cWofo M b'O{ (Unit: Two)

;DalGwt ;flxTosf] k'g/fcjnf]sg / cjwf/0ffTds 9fFrf

(Reviews of Related Literature and Conceptual Framework)

s'g} klg ljifodf cWoog sfo{ ubf{ of]hgflagfsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;lsb}g .
cg'zGwfg sfo{nfO{ ;/n, :ki6, Aojl:yt / ;fGble{s agfpg lglZrt cfwf/ tof/
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] cg';GwfgnfO{ dfu{ lgb]{zg ub{5 / ;d:ofsf ?kdf
k|:t't ul/Psf k|Zgx?nfO{ ;lx 9ª\un] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . k|:t't cWoog ;DkGg
ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt ljifodf s] s:tf sfo{ ePsf 5g\ / ;f] ljifosf af/]df s] slt yk
sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 eGgsf nflu o; cl3sf k"j{sfo{sf ?kdf ul/Psf cWoogn] ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] b]lvG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ko{6g Joj;fo ljifo ;DaGwdf ljleGg
kf7\ok':ts, kqklqsf, n]v, cg';Gwfgsf k|ltj]bg, cgnfO{g nufot k|sflzt Pj+ ck|
sflzt zf]w sfo{nfO{ ;fdfu|Lsf ?kdf lnO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g] 5 .

@=! ;}4flGts ;flxTosf] k'g/fcjnf]sg (Reviews of Theoretical

Literature)

a6n/-!(*)_ ko{6g If]qx? ultzLn, ljsl;t / ;do;Fu} kl/jt{g x'G5g . of] ljsf;sf
nflu ljleGg sf/s tTjx?n] NofPsf] x'G5 h;df cfuGt'x?sf] k|fyfldstf /
cfjZostfx?df kl/jt{g, / ef}lts af]6sf] ;Defljt k|lt:yfkg, k|fs[lts / ;+f:s[lts
cfsif{0f / o;sf] nf]slk|otf x'g . ljleGg ult / km/s ;do cg';f/ ko{6g If]qx?

10
ljsf; x'g] ub{5 . ko{6gn] ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf w|]/} kmfObf k'/fPsf]
x'G5 . ljb]zL nfufgLx? tyf d'b|f lelqg] ub{5 / ;/sfx?n] oftfot k"jf{wf/ /
;fd"bflos ;|f]tx? h:t} ;8s Po/kf]6{x? :j:Yo ;]jfsf] ljsf; x'G5 h:n] ubf{ tNnf]
:t/sf dflg;x?sf] cfly{s :t/ j[l4 x'G5 .

ko{6g gLlt -@))(_ ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/sf]nflu If]qut ljsf;sf
cjwf/0ff ;lxt u'? of]hgf th'{df u/L To;nfO{ cfjlws of]hgf tyf jflif{s
sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L k|j4{g ul/g]5 . u|fld0f ko{6gnfO{ ko{6g Joj;fosf]
pkIf]qsf] ?kdf cl3 a9fOg]5 . d'n'ssf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;d]6\g g;lsPsf dlxnf,
dw]zL, cflbjf;L hghftL nufotsf ljkGg ;d"x ;d]tdf ko{6g Joj;foaf6 k|fKt
nfesf] afF8kmfF8 ug{ ;dfj];L / ;xsf/Lsf] dfWodaf6 pko'Qm ;+/rgfsf]
lgdf{0f / ljsf; ul/g]5 . ko{6g pBf]unfO{ cfwf/e"t pBf]usf ?kdf :yfkgf
ug{ ljljw k|sf/sf ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnotx? k|bfg ul/g]5 . 7"nf k|s[ltsf ko{6g
pBf]udf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o nufgLstf{ dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL
;fem]bf/Ldf / demf}nf / ;fgf k|s[ltsf ko{6g pBf]udf /fli6«o
nufgLstf{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df nufgL v'nf ul/g]5 .

s'jF/, -!((&_ ko{6gsf] ljsf; d"n?kn] cfly{s p2]Zon] clek]/Lt eP/ ul/G5 .
cfh ljZjsf k|foM ;a} d"nsx? ko{6gsf] ljsf; u/]/ cfˆgf hgtfx?sf]
lhjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|oTg ul//x]sf 5g\ . To;df klg ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf /xg]
dflg;x?sf] cfly{s ;+lj4sf] nflu ko{6gsf] ljsf;n] ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd lbg ;Sg]
b]lvG5 . ko{6g pBf]u af6 ljb]zL d'b|f k|fKt x'g] s'/f t 5b}5, To;df klg
b]zleq ljBdfg a]/f]huf/Lsf] l:ylt klg cGTo x'g ;S5 . ko{6g Pp6f >dd"ns
pBf]u ePsf]n] o;sf] k|ToIf k|efj If]qLo / :yfgLo txdf /f]huf/L ;[hgfdf kb{5
. of] pBf]udf 7'nf] ;+Vofdf ljleGg lsl;Dfsf >d / ;Ldf ePsf dflg;x?sf] h?/t
11
kg]{ ePsfn] dflyNnf] txdf gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ b]lv lnP/ dWod :t/sf
;Lko'Qm JolQm / >d ug]{ dhb"/x? ;Ddn] plrt sfd kfpg ;Sb5g . ljsf;f]Gd'v
d'n's dfq xf]Og, klZrdsf] ljsl;t d'n's j]nfotn] ;d]t ko{6gnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ pBf]u :jLsf/ u/]/ ko{6gsf] ljsf; ;a}eGbf a9L a]/f]huf/ ePsf
If]qx?df ug]{ lg0f{o 5 .

Agrawal, (2002) ko{6gn] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf /f]huf/L l;h{gf ub{5 . k|ToIf

/f]huf/L xf]6n / /]i6'/]G6x?, Po/nfOG;, ofqf / 6]«lsª / ck|ToIf ?kdf
pBf]usf] ;Fu hf] ko{6g If]qx? af6 k|efljt 5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}Fssf] ;g !((* sf]
cWoogn] g]kfndf !@@ xhf/ /f]huf/Ldf /x]sf 5g eg] xfn @)) xhf/ dflg;
ko{6g If]qdf k|ToIf ?kdf /f]huf/ u/L/x]sf 5g\ .

Kff}8]n, -!((*_ cfly{s sf/sx?nfO{ ;sf/fTds / gs/fTds ?kdf juL{s[t u/]sf 5g\
. ;sf/fTds sf/s tL x'g, h'g Ps} lbzfdf ko{6s cfudg;Fu a9\b5g hxfF gs/fTds
sf/sx?n] plgx?sf] cfjfudgnfO{ ko{6s cfudgsf] ljklt lbzfdf k'¥ofpF5g . k|lt
k'+lh jf:tljs hL8LkL, jf:tljs ljlgdo b/, cfosf] ljt/0f, ;/sf/L gLlt, pTkfbgsf]
u'0f:t/, k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, ;f:s[lts ;Dkbf, lxdfn / kj{tf/f]x0f ;'ljwf, oftfoft
;fwgx?, s"6gLlts ;DaGw, ;f+:s[lts lgs6tf ko{6g cfudg ;+u ;sf/fTds
;DalGwt sf/s xf] . ;fk]If pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rsf+s, xjfO{ b/, b"/L / /fhgLlts
cl:y/tf gsf/fTds sf/sx? x'g\ .

12
@=@ k"j{ cWoogsf] k'g/fjnf]sg (Reviews of Privious Study)

pk|]tL, -@)!#_ g]kfn ljzfn ko{6g ;DefJotf ;lxt Ps ko{6g uGQJo ePsf]
b]z xf] .kf]v/f g]kfnsf Ps cfbz{ ;Defljt ko{6g uGQJox? dWo] Ps ;'Gb/ ;x/
xf] . lsgsL o;sf] vf; ljz]if u'0fx? h:t} cg]k]lIft k|s[lt, k'/fgf] ;+:s[lt,
kf]v/]lnx?sf] cfltYo u'0fx? / ;'Gb/ lxdfnox? /x]sf 5g . g]kfnsf] ko{6g
gSzfdf kf]v/f s]Gb|Lo efudf cjl:yt /x]sf]n] oxfF b]zsf ljleGg efux? Aff6
5f]6f] ofqf / kx'Frdf ;lhnf] uGtJosf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . clGtd 5 aif{df
kf]v/fnfO{ ljZjsf] k|d'v uGtJosf] ?kdf kl/lrt ePsf] 5 / la:tf/}
cfkm'nfO{ dgkg]{ ko{6g uGtJosf] ?kdf kl/lrt / ;kmn x'b} uPsf] 5 .
kf]v/fsf] of]hgfa4 ko{6g lasf; k|o;x?nfO{ ;Demf}tf ul/ ko{6sx?sf] ;
+Vofsf] j[l4 ug]{ clGtd nIo ag]sf] 5 . / kf]v/fn] ko{6g pBf]unfO{ j[l4
u/]/ ko{6ssf cjZ]ostfx? kl/k"lt{ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .

13
:fTofn-@)))_, cg';f/ ko{6gsf] ljsf;n] dflg;sf] lhjgsf] clwsf+z kIfx?df Ps
ef/L k|efj kf5{ . t;y{ ko{6g Joj;fon] b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs / :jf:Yo If]qdf ;
+/If0f ug]{ / Ps :jf:Yos/ / /dfOnf] jftfj/0f, /fd|f] kfl/l:ylts ;Gt'ng, v'nf
7fpF, k|s[lts ;f}Gbo{sf] ;+/If0f, dgf]/~hg / ;'ljwfhgs otfoft k|bf{g ug]
{ ub{5 . ko{6g ljsf;n] b]zsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ef}lts ;+/rgfsf ;a} kIfox?df
Ps dxTjk'0f{ k|efj kfb{5 . ;'ljwf ;DkGg xf]6nx?sf] Joj:yfkg, /]i6'/]G6x? /
cfuGt'sx?nfO{ dgf]/Ghg k|bf{g ug'{sf] ;fy;fy} ko{6g ljsf;nfO{ k|ToIf jf
ck|ToIf ?kdf ;xof]u ;d{ygsf ;fy} /fhdfu{x?, Po/kf]6x? / ko{6ssf nflu
oftfoftsf ;fwgx?, dgf]/Ghgsf ;fwgx?, ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s k'/fTtjsf] ;+/If0f
ug]{ ub{5 . ;ftf}F k+rjifL{o of]hgf -!((%-()_n] g]kfnsf] ko{6g If]qsf]
u'0ffTds ljsf;sf nflu p2]Zox? tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . cf7f} of]hgf-!((@-(&_n]
ef}lts k'jf{wf/df ;8s / ;~rf/ g]6js{x?sf] nuflg j[l4 ug]{df hf]8 lbG5 .
ko{6sLo gofF If]qx? Vff]Ng], b'w{d If]qdf 6]«lsªsfx? a9fpgsf] nflu ljz]if
sfo{s|dx? ;+rfng ug]{ / o;n] cGt/fli6«o Po/nfG;x? Nofpgsf nflu pbf/
gLltx?df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . clws ljb]zL d'b|fx? leqfpgsf nflu ko{6sx?sf]
a;f]af;sf] cf}ift nDafO{ a8fpg' kb{5 . kl5nf] kGw| jif{sf] tYofª\sn]
ko{6ssf] cf}ift a;fO{ t|]x lbgsf] /x]sf] 5 . cGt/fli6«o ko{6sx?n] k|lt lbg
cd]l/sL 8n/ !.&) vr{ ub{5g\ .

clwsf/L -@)!(_, g]kfndf ko{6gsf ;Defjgfx? eGg] zLif{sdf n]lvPsf]

zf]wkqdf kf]v/f zx/df /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?, /fli6«o cfDbfgLsf] j[l4, ko{6g
ultljlwx? kQf nufpg' p2Z]o /x]sf] lyof] . cWoogdf cg'zGwfgstf{n] k|
yflds / 4lto ;|f]t gd'gfsf] k|of]u u/]sf lyP . o; cWoogdf cg'zGwfgstf{n] ;
+sng u/]sf tYofª\snfO{ tflnsf, j[Qlrq / :tDe lrqaf6 JofVof ljZn]if0f u/]sf]

14
kfO{of] . o; cWoogdf n]vsn] kf]v/fdf ko{6gsf ;Defjgdf lxdfnox?,
km]jftfn, ljleGg d7 dlGb/, Kof/fUnfl8+u cflb, /f]huf/Ldf oLg} Joj;foLs
If]qx? cfjw /lx /fhuf/Lsf] l;h{gf / b]zdf 3'Dg cfpg] ko{6sx? dWo kf]v/f
*) k|ltzt ko{6ssf] /f]hfOdf k/]sf] x'bfF cfly{s If]qdf ;s/fTds k|efj kf/]sf]
kfOof] .

a:g]t -@)!^_, g]kfndf ko{6gsf k|sf/ / lggLx?sf ;Defjgfx? eGg] zLif{sdf

n]lvPsf] zf]wkqdf g]kfnsf] ;du| ko{6g pBf]usf] / g]kfndf ko{6g j[l4sf]
;Defjgfsf] jf/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . o; cWoogdf cg'zGwfgstf{n] k|fyflds /
4lto tYofª\ssf ;|f]t / gd'gf 5gf]6 ljlw dfkm{t cWoog sfo{ ub} ;j]{If0faf6
cfPsf k|lts[ofx? u|fkm / rf6{sf] ?kdf a0f{g / ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5g\ . o;
zf]wkqdf ul/Psf] ;du| cg';Gwfgn] g]kfnsf] ko{6g pBf]u ;a} ;]jf / If]qx?
df :t/j[l4 ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ko{6g Joj;fo cem} klg k'/fgf] /
cflbd dfu{x?df lge{/ /x]sf] lgis{if k|fKt eof] . o; cWoogn] g]kfndf
clwsf+z %# % ko{6sx? k'0f{?kdf ;+Gt'li6 /x]sf] kflxof] . o; cWoogn]
kf]v/f, ;u/dfyf, cGgk'0f{ If]q / sf7\df8f}FnfO{ a9L ko{6g ;DefJotf ePsf]
lgisif{ o; cWoogn] kQf nufPsf] 5 .

yfkf -@)!@_, g]kfndf ko{6g / lbuf] ;d'bfosf] lasf; eGg] zLif{sdf n]lvPsf]
zf]wkqdf g]kfnsf] ko{6gsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, :yflgo ljsf; / lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf]
af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . o; zf]wkqdf ko{6g pBf]un] u/]sf]
of]UbfgnfO{ emNsfPsf] 5 . o; cWoogdf cg'zGwfgstf{n] k|fyflds / 4lto

15
tYofª\ssf ;|f]t / gd'gf 5gf]6 ljlw dfkm{t cWoog sfo{ ub} ;j]{If0faf6 cfPsf
k|lts[ofx? u|fkm / rf6{sf] ?kdf a0f{g / ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5g\ . o; cWoogn]
g]kfndf ko{6g If]qaf6 !) k|ltzt /fli6«o cfodf ;xof]u / $) k|ltzt /fli6«o
/f]huf/Ldf ;xof]u k'¥ofsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs ko{6g If]qsf] cfly{s cj:yf,
;fdflhs cj:yf af/]df zf]wkqdf pNn]v u/LPsf] 5 .

cof{n -@))%_, n] g]kfndf ko{6gsf] cfly{s c;/ eGg] zLif{sdf n]lvPsf]

zf]wkqdf hLl8kLdf ko{6g If]qsf] of]Ubfg / ko{6g dfkm{t j}b]lzs d'b|f
cfh{gsf] ;dLIffdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . cg'zGwfgstf{n] k|fyflds / 4lto
tYofª\ssf ;|f]t / gd'gf 5gf]6 ljlw dfkm{t cWoog sfo{ ub} ;j]{If0faf6 cfPsf
k|lts[ofx? u|fkm / rf6{sf] ?kdf a0f{g / ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5g o; cWoogdf
g]kfndf ko{6g If]qn] /fli6«o cfodf k'¥ofosf] ;xof]u / g]kfnsf] ko{6g
Joj;fodf lab]zL ko{6gsf] e"ldsf cfly{s If]qdf al9 /x]sf] lgisif{ 5 .

nfdf, -@)!@_ cGgFk"0f{ 6«]ls+uIf]qsf ko{6gsf] cy{Joj:yfdf k|efj eGg]

zLif{sdf n]lvPsf] zf]wkqdf cGgk"0f{ If]qsf ko{6g Joj;fosf] cfly{s k|efj
kQf nufpg' d'Vo] p2]Zo lyof] . o; cWoogdf cg'zGwfgstf{n] k|fyflds / 4lto
tYofª\ssf ;|f]t / gd'gf 5gf]6 ljlw dfkm{t cWoog sfo{ ub} ;j]{If0faf6 cfPsf
k|lts[ofx? u|fkm / rf6{sf] ?kdf a0f{g / ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5g\ . o; cWoogdf
cGgFk"0f{ 6«]ls+u If]qsf Joj;foLx?n] ko{6g Joj;fo u/]/ a}b]lzs /f]huf/df
sd uPsf] / aflif{s ?kdf b]zsf} @@ k|ltzt ko{6sx? o; If]qdf 3'Dg hfg]
ePsfn] Joj;foLx?sf] k|d'v cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t ko{6g Joj;fog} /x]sf] lgis{if o;
cWoogn] kQf nufPsf] 5 .

16
g]kfn /fi6« a}s -!(*(_ n] g]kfnsf] ko{6g af6 cfo / /f]huf/ pTkfbgsf]
zLif{ssf] af/]df cWoog u/]sf] lyof] . o; cWoogn] ko{6ssf] cjlw, ko{6g
vr{ / ko{6g pBf]usf] cfo / /f]huf/L pTkfbgdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] af/]df 5nkmn
u/]sf] 5 . o; cWoogn] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 ls clwsf+z ko{6s-^!=^ %_ o; b]zsf]
cfgGbsf nflu e|d0f u5{g, 6]«lsª-!(=!%_ / tLy{ofqfdf-!)%_ u5{g . o;
cWoogn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] b]zdf e|d0f ug]{ cfpg] ko{6s -#@=! %_ n]
lbgdf ? #)) eGbf sd vr{ ubf{ /x]5g, To:t} #)! b]lv !%)) ;Dd #^=& %

vr{ ubf{ /x]5g / ? !%)) eGbf dfly #!=@ % n] vr{ u/]sf] b]lvof] . of]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 ls ko{6g / o;;Fu ;DalGwt pBf]ux?n] !**&÷** df ?
@&*(=# lalnog cfDbfgL ePsf] lyof] eg] ko{6g If]qn] dfq (@=& % -@
%*%=# lalnog _cfDbfgL df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] / ko{6g Joj;fon] !!!&^
hgfnfO{ /f]huf/df ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] .

vltj8f, -!((*_ kf]v/fdf xf]6n pBf]usf] /f]huf/ ;+/rgfsf] cWoog u/]sf lyP /
pgn] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{sf] ;+/If0fsf] cfaZostf ;Fu cf}FNofP
. pgn] km]jf tfnsf] ;+/If0f, k|d'v ko{6s cfsif{0f :yn / ;a} ;DalGwt
cflwsf/Ls / :yfgLo JolQmn] tfnsf] jl/kf]l/sf] If]qsf] ;+/If0fdf Woog s]lGb|
t /lx ;ldIff u/]sf 5g .

@=$ cg';Gwfg cGt/fn (Research Gap)

o; cWoogdf ;flTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg kZrft / o; cWoog lardf cGt/ o; eGbf cufl8

o; laifo;Fu ;DalGwt hlt klg cWoog ul/Psf 5g h'g cfly{s If]q ;Fu ;DalGwt

17
5g eg] ko{6gsf] cfDbflgn] z}lIfs If]qdf s:tf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 eg]/ s'g} klg
cWoog ge]l6Psf] x'Fbf of] cWoogdf ko{6g Joj;fox?sf] cfly{s cfDbfgL
tyf z}lIfs If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efj cWoog ug]{ ePsfn] cGo cg';Gwfg eGbf d]/f]
cg';Gwfg km/s k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 . ko{6g af6 cfDbfgL ePsf] 5 jf 5}g /
cfDbfgL dWosf] slt k|ltzt /sd lzIffdf nufgL u/]sf 5g\ eGg] lgisif{ lgsfNg]
p2]Zo gofF s'/f vf]Hg' xf] .

18
@=% cjwf/0ffTds 9fFrf (Conceptual Framework)

cjwf/0ffTds 9fFrfn] cg'zGwfgsf] Pp6f :k:i6 sfof{Tds gS;f k|bfg ug{'

ub{5 . h;sf] cfwf/df cg';GwfgnfO{ p2]Zod"ns / ;xh ?kdf cl3 a9fpg ;xof]u
k'Ub5 . o; cg';Gwfgsf] cjwf/0ffTds 9fFrf lgDg cg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

Kof/fUnfOl8+u
Joj;fo

cfly{s kIf z}lIfs kIf

cfly{s j[l4b/ z}lIfs u'0f:t/u'0f:t/

• z}lIfs
lhjg:t/df :f'wf/ z}lIfs cj:yf
/f]huf/Lsf] cj:f/ • z}lIfs
lzIfdf kx'r cj:yf
/fh]Zjdf j[l4 • lzIfdf kx'r

pTkfbgsf] z}lIfs If]qdf

nufgL

ko{6g Joj;fon] cfly{s tyf lzIff If]qdf kf/]sf] k|

efjsf] cWoog

19