lg/k]If ul/aLn] :yflgo hgtfsf] cfly{s tyf z}lIfs

If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efj, ?kGb]xL

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo, k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, ;fdflhs

cWoog tyf cy{zf:q ljefu, :gftsf]Q/ tx, Pd=P8= bf];|f] jif{sf]
cflz+s cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf] nflu k|:t't

zf]w k|:tfj

k|:t'tstf{
anaxfb'/ dtf/f
SofDk; /f]n g+ M !#)$
bf];|f] jif{sf] kl/Iff /f]n g+ M $*)%#@
lq=lj=lj= btf{ g+ M (–@–#@&–($&–@)!)
egf{ jif{ @)&)

;fdflhs cWoog tyf cy{zf:q lzIff ljefu

k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, kf]v/f
@)&&
 ljifo;'lr (Table of Content)
k'i7
cWofo Ps M kl/ro -!–*_
!=! cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld (Background of the Study) !
!=@ ;d:ofsf] syg (Statement of the problem) %
!=# cWoogsf] p2]Zo (Objectives of the Study) ^
!=$ cg';Gwfg k|Zg (Research Questions) ^
!=% cWoogsf] dxTj (Significance of the Study) &
!=^ cWoogsf] ;Ldf (Limitation of the Study) &
!=& cWoogsf] ;+u7g (Organization of the Study) *

cWofo b'O{ M ;}4flGts / cg';GwfgfTds k'g/fjnf]sg (Reviews of Related

Literature and Conceptual Framework) -(–!(_
@=! ;}4flGts ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg (Reviews of Theoretical Literature) (
@=@ k"j{ cWoogsf] k'g/fjnf]sg (Reviews of the Previous Study) !^
@=# ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg pkb]otf ( Implications of Review of the study)!&
@=$ cg';Gwfg cGt/fn (Research Gap) !*
@=% cjwf/0ffut 9fFrf (Conceptual Framework of the Study) !(
cWofo tLg M cWoog ljlw / k|lqmof (Method and Procedure of Study)-@)–
@@_
#=! cg';Gwfg 9fFrf (Research Design) @)
#+=@ tYofÍsf ;|f]tx? (Sources of Data) @)
#=# hg;+Vof / gd'gf 5gf]6 (Population and Sample) @!
#=$ tYofÍ ;+sng k|lqmof (Data Collection Procedure) @!
#=% tYofÍ ;+sngsf cf}hf/x? (Data Collection Tools) @!
#=^ tYofÍ ;+sng tl/sf (Data Collection Techniques) @!
#=& tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf (Data Analysis and Interpretation) @@
;Gbe{u|Gy (Reference)
 cWofo M Ps(Unit: One)

kl/ro (Introduction)

!=! cWoogsf] k[i7e'ld (Background of the Study)

ul/aL cefjsf] cj:yf xf]  . o;sf :j¿k / cfofd w]/} eP klg hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu cfwf/e"t
cfjZostf k|fKt ug{af6 al~rltdf /xg' g} ul/aL xf]  . ul/aLsf] cj:yfn] c¿ w]/}
cj;/ / :jtGqtfnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 .ul/an] ubf{ :t/Lo lzIff lng ;lsb}g\, sd lzlIft ePsf]
sf/0f ul/a r]tgfsf] :t/df sdhf]/ x'G5  .sdhf]/ r]tgfn] Ifdtf, ;fdYo{ /:jtGqtfnfO{ klg
;fF3'/f] kfb{5 .To;kl5 JolQmsf ;kgf, p2]Zo, cfsfÍ\Iff klg ;fF3'l/G5g . o; k|sf/sf
k':tf}gL k|efj kfl//x]df ;dfhdf juL{o lje]b x'g uO{ dfgj ;Eotf clg zf;sLo k|
0ffnLdfly k|Zg p7\g k'U5  . ;+:yfTds ;+/rgfn] ul/aLsf] b'ZrqmnfO{ e]bg
ug{ ;s]g eg] ;dfh lju|x / cdfgjLo aGg] vt/fdf kg{;S5 .To;}n] ;dsfnLg ;dfhsf]
lrGtf ;dfhnfO{ s;/L ul/aL / cefjaf6 d'Qm kfg]{ eGg]df /x]sf] 5  ./fli6«o ;/sf/
dfq xf]Og, cGt/fli6«o k|of; ul/aLlj?4sf] cleofgdf s]lG›t xF'b} cfPsf] 5 (Subedi,
B., 2011) .

ljZjsf ljleGg b]zx¿ cfly{s cj:yfsf cfwf/df ;DkGg / ljkGg /x]sf 5g\ . ;DkGg
dflgPsf b]zsf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ ljkGg elgg] b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf /fd|f] /x]sf 5g\ .
t/ klg cfly{s ¿kdf ;DkGg dflgg] b]zx? rfx] Tof] cd]l/sf g} lsg gxf]; ToxfF
klg x'Fbf vfg] / x'g] vfg]larsf] vf8n sfod} /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] ;fDojfbL zf;g
Joj:yf c+ufn]sf] rLg hxfF kof{Kt dfqfdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ePsf] ePtf
klg ul/asf] ;+Vof cem} !) k|ltzt eGbf dfly /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ b]zut ¿kdf
ul/asf] kl/efiff tyf dfkb08df eg] Ps¿ktf b]lv+b}g . ul/aLsf] dfkg ug]
{ dfkb08sf cfwf/df klg ul/aLsf] ;+Vof a9\g] 36g] x'Fbf ul/aL
Go"gLs/0fsf ;fy;fy} cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] vf8n sd ug]{ tkm{ ljZjsf] rf;f] / kxn
;'? ePsf] 5 .ul/aLnfO{ s;}n] clezfk t s;}n] c;Ifdtf s;}n] ;|f]t ;fwgdf kx'Fr
gePsf] cj:yf xf] eg]/ kl/eflift ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
ul/aLsf] cWoog ug]{ qmddf ljleGg sf]0faf6 JofVof ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . cy{zf:qLx¿n] cfDbfgL gePsf] cj:yfnfO{ ul/aL eG5g\ eg]
;dfhzf:qLx¿ ;fdflhs lje]b / ;dfhdf x'g] jl~rtLs/0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ ul/aLsf]
kl/efiff leq /fV5g\ . To;}u/L, e"uf]nljb\sf cg';f/ ef}uf]lns
b[li6sf]0fn] ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿af66f9f /xg' tyf zf;sn] k|bfg ug]{ cfwf/e"t ;]jf;Dd
kx'Fr k'Ug g;s]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ul/a eg]/ kl/eflift u5{g\ (Thapa, S.B., 2013).

hLj lj1fgsf cg';f/ Go"gtd\ Sofnf]/L gk'u ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ ul/aL dfg]sf]
b]lvG5 . dflg;sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ufF;, af; / skf;dWo] s'g} jf ;a} k|fKt
x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfsf ¿kdf klg ul/anfO{ lrlqt u/]sf] kfOG5 . xfnsf lbgdf s'g}
Ps ;"rssf cfwf/df eGbf klg ax';"rssf cfwf/df ul/aLsf] dfkg ug]{ k|rng ;'?
ePsf] 5 t/ klg Go"gtd Sofnf]/Lsf cfwf/df ul/jL dfkg ul/g] sfo{n] klg
lg/Gt/tf kfpb} cfPsf] 5 (Pokhrel, T., 2015).

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ax'klIfo ;"rssf cfwf/df ul/aLsf] klxrfgsf nflu dflg;sf]

hLjg:t/sf] cj:yf h;df ;/;kmfO, 3/leqsf] e'OFsf] ;kmfO, w"nf], afn'jf jf
ufO{a:t'sf] dn eP, gePsf], aRrfsf] d[To'b/ / aRrfn] ljBfnodf latfpg] jif{sf
cfwf/df ul/aLsf] dfkg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, of] ;"rsn] ;kmf kfgL lng slt
k/;Dd hfg'k5{ eGg] ljifo klg x]b{5 . ljZj a}+sn] b}lgs ;jf 8n/eGbf tn
sdfpg]nfO{ ul/a dfg] tfklg kl5Nnf] ;dodf k|ltJolQm cfDbfgL, ;fdflhs
jl~rtLs/0f / dfgjLo ;]jfdf x'g] kx'Frsf cfwf/df ul/anfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ u/]sf]
5 (Dahal, D. 1983).

ef/tsf gf]a]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf k|l;4 cy{zf:qL cdTo{ ;]gn] cfDbfgL dfqsf
cfwf/df ul/aL dfkg ubf{ jf:tljs ¿kdf ul/a klxrfg ug{ g;lsg] ePsfn] ul/aLsf]
dfkgnfO{ ax'cfoflds ljifox¿ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf; h:tf cfwf/df dfkg
ug{ ;'emfPsf 5g\. oBlk cem} klg ljZjdf s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg / k|ltJolQm
cfonfO{ ul/aL dfkgsf] ;"rssf ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ b]zsf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo g}
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .To;}u/L u'gf/ d]6{nn] ul/aLnfO{ b'Zrqmsf] kl/0flt xf]
eg]sf 5g\ . ul/a b]zx¿ pQm b'Zrqm a'‰g g;s]/ ul/a ePsfx'g\ .

ul/aLsf] ;fdfGo b'Zrqmn] dflg; ul/a eof], p;sf] lzIffdf kx'Fr ePg, kmntM
clzlIft eof], p;n] /fd|f] /f]huf/L / ;Lk;lxtsf] sfd kfpg ;Sb}g, cfo a9\g
;Sb}g / cGtdf cfo ga9\bf ul/aLsf] b'Zrqm km]/L bf]xf]l/G5 (Atkinson, A.B.

1970).

ul/aLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf] kfOG5.;g\
!(^) sf] bzslt/ cfly{s j[l4 ug{ ;lsof] eg] ul/aLnfO{ 36fpg ;lsG5 eGg]
cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . cfly{s j[l4n] k|ToIfM nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;flxt
u/L gofF–gofF /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g' / o;sf] ;fy;fy} pTkfbgdf ;d]t j[l4 x'g
hfG5, pTkfbgsf] a9f]Q/L;Fu} cfDbfgLdf klg j[l4 x'g k'U5 / cGttM ul/aL
sd x'Fb} hfG5 eGg] lyof] . t/ pRr cfly{s j[l4 b/af6 wgL ju{nfO{ g} a9L
5'g] ePsfn] c;dfg ljt/0f eO{ ul/aL 36fpg vf;} ;xof]]uL aGg ;s]g . o;
cjwf/0ffn] ;dfhdf x'Fbf vfg] / x'g] vfg]aLr c;dfgtf a9]/ uof] . tTkZrft
cfly{s j[l4sf ;fy} k'glj{t/0fsf] cjwf/0ffn] k|>o kfpg yfn]sf] xf] eg] ;g\ !(&)
sf] bzsdf cfP/ ul/aL 36fpg hgtfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;/sf/
lqmofzLn x'g'k5{ elgof] (Sharma, S., and Thakurathi, M. (2004) .

;g\ !(*) lt/ ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{nfO{ ;/sf/n] dfq k"0f{ ug{ ;Sb}g, lghL
If]qnfO{ klg ;Fu} lnP/ cl3 a9\g'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff;Fu} pbf/Ls/0f gLlt
cfof] . ;g\ !(() lt/ lbuf] ljsf;sf] Ph]08fnfO{ ;/sf/n] u|x0f u¥of] / efjLk':tfsf]
cfjZostfnfO{ klg clxn]sf] k':tfn] ljrf/ ug{'k5 eGg]tkm{ ;f]r s]lG›t x'Fb}
uof] .To;}u/L ;g\ @))) df cfOk'Ubf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo to u/L o;cGtu{t
ul/aL tyf ef]s lgjf/0fnfO{ k|d'v nIo tf]sL ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx¿ ;f]xLcg';f/
cufl8 a9]sfdf ;g\ @)!^ df cfP/ lbuf] ljsf;sf] Ph]08f to u/]sf] 5 To;n] klg
ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf tf]s]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf pkef]unfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ul/aLsf] dfkg ul/g] / To;sf] nflu jflif{s ?=
!(,@^! cyf{t\ cf};t b}lgs ?= %# / cfDbfgLsf] l;df tf]lsPsf] 5.ul/aLsf] ;
+Vof lgwf{/0f ubf{ Sofnf]/Lsf cfwf/df ug]{ u/]sf] / To;sf nflu vfBsf]
af:s]6df $) j6f j:t' /fv]sf] 5.To;sf nflu vfBtkm{ ?=!!,(@( / cGotkm{ ?=
&##@ vr{ tf]lsPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] tYofª\s cg';f/ g]kfndf @!=^ k|ltzt hgtf

ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] b]lv5 eg] ax'cfoflds ;"rssf cfwf/df x]bf{ $$=@ k|
ltzt ul/aL /x]sf] kfO{G5 . k|ltlbg b'O{ cd]l/sL 8n/nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf]
eg] g]kfndf cem} %& k|ltzt hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] b]lvG5.
To;}u/L ul/aLsf] uxgtf @=!@ / ul/aLsf] ljifdtf ^=!) ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfo
c;dfgtfnfO{ bzf{pg] lhgL sf]lkm;]G6sf] ;"rsf+snfO{ x]bf{ ;x/L If]qdf )
=#%#, u|fdL0f If]qdf )=#!! tyf ;du|df )=#@* k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs
If]qtkm{ x]bf{, ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sfdWo] @$=$ k|ltztsf] dfq k|fylds
lzIffdf, @)=* k|ltzt dfWolds :t/sf] lzIffdf / !&=( k|ltztsf] pRr lzIffdf kx'Fr
/x]sf] 5 (Bajracharaya, P., and Bajracharya, S. (2005) .

ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf !%=^ k|ltzt hgtfn] dfq ;/sf/L c:ktfnsf] ;]jfdf kx'Fr
/fV5g\ eg] !%=# k|ltztsf] s[lif s]G›x¿df kx'Fr /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . ljut sl/a
b'O{ bzssf] cjlwdf x]g]{ xf] eg] lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof
36]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;x/L tyf u|fdL0f Pj+ ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]q /
;d"xx¿ aLrsf] leGgtf eg] lgs} 7"nf] g} 5 . ;x/L ul/aL !%=% k|ltzt / u|
fdL0f ul/aL @&=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df
x]bf{ lxdfnL If]qdf $@=#, t/fO{df @#=$ / kxf8L If]qdf @$=# k|ltzt ul/a
hgtfsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 eg] k"jf{~rndf #&=$, klZrdf~rndf ##=$,
dWodf~rndf $^=@, ;'b"/klZrdf~rndf %&=% / dWoklZrdf~rndf %(=! k|
ltzt ul/a hgtf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf]] kfOG5(Chaudhary, M.K., 2018).

To;}u/L lhNnfut ¿kdf ul/aL $ b]lv ^$ k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] 5 . gu/kflnsfut ¿kdf

x]g]{ xf] eg] !=# b]lv $(=^ k|ltzt;Dd ul/aL ePsf gu/kflnsf 5g\ . ul/a a9L
ePsf] g=kf= l;/fx, cd/u8L, bLkfon, gf/fo0f, 6Lsfk'/, slknj:t', bz/y g=kf,
sn}of / nxfg kb{5g\ eg] ul/a uflj;x¿df uf]/vfsf] ;fdfufpF, Nxf], nfk|fs /
u'DbL kb{5g\ . tL :yfgx?df &$ b]lv && k|ltzt ul/a hgtfsf] a;f]af; /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf ul/aL ;g\ !(() b]lv @))$ ;Dd %=!! k|ltztsf b/n], @))$ b]lv @)!!
;Dd @=* k|ltzt / kl5Nnf] tLg jif{df !=$ k|ltztsf b/n] 36]sf] kfOG5.lj=;+=
@)$( b]lv @)^& ;Ddsf] !* jif{df @$ k|ltztn] ul/aL 36]/@#=* k|ltztdf
cfpg'nfO{ pNn]vgLo k|ult ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

To;sf] d"n sf/0f ljk|]if0f a9\g', Hofnfb/df j'l4 x'g', ;x/Ls/0fsf] j[l4 x'g',
;fIf/tf a9\g', Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tLdf ePsf] a9f]Q/L / ;lqmo hg;Vofdf ePsf]
a9f]Q/L g} xf] . t/ ul/a 36\g'sf] pk/f]Qm sf/0fdWo] ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfg
7"nf] 5 . Ps cWoogn] ljk|]if0f !) k|ltztn] a9\bf ul/a #=% k|ltztn] 36\g] s'/f
b]vfPsf] x'Fbf g]kfndf ul/a 36\g'df cGo kIfeGbf klg ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfg
a9L /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ g]kfndf ljk|]if0fn] cfly{s j[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lsgls
s'n ljk|]if0fsf] &( k|ltzt pkef]udf vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 -pbo /fgfdu/,
www.newsaviyan.com) .

of] ;f]wkq sf]6lxdfO{ ufFpkflnsf j8f g+= % demufjf df /x]sf] ul/lasf]

cj:yfnfO{ phfu/ ub{} lg/k]If ul/lasf d'Vo kIfx?df s]lGb|t /xg] 5 . o;
cWoogdf lg/k]If ul/aL / o;nfO{ lzIff ;Fu hf]9]/ cWoognfO{ tYout,
jf:tljs / Jojxfl/s agfO{g]5 .

!=@ ;d:ofsf] syg(Problem of the Study)

s'g} klg kl/jf/, ;dfh jf /fi6« ljsf;sf] nflu ul/aLnfO{ Pp6f k|d'v r'gf}ltsf] ?
kdf lng ;lsG5 . ul/aLn] s'g} klg kl/jf/sf] z}lIfs cj:yfnfO{ k|ToIf tyf ck|
ToIf ?kdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . oxL ;d:ofnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ g]kfnsf] %
g+= k|b]z cGtu{t ?kGb]xL lhNnf sf]6lxdfO{ ufFpkflnsf j8f g+ %
demufjf nfO{ cWoog If]q agfO{ of] zf]wkq tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
;fdfGotofM ul/aLsf] ;d:of eGgfn] cefjsf] cj:yfnfO{ a'lemG5 . h'g ;x/df
eGbf uFfpdf al9 AofKt b]lvG5 . o;y{ u|fld0f If]qnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ k|:t't
cWoogdf d'ntM pQm cWoog If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x?sf] cfly{s cj:yfsf]
klxrfg u/L ToxfFsf ul/a kl/jf/ / lg/k]If ul/aLn] ToxfFsf o'jf tyf
afnaflnsfx?sf] z}lIfs If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjnfO{ k|:6 kfg]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
o;} ljifo;Fu ;DjlGwt /xL ToxfFsf dflg;x?sf] cfDbfgLsf] cj:yf, cfDbfgLsf]
;|f]t, ul/aLn] dflg;x?sf] b}lgs lhjgofkg tyf z}lIfs If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efj cflb
h:tf s'/fx?sf] s;l/ jf:tljs hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{] eGg] ljifo Ps ;d:ofsf] ?kdf
lnO{Psf] 5 .

!=# cWoogsf] p2]Zo (Objectives of the Study)

 g]kfns} ;d:of ememlNsg] u/L sf]6lxdfO{ ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ % sf] d
´ufjf nfO{ cWoog If]q agfO{ tof/ ug{ vf]lhPsf] o; cWoogsf] ;fdfGo
p2]Zo cWoog If]qsf] lg/k]If ul/jLn] :yflgo hgtfsf] cfly{s tyf z}lIfs
If]qdf kf/]sf]] k|efjsf] cWoog ug'{ x'g] 5 eg] ljlzi6 p2]Zox?
lgDgfg'';f/ x'g] 5g\ M
 o; If]qsf dflg;x?n] ug]{ k];f tyf cfDbfgLsf] cj:yf klxrfg ug'{ .
 o; If]qsf] lg/k]If ul/aLsf] jt{dfg cj:yf kQf nufO{ o;n] lzIff If]qdf
kf/]sf] k|efjsf] cWoog ug{' .
 cWoog If]qsf] lg/k]If ul/jLn] cfly{s If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] cWoog
ug'{ .

!=$ cg';Gwfg k|Zg (Research Questions)

s'g} klg cWoog ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cg';Gwfg k|Zgsf] k|d'v e"ldsf /xG5 .
o;n] cWoog s'g ;d:ofdf tyf ljifoa:t'df cfwfl/t 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 kfb{5 .
o; cWoogsf cg';Gwfg k|Zgx? lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf] 5g\ M

1. cfocfh{gsf ;|f]tx? s] s] x'g <

2. jt{dfg cfly{s cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

3. afnaflnsfx?sf] z}lIfs cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

4. z}lIfs If]qdf cfDbflgsf] s]–slt nufgL ug'{ ePsf] 5 <

5. k|fljlws lzIffdf nufgLsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

6. cfly{s cj:yfn] kl/jf/sf] z}lIfs If]qdf s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 <

7. cfly{s l:ytL sdhf]/ x'g'sf] sf/0f s]nfO{ dfGg'x'G5 <

!=% cWoogsf] dxTj(Significance of the Study)

ul/aL o:tf] cj:yf xf] h;n] s'g} klg kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«sf] cfly{s ljsf; dfq geO{
rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df afwf k'¥ofp5 . olb s'g} klg kl/jf/ ul/a 5 eg] p z}lIfs tyf
jf}l4s ?kdf dfly p7\g ;Sb}g . o;sf] k|ToIf c;/ bIf hgzlQm pTkfbgdf kb{5 .
h;nfO{ ljsf;sf nflu ckl/xfo{ ;fwgsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . o; cy{df ul/aL ;DjGwL
cWoog ug'{ cfhsf] ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . k|:t't cWoogdf
sf]6lxdfO{ ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ % demufjf nfO{ cWoog If]q agfO ToxfF
/x]sf] lg/k]If ul/aLsf] cj:yf, cfly{s lqmofsnfk / lg/k]If ul/jLsf] cj:yfn]
ToxfFsf] z}lIfs If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] cWoog ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;
cWoogaf6 To; 7fFpsf] jf:tfljs cfly{s cj:yf, cfly{s ljkGgtfsf] sf/0f, ul/aL /
lzIff h:tf kIfx?sf] af/]df dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L lbg]5 . ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?
nfO{ eflj sfo{qmd / of]hgfx? lgdf0f{ ug{ of] cWoog lgs} dxTjk"0f{ x'g]
5 . o;sf ;fy} o; cWoogn] o; If]qdf n's]/ /x]sf ;d:ofx?nfO{ phfu/ ub}{ lt
;d:of ;fdfwfgsf pkfox? / ef]lnsf eflj k':tfn] o; If]qsf] cWoogsf] nflu ;d]6\g'
kg]{ ljifox? ;d]t pNn]v ug]{ ePsf]n] eflj cWoogsf] nflu e/kbf]{ ;Gbe{
;fdfu|L klg x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

!=^ cWoogsf] ;Ldf(Limitations of the Study)

o; cWoogsf d'ne't l;dfx¿ lgDg cg'';f/ /xg] 5g\ M
 k|:t't cWoog lg/k]If ul/lanfO{ lgwf{/0f ug{] d'Vo kIfx?;Fu
;DalGwt /xg] 5 . cWoogdf ul/lasf ljleGg kIfx?;Fu lzIffnfO{ klg
hf]8]/ cWoog ul/g] 5 .
 l;ldt ;do, ;|f]t / ;fwg ePsf] sf/0fn] ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf]
sf]6xLdfO{ ufFpkfln j8f g+= % sf] demufjf nfO{ dfq ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 ,
;Dk"0f{ ufFpkflnsfnfO{ cWoogdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ .
 z}lIfs / cfly{s k|efjnfO{ dfq k|d'v cWoogsf] ljifo agfO{g] 5 .
 k|ZgfjnL, cGt{jftf{ nfO{ d'Vo ?kdf tYof+s ;+sngsf] cf}hf/sf] ?kdf
k|of]u ul/g] 5 .
 sf]6lxdfO{ ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ % demufjf sf !%# 3/w'/L dWo] %%
3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?nfO{ cWoogsf] nflu 5gf]6 ul/g] 5 .
 tYofª\s ;+sngsf ;fwg tyf cf}hf/x?sf] k"j{ kl/If0f ul/g] 5}g .
  of] cWoog Ps z}lIfs k|of]hgsf] nflu dfq tof/ ul/g] 5 .

!=& cWoogsf] ;+u7g(Organization of the Study)

o; cWoogsf] ;+u7g lgDg cg';f/sf] x'g]5M

cWofo ! df cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld, ;d:ofsf] syg, cWoogsf] p2]Zo, cg';Gwfg
k|Zg, cWoogsf] dxTj, cWoogsf] l;df / cWoogsf] ;+u7g k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

cWofo @ df ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg, k"j{ cWoogsf] k'g/fjnf]sg, ;}4flGts

cjwf/0ff, cg';Gwfg IfLb|, cjwf/0ffut 9fFrf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

cWofo # df cWoog ljlw, tYofÍsf ;|f]tx¿, cWoog If]q, tYofÍsf] ;+sngsf]

cf}hf/x¿, k|ZgfjnL cGt{jftf{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

cWofo $ df tYofÍsf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f k|:t't ul/g] 5 / cWofo % df ;f/f+z,

lgisif{ / ;'emfj k|:t't ul/g]5 .
 cWofo M b'O{ (Unit: Two)

;DalGwt ;flxTosf] k'g/fcjnf]sg / cjwf/0ffTds 9fFrf

(Reviews of Related Literature and Conceptual Framework)

@=! ;}4flGts ;flxTosf] k'g/fcjnf]sg (Reviews of Theoretical

Literature)

o; cWofodf cg';Gwfg zLif{s;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg kf7ok':ts, hg{n,

cg';Gwfg ++k|ltj]bg nufot cGo ck|sflzt clen]vx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g] 5 . of]
k|:tfjgf tof/ ubf{ k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf clen]vx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf]
5

;fdfGotof ul/aL eGg] lalQs} dflg;n] afRgsf nflu cfjZosLo Go"gtd s'/fx?
vfB, nQfsk8f, cfjf;, vfg]kfgL, :jf:Yo, lzIffh:tf cfwf/e't s'/fx?sf] ck'u x'g'
lgDg:t/sf] hLjg ofkg ug{ jfWo x'g' eGg] a'lemG5 . cyf{t\ ul/aL eg]sf]
o:tf] cj:yf xf], h;n] dflg;nfO{ dfgj eP/ afRg'sf] klxrfg lbnfpg af6 al~rt
u/]sf] x'G5 . cfh ljZjsf ^% k|ltzteGbf a9L hg;+Vof s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf]
ul/aLsf] ;d:of af6 u|l;t ePsf 5g\ (Adhikari, J. 2008) .

ljz]if ul/ blIf0f clk|msL / Pl;ofsf clwsf+; /fi6«sf gful/sx? ul/aLsf] ;d:ofsf]
df/df k/]sf 5g\ . ul/aL Ps ;fdflhs,cfly{s ljsf;df k|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt tTj xf]
. ljZj a}s+sf cg';f/ …ul/aL ckof{Kt cfDbfgL jf dfgj ljsf; dfq} geP/ sdhf]/
cfjfh lxg zlQm lxg / k|ltlglwTj ljlxg cj:yf xf] .Ú o; kl/efiffsf cfwf/df
ul/aLsf] Jof Vof ubf{ ul/aL ;fdflhs, cfly{s tTj dfq
geP/ /fhg}lts tyf ;dsflng cfly{s d'2f xf] . hLjgsf ;fdfGo cfjZostf k"/f
ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf gx'g' xf] (Atkinson, A.B. 1970) .

rf8fSo gLltsf cg';f/ wgxLg dg'iosf] ;'Gb/ 3/klg tf/f gePsf] cfsfz kfgL
gePsf] s'jf, tnfp, d;fgem} eo+s/ 8/nfUbf] / pbf; Pj+ ;'g;fg b]lvG5 .
cy{zf:qsf hGdbftf P8d l:dyn] ;g\ !&&^ df eg]sf lyP ls afFRg / >dzlQmsf]
k'gpTkfbsf] ljZjf;sf] nflu cGttf]uTjf wgL ju{n] k|of{Kt Hofnf lbg'
k5{ cyjf o;n] k|0ffnLnfO{ tn 3r]6]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gb{edf ul/aL eGbf ufF;af; / skf;sf] cnjf jf hldgsf] kx'Fr C0fsf]
kx'Fr tyf k"jf{wf/x?sf] kx'Fraf6 6f9f /x]sf] cj:yf klg ul/aL xf] . ljz]if
u/L /f]huf/sf] kx'Fr lzIffsf] kx'Fr ;fwg ;|f]tsf] kx'Fr gePsf] cj:yf ul/aL xf] .
/fHo4f/f hfltut If]qut e]befjsf sf/0f ljsf;sf] ult dGb /x]sf] sf/0f ;dfhdf
ul/aL l;h{gf x'g] ub{5 . g]kfnsf] k|d'v ;d:of eg]sf] jt{dfg ;dodf ul/aL g}
xf] . laut b]lv g} ul/aLnfO{ ljZj cfly{s d~rdf b'O{ cjwf/0ff af6 ljZn]if0f
ub}{ cfO{Psf] 5 .

;fk]If / lg/k]If ul/aL (Relative and Absolute Poverty)

 ;fk]If ul/aL -RelativePoverty)

;fk]If ul/aL cfwf/e't cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ x'g] gx'g] eGbf klg cfo ljt/0f
;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . of] To:tf] cj:yf xf] hxfF Pp6f ;d'x jf ;d'bfosf] ;fwgx?
jf cfDbfgL csf]{ ;d'bfo jf ljZjsf] cf};tsf] t'ngfdf sd x'G5 . of] wf/0ff ljsl;t
b]zx?sf nflu a9L pko'Qm x'G5 . tL b]zx?df b]zsf] dlWos cfDbfgL:t/
eGbf sd cfDbfgL ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;fk]lIfs ul/aL elgG5 .

lg/k]If ul/aL ( Absolute Poverty)

cfwf/e't cfjZostfx? h:t} vfgf, sk8f, cf>o, ;'/lIft lkpg] kfgL, :jf:Yo ;'ljwf, k|
fylds lzIff OToflb klg k'/f ug{ g;lsg] ul/aLnfO{ lg/k]If ul/aL elgG5 .
lg/k]If ul/aLnfO{ gfKgsf nflu ul/aL /]vf cfo:t/sf] ;xfotf lnO{G5 . h:t}M
ljZjJofkL dfGotfsf cg';f/ lg/k]If ul/a To:tf] ul/a xf] h;sf] k|ltlbg cfDbfgL !
=@% 8n/ eGbf sd x'G5 . h;sf cfwf/df g]kfndf ul/aLsf] b/ @*=^ k|ltzt
/x]sf] 5 . To:t} cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&$ / &% cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ul/aL @!=^ k|
ltzt /x]sf] 5 . k|fb]lzs lxzfan] ;a}eGbf sd ul/aL # gDa/df / a9L s0ffnL{ k|
b]zdf qmdz , !@=@ / %!=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

olb /fli6«o cfosf] k|ltzt yf]/} dflg;x?df s]lG›t x'G5 / w]/} dflg;x?df /fli6«o
cfodf gu0o c+z x'G5 eg] o:tf] u/LaLsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;fk]If u/LaL elgG5 .
;fk]If ul/aL eg]sf] cfo / cfly{s ;|f]tsf] c;dfg ljt/0fnfO{ hgfpF5 . ;fk]If
ul/aL ljsl;t b]zx¿df klg cjl:yt x'G5 / b]zx¿ aLr leGg x'G5 . dflg;x¿ ul/a
5g\ olb ltgLx¿ hLjgdf tL rLhx¿ jxg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ h'g ;dfhdf ltgLx¿ a:5g\
h'g ;dfh pgLx¿sf] hLjg :t/sf] ;fdfGo efusf] ¿kdf ;Ddfg ub{5. lbO{Psf]
b]zdf ul/a 7flgg] dfG5] csf]{ b]zsf] of8l{\:6sn] dfkg u/]sf] wgL dfGg
;lsG5. w]/} wgL b]zx¿df, kl/jf/n] sf/ lsGg g;Sg] kl/jf/nfO{ k|fo æu/Laæ
dflgG5. ;fk]If u/LaLn] ;+s]t ub{5 ls s]lx ;+u cfˆgf] sdfG8 df c? eGbf
w]/} j:t'x? / ;]jfx? 5g\ jf s]lx c?;+u ;DaGw df ul/a 5g\ . of] d'Votof pGgt
cy{tGqx¿sf] cfo / ;DklQsf] ljz]iftfx¿sf] ljt/0fdf c;dfgtfsf] ;d:of xf]. t/
ljsf;f]Gd'v ljZjdf ljs[lt, ef]sd/L / /f]ux¿sf] Jofkstfn] ul/aLsf] yk lg/k]If
cjwf/0ff k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd ub{5 . -kf}8]n, !(*^M %_ .

e§L -!(&$_ sf cg';f/ lg/k]If / ;fk]If u/LaL b'a} cfo ljt/0fdf c;dfgtfsf] nflu
hf]l8Psf] 5 . ;fk]If ul/aL cfosf] c;dfg ljt/0fsf] kl/0ffdsf] ¿kdf k"0f{ ¿kdf
cjl:yt 5 rfx] cfo :t/ jf cfo dfkgsf] tNnf] cGtdf hgtfsf] alGrtsf] ;dfg cj:yf
h:tf];'s} xf] . csf]{tkm{ k"0f{ u/LaLn] ;fd"lxs b[li6sf]0fnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd
zf/Ll/s cleJolQmdf al~rt x'g' eg]sf] xf] . k|d'v u0fgf ;"rsf+s, u/LaL
cGt/ ;"rsf+s / ju{ u/LaL cGt/ ;"rsf+s cflb tLg nf]slk|o u/LaL dfkgsf
pkfox¿ x'g\ . k|d'v u0fgf ;"rsf+sn] u/LaLsf] /]vf ;+Vofd'lg hg;+Vofsf] k|
ltztsf] ¿kdf u/LaL 36gfnfO{ dfkg ub{5 . of] u/LaLsf] ;a}eGbf Jofks ¿kdf
k|of]u ul/Psf] pkfo xf] t/ o;n] ul/aLsf] ulx/fO{ / ul/a aLr cfDbfgL
ljt/0fnfO{ a]jf:tf ub{5 . bf];|f] u/LaL dfkg, u/LaLsf] cGt/, s]lx tl/sfn] o;
sdLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ hfG5 . of] pkfon] ul/asf] pkef]u :t/ / aLrsf] b"/L
k|ltlalDat ub{5 .

cy{zf:qL tyf ;dfhzf:qLsf] b[li6 sf]0fdf g]kfn h:tf ljsf; pGd'v /fi6sf] cfly{s
j[l4 / ljsf; gx'g'sf] d'Vo sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf ul/aL nfO{ g} lnPsf] kfOG5 .
plgx?sf cg';f/ ul/aLn] cy{tGqsf dfu kIf / cfk"lt{ kIfnfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf
ul/aLsf] b'irqm dfkm{t k/f]If k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 h:n] ubf{ tL /fi6«x?sf
cfly{s ljsf;df ;'lrx? ;xh ?kdf km}nfa6 x'g kfO{/x]sf x'Fb}gg\ .

ljZj cfly{s hutdf ;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv ul/aLnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] Ps ;zQm
d'2fsf ?kdf ;Daf]wg ul/ o;nfO{ 36fpg] tkm{ ljZj a}Í blIf0f Pl;ofnL ljsf;
a}Í ;fs{ h:tf cGt{/fli6o If]lqo ;‹ ;+:yfx?n] ljz]if rf;f] JoQm u/]sf] kfO{G5
zf:qLo cy{zf:qLsf cg';f/ lb3{sfndf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfx? k'0f{ /f]huf/ x'g]
dfGotf /fv]sf x'G5g\ .To;}n] ubf{ pgLx?n] ul/aLnfO{ cNksflng cfly{s
d'2fsf ?kdf lnOPsf lyP . t/ ;g\ !(#) sf] ljZjsf] ljZj cfly{s dlGbsf] ;dodf
hlGdPsf cy{zf:qL h]Pd lsG;n] ul/aLnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ cufl8
a9fpg cj/f]w k'of{pg] d'Vo tTj xf] elg JofVof u/]sf lyP (Anand, S. 1983) .

k|flrg ;do b]lv g} ljZjdf ul/aLsf] ;d:of lyof] eGg] s'/fnfO{ tTsflng ;dodf
cl:tTjdf /x]sf e"ldklt ju{ / >lds ju{n] k|dfl0ft ub{5 . ToxL sf/0fn] ubf{ g}
ljZjsf 7'nf7'nf cfly{s ;fdflhs /fhg}lts cfGbf]ng ePsf lyP . h'g jt{dfg ;dodf
klg s'g} g s'g} gfd jf ;+:yfsf ;femf p2]Zosf ?kdf lqmoflzn ePsf]
kfO{G5, ;fwf/0f a'emfOdf ul/aLnfO{ cfly{s tTj dfg]/ JofVof ul/Ptf klg
of] cfly{s tTj dfu geP/ s'g} klg /fi6sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ k|ToIf ?
kdf c;/ k'¥ofpg] tTj xf] .

Anand, S. (1983) n] u/LaL / clwsf/, ul/aL / o;sf] klxrfg, ef]sd/L / clgsfnsf]

af/]df rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . To:t}, pgn] a+ufnsf] clgsfn,
Olyof]lkofO{ clgsfn / ;x]ndf v8]/L / clgsfnsf] HjnGt lrq lbPsf 5g\ .
u/LaL / clwsf/df pgn] :jfldTj cjwf/0ffaf6 u/LaL / ef]sd/Ldf cWoog ;'?
u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] cg';f/, Ps JolQmsf] s]lx rLhsf] :jfldTj x'g'kb{5 . o;
cfwf/df, JolQm cfˆgf] cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ p;sf] cltl/Qm j:t'sf] cfbfgk|bfg
ug{ ;Sb5 . JolQm cfO6d PS;r]Ghsf] ;fy cfjZos j:t' k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 . pgsf]
cg';f/, xs clwsf/ 6«]8 cfwfl/t, pTkfbg cfwfl/t, >d / pQ/flwsf/ xf] . To:t},
pgn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿df Wofg s]lG›t u/] h'g u/LaL /
ef]sd/Lsf] lgwf{/0fstf{ x'g\ . olb cy{Joj:yfdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ w]/} 5g\
eg], a]/f]huf/Lsf] b/ :jrflnt ¿kdf a9\b5 / clwsf+z dflg;x¿;Fu qmozlQmsf]
laNs'n Go"g :t/ x'G5 .

Bhatta (1996)sf cg';f/ ;dfhzf:qL sf]lnG;sf] zAbsf]ifdf atfOPcg';f/ (The Lack of

Sufficient and Cultural Recourses to sustain a healthy existence) cyf{t lhjg lhljsfsf] nflu
kof{Kt ef}lts / ;Ff:s[lts ;|f]tx?sf] cefj g} ul/aL xf] . ul/aLnfO{
;fk]IfRelative / lg/k]If (Absolute) ul/aL ef]u]sf] hgtfx?sf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ cfwf/
dfgL ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . h;df lg/k]If ?kdf ufF; af; / skf;sf] lgo'gtd ;'ljwfaf6
jlGrt Pp6f ;d'x x'g ;S5, h;nfO{ jf:tjdf ul/aLsf] kl/efiff cGtu{t /fvL
ljZn]if0f ug{'kb{5 . To;}u/L ;fk]If ul/aL cGtu{t Pp6f c;n lhjg lgjf{xsf]
nflu cfjZos ;'ljwfx? JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] cfwf/df ul/aLsf]
ljZn]if0f ul/g] x'G5 .

Kff}8]n -@)&#_ sf cg';f/ ;fdfGo zAbdf ul/a eg]sf] cfˆgf b}lgs cfwf/e't
cfjZostfx?, ufF; af; tyf sfkf; sf] cefj h:tf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ g;Sg' xf] .
csf]{ zJbdf Go'gtd Sofnf]/L pkof]usf] nflu cfjZos cfo:t/ eGbf sd cfo
x'g'nfO{ ul/aL elgG5 . ljZj a}+ssf cg';f/ Go'gtd lhjg:t/ k|fKt
ug{ g;Sg'nfO{ ul/aL elgG5 . To;}u/L o' Pg 8L kL (UNDP)sf cg';f/ sd k|
Toflzt cfo', sd ;fIf/tf Pj+ z}lIfs k|fKtL tyf lgDg hLjg:t/nfO{ ul/aL elgG5 .

vgfn @)^! sf cg';f/ ljZj vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gn] cg'dfg u/] cg';f/ g]kfndf k|
ltJolQm b}lgs afFRgsf] nflu cfjZos Go'gtd @@@) Sofnf]/L zlQm
cfjZos kg]{ tyf ;Dk"0f{ vfB vr{sf] k|ltlwTj u/f]; eGg] x]t'n] clej[l4 u/L
Ps k|sf/sf] 8fnf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 8fnf]sf] !@ j6f
ljZn]if0ffTds If]qx?sf] k|rlnt d'Nosf cfwf/df 5'§f5'§} vfB ul/aLsf] /]vf
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

Prest A. R. (1972) sf cg';f/ ul/aLsf] /]vfsf] cg'dfg b'O{ cfwff/x? Wolf Point/

lg/k]If ul/aLsf] cfwf/df ul/G5 lt 3/kl/jf/x? h;sf] cfo Go'gtd lhjg lgjf{xsf]
cfjZostfsf] eGbf pRr x'G5 t/ Wolf Pointj6f sf] :t/ eGbf tn x'G5 eg] To;nfO{
;fk]If jf t'ngfTds ul/aL elgG5 . ul/a Tof] ca:yf xf] To;leq dflg;x? gfd
dfqsf] 3/, gfd dfqsf] sk8f / cToGq} c:j:ys/ cj:yfdf lhjg u'hf/f ul//x]sf
x'G5g\ . lrlsT;f ;DjGwL /]vb]vsf] cj:yf klg x'b}g . o; k|sf/ plgx?
k"0f{ef]hg, sk8f, cfjf;, lzIff k|fKt geO{ ljkQLsf] hfndf clNem/x]sf
x'G5g\ .

Gnawali (1994) sf cg';f/ cfhsf] t];|f] ljZjdf afFRg] ;jfnnfO{ lnP/ ef]ssf] lj?4df
rln/x]sf] n8fO{ tyf s'kf]if0f / u|fld0f If]qsf] cjefj g} ul/aL xf] . ckof{Kt
cfly{s l:ytL h;sf] k|of]un] Go'gtd cfjZostf klg k'/f x'g ;Sb}g / sd
kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf, ef]s, /f]u / ef/o'Qm lhjgofkg ug'{kg]{ aj:yf g} ul/aL xf]
.

o'lg;]kmsf cg';f/ g]kfnn] lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{;DaGwL /fli6«o k|

ltj]bgdf pNn]vgLo k|ult u/] klg w]/} afnaflnsf / lszf]/lszf]/L cem} klg
:jR5 kfgL, :jf:Yo ;]jf, kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf tyf ljBfnosf] kx'Fraf6 6f9f 5g\ .
kfFrb]lv !@ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf s/La ;ft nfv &) xhf/ afnaflnsf ljBfnosf]
kx'FreGbf aflx/ /xL cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpgaf6 al~rt 5g\ . kfFrdWo]
b'O{ dlxnfn] !* jif{eGbf klxn] g} ljjfx u5{g\ . kfFr jif{d'lgsf #^ k|ltzt
afnaflnsf u/LaLsf] /]vf d'lg 5g\ . o'lg;]kmn] g]kfndf ;a} afnaflnsf, ljz]if
u/L ;LdfGts[t / ljkGg ju{sf nflu kfFr bzseGbf a9Lb]lv ljleGg sfo{qmd
ub}{ cfPsf] hgfOPsf] 5 .

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df u/LaL ;DaGwL ;flxTon] cS;/ cfly{s sNof0f sf] Ps ;

+sL0f{ kl/efiff lnO{Psf] 5 Ps JolQmsf] ;fdfg / ;]jfsf] vktnfO{ hgfpg plrt
Go"gtd k"j{ lgwf{l/t cfwf/e"t pkef]Uo cfjZostfx¿ ljz]if u/L kf]if0fn]
kl/eflift ub{5 . oL b'j} r/0f ljjfbf:kb 5g\ . oBlk of] ljjfbf:kb 5}g ls j:t'x?df
ckof{Kt sdfG8 ul/aLsf] ;a eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfofd xf], / sNof0f, sNof0f,
:jf:Yo, bL3f{o', / uGw -;Ddfg sf] ¿k df cGo kIfx? sf] Ps k|d'v lgwf{/s -
Atkinson, A.B. 1970), !((# M !_ . of] :jLsfo{ 5 ls ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df u/LaL
d'Votof u|fdL0f 36gf xf] . 3O{ P6 cnsf cg';f/ . æt];|f] ljZjdf ;fd"lxs
u/LaLsf] ;d:of d'Votof u|fdL0f u/LaL dWo] clwsf+z hg;+Vof u|fdL0f
If]qdf a;f]af; u5{g\ hxfF cf};t cfDbfgL ;x/L If]qsf] t'ngfdf w]/} sd 5 /
u/LaLsf] 36gf w]/} a9L 5Æ -p4t u]jfnL, !(($M$@_

ax'cfoflds ul/aL ;"rs -Multidimensional Poverty Index- MPI_ sf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ @)!)
df cS;kmf]8{ k'e6L{ P08 xo"dg 8]enkd]G6 Olglol6e -;+o'Qm /fi6« ;
+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd_ n] k|of]udf NofPsf] xf] . of] cjwf/0ffn] cfodf cfwfl/t
ul/aL afx]ssf cGo kIfx¿nfO{ ul/aL ;"rssf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ ub{5 . ul/jL
dfkgsf] of] gjLgtd tyf km/s cjwf/0ff xf] . ax'cfoflds ul/aL ;"rs ul/aL
dfkgsf] of] ljlw clxn] ljZjsf !)) eGbf a9L d'n'sx¿df k|of]udf cfPsf] 5 . of]
k|0ffnLn] ul/aL dfkgsf k/Dk/fut k|rlnt ljlw -lzIff, :jf:Yo / hLjg:t/_ sf]
cltl/Qm cGo kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]t ul/aLsf] dfkgdf ;dfj]z u/fOg' kg]{df ljZjf;
ub{5 . ;"rsx¿ df ax'cfoflds ul/aL ;"rsdf # cfofdx? /x]sf 5g\ h;df :jf:Yo,
lzIff / hLjg:t/ kb{5g\ . oL # cfofnfO{ yk !) pk cfofdx?df auL{s/0f ul/Psf]
5 . h;df :jf:Yosf b'O{ -afnd[To'b/ / kf]if0f_ lzIffsf b'O{ -ljBfno hfg]
cjlw / ljBfnodf xflh/L_ / hLjg:t/sf ^ -vfgf ksfpg k|of]u ul/g] OGwg,
zf}rfno, kfgL, lah'nL, e'O, ;DklQ_ pk cfofdx? /x]sf 5g\ .

 g]kfnn] cfˆgf cfjlws of]hgf dfkm{t ul/jL Go"gLs/0f ug]

{ bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlt lnb} cfPsf] 5 . bzf}+ of]hgfn] cfod"ns ul/jL,
;fdflhs ul/jL / ;fdflhs ul/jL u/L ul/jLsf tLg cfofdnfO{ cfwf/ jgfPsf]
lyof] . @! k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf em/]sf] g]kfnsf] ul/jL o; k|ltj]bg cg';f/
@* k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 5 . ;fy} k|b]zut ?kdf x]bf{ k|b]z g+ b'O{ / k|b]z
g+ ^ sf] l:ylt eofjx b]lvG5 . k|b]z g+ kfFr / ;ft sf] cj:yf klg /fli6«o
cf};t eGbf dfly b]lvG5 . afFsL b'Oj6f k|b]zx?df dfq /fli6«o cf};t
eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . o; cl3 ul/Psf cWoogn] klg ul/jL s]xL 36]sf] b]vfP
klg If]qut c;Gt'ng sf] k|j[lQ o:t} g} /x]sf] lyof] / lugL
sf]Olkml;oG6df vf;} ;'wf/ cfPsf] lyPg . o;/L If]qut c;Gt'ngsf] vf8n
Jofks /lx/xg' / o:tf] k|j[lQdf ;'wf/ x'g g;Sg' jf ;fdfGo dfqfdf ;'wf/ x'g'
ul/jL Go"gLs/0f k|of;sf] :yfoL r'gf}tL xf] .

g]kfn ;g\ @)@@ leq clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«df ?kfGt/0f x'g]
nIosf ;fy cuf8L jl9/x]sf] tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo xfl;n ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy cuf8L
al9/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf nflu cem} yk / k|efjsf/L sfo{qmdx? ;
+rfng ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo txsf ul/jL
Go"gLs/0f ;Da4 gLlt, sfo{qmdx?, k|fyldstfx?sf jLrdf yk ;fdGh:otf /
;dGjosf] cfjZostf /xG5 .

@=@ k"j{ cWoogsf] k'g/fjnf]sg (Reviews of Privious Study)

v/]n -@))(_ n] cWoog u/]sf] cg'zGwfg lzif{s …z}lIfs tyf cfly{s ljsf;df
ul/aLsf] k|efjÚ df d'Vo p2]Zo z}lIfs u'0f:t/ / ul/aLsf] larsf] cGt/;DaGwsf]
ljZn]if0f ug'{ 5 . k|fyflds tyf l4lto b'j} tYofª\s k|of]u u/L pQm zf]wkqdf
tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . jf:tfljs ul/aL klxrfg ug]{ qmddf ToxfFsf dflg;x?sf] :j:Yo
cj:yf, ;fdflhs :t/, plgx?sf] /xg;xg tyf cfly{s lqmofsnfk cflb ljljw s'/fsf]
klxrfg ul/Psf] /x]5 . cWoog cg';f/ ToxfFsf clwsf+z kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx?
;/sf/L ljBfnodf cWoog ubf{ /x]5g\ . To;}u/L lglh ljBfnodf cWoog ug]
{ afnaflnsfsf] d'Vo cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t a}b]lzs /f]huf/ /x]sf] / plgx?sf] ;fdflhs
tyf z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf] cj:yf lglh ljBfnodf cWoog ug]x?{ eGbf /fd|f] /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . lgisif{df pgn] To; ufFpdf %) k|ltzt eGbf al9 3/kl/jf/x?sf] z}lIfs
tyf cfly{s ljsf; gx'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f ul/aL /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\, ;fy} o;sf]
Go'lgs/0fsf] nflu To; 7fFpsf cfd o'jfx? Ps eP/ :j/f]huf/df nfUg'kg]{ /
;/sf/n] klg ;x'lnotdf C0f k|bfg u/L pgLx?nfO{ xf};nf k|bfg ug'{ kg]
{ ;'emfj k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ .

Bhatty, I.Z. (1974).n] cWoog u/]sf] cg'zGwfg lzif{s…g]kfndf u/LaLsf]

cj:yfÚ df d'Vo p2]Zo g]kfndf /x]sf ljleGg u/LaLsf ;d:ofx? Klxrfg ug{'
/x]sf] 5 . pgn] ul/aL nfO{ sd ug{ s]xL bL3{sfnLg gLltx? klg l;kmfl/;
u/]sf 5g\ eg] pgsf] cWoogdf l4lto ;|f]tsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . pgsf]
cWoog /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] u/]sf] gd"gf ;j]{If0fdf cfwfl/t 5 h;n] u/La
dflg;x¿nfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf juL{s[t u/]sf 5g\ h; dWo] lg/k]If ul/a
#^=@)Ü / ;fk]If u/La dfq !*=(%Ü dfq /x]5g\ . o;af6 clwsf+z dflg;x?
k"0f{ ?kn] ul/j /x]sf] s'/f k|:6 x'G5 eg] ;du|df x]bf{ %%=!%Ü dflg;x? ul/a
/x]5g\ .
9sfn -@)!!_ n] tof/ kf/]sf] cg'zGwfg lzif{s …ul/aLsf] /fli6«o cy{tGqdf k|
efjÚ df d'ntM ul/aL s;/L b]zsf] ljsf;sf] nflu afws tyf r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf t]l;
{Psf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ d'Vo p2]Zo ?kdf /flvPsf] 5 . o; cWoog ;DkGg
ug{sf] nflu kqklqsf, k'/fgf ck|sflzt ;f]wkqx?, ljifoa:t';Fu ;DalGwt k':tsx?
cflb l4lto ;|f]t tyf ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k|of]u u/LPsf] /x]5 . k|:t't cWoogdf
ul/aLsf sf/0fx?df /fli6«o cfosf] c;dfg ljt/0f, e'–w/ftlno sf/0f, /f]huf/Lsf]
cefj, s[lifdf pTkfbgdf sld / ahf/sf] cefj, nufgLsf] cefj, k'/fgf] s[lif k|0ffnL,
lzIff / r]tgf :t/df sld, b]zsf clwsf+z o'jfx? ljb]z hfg' k/]sf]], ufFpsf hUuf
hldgx? afFhf] /x]sf] cflb ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ul/aLs}
sf/0fn] clwsf+z o'jf tyf afnaflnsfx? u'0f:tl/o tyf k|fljlws lzIffaf6 alGrt
x'g'k/]sf] afWotfnfO{ klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lgisif{df pgn] b]z ljsf;sf nflu
bIf hgzlQm ckl/xfo{ ePsfn] ;/sf/n] b]zdf gFof ;Defjgfx? vf]lh u/L
hgzlQ :jb]zd} e/k'/ pTkfbg / k|of]hg ug'kg]{ atfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} eflj k':tfn]
cWoog ubf{ ul/aLnfO{ lzIff;Fu hf]8]/ cWoog ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj klg k|bfg
u/]sf 5g\ .

kf}8]n -!(((_ n] tof/ kf/]sf] cg'zGwfg lzif{s …g]kfndf ul/aL / lzIffÚ sf]
d'Vo p2]Zo ul/aLn] ubf{ lzIffIf]qdf k/]sf k|efjsf] cWoog ug{' /x]sf] 5 . o;
cWoogn] d'Vo u/L ul/aL o; lzIff If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjnfO{ k"0f{?kdf
ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; cWoogdf ul/aLaf6 s] slt aRrfx? al9 k|efljt 5g\ < sd
k|efljt x'g]x?sf] z}lIfs cj:yf s:tf] 5 < ul/a kl/jf/sf] afnafnLsfsf] ;fdflhs cj:yf
s:tf] 5 < ul/aLsf sf/0f afnafnLsfx?n] s] s:tf ;d:ofx?sf] ;fdgf ug{' k/]sf] 5 <
plgx?n] k9\g] ljBfnosf] u'0f:t/ s:tf] 5 < cflb ljleGg k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbg] k|
of; ul/Psf] 5 . cWoogsf] lgisif{df pgn] clwsf+z ul/a kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx?
lzIff af6 alGrt /x]sf / ul/a kl/jf/ dWos} s]xL afnaflnsfn] eg] k9\g kfPtf klg
u'0f:tl/o lzIffaf6 alGrt /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] pQm ;d:of
;fawfgsf] nflu ;/sf/n] ljz]if kxn x'g'kg]{ atfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} eflj
k':tfnfO{ ul/aLsf] alu{s/0f ;lxt gFof 9ª\uaf6 cWoog ug'{kg]
{ s'/f ;'emasf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

@=# ;flxTosf] k'g/fcjnf]sgsf] pkb]otf (Implications of Review of the

Study)

g]kfn u/LaL ;DaGwL k"j{;flxTox?sf] clwsf+z cWoogx¿ u|fdL0f If]q;Fu

dfq s]lG›t b]lvG5g\ jf ;x/L pGd'v 5g\ . pgLx¿n] u|fdL0f / zx/L u/LaLsf]
t'ngfTds cWoog u/]sf 5}gg\ . g]kfnsf] clwsf+z e'efu u|fld0f e]u ePtf klg
cfhsf] kl/l:ytLdf u|fdL0f / zx/L If]qsf] t'ngfTds cWoog lagf u|fdL0f /
zx/L If]qsf] cWoog a[xt b[li6sf]0faf6 cg';Gwfg ck"0f{ /xG5 . w]/} h;f]
;flxTox¿df u/LaLnfO{ u|fdL0f 36gfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 t/ jf:tljstfdf u/LaL
b'a} u|fdL0f / zx/L 36gf xf] . ;fdfGo b[li6sf]0f s] 5 eg] u|fdL0f If]qdf
u/LaLsf] pRr l8u|L 5 / ;x/L If]qdf u/LaLsf] l8u|L sd 5 . zx/L u/Lax¿n]
d'›f cy{Joj:yfsf] Jofkstf / kof{Kt k};fsf] cefjsf sf/0f cTolws hl6n
hLjgsf] ;fdgf u/]sf 5g\ . o;}n] zx/L u/Lax¿n] cToGt sl7g hLjgsf] ;fdgf
ul//x]sf 5g\ . To;sf/0f, lgisif{ of] 5 ls ca @! cf}+ ztfAbLdf ;x/L–u|fdL0f
cfofd lagf u/LaL lj/f]wL /0fgLlt agfpg c;Dej 5 . jf:tjdf o; cg';Gwfgsf]
hf]8 u|fdL0f / ;x/L cfofdx¿sf] Vofn gu/L ul/aL /0fgLltx¿ c;Dej 5
eg]/ ;'emfj lbg x'g]5 .

@=$ cg';Gwfg cGt/fn (Research Gap)

clxn] ;Dd ePsf cg'zGwfgsf] cWoog ubf{ w]/} cg';Gwfgx? s[lif pTkfbg /
z}lIfs nuflgsf] cWoogdf dfq s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfO{of] . t/ b]zsf] k|d'v ;d:ofsf]
?kdf /x]sf] lg/k]If ul/aL / lzIff If]q ;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf zf]wkqx? lgs} sd
b]lvof] . o; zf]wkqn] cem} lg/k]If ul/aL / lzIff ;Fu ;DalGwt /lx cWoog
cg';Gwfg ug{]5 . pQm cWoog lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf cem} ;Dd s'g}
zf]wstf{x? åf/f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5}g\ . :yflgo :t/df lg/k]If ul/aLn] cfly{s tyf
z}lIfs If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf jf/]df cGo zf]w kqdf AofVof ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]
5}g . cfh ;Ddsf zf]wkq ul/jL ;DalGw dfq s]lGb|t /x]sf] x'Fbf, of] zf]w
kqdf Tof] ck"0f{tfnfO{ k"0f{ agfpg] k|of; ul/g] 5 .
 @=% cjwf/0ffTds 9fFrf (Conceptual Framework)

cjwf/0ffTds 9fFrfn] cg'zGwfgsf] Pp6f :k:i6 sfof{Tds gS;f k|bfg ug{'

ub{5 . h;sf] cfwf/df cg';GwfgnfO{ p2]Zod"ns / ;xh ?kdf cl3 a9fpg ;xof]u
k'Ub5 . o; cg';Gwfgsf] cjwf/0ffTds 9fFrf lgDg cg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

ul/aL

;fk]If ul/aL lg/k]If ul/aL

kfl/jfl/s z}lIfs cj:yfsf] cWoog

k];f÷pTkfbg ;DalGwcfwf/e't
ljj/0f cfjZostfsf] pknAwtf ;DalGw ljj/0f
kl/jf/sf] z}lIfs cj:yf

[lif tyf 3/fol; sfddf afnaflnsfsf]

ufF;, afF;,k|of]usf]
skf;, lzIff,
cj:yf
:jf:Yo, kf]if0f, oftfoft, :jR5 vfg]kfgL
afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs cj:yf

pTkfbgsf] z}lIfs If]qdf nufgL

lg/k]If ul/aLn] ubf{ lzIff If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] cWoog

 cWofo M ltg (Unit:Three)

cg'';Gwfg ljlw(Research Methods)

o; v08df cWoogn] ;dfj]z ug]{ cg';Gwfg 9fFrf gd'gf 5gf}6 k|s[of tYofª\s ;|
f]t, tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf cf}hf/x?, tYofª\ssf] k|:t'lts/0f / ljin]if0f k|s[ofaf/]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

#=! cg';Gwfg 9fFrf(Research Design)

of] cWoog ljz]if ul/ kl/df0ffTds cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . sltko

;Gbe{x¿ u'0ffTds cg'Gwfg af6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lx¿ klg oxfF ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ .
o; cWoogdf k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ ;fª\lVos ?kdf k|:t't u/L JofVofTds /
ljZn]if0fTds tl/sfn] k|:t't ul/g] 5 . o; cWoogdf sf]6lxdfO{ ufFpkflnsf j8f
g+= % demufjf If]qsf] lg/k]If ul/lan] :yflgo hgtfsf] cfly{s tyf z}lIfs
If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] af/]df cWoog s]lGb|t ul/g] 5 . gd'gf 5gf]6,
cGt{jftf{ / k|ZgfjnLsf] dfWodaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng u/L cWoognfO{ e/kbf]
{ agfO{g] 5 .

#=@ tYofÍsf ;|f]tx¿(Sources of Data)

o; cWoogdf tYofÍ ;+sngsf] nflu k|fylds tYofÍsf ;+sngsf ;|f]tx¿ / ljleGg
;flxTosf] k'g/fcjnf]sg ug{ l4lto tYofÍsf ;|f]tx¿ k|of]u ul/g] 5 . %% j6f
3/w'l/sf k|To]s Ps JolQmx?nfO{ cGt{jftf{ / k|ZgfjnL ljt/0f ul/ k|fKt
tYofÍsf] cfwf/df cg'zGwfg tof/ ul/g] 5 . k|fylds tyf l4lto tYofÍsf ;|f]tx? o;
k|sf/ /xg] 5g\ M
s_ k|fylds ;|f]t cGt{ut cg';Gwfgstf{ k|ToIf ¿kdf If]qdf uP/ tYofÍ ;
+sng ul/g] 5 . h:t}M k|ZgfjnL / cGt{jftf{ .

v_ l4lto tYofÍsf] ¿kdf ljleGg ;f]w kq, kqklqsf, lstfax¿, ;+3 ;+:yfsf
a'n]l6gx¿, ljleGg cgnfO{g hg{n Pjd\ hfgsf/L cflb k|of]u ul/g] 5 .
#=# hg;+Vof / gd'gf (Population and Sample)
cWoogdf ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] sf]6lxdfO{ ufFpkflnsf j8f g+= % demufjf
If]qsf !%# 3/w'/L dWo] ;dfg ;Defjgfo'Qm gd'gf 5gf]6 cGtu{t lr¶f ljlwsf]
dfWodaf6 %% j6f 3/w'l/nfO{ gd'gfsf] ?kdf lnO{ cWoog ul/g] 5 . gd'gf
5gf]6df k/]sf k|To]s 3/af6 Ps Ps hgf ;b:onfO{ 5gf]6 ul/g] 5 .

#=$ tYofÍs ;+sng k|lqmof(Data Collection Procedures)

;a{k|yd cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{ cg';Gwfgstf{
:jod cWoog If]qsf] JolQmx?;Fu ;DjlGwt 7fFpsf] j:t'cj:yf a'lem ;f]xL
cg';f/ cGt{jftf{ lnO{g]5 / lgdf0f{ ul/Psf k|Zg kqx¿ eg{ nufO{ lgdf{0f
ul/Psf ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L gd'gfsf] ?kdf 5gf]6 ePsf pQ/bftfjf6 cfjZos tYofÍ
cfwf/df tYofÍsf] ;+sng ul/g] 5 . tYofÍnfO{ a9L /f]rs / :k:6 agfpg tflnsf, u|
fkm / j[Qlrq cflbsf] k|of]u ul/g] 5 .

#=% tYofÍ ;+sngsf cf}hf/x¿(Data Collection Tools)

cWoognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|ZgfjnL / cGt{jft{nfO{ d'Vo cf}hf/sf ¿kdf
k|of]u ul/g]] 5 .
s_ k|ZgfjnL(Questioniare)
k|ZgjfnLsf] lgdf{0f u/L pQm If]qsf 3/kl/jf/sf JolQmsf] pQ/sf]
cfwf/df cWoognfO{ k|:t't ul/g] 5 .

v_ 5nkmn lgb]{lzsf(Discussion Directory)

cWoognfO{ k|efjsf/L Pjd\ u'0ffTds agfpg ;DalGwt If]qdf g}
uO{ pQ/bftfx?;Fu ljleGg 5nkmn ul/g]] 5 .
 u_ cjnf]sg lgb]{lzsf (ObservationDirectory)

cWoognfO{ ljZj;lgo agfpgsf] nflu cWoog If]qsf] ul/lj / lzIffsf

ljleGg lgb{]lzsfx?sf] k|of]u ul/g] 5 .
#=^ tYofÍ ;+sng tl/sf(Data collection Technique)
cjnf]sg, 5nkmn, k|ToIf ;xefuL cjnf]sg, k|ZgfjnL / cGt{jftf{nfO{ cfwf/
dfg]/ cWoog ul/g] 5 5 . tYofÍ ;+sngsf] nflu lgDg tl/sfx? ckgfO{g] 5 .

s_ cGt{jftf{(Interview)
pQ/bftfx¿;Fu ljleGg ljifosf] af/]df cGt{jftf{ Pjd\ ;f]wk'5 ul/
cg';Gwfg sfo{ ul/g] 5 .

v_ nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn(Amied Group Discussion)

sf]6lxdfO{ ufFpkflnsf j8f g+= % demufjf sf %% 3/w'l/sf JolQmx?

;Fu 5nkmn ul/ cg';Gwfg sfo{ ul/g] 5 .

u_ k|ToIf ;xefuL cjnf]sg(Direct Participant Observation)

3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?;Fu k|ToIf ?kdf ;xefuL eO{ 3/sf] cfly{s cj:yf / z}lIfs
If]qsf] af/]df cjnf]sg ul/g] 5 . ul/lasf] /]vf d'lg 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg]
ljleGg ul/lasf ;'rsx?sf] k|ToIf cjnf]sg ul/ ;f]lx cg';f/ tYof+s ;+sng
ul/g] 5 .

3_ ;f]wk'5(Inquiry)
pQ/bfQfx?nfO{ plgx?sf] cfly{s / z}lIfs cj:yfsf ljleGg kIfx?;Fu
;f]wk'5 ul/ cWoognfO{ cufl8 a9fO{g] 5 .
#=& tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf (Data Analysis and Interpretation)
k|fKt tYofÍx¿nfO{ ;+sng ul/ ltlgx¿sf] ljz]iftf cg';f/ 6]jnLs/0f ul/g] 5 .
tYofÍsnfO{ k|ltztdf k|:t't ul/ ;f]xL cfwf/df ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf ul/g] 5 . ;fy}
ljleGg tYofÍzfl:qo cf}hf/sf] k|of]u ul/g] 5 . ;a}nfO{ a'‰g ;xh xf]; elg j[Q
lrq Pjd\ :tDe lrqdf tYofÍsnfO{ b]vfOg] 5 .
 ;Gbe{u|Gy ;"rL(References)
clwsf/L, afns[i0f -@)&%_, lzIff / ljsf;,sf7df8f}+ M s?w/f klAns];g k|
f=nL= .
cfrfo{, an/fd -@)^!_, ;fdflhs ljZn]if0fsf] ;}åflGts 9fFrf, sf7df8f}+ M :
6'8]G6\;a'S; klAnz;{ P08 l8li6«Ao'6;{ .
Pl;og ljsf; a}+s, -@))@_, g]kfndf ul/la lgjf/0f M d'4f, pknlAw /
cjwf/0fx? .
v/]n, dx]z -@))(_, z}lIfs tyf cfly{s ljsf;df ul/aLsf] k|efj, ul/la, lzIff / g]kfn,
ck|sflzt zf]wkq, ;fdflhs cWoog tyf cy{zf:q lzIff ljefu, dx]Gb|/Tg
SofDk; M lqe'jg ljZjljBfno .
vgfn, pdf/fd -@)^!_, …g]kfndf u|fld0f ul/aLsf] cj:yf, afuL uf=
lj=;Úc3f{vfFrL lhNnfsf] Ps cWoog, lzIff zf:q s]lGb|o ljefu, cy{zf:q
s]lGb|o ljefu, lq=lj= sLlt{k'/ .
ul/la lgjf/0f lglt-@)&^_, g]kfn ;/sf/ e"ld Joj:yf, ;xsf/L tyf ul/la
lgjf/0f dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
ufpF ljsf; of]hgf, -@)&^_, sf]6xLdfO{ ufpFkflnsf, ?kGb]xL .
uf}td, xl/ -@)&%_,u|fld0f ul/lan] ubf{ lzIffdf k/]sf] k|efj ;DalGw Ps
cWoog, ck|sflzt zf]wkq, ;fdflhs cWoog tyf cy{zf:q lzIff ljefu,
dx]Gb|/Tg SofDk; M lqe'jg ljZjljBfno .
uf}td, dx]z -@)&#_, ul/lan] lzIffdf af/]sf] k|efj af/] Ps cg'zGwfgfTds
cWoog, /Tg k':ts e08f/ M sf7df8f}+ .
ul/aL / ul/aL lgjf/0f, ;Dkfblso, uf]/vf kq /fli6«o b}lgs .
9sfn, efg'EfQm -@)!!_, ul/aLsf] /fli6«o cy{tGqdf k|efj, ck|sflzt zf]wkq,
cy{zf:q s]lGb|o ljefu, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}+ .
emf= pd]z= -@)&%_,u|fld0f t/fO{ If]q /tgk'/sf] cfly{s / z}lIfs cWoog,
s]lGb|o ;fdflhs cWoog tyf cy{zf:q lzIff ljefu,lqe'jg ljZjljBfno,
sf7df8f}+ .
yfkf, df]xg -@)^%_, ljsfzf]Gd'v b]zx?df ul/lan] cfwf/e't cfjZostf
pknAwtfdf kf/]sf] k|efj , /Tg k':ts e08f/ M sf7df8f}+ .
kf}8]n, cf]dsf/ -@)&#_,ul/la, lzIff / g]kfn,ck|sflzt zf]wkq, ;fdflhs cWoog
tyf cy{zf:q lzIff ljefu, dx]Gb|/Tg SofDk; M lqe'jg ljZjljBfno .
kf}8]n, z+s/ -!(((_, g]kfndf ul/aL / lzIff, ul/la, lzIff / g]kfn,ck|sflzt
zf]wkq, ;fdflhs cWoog tyf cy{zf:q lzIff s]lGb|o ljefu, lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno M sf7df8f}+ .

/fgfdu/ pbo, k|= lh=c= ab{3f6,;':tf klZrd If]q gjnk/f;Lsf .

UNDP (2015), ul/la lgjf/0f sfo{qmd, g]kfn .

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