2
O2

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Iodometry

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S4O62-

S44O62- is

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 Application of Iodide in Redox Titrations that
Produce I3- ,triiodide (Iodometry)

Iodometric titrations carried out in strong acidic medium

2Cu2+ + 4I- → 2CuI + I2

2Ce4+ + 2I- →2 Ce3+ +I2
2MnO4- + 10I- + 2H+ →5 I2+ 2 Mn2+ 8H2O
H2O2 +2I- +2H+ → I2 +2H2O
IO3- + 5I- + 6H+ → 3I2 +3H2O
HNO2 +2I- →I2 + 2NO+H2O
 Fe3+ + 2I- → Fe2++ I2
starch
I2 + 2S2O3 → S4O62-
2- + 2I- Dr.Jehad diab
Reducing titrants Na2S2O3 Dr.Jehad diab
Reactions:

2S2O32- + I3- → S4O62- + 3I-

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 0 . 121
214 1

C  0 . 04164 6
C  0 . 08147 M Dr.Jehad diab
 iron(II) ammonium sulfate (Mohr's salt)

Application :determination of strong oxidizing

agents as MnO4- ,Cr2O7 2+, Ce4+ ….
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I2 + SO2 + H2O → 2HI + SO3
C5H5N.I2 + C5H5N.SO2 + C5NS
H5N+H2O →
O
2C5H5N.HI +C5H5N.SO3 Dr.Jehad diab
The titration’s end point is signaled when the solution
changes from the yellow color of the products to the
brown color of the Karl Fisher Reagent. Dr.Jehad diab
Example: A 1.0120 g mineral sample was crushed
and dissolved in acid solution. This sample was
passed through a Jones reactor (Fe3+ converted
to Fe2+). Titration of the Fe(II) required 23.29 ml
of 0.01992 M KMnO4. What is the %Fe in the
sample?
wFe 2 
2
moles of Fe 56 5

 
moles of MnO4 0.02329  0.01992 1
2+
wFe2  0.12990 g
2+ 0.12990 100
% Fe2   12.8320%
1.0120 Dr.Jehad diab
Example:
A 0.1165 g of primary standard Cu was
dissolved and then treated with an excess of
kI. Reaction:
2Cu2+ + 4I-  CU2I2(s) +I2
Calculate the normality of Na2S2O3 soln. if
36.24 ml were needed titrate the librated I2
I2 + 2S2O32- → S4O62- + 2I- , 2Cu2+ ≡ I ≡2e-
2

0.1165
 N  0.03624
63.54
N  0.10125 Dr.Jehad diab
 Dr.Jehad diab
Example:
The amount of ascorbic acid, C6H8O6, in orange juice was
determined by oxidizing the ascorbic acid to
dehydroascorbic acid, C6H6O6, with a known excess of I3–,
and back titrating the excess I3– with Na2S2O3. A 5.00-mL
sample of filtered orange juice was treated with 50.00 mL
of excess 0.01023 M I3–. After the oxidation was complete,
13.82 mL of 0.07203 M Na2S2O3 was needed to reach the
starch indicator end point. Report the concentration of
ascorbic acid in milligrams per 100 mL.
C6H8O6 + I3-  C6H6O6 + 3I- + 2H+ (I3- =I2)
I3- + 2S2O32-  3I- + S4O62-
 C6H8O6 + I3- +  C6H6O6 + 3I- + 2H+
I3- + 2S2O32-  3I- + S4O62-
Moles (I3-)total= moles (I3-)ascorbic acid +(mole I3-)back
titration
MV(I3-) = WmgC6H8O6/Fw + 0.5(MV)S2O32-
50 ×0.01023= W/176.13+ 0.5 × 13.82 × 0.07203
W= (50*0.01023-0.5 × 13.82 × 0.07203) × 176.13=2.43mg
C6H8O6 in 5 ml sample or
(2.43 ×100) /5 =48.60 mg/100 ml orange juice.
Or:
50 × 0.01023=5×M + 0.5 ×13.82 × 0.07203
M=0.0028
C(g/l)= 0.0028 × 176.13=0.493
C(mg/100ml)= (0.486 × 1000)/10=48.60 mg/100 ml Dr.Jehad diab
‫ﺗﻣرﯾن‪:‬ﺗوزن ‪ 20‬ﻣﺿﻐوطﺔ وﺗﺳﺣق ‪،‬ﺛم ﯾﺣل ﻣن اﻟﻣﺳﺣوق ﻣﺎ ﯾﻛﺎﻓﺊ ‪150‬‬
‫ﻣﻎ ﻣن ﺣﻣض اﻷﺳﻛورﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣزﯾﺞ ﻣؤﻟف ﻣن ﺣﻣض اﻟﻛﺑرﯾت واﻟﻣﺎء‬
‫‪،‬ﯾﻌﺎﯾر اﻟﻣﺣﻠول ﺑﻣﺣﻠول ‪ 0.1 M‬ﻣن اﻟﺳﯾرﯾوم اﻟرﺑﺎﻋﻲ‪،‬ﻓﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﺻروف‬
‫‪ 17‬ﻣل‪.‬ﻋﻠﻣﺎ ً أن ﻣﺣﺗوى اﻟﻣﺿﻐوطﺔ اﻟواﺣدة ﻣن ﺣﻣض اﻷﺳﻛورﺑﻲ ھو‬
‫‪ 500‬ﻣﻎ‪،‬و اﻟوزن اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﻲ ﻟﺣﻣض اﻷﺳﻛورﺑﻲ ‪ 176.13‬غ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﺋوﯾﺔ ﻟﺣﻣض اﻷﺳﻛورﺑﻲ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ھو اﻟﻣﺣﺗوى اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻣن‬
‫ﺣﻣض اﻷﺳﻛورﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺻﻐوطﺔ اﻟواﺣدة ‪.‬‬
‫‪C6H8O6 + 2Ce4+→ C6H6O6 + 2Ce3+ + 2H+‬‬
‫‪moles C 6 H 8 O 6 W C 6 H 8 O 6 / 176 . 13 1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪moles Ce 4‬‬ ‫‪MV Ce 4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2  W C 6 H 8O 6‬‬
‫‪ 17  0 . 1‬‬
‫‪176 . 13‬‬
‫‪17  0 . 1  176 . 13‬‬
‫‪W ‬‬ ‫‪ 149 . 7 mg‬‬ ‫‪Dr.Jehad diab‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﺋوﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪149 .7  100‬‬
‫‪% Ascorbicac id ‬‬ ‫‪ 99 .80‬‬
‫‪150‬‬
‫ﻣﺣﺗوى اﻟﻣﺿﻐوطﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻣن ﺣﻣض اﻷﺳﻛورﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪500  99 . 80‬‬
‫‪ 499 mg‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪Dr.Jehad diab‬‬
Problem: Calculate the normality of the solution
produced by dissolving 2.064 g of primary
standard K2Cr2O7 in sufficient water to give 500
ml.
N=2.064 g / (294/6)=0.421g/0.500L=0.0842 N
Problem: calculate the molarity of the I2 solution
that is 0.04N with respect to the following reaction:
I2 + H2S →2I- +2H++S
M=0.04/2=0.02 M
Problem: calculate the molarity of the
KIO3solution that is 0.04 N with respect to the
following reaction:
IO3-+2I-+6H++6Cl- →3ICl2-+3H2O
M=0.04/4=0.01 M Dr.Jehad diab
The End