Equationsofchavgeo.

NO sothermalSgsems

Generalize the shell energy balance approach

Obtain the equation of energy
PDE describingtransport of energy in homogeneous
fluid or solid
Similar to
Ear of Continuity Mass balance
Egm of Motion linear Momentum balance
Mass bal Mon bal enough for isothermal systems
Energy bal eger extends our problem solving capability
to non isothermal systems

ThecombinedEnergyguation
law of conservation ofenergy in a small element
of volume AndyD2 taking limit DNpygz o
Extension of first law ofthermodynamics
DU At w to opensystems

aretes agne
teaggifignimftfEEE.oefg.iq
Yesterday

Convective
7 Induction
molecular workflux
 KE vd
ate E L end is energy associated
with observable motion of fluid
I velocity vector in mass Mom bal egers

Internal energy KE of molecules calculated in a

frame moving with et vibrational rotational
energy of molecules energy of interactionamong
all molecules

Gravitational potential energy does notappear in

energy balance eger Since work done by gravity
on the system is already accounted

Source term due to chemical electrical

nuclear heating is NOT accounted here
needs to be addedseparately if needed
viscous dissipation is already accounted in e

y q Eisnadyasy
zDkDDlzta tFIuxvedII.q i

off I
Lenny i Ennis'sDame

fry LeyBuddy
Dad9 he
lug GE
se
Le
Rate of increase of KET IE DkDyDZ eo7e
Net rate of 9992 Ents t D MY 2 Good
energy addition Dubz y eyed
Rate of work done
by external gravityforce Eat E DRAY DIE I
DM

Energy bal een after dividing eachterm by DIDYDZ

taking limit DR by Dz o reducesto
atte if 3 2
get EEE

tfaeo7eu I.etee.g

Using E 7 E t It End in this ego

E PETE E I PETE E
Alongwith

tea Effeotage e End

ft
Rate ofenergyaddition
fool Rate ofEnergy
Rate of 9 ofenergy transport additionfool
Tol by convective
byconduction

I.pe EEE G t ee E
d
 f
Rate ofworkdoneon fluidXD by Rateof work
done

pressureforces viscousforces by gravityfor e

The above our accountsfor both kineticenergy and

internal energy Gufor KE can beobtainedfrom Monbal

Medaniergyger obtained bytaking a dot

product of ear of motion with velocity vector
doing lengthy rearrangements
Sgu of change of KE
E te E
teEf E.fI.e Ifs EE
ee

After some lengthy rearrangements it takestheform

Itafe f f
Leone pe foC e e

i gci i
i in i
t.at
ge e oi

e Eee EE ee EEE
iiimin
y perunit Vol
 The above eger can also be written by introducing
potential energy per unit mass of where his
yghag
elevation in the gravitationalfield

Ifffettegh I fateo7egh E I.pe

fee e I e
EE EF
ve for expansion offluid
pfe e ve
for compression offluid
Can lead to large DT forgases in compressors turbines

Hu set
E IE MOI t k you r

Iv BSL Bit
Always ve for Newtonianfluids
Describes conversion of mechanical energytothermal
energy that occurs in all flow systems is
called viscous dissipation heating
May lead to significant DT in systems with large
le 2 shear rate

Isothermalsystems BT due to expansioncompression

orvi patron negligible no externaltempgradier
run mmmm
 mmmm.mn mm mmmm
see example 3.5 1 of textbook BSL to See how
fodsmhoeernoueeiear.nl
umeiheiiEEE
Ear ofchange for Internal Energy
Total Energy Mechanical Internal Energy
Bal Eq EnergyBal gn Bal Eg

Ideo ate E
tiiiie 3
f DE iIgHaiE
e zEEeaEer
per unitVol

paf e E IE
Reversible rate of

erasing
bycompression
fE n
g raised

Add heatgenerationfool term in RHS if needed

Alternate forms of Internal energy bat een

I E E EE fo e t s
e 4
heatgenfol
Cif present
Using 0 19 fye along with continuity gives

fDH EE E
Ittts
For Newtonianfluids H H F only
a n
DH H dTt
p dP Volumepermit
or a mass Ye
dig CpdTt TC p dP
cpesppeaejfcunhfftmas
ecpdffteff T.az Jdaf edaif
for a fluidelement moving
wilhEdqzfZ
eepf3IttftZeuffJ.Dei3If
eu m

using
zffft EE.kz eIfI yB Coeffotuokeme

Newtonian fluids expansion

eG
f EE E eutpT
fts If
ATE
Note c
Newton's law I IQ leoIutKY
of viscosity 1 Dilatational
viscosity
viscosity
r dudon
IE I KIT
for constant thermal conductivity K
I 1 477
Viscous dissipation IE neglected informs below
as it is important only for hugevelocity gradientstoget

Restricted versions
afterneglecting e

ofEnergq.eu
C ideal f Yt

fCp7 kITtDItS
Dt

using CpCv R2f eRT M alongwith continuity

eGD ka7 PEE tS

 flu i with const density f Const
r wieddg.pt
ssian
oniIeInpfonstspreaere
Df ap Exp
IT KIT s It
EG
Stationary solid Ee

Eep21ft KIT Transient conduction an

s without heatgeneration

Note Add tea in RHS for Viscous dissipation

Addedheatsourceterm in RHSfor heatgeneration

Boussinesq Een of motion for

Forceddfreeconvection
Gm ofmotionfrom Momentum transport is written as

913 Ifs E E te E
valid for both Non isothermal isothermal
systems
Non isothermal systems f ECT le lect
Density variation due to temp difference
leads to a buoyancyforce in Mon bal een
when an ego ofStatefor f ETC is inserted

Using e E Ep in ear of motion

in RHS and not in LHD f e in LHS

e
Dff f If t eg e E eGB

Goodenoughfor moderate DT T F

Last term EgBCT F Le e 7g is net

forceper unit volume caused by buoyancy
T Pe
Since et as T
Effy is ve

For water Pco for 0kt Cdc linear variation B

B O for T je with 1 assumption not
correct
Due to slowmotion D much smallerthan
t g
In gasturbines hypersonicmissiles E 7ft may
be large comparable to e g hence approx not valid

veryusefulfor heat transfer analysis

Describes limitingcases of
Forcedconvection e g B E F neglected
 Free convection Ifs te f o seems to be
pressure variation appropriate for vertical rectilinear
ain
ok forsmall AT atbEas teargas IEEE
Reward
Boussinesq approximation ignores density difference in
the inertial term on LHS

Assumes that difference in inertia is negligible but

gravity is sufficiently strong to make specific weight
appreciably differentgiving risetosignificant buoyantforce

Boressinesq approximation is inaccurate when Bele is

of order unity Taylor expansion with onlyfirstterm inaccurate