Journal of the STRUCTURAL DIVISION Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers FLEXURAL MEMBERS WITH CONFINED CONCRETE By Dudley Charles Kent? and Robert Park? INTRODUCTION In the limit design of reinforcedconcrete frames itis necessary toconsider the ductility available from members in the post-elastic range when determining the distributions of bending moments throughout the frame which could be used indesign, Also, incountries subjected to earthquakes it is important that struc- tures are capable of deforming ina ductile manner when in the post-elastic range under the action of severe seismic motions, The satisfactory behavior of frames at the ultimate load for both of these aspects is dependent on the shape of the moment-curvature curves for the members. If thecompression zone of aconcrete beamor columnis confined by closely spaced steel stirrup ties, hoops or spirals the ductility of the concrete is en- hanced and large ultimate curvatures may be reached. Tests reported by Base and Read (3), Betero and Felippa (4), Nawy, Denesiand Grosko (17) and others have indicated qualitatively the beneficial effect of such confining steel. Baker (1), Corley (11), Soliman and Yu (26), Blume, Newmark and Corning (7) and others have proposed methods for estimating the ultimate moment and curva- ture taking the action of confining reinforcement into account. However there has been little attempt made to trace theoretically the moment-curvature re- lationships of flexural members with confined compression zones in the range of far advanced curvatures. Existing experimental evidence for the compressive stress-strain curve for concrete confined by transverse steel hoopsor spirals is examined herein and used to determine the properties of the compressive stress block of flex- ural members with confined concrete at various strain levels. The stress block parameters so found are used to determine the moment-curvature char-ST FL AUR. Mb. BERo 1971 Confined Concrete,—Concrete whichis restrained in the directions at right angles to the applied stress will be referred to as confined concrete, Active confinement is when the transverse stress is from some externally applied ac- tlon, for example anaxially loaded cylinder subjected to lateral fluid pressure, The tests conducted by Richart, Brandtzaeg and Brown (19) on test specimens with lateral fluid pressure showed that both the strength and ducttlity of the concrete are greatly increased by such pressure. In practice concrete may be confined by transverse reinforcement in the form of closely spaced steel spirals or hoops. Such confinement is passive. At low levels of axial concrete stress the transverse reinforcement is hardly stressed and thus the concrete is unconfined. The concrete becomes confined when at stresses approaching the uniaxial strength it commences to increase in volume due to progressive internal fracturing and bears out against the transverse reinforcement which then applies a confining reaction to the con- crete. Tests by many investigators in the past, e.g., (4,10,20,21,24,26), have shown that such confinement can considerably improve the stress-strain char- acteristics of concrete once the concrete reaches the stage of commencing to increase in volume. However, the tests showed that rectangular or square (a) Chan's Curve (10) (C) Roy & Soren's Curve(21) FIG, 2.—SOME SUGGESTED STRESS-STRAIN CURVES FOR CONCRETE CONFINED BY RECTANGULAR HOOPS hoops do not confine the concrete as effectively as circular spirals. This is because the confining reaction canonly be applied in the corner regions of the hoops since the bending resistance of the transverse steel between the corners is insufficient to restrain the expansion of the concrete along the whole length of bar, Therefore, the concrete is only effectively confined in the corner and central regions of the cross section and a disruption of aconsiderable portion of the core area occurs. Nevertheless, rectangular hoops do produce a sig- nificant increase in the ductility of the concrete core as a whole, Some stress-strain curves proposed for concrete confined by rectangular hoops are shown in Fig. 2. In Chan’s (10) trilinear curve range OAB approx-197 ei F F \, 18 7 roontined concrete FIG, 3.—PROPOSED STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR UNCONFINED OR CON- FINED CONCRETE | | .007 t 3 a | | £ Tested at siow loading rate a §.008 & 3 z ° x 3-005 = + s g 004 3 i s w | .003 2000 3000 4000 ‘5000 3000 ooo «8000 fi, Maximum Siress (031) = SOURCE ~su FLEXURAL MEMBERS 1973 terest to note that the tests of Roy and Sozen indicated that confinement by rectangular hoops did not increase theconcrete strength. Other invest. gators, e.g., Chan (10), Soliman and Yu (26), Bertero and Felippa (4), and’ Riisch and Stockl (24,27), however, have observed an increase in strength due to closely spaced rectangular hoops, Proposed Stress-Strain Curve for Unconfined and Confined Conerete.—On the basis of the existing experimental evidence it is proposed that the curve shown in Fig, 3 gives a good representation of the Stress-strain relationship for unconfined or confined concrete. The proposed curve combines many of the features of previously proposed curves. The features of theassumed curve are as follows, Region AB.—The ascending portion of the curve will be represented by a Second degree parabola, in common with Hognestad (12) and others, For con- crete with confining steel this assumes that such steel has no effect on the shape of this partof the curve, This isa reasonable assumption because many investigators, e.g., (13), have shown that lateral strains which would cause the hoops to be significantly stressed occur only when the maximum concretestress is almost reached, oontining forces on concrete Fe (a) Las sing Smt concrete “TTT FIG, 5.—EFFICIENCY OF CONFINING REINFORCEMENT It will also be assumed that the maximum flexural stress reached by both unconfined and confined concrete is the same and that this stress is the cyl- Inder strength /2, i.e.) = 1in Fig. 1. The following reasons are listed for this: 1. The fy! = 0.857! used by Hognestad (12) was based on column tests. 2. Examinationof the test results obtained by Hognestad, etal. (13) oncom-wT July, 2971 ST i TABLE 1.—PROPERTIES OF CONFINED Cross fy in Hasina Specimen Section pounds | Source fenber | a” ea, |persquare:| NOM | wanites [SEAS {in inches, inch | ameter | bunened | $0! in inches inches (a) (2) (3) (4) (8) (8) ™ Soliman 2 | 4x8 3,660 3/16 1 8 amd Yu 3 4x6 3,980 3/168 1 6 (26) 4 4x6 3,460 4/16 1 4 10 4x6 3,190 5/16 1 4 16 4x6 3,840 3/16 1 2 Roy and Al 5x5 3,080 V4 1 2 Sazen Az 5x5 2,980 4 1 2 (zu) aa 5x5 3,700 1/4 1 2 BL 5x5 3,480 1/4 2 4 Bz 5x5 3,480 1/4 2 4 BS 5x5 3,370 1/4 2 4 1 5x5 3,320 3/8 1 4 2 5x5 3,440 3/8 1 4 3 5x5 3,390 3/8 1 4 | I 5x5 3,150 1/4 i 6 D2 5x5 3,200 v4 3 8 D3 5x5 3,380 Va 3 6 El 5x 3,330 1/4 4 8 E2 5x5 3,410 V4 4 8 E9 5x5 3,460 SUZ 4 8 5x5 Bertero and 3x3 8,600 3/16 1 2-1/2 Felippa (4) 4-1/4 x 4-1/4 8,600 3/16 1 1-1/2 7,800 3/16 1 | 2-1/2 Mote: For tests of Soliman and Yu (26); Specimens were eccentrically loaded with the 3, £and 10, and 0.7 in, for specimen 16. f, = 51,700 and 47,100 psi for 3/16 in. diam and For tests of Roy and Sozen (21): Specimens were axially loaded, Cover to hoons was zero {mens without longitudinal steel are analyzed. For tests of Bertero and Felippa (4): Spec- the maximum stress reached by the specimens, Only specimens without longitudinal steel ‘The strain at maximum stress will be assumed to be €g = 0.002. This is acommonly accepted assumption for unconfined concrete. Confinement and the presence of a strain gradient may increase the strain at maximum stress but as this may be accompanied by a small increase in stress the actual stress- strann curve will pass close to the assumed point.bet ~ wEXuAL .eMburS 1985 TABLE 4.—CONTINUED (@) | (2) (3) (4) | (5) (6) (7) (a) | (9) | (10) [an 0.40 [0 0.3100 |0.003333/ 25] 1.021 | —= | o,a18| 2.46 | - 125] 0,992 | 1.011] 0.812) 231 | 1.71 225] 0,960 | 1,001 0.773| 216 | 1.00 0.40 | 0.25) 0.3304 }0.002805) 25] 1,031 | —4 | 0.822) 3.65) —a 125{ 1.017 | 1,024] 0.815| 3.49 | 252 225) 0,985 | 1.019] 0.800/ 3.22 1.48 | 0.40 | 0.50] 0.3392 /0.002650/ 25) 1.051 | 1.131] 0.904| 5.64 | 58.00 | 26: 125] 1,043 | 1.050] 0.834) 5.24] 3.90/ 10.39 225{ 1.037 | 1.048 | 0.820) 5.01 | 2a1| 7,34 0.40 | 1.0 | 0.3504 |0,002406/ 25] 1.125 | 1.711] —> | 11.77 | 107.30] —> 125] 1.120 | 1.263 | 0.996] 11.70 | 18.51] 23.80 225) Lt14 | 1,224 | 0,952) 11.61 | 16.17] 19.83 5.25 2.58 2.42 20.90 5.60 4.22 1.00 4Manmum moment occurs at crushing,. Fails by tension steel fracture, may cause an increase in the moment capacity, The curves of Fig, 10 show that thepresence of confining steel makes little difference to moderately rein- forced beams (for example, p = 1,25 %) and to more heavily reinforced beams with high compression steel contents (for example, p = 2.5 @, p' = 1.25 % or p = 3.15%, p' = 2.50%). However with high tension steel contents and low compression steel contents the effect is significant (for example, p = 3.75 %, p' = 0). . Compartson of Theory With Experiment,—Very few authors have published experimentally obtained moment-curvature results in sufficient detail to sub- ject the theory to a rigorous test. However Mattock (16), has reported some beam tests in detail and these are shown compared with the writers’ theory and with Mattock’s theory in Fig, 11, It can be seen that the writers’ theory predicts low moment capacities for beams C1, C2, C3, C4, CSand C6 at larce curvatures. This may be due to the fact that these beams were tested with a central point load and that the resulting confinement afforded the compressed concrete could have delayed the spalling of theconcrete and enabled the beams tocarry anincreased moment at large strains. The writers’ theory compares wellwith beams C2A and CSA and these were both subjected to two point loading giving aconstant moment region with no additional concrete confinement. For the seven beams tested by Mattock with twopoint loading, the average ratio of maximum theoretical moment to maximum experimental moment was 0.97 by1986 Maly, 1971 Ste piastic deformation is of considerable interest. Therefore when describing ‘moment and curvature the word maximum will be used todescribe those values ‘corresponding to the greatest moment reached and the word ultimate to des. ‘cribe those values corresponding to when either the tension steel fractures or ‘the moment is reduced to 80 % of the maximum moment. The preceding defi- nition of the ultimate condition is arbitrary but it gives an indication of the quetility available in the post-elastic range. Table 4 gives the moment-curvature characteristics for rectangular con- crete beam sections fora variety of /2 values, Z values and reinforcement con. tents, In all cases the constant quantities are fy = 40,000 psi; £,,, = 68,000 wat Ey = 30 x 1° paly cay = Wey dey Egan + 0.14; the atvel stress in the strain-hardening range is as used previously; 5" = 0.8); d' 0.1¢; and the cover to the top of the hoops = 0,1d. The table shows the dimensionless M,/fibd? and $,d, and the ratio of M/My and ¢/y, for conditions correspond- ing to the crushing, maximum and ultimate moments. The beneficial effect of confinement on the ultimate curvature is evident. It should be emphasized that mo allowance has been made for the possibility of buckling of the compression steel and that in real beams this may occur before some of the extremely high eurvatures are reached, CONCLUSIONS A study of previously proposed stress-strain curves for compressed con- erete confined by rectangular steel hoops and of existing experimental evidence Showed that curve may be represented by asecond degree parabola up to max. imum stress, a linear falling branch anda horizontal linear portion with stress Constant at 0.2 of the maximum stress, The slope of the linear falling branch was found to depend on the concrete cylinder strength, the ratio of width of Sontined concrete to spacing of hoops and the ratio of volume of hoop steel to volume of concrete core. The experimental evidence which was used to deter- mine the slope of the falling branch showed considerable scatter and, although 2 simple relationship was found, it is evident that further experimental work may be required to determine the effect of more variables (particularly the effect of thestrain gradient) and to provide more data for statistical analysis, On the basis of the proposed stress-strain relationship the compressive Stress block parameters for concrete flexural members have been found for different levels of strain in the extreme compression fiber and degrees of con. finement from steel hoops. The calculated stress block parameters allow the moment-curvature char- acteristics of members with confined concrete to be traced into regions of far advanced concrete strain well beyond maximum moment, In beams the quantity of confining steel was found to have a significant effect on the moment-curvature characteristics of members witha high tension steel content, but if the tension steel content was Inw ar tha anmnn .sT XU 41M ~ BE i in seismic design where it is assumed that energy is absorbed by post-elastic deformation, It is probable that the main use of the stress block parameters may be to determine the quantity of the confining steel required in reinforced concrete column sections to achieve theultimate curvatures required in seis- mic design for ductility. Confining steel will havea considerable effect on the ductility of columns carrying significant axial loads because of the large neu- tral axis depth, The present SEAOC code (25) expression for the quantity of steel hoops required in the ends of reinforced concrete columns is based on the axial load strength after the cover concrete has spalled, A detailed study using the stress block parameters given herein could result in a betterassess- ment of the hooping steel needed for ductility for the more realistic case of eccentric loading, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The financial assistance of the New Zealand University Grants Committee is gratefully acknowledged. The work described herein formed part of that executed in the Civil Engi- neering Department of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, by Kent during postgraduate studies forthe degree of Doctor of Philosophy, supervised by Park. APPENDIX L —REFERENCES |. Baker, A, L, L.. and Amarakone, A. M.N., “Inelastic Hyperstatic Frames Analysis." Proceed: ings of the International Symposium on the Flexural Mechantes of Reinforced Concrete, ASCL- ACI. Miami, Nov., 1964, pp. 85-142. Barnard, P. R., “Researches into the Complete Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete,” Magazine of Canerete Research, Vol. 16, No. 49. Dec., 1964, pp. 203-210. 3, Base, G. D,, and Read, J. B., “Effectiveness of Helical Binding in the Compression Zone of Con- crete Beams.” Journal of American Concrete Institute. Proceedings Vol. 62, No. 7, July, 1965, pp. 763-781 Bertero, V. V., and Felippa. C., discussion of “Ductility of Concrete."" by Roy, H. E. H. and Sozen, M. A., Proceedings of the International Symposium on Flexural Mechanics of Rein- forced Concrete, ASCE-ACI. Miami, November, 1964, pp, 227-234 5. Blakeley, W. G.. and Park, R., “Seismic Resistance of Prestressed Concrete Beam-Column Assemblies.” Journal of American Concrete Institute. 1971 . Blanks. R. F., and McHenry, D., “Plastic Flow of Concrete Relieves High-Load Stress Con- centrations,” Civil Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 5. May, 1949, pp. 320-322. Blume, J. A., Newmark, N. M., and Corning, L. H.. “Design of Multistorey Reinforced Con- crete Auildinos far Farthanabs Matiane ™ Dactiand Coneant toe Wie es oa" Es fe ¢ " é fs fou k ky Ry Ry X Rene euEXUsAL MeMBhuS 1989 gross concrete area; area of tension steel; area of compression steel; area of one leg of hoop steel; constants in Eq. 6; width of member; width of confined core measured to outside of hoops; diameter of hoop bar; distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension steel; distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compres- sion steel; = depth of confined core measured to outside of hoops; 4 u u 4“ modulus of elasticity of steel; concrete stress; compressive strength of concrete in member; compressive strength of 6 in, diam x 12 in. concrete cylinder; steel stress; ultimate stress of steel; yield stress of steel; neutral axis depth/d; compressivestress block parameters at maximum strength as de- fined in Fig, 1; moment; moment at commencement of crushing of concrete; maximum moment capacity; moment at commencement of yielding of tension steel; ultimate moment; maximum load carried by specimen; load when stress in concrete core has reduced to 0,5 of maximum stress; A,/b Ag /bd; ratio of volume of hoops to volume of concrete core measured to outside of hoops; hoop spacing; constant defined by Eq, 9; average stress in concrete compressive stress block ft; distance from centroid of concrete compressive stress block to extreme compression fiber /kd;Tuayy Lend ol % strainat 0.5 of maximum stress on falling branch of stress-strain curve for confined concrete; fs0c ~ sous strainat 0.5 of maximum stress on falling branchof stress-strain curve for unconfined concrete; curvature; curvature at commencement of crushing of concrete; curvature at maximum moment; curvature at commencement of yielding of tesnion steel; and curvature at ultimate moment,