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Thermodynamics - Applied III (TDA301T)
Thermodynamics - Applied III (TDA301T)
NQF NQF
QUALIFICATION & SAQA ID COURSE CODE
LEVEL CREDITS
2017
1
©COPYRIGHT: Tshwane University of Technology
PRETORIA
0001
All rights reserved. Apart from any reasonable quotations for the purposes
of research criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part
of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy and recording, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
Pretoria
0001
2
1. EXAMPLE OF A PRACTICAL REPORT WRITING
1. Title Page
The title of the report is followed by names of the authors and laboratory
group, the date of submission, and identification of the institution or
organization supporting the work (Tshwane University of Technology,
Department of Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, TDA301T).
2. Abstract
The abstract should provide ranges of the experimental parameters (e.g. the
Reynolds number was varied from 100 to 10000), report the most important
results and state how these values compare to expected (i.e., literature) ones.
(e.g., “values for the friction factor in the laminar flow regime were consistently
15% higher that the predictions of Poiseuille flow”). If the value of a single
variable or a short list of numbers is given, the numbers should give the
uncertainty (e.g., … solubility at 25C was 25± 3 moles/liter) and of course
units should be included.
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We recommend that you write the abstract last, when your thoughts are most
clearly in focus (i.e., you know all the answers and thus know what to say!).
3. Table of Contents
4. Introduction
The purpose of the Introduction is to place the work in the perspective of prior
work including key literature references, demonstrate its importance, and
state the specific objectives. The Introduction should not exceed two pages.
5. Theory
6. Experimental
A. Apparatus
B. Procedure
7. Results
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essential. For example, the experimentally determined heat transfer
coefficient is meaningless unless it is accompanied by units and an estimated
uncertainty. Comparison of data with theoretical predictions and/or previously
published values should be included whenever possible. This may require
searching for information in reference books or research articles. Comment
briefly on unique aspects of the results, in particular its accuracy. Also
comment on the range of the variables covered.
Each graph or diagram is assigned a number (e.g., Figure 1) and should have
a caption that is descriptive of the information contained in the figure. A
restatement of the information on the axes is not an acceptable title.
8. Discussion
All important interpretations which follow from the results and the underlying
theory are logically and quantitatively compared in the Discussion
section. The positive conclusions, comparison with literature data, and the
significance applicability, and reproducibility of the results are
stressed. Quantitative statements about the accuracy and precision of the
results are required. However, when a detailed error analysis is essential to
the work, it should be relegated to an Appendix.
Only references cited in the report are to be listed is this section since it is not
a bibliography covering all references but only the most pertinent
ones. Footnotes on individual pages of the report are not to be
used. References cited in the text of the final project report should give the
last name of the author (both authors when only two; first author et. al. when
more than two) and the corresponding page numbers. An example is given
below.
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Denn, M. M. “Process Fluid Mechanics”; Prentice-Hall; New Jersey, 1980
11. Nomenclature
Symbols used in the report are defined immediately after they are presented
the first time. This section of the report lists all of the symbols used. Units
should be included.
12. Appendices
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2. PRACTICAL: REFRIGERATION
INTRODUCTION
Refrigeration is defined as the process of removing heat from one location to another.
The apparatus used for assessing the performance of this mechanical equipment consists of
a compressor, an air-cooled condenser, a capillary tube and a water-cooled evaporator. In
addition to these four major components, the test-rig also consists of several other
components such as manual shut-off valves, suction line, discharge line, liquid line, drier etc.
Pressure gauges are installed to measure the condenser and evaporator pressures (in kPa).
Similarly thermometric rods are provided at the inlet and exit of evaporator, compressor and
condenser to facilitate measurement of the refrigerant temperature at these points using
suitable thermometers. The test-rig uses R314a as refrigerant.
THEORY
I. A reversible isothermal gas expansion process. In this process, the ideal gas in the
system absorbs qin amount heat from a heat source at a high temperature T h,
expands and does work on surroundings.
II. A reversible adiabatic gas expansion process. In this process, the system is
thermally insulated. The gas continues to expand and do work on surroundings,
which causes the system to cool to a lower temperature, Tl.
IV. A reversible adiabatic gas compression process. In this process, the system is
thermally insulated. Surroundings continue to do work to the gas, which causes the
temperature to rise back to Th.
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Figure 1: An ideal gas-piston model of the Carnot cycle.
The Carnot cycle is the most efficient engine possible based on the assumption of the
absence of secondary wasteful processes such as friction, and the assumption of no
conduction of heat between different parts of the engine at different temperatures. The
efficiency of the Carnot engine is defined as the ratio of the energy output to the energy
input.
The refrigeration cycle is a series of changes of state of the refrigerant. In this process the
refrigerant is changed from liquid to a vapour and then restored to a liquid. The energy (heat)
which changes the liquid to a vapour is the heat extracted from the air in the conditioned
space.
Suction line: Carries low pressure, low temperature gas to the compressor.
Discharge line: The pipe that carries the superheated gas from the compressor to the
condenser.
Condenser: A device that extracts sensible and latent heat from the pressurized gas and
transfers it to a cooling medium (normally air or water). In this process the gas is liquefied.
Liquid line: Carries the sub-cooled liquid refrigerant to the expansion device.
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Capillary (expansion device): An expansion device which takes sub-cooled high
pressure liquid from the condenser and through the expansion action, changes it into a low
temperature, low pressure liquid which is fed into the evaporator.
Evaporator: A device that absorbs heat from its surroundings by the evaporation of the
liquid refrigerant metered into it. The liquid is thus transferred into a gas.
Drier: Absorbs moisture from the system. If water were to pass through it might freeze in
the evaporator and block the system.
Drier
Compressor
Capillary Evaporator
Procedure
Main Switch On
Domestic-Commercial Switch Domestic
Multimode Control 3
Evaporator Fan 1 (max)
Condenser Fan 1 (max)
Ambient Temperature Off
Thermometers On
High Pressure Observe
Low Pressure Observe
Allow the system to run in its domestic cycle configuration for 15 minutes to reach point of
balance.
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Power at point of balance
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 Cos ∅
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