Victorian Britain and industrial cities > Queen Victoria took its name from the Victorian era. At the end of the Industrial revolution Victoria ascended to the throne, bringing with it new markets and rapid growth. The new urban economy took over from the old agricultural economy from the manufacturing industries of international trade, and Britain became the world's most powerful country. People have been drow to the cities for factory work. The 7 largest cities after London were Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, Bristol etc.. Life in the city = The middle and upper classes while the workers were in less desirable situations, made huge profits from the growth of industry; poverty was pushed into overcrowded slums. The fewest building codes were disgregarded and inexpensive construction materials were used. Ignoring elements such as waterproofing, insulation and plumbing, and actually needing to pump water for bathing by residents; dumping household waste in the courtyards; drainage pipes were not connected to the common toilets and the water frequently overflowed. The outbreak of diseases such as smallpox, cholera and tuberculosis has resulted from these unsanitary conditions. The middle classes, who from then on wanted to improve hygiene and reduce overcrowding, were also affected by this disease and modern hospitals were built by the government. Chartist movements--> The First Reform of 1832 excluded the working classes and provided the mercantilist middle classes with only small representation. The country's industrial regions were governed by landed nobles and gentry, and by voting, since votes had to be publicly declared. These factors contributed to the Chartist Movement, which originated in 1836 and was most active between 1838 and 1848. The goal of the Chartists was to win political rights for the working classes. It took its name from its formal petition, the People's Charter. The Charter liste container 5 points:The People's Charter was drawn up, but over a period of 10 years, it was rejected three times. The last petition for a chartist was collected in 1848. After a peaceful mass meeting, the aim was to deliver it to parliament. The request was denied, marking the end of the chart. All the demands of the map, except that when a series of reform bills progressively expanded the vote to members of the working classes, it finally became law for an annually elected parliament. In 1918, the first demands of the chartists were issued. The empire-> The Victorian period, from Asia to Central America to Oceania, saw the expansion of Britain's empire all over the world. Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India in 1877 for tea, spices, silk and cotton to trade with India. A number of territories were annexed by Britain, including South Africa, Egypt, the Suez Canal, Afghanistan and Australia, which originally served as a prison colony. Transporter and communication->The 19th century was also a time of great technological innovation. The invention of steam-powered machinery completely revolutionized both industry and transport, which became faster and more efficient thanks to the development of railways. The modern railway system practically changed the speed of travel and the invention of the telephone became cheaper, reaching into some of the most remote parte of the countryside as well as the centres of the town. The Great Exhibition in London displayed 10,000 objects from all over the world. Corn laws and Potrebbe laws--> The cost of living was kept high at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution by the Corn Laws, which kept the price of corn in Britain at an high level, making it difficult. Protesters in the anti-corn law league fought against this measure and were supporter by the workers. It was Robert Peel who under the strain of a series of failures in the ‘potato famine’, eventually abolisce the Corn Laws, whichcaused the deaths of almost a million people, and forced another one and a half million to emigrate to Britain and America. But the recent Poor Law Opinion the poverty was a moral concern was among the most unfair pieces of legilation passed in Victorian Britain. The law specified that anybody who needed money or other support from the authorities of the Poor Law had to be sent or sentenze to your special workhouses, rough and violent places. Kids were mostly hired in factories or mines to operate. Charles Dickens was an opponent of what he found inhumane, the Poor Law. He record the wretched conditions in English workhouses. Victorian novelists-> The golden age of the novel can be considered to be the Victorian period. The novel was also the main source of entertainment for the educated middle classes, becoming the art form most capable of reflecting the increasing complexity of the modern world. The work of Victorian novelist has often been published in: Gifstalments, in literary magazines and newspapers and this type of publication created anxiety for the next story. @thelBildungsroniani( the novel of formation) which traced the life of the protagonist from infancy to early adulthood. The main concern of these novels was the relationship of the individual to society, in particular, the way the individual could find his or her place. This novelists were portraying a society in rapid transition: -in a realistic way; -denouncing its injustices and iniquities; -expressing their faith in progress. The narrator of the Victorian novel is typically omniscient, as a moral guide and as an instrument for analysing the psychology of the characters. Women's voices The phrase’ an angelin the hotel can better summarize the Victorian concepita of the role of a women in society. The rights of women were limited: the could not go to college; girls from middle-classes families were educated to build attractive wives, such as playing tye piano, drawing and embroidery.(@ihelbrontelsisters=>icharlotte and emily, rebelled against jane austen's world of order and restraint. Their novels were romantic in spirit and explored extremes of passion and violence. @ElizabethiGaskell=s conducted an analysis of how the modern industrial society shaped the lower classes . She wrote Ruth that it was a radical novel which attempted to portray prostitutes and unmarried mothers who had been seduced and abandoned by their employers as so calle ‘faloen women’ GGEOrGEIENOE> The novels of George Elliot were addressing many of the social problems, such as single mothers, marital problems and social exclusion.