What are hazards?

A hazard is anything that could hurt you or make

you sick.
Industrial Accidents: Causes and
Consequences What could hurt you or make you sick where
you work?

What are hazards? What are hazards?

A hazard is
A hazard is
anything that
anything that
can
can
cut you
trip you

What are hazards? What are hazards?

• A hazard is
A hazard is
anything that anything that can
can
crush you
burn you
 What are hazards? What are hazards?

A hazard is A hazard is
anything that can anything that can

hurt your hearing hurt your eyes

What are hazards? What are hazards?

• A hazard is
A hazard is
anything that can anything that

make you sick cause you pain

Industrial Accident

Industrial Accident
• An accident (industrial) is a sudden and
unexpected occurrence in the industry which
Depending on a fast-growing industrialization, interrupts the orderly progress of the work.
the lack of necessary precautions at
workplaces, work accidents which increase with
each passing year, occupational diseases and
environmental pollution have reached a threatening
point for the human and environmental health.
 Industrial Accident Industrial Accident

• In other words, accident is an unexpected • An industrial injury is defined as “a personal

event in the course of employment which is injury to an employee which has been caused
neither anticipated nor designed to occur. by an accident or an occupational disease
Thus, an accident is an unplanned and and which arises out of or in the course of
uncontrolled event in which an action or employment.
reaction of an object, a substance, a person,
or a radiation results in personal injury. It is
important to note that self-inflicted injuries
cannot be regarded as accidents.

Industrial Accident

• Industrial accidents occur when there is a

failure to follow proper procedures, including
taking shortcuts, improper handling of
materials, misuse of equipment, fatigue and
over-confidence about abilities. These
accidents also occur when thorough training
and emphasis on safety techniques and
procedures do not have take into account and
reiterated through vigilant supervision.

Accident Investigation
Types of Causes
Levels of Causes
Management Safety Policy & Decisions
Personal Factors
Basic Causes Environmental factors
Poor Management Safety Policy & Decisions
Personal Factors/Environmental Factors
Unsafe Act Unsafe
Condition
Unsafe Act Conditions
Indirect Causes
Performance
Unplanned Release of Energy
And/or
Unplanned release of energy ACCIDENT Hazardous Material
(Direct Cause) Personal Injury
Property Damage ACCIDENT
17
Personal Injury
Property Damage
 Examples of Accident Causes
Unsafe Acts
Operating equipment without qualification or
authorization.
Lack of/or improper use of PPE
Failure to warn
Bypass or removal of safety devices
Using defective equipment

• Condition – Exit access blocked/obstructed.

Unsafe Conditions
Congested area
Noise exposure
Wet floor
Inadequate machine guards
Inadequate warning system
Defective/damaged tools

• Condition – Open access hatch (fall hazard). What other causes

of Accidents ?
• Failure to communicate
• Poor work habits
• Alcohol or drug abuse
• Lack of skill
• Intentional acts
 Type of Accidents Dislodging Safety Myths

Near-miss
Heinrich’s pyramid
Minor injury

Major injury Death

25

Heinrich’s Causation Theory

– Unsafe Acts of workers are the primary causes
88% unsafe acts of occupational incidents.
10% unsafe mechanical or physical
conditions
2% are unpreventable
“man failure is the heart of the problem”
“unsafe acts, unsafe tools and willful
disregard of instruction”

United Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers of America

Heinrich’s Conclusions
Basic Causes
Incident investigation should include • Management Systems & Procedures
incidents that cause minor or no injuries.
• Environment Natural & Man-made
Reducing the number of no-injury
incidents will also reduce the number of
• Equipment Design & Equipment
serious incidents.

• Human Behavior
 Management Management
– Not implement Management holds the legal responsibility for
Health and safety safety in the workplace!
policy
– Lack of systems & • Were safety rules communicated to and
procedures understood by all employees?
– lack of regular • Were written procedures available?
safety meetings,
and safety training • Were the procedures/rules being enforced?
– Lack of provision of
personal protection • Was there adequate supervision?
equipment

Management Environment
• Were workers trained to do the work being
performed?
• Physical
• Were hazards previously identified?
– Noise
• Had procedures been developed to overcome – Lighting
the hazards identified? – Temperature
• Were unsafe conditions corrected? • Chemical • Biological
– hazardous gases, –Bacteria
• Was regular maintenance of equipment done?
- dusts or fumes –Reptiles
• Were safety inspections completed? – vapors

Environment
Design and Equipment
• What were the conditions in the work area
(example: cold, hot, damp, etc.)? • DesignA
– Appropriate tools
• Was poor housekeeping a problem? and materials
• Was noise a problem? available and used
– Workplace layout
• Was there adequate light? – Design of tools &
• Were toxic or hazardous gases, dusts or equipment
fumes present? – Maintenance of
machines
 Design and Equipment Design and Equipment
• Equipment • Was a less-hazardous alternative substance
– Suitability available?
– Stability
• Was the raw material substandard in some
safety devices
way?
(example: machine
guards) in place and • Was PPE used? If yes, was it appropriate for
working properly
the task being performed and was it in
• Guarding
“serviceable condition?”
• Ergonomic
• Accessibility

Taxonomy of Human Error

Taxonomy of Human Error Slips
• Mistakes are a more complex type of human
error where we do the wrong thing believing it
MISTAKES SLIPS to be right. The failure involves our mental
Knowledge Rule
processes which control how we plan, assess
Plan Interpretation
information, make intentions and judge
Stimulus Action consequences. Two types of mistakes exist,
Evidence Intention of Situation Execution
Action Assessment rule-based and knowledge-based

LAPSES &
MODE ERRORS Memory

Taxonomy of Human Error

Slips
• When we recognise that the current situation
Rule-based mistakes occur when our behaviour
is based on remembered rules or familiar
procedures. We have a strong tendency to use
familiar rules or solutions even when these are
not the most convenient or efficient (a rule that
has been successfully used in the past).
Taxonomy of Human Error
does not fit with any rule stored, we shift to
knowledge-based behaviour. At the
knowledge-based behaviour level we can
commit planning errors (Knowledge based
mistakes). They basically concern the difficulty
we have in gathering information on all the
aspects of a situation, in analysing all the data
and in deriving the right decision. Planning is
based on limited information, it is carried out
with limited time resources (and cognitive
resources) and it can result in a failure.
 Taxonomy of Human Error
Slips
Slips are failures in carrying out the actions of a
task. They are described as 'actions¬not-as-
planned'. Examples would be: picking up the
wrong component from a mixed box, operating
the wrong switch and misordering steps in a
procedure, skipping or reordering a step in a
procedure, performing the right action on the
wrong object, or performing the wrong action
on the right object.
Taxonomy of Human Error
Lapses
• Lapses cause us to forget to carry out an
action, to lose our place in a task or even to
forget what we had intended to do. This type
of error refers to instances of forgetting to do
something, losing place in a sequence, or even
forgetting the overall plan.

Consequences of Accidents
The Social and Economic Direct Consequences Indirect Consequences

Consequences of Workplace 1. Personal injury 1. Lost income

Injury and Illness 2. Property loss 2. Medical expenses
3. Time to retrain
another person
4. Decreased employee
moral

Real and Hidden Costs Real and Hidden Costs

• What does an accident really cost? • What is the Medium-of exchange? What are
costs based on?
• Quality of Life
? • Health and Welfare

• $$$$$
 Hidden Costs
Real Costs
– These costs included ongoing medical costs, • Uninsured Amounts
direct income loss, transport costs, and – Paid by the employer
losses related to lifestyle changes people – 3 to 5 times greater than direct costs
had to make because of their condition.
– Medical Expenses Direct Costs
$
– Wage Compensation (indemnity)
– Legal Defense Hidden Costs
$$$$$

Interviews with affected families resulted in

identifying the following economic impacts:

(1) decrease in family income,

(2) decrease in the standard of living,
(3) education and schooling expenses
affected,
(4) increase in debts and
(5) difficulty to pay bills/policies bond.

Workplace Workplace
• Occupational injury and illness have a • Similarly, the effect of an accident highlights
considerable impact upon the workplace. This systems within workplaces and their
is not just economically such as through respective strengths and weaknesses.
monetary cost but in other unexpected ways
as well. This covered not only primary actors
such as the employer and the affected
employee but employee representatives,
workmates and other staff.
 Loss of social interaction
• Injured and ill workers and their families are
often isolated socially. The major reasons for
self-isolation appear to be due to lack of
understanding by others, self-consciousness
about injuries, inability to cope with the
resulting mood swings.
Lifestyle
• In almost all the cases, the injury or illness
resulted in a significant change in the lifestyle
of the victim and their families. This varied
from being a comparatively temporary
change, while the injured or ill individual is
recovering, to being massive and permanent.
Lifestyle
• Feelings of decreased self-worth, loss of
dignity, and loss of identity are emphasized by
injured workers as consequences of getting ill
or injured, losing a job, and the subsequent
process of accessing benefits and health care.
• Interviews carried out with affected families
identified the following social impacts of site
accidents:
(1) loss/injury of family provider,
(2) family depression,
(3) loss of social welfare,
(4) loss of worker to the community,
(5) loss of the quality of life for individual
workers and families
Lifestyle
• This depends largely on the nature and
severity of the injury or illness, but is also
significantly effected by other factors, in
particular the pre-accident or injury situation,
as well as financial considerations.
Pain and suffering
• For all the participants, the most immediate
consequence of their injury or illness are pain
and suffering. This is a an overwhelming and
ongoing cost, which was at its worst during
the recovery period, but not limited to that.
 Also;
• Production is not at optimum
• Profitability is reduced
• Employee moral is diminished
• Public image is damaged
Accidents happen because of one or both
of the following:
Unsafe acts
Unsafe conditions
• Examples of unsafe conditions are:
– Damaged equipment
– Poor lighting
– Missing machine guards
– Unsafe atmosphere
– Slippery floors
– Lack of proper equipment
In summary;
• Industrial accidents occur when there is a
failure to follow proper procedures, including
taking shortcuts, improper handling of
materials, misuse of equipment, fatigue and
over-confidence about abilities. These
accidents also occur when thorough training
and emphasis on safety techniques and
procedures are not accentuated and
reiterated through vigilant supervision.
• Unsafe acts are actions by people that
directly cause or contribute to an
accident. Examples are:
– Horseplay, running
– Drug or alcohol use
– Not following procedures – taking shortcuts
– Unauthorized use of equipment or tools
– Using damaged equipment
– Not using personal protective equipment

• Accidents are caused by either one or a
combination of 3 factors:
• -Unsafe conditions
• -Unsafe acts
• -Management failure
Most common industrial accidents
Some of the most common industrial accidents are as
follows:
• Slips and falls. Workers should be provided non-slip
footwear and proper training in safety procedures to
avoid resulting injuries such as musculoskeletal pain.
• Falling objects. Injuries from falling objects may occur
when items are improperly positioned while stationary
or not restrained while being moved. Workers should
be trained in appropriate placement and proper
techniques for transporting items such as the use of
restraints.
Causes of any accident can be grouped into five (5)
basic categories:
•Task
•Material
•Environment
•Personnel
•Management
Most common industrial accidents
• Chemical burns/exposure. Chemical burns and
exposure accidents occur when the chemicals are not
properly contained and labeled with the chemical’s
name and subsequent handling procedures.
• Improper lifting/overexertion. Back, spine and limb
injuries may occur over time as improper lifting
techniques resulting from lack of proper training and
supervision take their toll on the worker’s body.
Workers need to know how to use supportive
equipment and use correct techniques when lifting to
avoid this type of injury.

• Human failure is the primary
cause of accidents!
Unsafe Practices
• Improper loading or placement
• Improper lifting
• Taking improper position
• Servicing equipment in motion
• Horseplay
• Drinking or drugs
Unsafe Practices
• Operating without authority or permit
• Failure to warn or secure
• Operating at improper speed
• Making safety devices inoperable
• Using defective equipment
• Using equipment improperly
• Failure to use personal protective equipment
• More workplace accidents that take place
result to higher company insurance premium
and
• Higher company premiums means lower
profit on each product unit sold
• Accident COSTS MONEY Safety SAVES MONEY
 Machines and safety

What machines do you use?

What safety checks must you do first?

Disposing of waste Keeping your work area safe

What is waste at your workplace?

What would
What should be done with waste? you do if this
was you?

Make your workplace safe Keeping your work area safe

What is wrong here?

Which picture shows the safe workplace? What should you do if you
see a safety hazard

Follow your work safety rules

Measures
Keeping your work area safe
• There are a lot of precautionary measures
What should you do if that both employers and employees can take
you find a hazard? to prevent from accidents at work. However,
a worker who follows the safety measures
Report it and procedures set by the employers for the
workplace will most likely be able to prevent
future accidents.

Measures
• Every worker can avoid being involved in
accidents at work by following simple tips.
 Measures-Workers’ Compensation
and Liability
• 1. Always be alert on the job – Being awake and
alert all the time while at work will not only prevent
accidents from happening at work, It will also
enhance the performance of the worker and can
even earn him a promotion or a salary
increase. Most of the people who become involved
with accidents at work are those who feel sleepy
while working.
Measures-Workers’ Compensation and
Liability
3. Listen and actively participate during
emergency drills – Some work places conduct
emergency drills to make sure their employees
know what to do in cases of emergencies so as
to avoid accidents. So when emergency time
comes they are the ones who are left behind in
the face of grave danger.
Measures-Workers’ Compensation and Measures- Workers’ Compensation and
Liability
5. Never take a high-risk job for which you have
not been trained for – It is stupid for anyone to
take on a high-risk job especially if he has not
been trained for the job. Imagine an untrained
person doing the job of a fireman? Doing this
will not only expose him to a great danger but
will expose other people to danger as well.
• 2. Wear the required uniform – A person who
works in a industry has a greater chance of
being involved in an accident at work. Thus,
he should be more vigilant about the wearing
of proper uniforms and other protective
garments when working. Never take safety to
chance so always go to work with the proper
dress code. If your work requires you to wear
a hardhat helmet then wear it.
Measures-Workers’ Compensation and
Liability
4. Always ask your supervisor about the
possible risks of doing a certain task –
There are workers who are exposed to
danger just by doing their regular
workloads. A worker should always check
with his supervisor if he is unsure about
the task at hand or if he feels that doing
that task will expose him to great danger.
Liability
6. Always follow the safety program of
your workplace – Employers are
responsible for the well-being of their
workers while at work so they have
installed safety programs which the
employees should follow. Employees can
avoid an accident at work if they follow the
safety program mandated by the employer.
 Measures-Workers’ Compensation and
Liability
7. Always be on the lookout for possible
cause of accidents and then report it to the
management – There are workers who are
already aware of a disaster waiting to happen
but they refuse to see the warning and go on
with their work.
Measures-Workers’ Compensation and
Liability
9. Formation of an emergency team among the
workers – The team will be responsible for
monitoring possible hazards at work that may
cause an accident. They will also formulate
rules and regulation to be observed in case of
possible incidents that may cause harm to the
workers.
Prevention – Hierarchy of Controls
Hierarchy of Hazard Controls
• Controlling exposures for occupational
hazards are the fundamental method of
protecting workers. Traditionally, a hierarchy
of controls has been used as a means of
determining how to implement feasible and
effective control solutions. Controls should be
determined according to «Hierarchy of
Control».
Measures-Workers’ Compensation
and Liability
8. Owners of a company should always post
signs or rules that should be observed by their
employees in order to avoid a possible accident
at work. These posters should be posted in
areas that are highly visible to the workers so
they will be able to read them.
Measures-Workers’ Compensation and
Liability
10. Never risk the health and safety of the
employees – Profit may be the main motivation
of a company but they should earn their keep
without exposing their workers to
hazard. Company owners should always
prioritize the health and safety of their workers
no matter what.
Philosophy of Accident Prevention
• Society as a whole has a moral responsibility
to prevent needless destruction of life and
health, particularly in the workplace
• The employer is primarily responsible for
ensuring a safe, healthy work environment
• Employees are held accountable for following
prescribed safety standards and guidelines

Engineering Controls
• Engineering controls are favored over
administrative and personal protective
equipment (PPE) for controlling existing
worker exposures in the workplace because
they are designed to remove the hazard at the
source, before it comes in contact with the
worker.
Administrative Controls and PPE
• Administrative controls and PPE are frequently
used with existing processes where hazards
are not particularly well controlled.
Administrative controls and PPE programs
may be relatively inexpensive to establish but,
over the long term, can be very costly to
sustain. These methods for protecting workers
have also proven to be less effective than
other measures, requiring significant effort by
the affected workers.
Elimination and Substitution
• Elimination and substitution, while most
effective at reducing hazards, also tend to be
the most difficult to implement in an existing
process. If the process is still at the design or
development stage, elimination and
substitution of hazards may be inexpensive
and simple to implement. For an existing
process, major changes in equipment and
procedures may be required to eliminate or
substitute for a hazard.
Engineering Controls
• Well-designed engineering controls can be
highly effective in protecting workers and will
typically be independent of worker
interactions to provide this high level of
protection. The initial cost of engineering
controls can be higher than the cost of
administrative controls or PPE, but over the
longer term, operating costs are frequently
lower, and in some instances, can provide a
cost savings in other areas of the process.
 Elimination/Substitution
Requires a physical
change to the
Thank You workplace

Requires worker
Ouestions ? or employer to do
something
Requires
worker to
wear
something110

Accident prevention Accident prevention

Here are some ways to prevent accidents:
• Ensure work areas are not cluttered and trash is
removed regularly.
• Provide necessary training/retraining for all
employees.
• Ensure that necessary controls are in place
[engineering (e.g., machine guarding),
administrative (e.g., labels/signs), PPE (e.g., safety
goggles)].
• Have spills cleaned up immediately.
• Ensure proper lifting/carrying techniques are
being used.
• Ensure mechanical handling equipment, or MHE, is
being used properly.
• Ensure walking/working surfaces are free of slip, trip
and fall hazards.
• Enforce safety rules, policies and procedures.
• Ensure safety inspections are being conducted
regularly.

Recommended Actions

• Encourage employee involvement in the • Provide adequate authority and

program and in decisions that affect
their safety and health (e.g., inspection
or hazard analysis teams; developing
or revising safe work rules; training
new hires or co-workers; assisting in
accident investigations)
• Assign and communicate responsibility
for all aspects of the safety program.
resources to responsible parties
• Hold managers, supervisors, and
employees accountable for meeting
their responsibilities
• Review program operations at least
annually, to evaluate, identify
deficiencies, and revise, as needed