RF Guide Ericsson

Base
RF Engineering and Optimization

Kolonel Bourgstraat 122 rue Colonel Bourg
1140 Brussel – Bruxelles
RF Design Guidelines
UMTS, DCS and E-GSM
Status : Final
Revision : R
Date : 21-6-2005
Author : Eric Noordanus
Development Page : 2 of 85
RF Design Guidelines Revision : R
UMTS, DCS & E-GSM Date : 1-06-05
Table of contents Page
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................7
2 RBS EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................................................8

2.1 RADIO BASE STATION CABINETS, CABINET TYPES, CAPACITY AND AMOUNTS .....................................................8
2.1.1 Cabinet amounts for macro cells......................................................................................................8
2.1.2 Cabinet capacity for E-GSM & DCS macro cell cabinet types 2x02 & 2x06....................................8
2.1.3 UMTS macro cell cabinets ...............................................................................................................9
2.2 E-GSM & DCS 2X02 AND 2X06 MACRO CABINET STRUCTURE.......................................................................10
2.3 DXU, CDU AND TRU TYPES & EDGE .........................................................................................................11
2.4 2X06 CABINET PSU AMOUNTS .....................................................................................................................12
2.5 CABINET SPACE REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................................12
2.6 RADIO BASE STATION MICRO CELLS 2302 .....................................................................................................13
2.6.1 Transmission ..................................................................................................................................14
2.6.2 Installation requirement ..................................................................................................................14
2.7 RADIO BASE STATION MACRO CELLS UMTS .................................................................................................14
2.8 BATTERY BACKUP ........................................................................................................................................15
2.8.1 2202 & 2206 power supply cabinets BBS 2202 and BBS 2000.....................................................15
2.8.2 2102, 2106 & 3101 cabinets...........................................................................................................15
2.8.3 2302 cabinets .................................................................................................................................15
2.8.4 3202 cabinets .................................................................................................................................15
2.9 CABINET NOISE ...........................................................................................................................................16
2.10 WHAT ARE PREFERRED CABINET CONFIGURATIONS? .....................................................................................16
2.10.1 Reducing the capacity of 2x02 configurations................................................................................16
2.10.2 Dual band cabinets.........................................................................................................................17
2.11 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DCS MACRO CELLS .........................................................................17
2.11.1 2x06 configurations ........................................................................................................................17
2.11.2 2x02 & Maxite configurations .........................................................................................................18
2.12 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS E-GSM MACRO CELLS.....................................................................19
2.12.1 E-GSM (Capacity) upgrades ..........................................................................................................20
2.12.2 E-GSM configuration type names ..................................................................................................20
2.12.3 2x06 E-GSM configurations ...........................................................................................................21
2.13 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DCS MICRO CELLS ..........................................................................21
2.14 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS UMTS MACRO CELLS ......................................................................21
2.15 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS UMTS MICRO CELLS .......................................................................22
2.16 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DRAWINGS E-GSM 2X02 AND 2X06 MACRO CELLS ...........................23
2.17 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DRAWINGS DCS 2X02 & 2302 MACRO CELLS...................................24
2.18 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DRAWINGS DCS 2X06 MACRO CELLS ...............................................28
2.19 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DRAWINGS DCS 2302 MICRO CELLS ................................................29
2.20 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DRAWINGS UMTS MACRO CELLS .....................................................30
2.21 RADIO BASE STATION CONFIGURATIONS DRAWINGS UMTS MICRO CELLS.......................................................31
2.22 E-GSM CONFIGURATIONS EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................31
2.23 DCS CONFIGURATION EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................32
2.24 DCS MICRO CELL CONFIGURATION EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................33
2.25 UMTS MACRO CELL CONFIGURATION EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS .................................................................33
2.26 UMTS MICRO CELL CONFIGURATION EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................33
2.27 TYPICAL CONFIGURATION OUTPUT POWER ....................................................................................................34
3 OTHER SITE RF EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................34
3.1 TMA (TOWER MOUNTED AMPLIFIER)............................................................................................................34
3.1.1 E-GSM & DCS................................................................................................................................34
3.1.2 UMTS..............................................................................................................................................35
3.2 DUPLEX FILTERS .........................................................................................................................................36
3.3 DUAL-BAND COMBINER (ALSO CALLED DIPLEXER):........................................................................................37
3.3.1 Kathrein dual band combiners........................................................................................................38
3.4 DC BLOCK ..................................................................................................................................................39
3.5 FEEDERS AND JUMPERS...............................................................................................................................39
3.5.1 Feeders...........................................................................................................................................39
Prepared by: RF Engineering & Optimisation (Eric Noordanus) File: RF GUIDELINES 2005 rev R.doc
Approved by: Rene Pluijmers Company confidential document
3.5.2 Jumpers ..........................................................................................................................................40

3.5.3 Feeder loss tool ..............................................................................................................................40
3.5.4 Specified Losses ............................................................................................................................41
3.6 ANTENNAE ..................................................................................................................................................42
3.6.1 Antenna installation ........................................................................................................................42
3.6.2 Possible number of antennae.........................................................................................................42
3.7 ADDING UMTS ON AN EXISTING E-GSM/DCS SITE.......................................................................................42
3.7.1 Option 1: Adding separate UMTS system, not changing existing system .....................................42
3.7.2 Option 2: Adding separate UMTS system, No space for extra antennae ......................................42
3.7.3 Option 3: Adding separate UMTS system, No space for extra cabinet .........................................43
3.7.4 Option 4: Adding separate UMTS system, No space for extra feeders .........................................43
3.7.5 Option 5: Sharing UMTS antenna with DCS/E-GSM .....................................................................43
3.8 ANTENNAE TO BE USED ................................................................................................................................43
3.8.1 Recommended antenna types .......................................................................................................43
3.8.2 Recommended E-GSM antenna types...........................................................................................44
3.9 STANDARD ANTENNAE AND ACCESSORIES .....................................................................................................45
3.10 ANTENNA DOWN TILT BRACKETS AND CLAMPS ...............................................................................................49
3.11 MICRO CELL ANTENNAE AND FEEDERS..........................................................................................................49
4 CELL PLANNING.....................................................................................................................................51
4.1 SITE TYPES .................................................................................................................................................51
4.2 SITE COORDINATES .....................................................................................................................................52
4.3 MACRO CELL ANTENNA PLACEMENT ..............................................................................................................52
4.3.1 Antenna placement on rooftops .....................................................................................................52
4.3.2 DCS, E-GSM and combined mounting on rooftop poles................................................................54
4.3.3 Dual band sites and difference in azimuths between DCS and E-GSM ........................................54
4.3.4 Antenna obstruction and shadowing ..............................................................................................55
4.3.5 Antenna installation on towers .......................................................................................................55
4.4 MICRO CELL ANTENNA PLACEMENT ...............................................................................................................56
4.5 ISOLATION AND ANTENNAE SEPARATION ........................................................................................................57
4.5.2 Isolation requirements UMTS.........................................................................................................59
4.5.3 Antenna spacing, diversity and horizontal free view ......................................................................59
4.6 ANTENNA SELECTION ...................................................................................................................................63
4.6.1 Antenna properties .........................................................................................................................63
4.6.2 The relationship between gain and beam width:............................................................................63
4.6.3 Which site behavior can be predicted from antenna patterns........................................................64
4.6.4 Vertical plane pattern......................................................................................................................64
4.6.5 Horizontal plane pattern .................................................................................................................65
4.6.6 Beam Tilt.........................................................................................................................................66
4.6.7 Tilt tool ............................................................................................................................................68
5 MICRO CELL PLANNING........................................................................................................................72
6 APPENDICES...........................................................................................................................................74
6.1 FREQUENCY BANDS .....................................................................................................................................74
6.2 DESIGN LEVELS ..........................................................................................................................................74
6.3 TRAFFIC, CONGESTION, BLOCKING AND THE USE OF THE ERLANG B TABLE ......................................................75
6.4 THE ERLANG B FORMULA ITSELF ..................................................................................................................77
6.5 ORIGIN OF THE HORIZONTAL PATHLOSS AND ISOLATION FORMULA ..................................................................78
6.6 TMA GAIN ...................................................................................................................................................79
6.7 UMTS BSDS INFORMATION ........................................................................................................................80
6.8 INFORMATION TO BE RETURNED BY A&B.......................................................................................................81
7 EXPLANATIONS......................................................................................................................................82
7.1 SEPARATE ANTENNAE FOR UMTS................................................................................................................82
7.2 SEPARATE FEEDERS FOR UMTS..................................................................................................................82
7.3 UMTS ISOLATION REQUIREMENT .................................................................................................................83
7.4 IM3 & IM5 ISSUES WHEN UMTS IS CO-LOCATED WITH E-GSM/DCS.............................................................83
7.5 WHY IS THE RACAL 1661 A BAD ANTENNA .....................................................................................................84
Table index Page
TABLE 1: CABINET AMOUNTS FOR MACRO CELLS .....................................................................................................8

TABLE 2: CDUS, CAPACITY AND REQUIRED ANTENNAE ............................................................................................8
TABLE 3: CDUS, CABINETS AND TRANSMITTED POWER............................................................................................8
TABLE 4: INDOOR AND OUTDOOR 2G CABINET TYPES ..............................................................................................9
TABLE 5: STANDARD MODULES IN THE RBS OF THE NETWORK OF BASE ...............................................................12
TABLE 6: CABINET CONFIGURATIONS AND BATTERY STRING AMOUNTS ....................................................................15
TABLE 7: ACOUSTIC NOISE OF BASE RBS EQUIPMENT .........................................................................................16
TABLE 8: CONFIGURATION MIGRATIONS ................................................................................................................16
TABLE 9: DUAL BAND UPGRADE CELL CAPACITY ....................................................................................................20
TABLE 10: NAMING CONVENTION E-GSM / DCS SHARING.....................................................................................21
TABLE 11: E-GSM GENERAL CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS. THE DRAWINGS CAN BE FOUND IN SECTION 2.16 .....31
TABLE 12: DCS GENERAL CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS. THE DRAWINGS CAN BE FOUND IN SECTION 2.17 AND
2.18............................................................................................................................................................32
TABLE 13: DCS GENERAL CONFIGURATION REQUIREMENTS. THE DRAWINGS CAN BE FOUND IN SECTION 2.19..........33
TABLE 14: TYPICAL CONFIGURATION OUTPUT POWER ............................................................................................34
TABLE 15: FEEDER LENGTH, BAND AND CABLE THICKNESS.....................................................................................39
TABLE 16: ALLOWED JUMPER LENGTHS AND LOSS BETWEEN BASE STATION AND ANTENNA. .....................................40
TABLE 17: ALLOWED MAXIMUM JUMPER LENGTHS .................................................................................................40
TABLE 18: JUMPER, FEEDER AND OTHER LOSSES AND BENDING RADII. ...................................................................41
TABLE 19: ONE SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES DCS.....................................................................................................45
TABLE 20: ONE SYSTEM E-GSM ANTENNA TYPES (ALL KATHREIN) ........................................................................46
TABLE 21: DUAL SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES (1661-904-01 IS FROM THALES/RACAL, THE OTHER TYPES FROM
KATHREIN) ..................................................................................................................................................46
TABLE 22: SINGLE SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES UMTS (1 SYSTEM CONNECTABLE)......................................................46
TABLE 23: DUAL SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES E-GSM + DCS/UMTS (2 SYSTEMS CONNECTABLE) ..............................47
TABLE 24: DUAL SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES DCS/UMTS + DCS/UMTS (2 SYSTEMS CONNECTABLE) .......................47
TABLE 25: TRIPLE SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES E-GSM + DCS/UMTS+ DCS/UMTS (3 SYSTEMS CONNECTABLE) ......47
TABLE 26: TRIPLE SYSTEM ANTENNA TYPES E-GSM + DCS + UMTS (3 SYSTEMS CONNECTABLE) .........................47
TABLE 27: ANTENNA CLAMPS ...............................................................................................................................49
TABLE 28: DOWN TILT BRACKETS .........................................................................................................................49
TABLE 29: MICRO CELL ANTENNA TYPES ...............................................................................................................49
TABLE 30: SITE TYPES.........................................................................................................................................51
TABLE 31: ANTENNA PLACEMENT PREFERENCES ..................................................................................................53
TABLE 32: SYSTEM ISOLATION REQUIREMENTS .....................................................................................................58
TABLE 33: DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS UMTS TO OTHER ANTENNAE .......................................................................59
TABLE 34: MICRO-CELL PLANNING CHARACTERISTICS BASE & MOBILE ...................................................................72
TABLE 35: MOBILE FREQUENCY BANDS ................................................................................................................74
TABLE 36: BASE FREQUENCY BANDS ....................................................................................................................74
TABLE 37: NETWORK DESIGN LEVELS BASE ..........................................................................................................74
TABLE 38: TRU AMOUNTS AND CELL CAPACITY (INCREASE)...................................................................................75
TABLE 39: ERLANG B TABLE ................................................................................................................................76
TABLE 40: UMTS BSDS INFORMATION ................................................................................................................80
TABLE 41: C&I CABLE DATA DELIVERABLES ..........................................................................................................81
TABLE 42: UMTS LICENSES ................................................................................................................................84
TABLE 43: E-GSM / DCS LICENSES BASE ..........................................................................................................84
Figure Index Page
FIGURE 1: 2202 AND 2206 CABINET STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................10

FIGURE 2: CABINET CAPACITY LAYOUT .................................................................................................................10
FIGURE 3: 2X06 CABINET ARCHITECTURE .............................................................................................................11
FIGURE 4: 2106 CABINET DIMENSIONS .................................................................................................................12
FIGURE 5: 2206 CABINET DIMENSIONS .................................................................................................................13
FIGURE 6: 2302 CABINET SIZES AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................14
FIGURE 7: 2302 INSTALLED WITH PBC (NOT OBLIGATORY) ....................................................................................14

FIGURE 8: UMTS CABINET DIMENSIONS ...............................................................................................................15
FIGURE 9: 2X02 DUAL BAND CABINET LAYOUT .......................................................................................................17
FIGURE 10: DIFFERENT TMA TYPES ....................................................................................................................35
FIGURE 11: ASC ................................................................................................................................................35
FIGURE 12: RET AND RET MOUNTING .................................................................................................................36
FIGURE 13: DIFFERENT DUPLEXER TYPES.............................................................................................................36
FIGURE 14: DUAL-BAND COMBINER OR DIPLEXER FROM ERICSSON.......................................................................37
FIGURE 15: EXAMPLES OF FEEDER SHARING WITH TMA USAGE .............................................................................38
FIGURE 16: KATHREIN DUAL-BAND COMBINER 792903 AND 793363. NO LONGER TO BE USED!!! ....................38
FIGURE 17: DC-BLOCK 793301 FROM KATHREIN..................................................................................................39
FIGURE 18: KATHREIN INSTALLATION TOOL FOR 6 JUMPER ANTENNAE 850 10005 ..................................................48
FIGURE 19: ANTENNA INSTALLATION TYPES ..........................................................................................................49
FIGURE 20: MICRO CELL ANTENNAE .....................................................................................................................50
FIGURE 21: ANTENNA MOUNTING EXAMPLES ON ROOFTOPS IN SIDE VIEW. ..............................................................52
FIGURE 22: ANTENNA DISTRIBUTION ON ROOFTOPS ..............................................................................................53
FIGURE 23: MOUNTING SINGLE BAND E-GSM AND DCS ON A POLE .......................................................................54
FIGURE 24: E-GSM SHOULD ALWAYS REMAIN WITHIN THE -3DB PATTERN OF DCS ................................................54
FIGURE 25: RELEVANT PARAMETERS FOR SHADOWING CHECK...............................................................................55
FIGURE 26: ANTENNA MOUNTING ON A PYLON .......................................................................................................56
FIGURE 27: ANTENNA SEPARATION ......................................................................................................................57
FIGURE 28: MINIMUM DCS/UMTS ANTENNA ANGLE DIFFERENCE ..........................................................................59
FIGURE 29: ANTENNA DIVERSITY DISTANCES ........................................................................................................60
FIGURE 30: EFFECTIVE SPACE FOR DIVERSITY AND ROTATION IN PLAN VIEW ...........................................................60
FIGURE 31: ANTENNA FREE ANGLE REQUIREMENTS ..............................................................................................62
FIGURE 32: ANTENNA FREE ANGLE REQUIREMENTS WHEN MOUNTED IN THE CORNER OF A CONSTRUCTION ..............62
FIGURE 33: INSIDE A KATHREIN ADJUSTABLE TILT ANTENNA 742234......................................................................63
FIGURE 34: VERTICAL PATTERN WITH THE FOUR FEATURES OF MERIT DESCRIBED ABOVE DISPLAYED. ......................64
FIGURE 35: SHOWS THE REDUCTION OF THE GAIN FROM THE HORIZON AS A FUNCTION OF THE TILT. ........................65
FIGURE 36: VERTICAL PATTERN OF AN ANTENNA WITH A VERTICAL BEAM WIDTH OF 15°AND AN ELECTRICAL DOWN TILT
OF 6°. THE GAIN REDUCTION ON THE HORIZON IS 3 DB. THE GREEN PATTERN IS THAT OF AN OMNI. ..................66
FIGURE 37: ELEVATION BEAM TILTING BY MECHANICAL TILT ...................................................................................67
FIGURE 38: ELEVATION BEAM TILTING BY ELECTRICAL TILT ....................................................................................67
FIGURE 39: DIFFERENCES IN CONSEQUENCES ON TILT ON ANTENNAE WITH DIFFERENT VERTICAL OPENING ANGLE ...68
FIGURE 40: CELL SERVICE & INTERFERENCE RINGS ...............................................................................................68
FIGURE 41: 739686, EDT -3º, 30M, SPIKE AT 30º IS ANGLE AT 50M FROM SITE, SPIKE AT 0º IS HORIZON. ................69
FIGURE 42: 739686, EDT -7º, 30M, SPIKE AT 30º IS ANGLE AT 50M FROM SITE, SPIKE AT 0º IS HORIZON..................70
FIGURE 43: 742266, EDT -7º, 100M, SPIKE AT 65º IS ANGLE AT 50M FROM SITE, SPIKE AT 0º IS HORIZON................70
FIGURE 44: CABLE LOSSES FOR UMTS................................................................................................................82
FIGURE 45: THALES 1661 GAIN VERSUS FREQUENCY AND VERTICAL ANGLE IN THE DCS BAND ................................84
FIGURE 46: THALES 1661 GAIN VERSUS FREQUENCY AND VERTICAL ANGLE IN THE E-GSM BAND............................85
FIGURE 47: THALES 1661 GAIN VERSUS FREQUENCY AND HORIZONTAL ANGLE IN THE DCS BAND ...........................85
Site planning steps Page
SITE PLANNING STEP 1: SELECTING THE REQUIRED CDU AND CABINET TYPE ............................................................9
SITE PLANNING STEP 2: SELECTING THE REQUIRED CONFIGURATION ......................................................................22
SITE PLANNING STEP 3: ARE THERE TMAS TO BE INSTALLED? ...............................................................................35
SITE PLANNING STEP 4: ARE THERE ANY DUPLEXERS TO BE INSTALLED? ................................................................36
SITE PLANNING STEP 5: SELECTING FEEDERS AND JUMPERS..................................................................................40
SITE PLANNING STEP 6: DETERMINING THE POSSIBLE NUMBER OF ANTENNAE PER SECTOR ......................................42
SITE PLANNING STEP 7: SELECTING THE NEEDED ANTENNAE..................................................................................44
SITE PLANNING STEP 8: DETERMINATION OF THE SITE GOAL...................................................................................52
SITE PLANNING STEP 9: SELECTING THE RIGHT POSITIONS FOR THE ANTENNAE .......................................................52
Configuration index Page
CONFIGURATION1C+-E2 & C+-E4 ......................................................................................................................23

CONFIGURATION2GU-E2 & GC-E4 ......................................................................................................................23
CONFIGURATION31 .............................................................................................................................................24
CONFIGURATION42 .............................................................................................................................................24
CONFIGURATION53 .............................................................................................................................................24
CONFIGURATION64 .............................................................................................................................................25
CONFIGURATION75 .............................................................................................................................................25
CONFIGURATION86 .............................................................................................................................................25
CONFIGURATION97 .............................................................................................................................................26
CONFIGURATION108 ...........................................................................................................................................26
CONFIGURATION118DIV ......................................................................................................................................26
CONFIGURATION129 ...........................................................................................................................................27
CONFIGURATION13MAXITE ..................................................................................................................................27
CONFIGURATION14GC-D4 ..................................................................................................................................28
CONFIGURATION15GC-D8 ..................................................................................................................................28
CONFIGURATION162302UC-D1 ...........................................................................................................................29
CONFIGURATION172302UC-D2 ...........................................................................................................................29
CONFIGURATION182302C-D2 .............................................................................................................................29
CONFIGURATION19UMTS...................................................................................................................................30
1 INTRODUCTION
This document is intended to be a guide to RF Engineering & Optimization for the UMTS, DCS and
E-GSM network of BASE in Belgium. Many site equipment and planning related issues related to
RF Engineering & Optimization are covered within this document, however undoubtedly situations
will occur which have not been dealt with in this document. In such circumstances, the RF partner
should contact RF BASE when this occurs.
Whenever the RF partner wants to deviate from the configurations or materials written in this
document, approval should be sought from the RF BASE.
KPI Indicates a subject for which the KPI requirements can be found in the NRF of a site.
For questions concerning what is technically described in this document call Eric Noordanus:
0485-544 964 or mail to: eric.noordanus@base.be
Update summary 2002 rev Q:

• New document structure, many more direct indices
• 2x06 documentation included
• New micro cell antenna added
• A new section on antenna patterns and their influence on site behavior
• The Erlang B table section has been extended
• Cabinet structure & configuration explanation has been extended
• Cabinet new & upgrade preferences
Update summary 2004 rev R:

Again a totally new document structure
Hardware & configurations:
• Cabinet noise levels
• Cabinet reservations related to area size and type
• New 2x06 documentation and configurations
• Updated antenna preferences
• Clamps & down tilt brackets & heavy antenna down tilt bracket 850 10007.
• Micro cell configurations
• Feeder loss tool
• Maximum feeder lengths UMTS 100m
• New dual band combiner of Ericsson without integrated DC-block to enable sharing of feeders
between E-GSM 2x06 and DCS 2x02 (mail Fri 7/01/2005 17:40).
• NO DUAL BAND CABINETS
• 1764 micro cell antenna
• UMTS equipment
Planning:
• Results on penetration loss investigation by TNO and resulting effect on link budget
calculations
• Micro cell planning
• UMTS antenna upgrade solutions
• Antenna placement
• Tilt tool
• Roof-edge shadow calculation made easier
• Reserved timeslots, EDGE/GPRS & cell capacity
• Preferences for placing UMTS antennae on E-GSM & DCS sites.
• KPI remarks
2 RBS equipment
The configuration describing what is planned or installed on site (e.g. RBS, feeder antennae) is to
be registered in INFOBASE in the BSDS in its entirety and according to BSDS documentation.
2.1 Radio Base Station cabinets, cabinet types, capacity and amounts
2.1.1 Cabinet amounts for macro cells
The cabinet amounts to take into account for macro cells are related to the service area size and
type. Urban area size not so much relates to being in a city as well as the clutter type the site
covers.
Site urban area size Cabinet space reservations

< 0,5 km² 1x 2x06 E-GSM; 1x UMTS
>0,5 km² - < 1 km² 1x 2x06 E-GSM; 1x 2x06 DCS; 1x UMTS
> 1 km² 1x 2x06 E-GSM; 2x 2x06 DCS; 1x UMTS
Table 1: Cabinet amounts for macro cells
The urban area size is calculated using Asset on indoor residential signal level.
If the amounts of Table 1 cannot be met, the minimum is one cabinet for each system mentioned in
KPI the KPI document plus power cabinet(s) (see requirements on power cabinets section 2.8) and one
transmission cabinet (if applicable, to be indicated by BASE Transmission).
These amounts apply if not specified otherwise in the KPI document of BASE.
2.1.2 Cabinet capacity for E-GSM & DCS macro cell cabinet types 2x02 & 2x06
The following table links the possible antennae per sector to the required capacity and the possible
CDU-type:
Capacity
1+1+1 2+2+2 4+4+4 6+6+6 8+8+8
Band Ant. CDU Ant. CDU Ant. CDU Ant. CDU Ant. CDU
E-GSM 1 C+/Gu 1 C+/Gu 1 Gc No No
DCS 1 A/C+ 1 A/C+ 1 C+/Gc No No
2 A 2 A 2 A 2 C+ 2 Gc
Table 2: CDUs, capacity and required antennae

The table below shows the CDU-type, related type of cabinet and output power:
CDU-TYPE
2x02 2x06
Band A C+ Gc Gu
E-GSM Not possible 40.5 dBm 42 dBm 45.5 dBm
DCS 43.5 dBm 40 dBm 41 dBm Not used
Table 3: CDUs, cabinets and transmitted power
The maximum amount of TRUs in a 2x02 cabinet is 6 (6 single TRU modules), for a 2x06 cabinet
12 (6 double TRU modules).
Technically an E-GSM CDU-C+ can share a cabinet with a DCS CDU-A (see also section 2.10.2).
This has been used in the past, but is not allowed for new installations or upgrades. Full three
sector E-GSM configurations should be used whenever three antennae can be installed.
Remarks:
• RF BASE will indicate the RF partner in the NRF what the required maximum capacity of a site
needs to be. In the forecast the chosen configuration should be sufficient for at least a year if a
capacity increase would require a cabinet to be swapped or added and 2 years if additional
KPI antennas would be required (to get BP & lease arranged in time). This cannot always be
foreseen, but an effort in this direction should be aimed at. Otherwise an incompletely installed
Gc-D4 or Gc-D8 can be chosen.
• For 2+2+2 DCS (or less) the use of a 2x02 cabinet is preferred. For larger capacities the Gc-
D4/Gc-D8 is.
• For E-GSM site upgrades or new sites Gu-E2 or Gc-E4 is to be installed.
• The number of sectors to be used for planning by the RF partner is set in the NRF document.
KPI • When a 2+2+2 or a 4+4+4 configuration is used in a 2x02, not all TRUs need to be installed
(and not all installed TRUs need to be activated).
The same applies for the 2x06, though for this cabinet always is an even number of TRUs per
sector as a 2x06 is equipped with dual TRU modules.
The other question is whether the equipment is to be installed indoor or outdoor:
Cabinet RBS
Indoor 2202, 2206
Outdoor 2302, 2102, 2106
Table 4: Indoor and outdoor 2G cabinet types
¾ Required power, band, needed capacity and possible antennae result in CDU-and cabinet-type.
From this results the needed number of TMAs, duplex filters and the number of required
feeders.
¾ Indoor or outdoor cabinet?
Site planning step 1: Selecting the required CDU and cabinet type
2.1.3 UMTS macro cell cabinets

UMTS requires a separate cabinet plus, for indoor, a separate power supply cabinet.
The contents of the cabinet are standard until further notice.
There are 2 types:
The RBS 3101 (outdoor) and the RBS 3202 (outdoor) accompanied with an ACTURA (power
supply). These are always installed as 1+1+1.
2.2 E-GSM & DCS 2x02 and 2x06 macro cabinet structure
2206 cabinet 2202 cabinet

Figure 1: 2202 and 2206 cabinet structure
TRU / dTRU = single / double TRU PSU = Power supply unit
CDU = Combining and distribution unit IDM = Internal distribution module
CXU = Configuration switch unit OXU = Optional expansion unit
DXU = Distribution switch unit DCCU = DC connection unit
Though an uneven numbers of TRUs can be installed in a sector, sectors can only begin on even
positions. A CDU can not be shared by two sectors in a 2x02 and normally not in a 2x06. Therefore
a 3+1+1 configuration is build using a 4+4+4 arrangement in a 2x06 cabinet or at least as a 4+2+2
arrangement in two 2x02 cabinets.
T T T T T T
CDU CDU CDU
R R R R R R G G G
U U U U U U
d d d d d d
CDU CDU CDU T T T T T T
A or A or A or
C+ C+ C+ R R R R R R
U U U U U U
2 2 2 4 4 4
2x02 TRU & CDU layout 2x06 TRU & CDU layout
Figure 2: Cabinet capacity layout
Figure 3: 2x06 cabinet architecture

When the capacity needs to be extended beyond the capability of one cabinet, there are basically
two ways to do this:
1. Synchronizing the DXUs of two cabinets (used for 2x06 cabinets)

2. Extending the control of the DXU in the first (master) cabinet to the second (extension) cabinet
(used for 2x02 cabinets). The DXU from the second cabinet is removed in this case.
Option 1 is technically also possible for 2x02 cabinets equipped with the DXU 11, but as also DXU-
01 and DXU-03 are used in 2x02 cabinets, only option 2 is used for these.
How does this master/extension system work?

One of the functions of the DXU is to multiplex the timeslots from the TRUs to the PCM link. It can
do so for up to 12 TRUs.
Bus timing and TRU control for the extension cabinet are directly derived from the master cabinet
by means of 3 extra cables. The extension cabinet in this case has no DXU installed. This system
requires that each sector in a cabinet has at least 1 TRU installed. When two cabinets share a
sector the consequence is that the sector will have 1 TRU in the first and 1 TRU in the second
cabinet.
Synchronized cabinets:
In case of synchronizing both cabinets the DXUs in both cabinets are linked by means of an ESB
cable (external synchronization bus). The length of the cable is used as input in the IDB as this
determines the timing delay to be compensated. This cable only links the timing between the
cabinets. The PCM is linked from the first DXU to the second DXU to give the second cabinet its
transmission link to the mobile network. A DXU-11 or DXU-21A needs to be installed to do this.
Effectively, it's the BSC who is joining the PCM data from both cabinets together and making it one
cell, not the cabinets themselves.
2.3 DXU, CDU and TRU types & EDGE

For the 2x02 and 2x06 cabinets there are two 2 TRU types available: not EDGE compatible and
EDGE compatible.
For the 2x02 the EDGE compatible TRU is called the sTRU, this requires the DXU-01, DXU-03 or
DXU 11 to be upgraded to DXU-21A, the not EDGE compatible is the cTRU.
For the 2x06 the type can be recognized by the serial number of the TRU module.
EDGE has no effect on the combiner.
The modules mentioned below are all the types present in the network of BASE.
Hardware modules Ericsson part number Cabinet type

DXU-01 BOE 602 02/01 2x02
DXU-03 BOE 602 02/03 2x02
DXU-11 BOE 602 11/11 2x02
DXU-21A BOE 602 14/1 2x02, 2x06
cTRU E-GSM (Non-EDGE) KRC 131 47/03, /15 2x02
EDGE sTRU E-GSM KRC 131 137/01 2x02
cTRU DCS (Non-EDGE) KRC 131 48/01, /15, /16 2x02
EDGE sTRU DCS KRC 131 138/01 2x02
Non-EDGE dTRU E-GSM KRC 131 1002/1 2x06
EDGE dTRU E-GSM KRC 131 1002/2 2x06
Non-EDGE dTRU DCS KRC 131 1003/1 2x06
EDGE dTRU DCS KRC 131 1003/2 2x06
CDU-C+ E-GSM BFL 119 123/1 2x02
CDU-A DCS BFL 119 106/1 2x02
CDU-C+ DCS BFL 119 127/1 2x02
CDU-G E-GSM BFL 119 142/1 2x06
CDU-G DCS BFL 119 143/1 2x06
PSU 230 BML 231 201/1 2x02
PSU 1200 W AC BML 231 202/1 2x06
Table 5: Standard modules in the RBS of the network of BASE
2.4 2x06 cabinet PSU amounts

In an uncombined mode cabinet the maximum installed amount is 3 dTRU. For this 3 PSU are
sufficient. If a sector is changed to combined mode, the cabling for that sector should be changed
accordingly and a 4th PSU must be installed. 4 PSU are sufficient to supply power for 6 dTRU as
well.
2.5 Cabinet space requirements

KPI The cabinet space requirements should be respected in the site design.
The 2106 cabinet sizes 2106 with open door requires at least 1300 + 710
=2010mm
Figure 4: 2106 cabinet dimensions
The footprint and foot holing are the same as that of the 2102.
The 2206 indoor cabinet has the following dimensional requirements:
The 2206. To open the door 600mm in front The minimum recommended space in front of a cabinet is
of the cabinet is required. 100cm. This space can be shared with a cabinet opposite to it.
Figure 5: 2206 cabinet dimensions
Indoor power cabinets need the same space per cabinet as a 2202/2206. The amount of power
cabinets required depends on the amount of 2202/2206 cabinets. This is explained in section 2.8.
2.6 Radio Base station micro cells 2302

The standard equipment for micro cells is the 2302. This cabinet is not EDGE compatible. It is not
produced by Ericsson anymore but there are still some in stock. For use on a site, special
permission of RF BASE is required.
The RBS 2302 is a weatherproof wall mounted cabinet with two TRUs. The maximum output power
which can be generated of these TRUs is 33 dBm un-combined and 28.5 dBm combined by a
multicasting box. This is often enough for a micro cell.
A 2302 is much smaller than a 2102 or 2202. Note that for the 2102 and the 2202 the minimum
output power after the CDU-C+ is 28.5 dBm (see section 2.27). In order to get more than two
channels on one antenna with these cabinets, either on-air (cross-polar antenna) or external
(outside the cabinet) combining is required.
The 2302 can provide 4 or 6 TRUs by adding two or three RBS 2302 base stations beside each
other (multi extension). The amount of Eirp given by a 2302 configuration can be calculated with
the Microcell_Eirp tool.
Some specifications of the 2302:

− Only DCS capable (no E-GSM possible !)
− GPRS, HSCSD and half-rate prepared (not EDGE capable).
− 230 V connector, 150 VA, 120 W.
− Standard 3 min. battery back-up. An external battery pack is possible but not used on micro
cells as these fulfill a non-essential network addition.
− The RF connectors are of the TNC type.
− The 2302 has a weight of +/- 30 kg.
− The cabinet produces no noise, as it doesn't use active equipment for cooling.
Figure 6: 2302 cabinet sizes and space requirements

The output power of the RBS 2401 is too low to be useful for our network: 26 dBm. It also has 2
TRUs but no internal combiner. This type is not produced by Ericsson anymore.
2.6.1 Transmission
Fixed 2Mbps links are often the only option as there is no place to install a mini-link or to get a line
of sight. 2 TRU need 2Mbps with 5x64kbps (LAPD-CONC). Links can be multi-dropped with cable
losses up to 30 dB, but connecting micro cells from different locations is likely to be difficult.
2.6.2 Installation requirement
A PBC is the backup for a 2302 cabinet. The 2302 has an inbuilt 3min. backup to send alarms to
the BSC in case of a power failure (so if the PBC fails).
Figure 7: 2302 installed with PBC (not obligatory)
2.7 Radio Base Station macro cells UMTS

Cabinet sizes for UMTS are given in the figures below.
RBS 3101 RBS 3202

Figure 8: UMTS cabinet dimensions
2.8 Battery backup

2.8.1 2202 & 2206 power supply cabinets BBS 2202 and BBS 2000
One, two or three power cabinets, depending on the amount and type of indoor RBS are needed
for power supply and backup.
There are two types of cabinets, the BBS 2202 and the BBS 2000.
Both types have the same footprint and space requirements as indoor BTS cabinets.
The BBS 2202 is designed for the RBS 2202, but is able to supply power to one (1!) 2206 cabinet
by installing a BFU-E power unit (BMY 201 237/5).
If 2 or more 2206 cabinets are to be connected, a BBS 2000 is needed.
To connect a RBS 2202 to a BBS 2000 a different power unit in the BBS2000 is needed. This is
the BFU-02 (BMY 201 237/3)
The BBS2202 is not produced anymore and stocks are limited. For indoor 2G cabinets a BBS2000
is to be used therefore.
Cabinet combinations Battery strings

1x2202 1
1xGu-E2 2
1xGc-X4 3
1xGu-E2+1xGc-D4 5
1xGc-D8 5
Table 6: Cabinet configurations and battery string amounts
In total 3 battery strings fit in one back-up cabinet.
The battery string amount is calculated on the amount & type of RBS cabinets connected to a BBS
(BBS2000 / BBS2202).
The amount of power cabinets, the type and the amount of strings has to be specified on the
BSDS.
2.8.2 2102, 2106 & 3101 cabinets
For outdoor cabinets the battery backup is built-in.
UMTS outdoor cabinets have the standard internal backup of 30 minutes for a 1+1+1 20 W
configuration. UMTS indoor cabinets have no power backup.
2.8.3 2302 cabinets
The power supply of the RBS 2302, the PBC, has an internal backup of approximately 2h.
2.8.4 3202 cabinets
No power supply backup is installed for the RBS 3202, but an ACTURA power supply cabinet
without battery backup is.
2.9 Cabinet noise

The sound levels produced by the RBS in the network of BASE are:
Temperature 30ºC Max.

cabinet (dBa) (dBa)
2102 55 65
2202 58 63
2302 55 65
2106 55 65
2206 58 63
3101 68 69
3202 68 72.5
Actura 68 73
Table 7: Acoustic noise of BASE RBS equipment
This noise should be taken into account during site design.
2.10 What are preferred cabinet configurations?

Preferred are non-mixed configurations like 2+2+2 or 4+4+4. This does not mean that al these
TRU positions must be used, but it is preferred that a 2+3+2 is configured as a non-filled 4+4+4,
rather than making it a 2+4+2 (unless the second cabinet is configured as a dual-band cabinet).
It is also less expensive to install a Gc-D4 on a new site than a configuration 1, as this requires
less material and installation.
2.10.1 Reducing the capacity of 2x02 configurations
In oversized configurations much more TRU expansion is possible than will be used in the near
future. This can be the case for a 4+4+4 site where only 2+2+2 is sufficient. New sites going on air
in the best server area of an existing site can cause this, for example.
For a 2x02 site this results in a spare cabinet which can be used to accommodate E-GSM.
Configuration
Current New DCS equipment changes
1 4 Existing D/DTMA used instead of DTMA (see also below)
2 5 D/DTMA and duplexers installed
3 6 D/DTMA and duplexers installed
Table 8: Configuration migrations
− Sectors with a total daily traffic of less than 10 Erlang are candidates to be reduced from
configuration 1 to 6 and the second antenna to be swapped to E-GSM.
− Sectors with more than 10 Erlang total a day, less than 6 Erlang in the busy hour and with the
possibility to have an extra E-GSM antenna should be changed to configuration 4 and an extra
E-GSM antenna.
− When the traffic in the busy hour is more than 6 Erlang, configuration 1 on DCS should be
kept.
− DO NOT MIX IN ONE CABINET CDU-A AND CDU-C+ IF THEY’RE BOTH FOR DCS!
Surplus of CDUs and D/DTMAs are to be brought back to stock.
D/DTMAs from a configuration 1 do not need to be replaced for DTMAs when migrating from
configuration 1 to configuration 4. 2 D/DTMA per sectors can be brought back to stock.
When a formerly configuration 1 site is to be upgrade with E-GSM and extra antennae are not
possible, then the site can be reconfigured to a configuration 6.
See also what is mentioned on reconfiguring a configuration 4 in the explanation of the flowchart in
chapter 3.
The remaining cabinet can be configured as a Master and reused for E-GSM.
2.10.2 Dual band cabinets
Dual band cabinets are to remain exceptional because of the limitations they pose. No new dual
band cabinets should be installed therefore (2x02 & 2x06).
2.10.2.1 2x02 dual-band cabinets

2x02 dual band cabinets have been used in the past on sometimes, this is why these
configurations are explained here. They are however, not to be used in new situations. There is no
need to dismantle dual-band configurations if the current configuration provides sufficient
possibility to provide the capacity needed, but no new ones should be created. If a sector in a dual-
band cabinet is installed with 1 TRU and a 2nd TRU is needed, it can be expanded without having
to change the configuration, but if a CDU should be changed to accommodate capacity expansion,
other solutions should be looked for (See section 2.1.2).
A dual band cabinet needs a DXU to control the sectors in that cabinet. As a result of this the DXU
of the first cabinet cannot extend its control to the second cabinet. Therefore a sector cannot 'flow
over' from the first cabinet to a second dual-band cabinet.
A 4+4+2 TRU configuration plus 1 or 2 E-GSM sectors can only be reduced to 4+2 in the first
cabinet and 2 in the second cabinet and 2, 4 or 2+2 E-GSM.
Changing the order of sectors to fit the cabinets (in the previous example building 4+4+2 DCS + 2
E-GSM as 4+2+4 DCS +2 E-GSM) is not allowed as this poses many risks for the maintenance.
Master Extension Master Master

T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
C C C C C C C C C C C C
D D D D D D D D D D D D
U U U U U U U U U U U U
2+2+2 2+2+2 2E+2E+2E
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
2+4+2 2+4 2+(2E+2E or 4E)
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
2+4+4 2+4 4+2E
Indicated TRUs are the maximum per sector. The minimum is 1, except for the
sector shared by master + extension cabinet where the minimum is 2.
Dual-band cabinets cannot share sectors with another cabinet as they are
reconfigured to master cabinets.
Figure 9: 2x02 dual band cabinet layout
No new dual band cabinets are allowed to be created.
2.11 Radio Base Station configurations DCS macro cells

Within a site having different configurations should be avoided if technically possible.
For requirements on dual-band cabinets see chapter 2.10.2 page 17.
2.11.1 2x06 configurations
These is the cabinet type to be used for new sites and site upgrades
2.11.1.1 Configuration Gc-D4, Preferred configuration for 4+4+4

This configuration will be implemented when the cabinet space is limited to 1 cabinet only or a new
site with more than 2+2+2 is required. This configuration uses one 2x06 cabinet, 1 antenna/sector,
2 cables/sector, 2 D/DTMAs per sector and no duplex filters. Note that if more than one 2206
(indoor cabinet) is to be installed on a site, for example Gc-D4 next to Gu-E2, a BBS 2000 is
required (see also section 2.8). Otherwise, an upgrade of a BBS2202 is sufficient.
2.11.1.2 Configuration Gc-D8, Preferred configuration for 6+6+6 and 8+8+8

This configuration is preferred when capacity of 6+6+6 or 8+8+8 is required. It uses two 2x06
cabinets, 2 antennae/sector, 4 cables/sector, 4 D/DTMAs/sector and no duplex filters. Note that if
more than one 2206 (indoor cabinet) is to be installed on a site, a BBS 2000 is required (see also
section 2.8).
2.11.2 2x02 & Maxite configurations
These can only be used with reuse of RBS equipment already present on site (configuration 1
changed to 3 or 6 for example), or with special permission from RF BASE, as stocks are limited. In
all other cases, 2x06 RBS should be used. The preference overview given below, are the gradients
in preference WITHIN the choices for 2x02 and Maxite cabinets.
2.11.2.1 Configuration 1, preferred configuration for 4+4+4

This configuration is the default configuration for the macro sites that have a maximum TRU
configuration of 4+4+4 when a site needs to be extended from a 2+2+2 configuration. This is the
preferred solution as this solution gives a higher EIRP than configuration 2 because of the
difference in BTS output power between CDU-A and CDU-C+. The difference in EIRP is +/- 2 dB,
which gives us a gain in the coverage area of the sites in rural areas or a better indoor coverage in
urban areas. Because of the better downlink, this configuration also allows you to use TMAs. If the
antennae can’t be horizontally spaced on all sectors, it is worth it to put the antennae vertically
separated (maximum distance 0.5 m) so this preferred configuration can still be installed.
Another option is to use a dual-antenna like the 742234.
2.11.2.2 Configuration 2, Exceptional configuration for 4+4+4

This solution will only be implemented if configuration 1 is not possible due to problems with the
cable runs (space, bending, etc.).
The cross-polar antennae have only one entry that is used. In order to make use of the polar
diversity they must use a different slant, so connection of antenna feeders must be done very
carefully. Otherwise there is about 2 dB uplink loss instead of diversity gain.
2.11.2.3 Configuration 3, Non-preferred configuration for 4+4+4

cable runs (space, bending, etc.) or no possibility to put space diversity and only to extend existing
configuration 8 or 8 div. The only difference between this configuration and configuration 2 is the
number of antennae. Because of this, the resulting EIRP is the same but you don’t have the extra
diversity gain.
2.11.2.4 Configuration 4, preferred configuration for 2+2+2

This configuration is the default configuration for the macro sites that have a maximum TRU
configuration of 2+2+2. This is the preferred solution as this solution gives a higher EIRP then the
configuration 5. This configuration has no extra duplexer loss or TMA TX insertion loss and uses
fewer jumpers. The difference in EIRP is +/- 1.5 dB, which gives us a gain in the coverage area of
the sites in rural areas or a better indoor coverage in urban areas. As this configuration requires 4
cables per sector, we will never use 1 5/8” cable. The 1 ¼” cable can be used even for cable runs
higher then 60 m as the resulting EIRP is still higher. The TMA is a single duplex TMA where the
entry for the TX must be terminated (don’t forget to order the termination plug!). This is called a no
duplex TMA as it's only used like that.

cable runs (space, bending, etc.). The difference in EIRP between configuration 4 and 5 is shown
on the graph next to configuration 4.
The cross-polar antennae have only one entry that is used. In order to make use of the polar
diversity opposite slants are used so connection of antenna feeders must be done very carefully.
This configuration needs four jumpers. The length of the jumpers must be minimized as much as
possible to reduce the total jumper loss.
2.11.2.6 Configuration 6, Non-preferred configuration for 2+2+2

cable runs (space, bending, etc.) or no possibility to put space diversity. The only difference
between this configuration and configuration 5 is the number of antennae. Because of this, the
resulting EIRP is the same but it hasn't got the advantage of having extra space diversity gain.
This configuration needs four jumpers. The length of the jumpers should be minimized as much as
possible to reduce the total jumper loss.
2.11.2.7 Configuration 7, Umbrella configuration for 6+6+6

This solution will be implemented on umbrella sites. Umbrella sites are not built any more because
of the interference they generate. This configuration has to be escalated to get approval for. An
alternative configuration is the Gc-D8 with the 2106 and 2206 cabinets.

This solution will only be implemented if configuration 4, configuration 5 and configuration 6 are not
possible due to problems with the cable runs (space, bending, etc.). This is a configuration, which
only needs 1 cable / sector but has neither diversity nor CDU-A. This configuration has to be
escalated to get approval for.
2.11.2.9 Configuration 8 div, non-preferred configuration for 2+2+2

This configuration will occur for sites that were formerly built as configuration 3, but were less
capacity turned out to be required and a transformation to configuration 6 is not possible. This can
occur for example for sites where only one or two sectors are to be reduced in capacity.
Note that for sites with 2+2+2 using one antenna, configuration 6 is preferred, but CDU-A and
CDU-C+ cannot be mixed in a cabinet if they’re both for DCS.

This solution will only be implemented if configuration 4, configuration 5 and configuration 6 are not
possible due to problems with the cable runs (space, bending, etc.) and the site needs the extra
EIRP to cover the area. This is a configuration, which only needs 1 cable / sector but has no
diversity CDU-A and no possibility to put more then 1 TRX per sector. This configuration has to be
escalated to get approval for.
2.11.2.11 Maxite solution

If implementing a full cabinet poses to be a problem because of room space or extremely long
cable runs, the Maxite solution can be used. This solution consists of an active antenna unit and a
RBS 2302. This solution guarantees always a constant EIRP of 56.5 dBm. The restrictions are a
maximum feeder loss of 12 dB and a maximum distance of 110 m between the RBS and the
antenna. This is because of the necessary DC cable and the gain and sensitivity of the active
antenna. This configuration is not available for new sites or upgrades.
2.12 Radio Base Station configurations E-GSM macro cells

It is preferred to build E-GSM separate from DCS on a site. The figure below shows which
configuration can be chosen when E-GSM is added to an existing DCS site.
One must bear in mind that not in all cases a solution is possible. Only one type of 90° dual band
antennae is available. The Thales 1661-904 is an 85° dual-band antenna, but it has a number of
disadvantages. Use this antenna therefore with care (see the information in section 7.5). Several
vendors say they have types under development, but they’re not in production yet. So if a 90°
opening angle antenna is currently present on a site, the antenna can only be shared by E-GSM if
the Racal 1661-904 is suitable, even if building restrictions require this.
If not, E-GSM cannot be built, unless a DCS space diversity antenna is exchanged for an E-GSM
antenna. But the Eirp and site sensitivity consequences for DCS should be taken into
consideration.
2.12.1 E-GSM (Capacity) upgrades
Capacity upgrades on existing DCS sites is generally done according to the following table:
Current capacity Upgrade capacity

DCS E-GSM
1 1
2 1
3 2
4 2
5 3
6 3
Table 9: Dual band upgrade cell capacity
The figures from the table above apply unless other information is provided by RF BASE.
2.12.1.1 Upgrading C+-E2

The configuration C+-E4 is not to be used for new capacity upgrades. A cabinet swap of C+-E2 to
Gc-E4 should be used instead.
As the amount of 2x02 cabinets on stock is limited, this configuration can only be build with the
reuse of 2x02 DCS RBS cabinets already present on a site, by reducing the DCS capacity (if traffic
allows) or with special permission from RF BASE as 2x02 cabinet stocks are limited.
2.12.1.2 Upgrading Gu-E2

Increasing capacity for this configuration to Gc-E4 has output power consequences (see Table 14).
These need to be considered. The estimated amount of customers effected by congestion should
be more than the amount of customers effected by the reduction of output power caused from this
cabinet upgrade.
An upgrade using DCS to off-load the traffic of the E-GSM layer might also be considered, but the
extra time this takes to realize needs to be taken into account.
2.12.2 E-GSM configuration type names
In the past sharing of feeders and/or antennae was indicated with a figure between brackets.
As this is also visible in the BSDS from the presence of a dual band combiner, antenna sharing can
be recognized from the antenna type.
The explanation below should not be used for new configuration indications, it is however shown to
explain the meaning when found on existing site documentation. At this moment no longer an
additional indication for sharing of feeders and/or antennae is considered to be necessary.
2.12.2.1 Old feeder and/or antenna sharing configuration indication (not to be used for new installations)
The X in the flowchart below indicates an arbitrary DCS configuration type, found on the next
pages for standard configurations. The number between brackets is the possible E-GSM
configuration:
X(1): Extra E-GSM antenna possible, no extra feeders possible

X(2): No extra E-GSM antenna possible, but extra feeders are possible
X(3): No extra E-GSM antenna or feeders possible
Translated into a table:
Antennas Feeders
No No C+-E2 / E(3)
Sharing No Yes X(1)
Yes No X(2)
Yes Yes X(3)
Table 10: Naming convention E-GSM / DCS sharing

For example, if a DCS site with configuration 6 is extended with E-GSM and there are no extra
antennae or cables possible and the DCS antennae have 65° opening angle, than configuration
6(3) was used
The exception is X(4), which in fact is only the configuration 4(4) with the DCS space diversity
antenna exchanged for a single-band E-GSM antenna.
This way a 4(4) for E-GSM the DCS sector is actually reconfigured to 6, resulting in a 4/6/4
configuration for that site. To be able to recognize what has happened on that site in databases,
the E-GSM configuration is labeled as being 4(4) and DCS to 6.
The separately build E-GSM site was called configuration E(3) because this configuration strongly
resembles to the DCS configuration 3, although the E-GSM version deploys one cabinet instead of
the two required by the DCS version.
2.12.3 2x06 E-GSM configurations
2x06 E-GSM uses D/DTMAs for amplifying the uplink. The disadvantage to this is that sharing of
feeders with DCS becomes impossible as both of the D/DTMAs of E-GSM as DCS use the feeders
to get their power supply from. Using external Bias-T's for feeding the D/DTMA of either E-GSM or
DCS adds extra loss and the need for an extra power supply feeder which by itself will need to be
protected against lightning. This is under investigation, but not available yet.
2x06 feeder sharing is only possible together with 2x02 CDU-C+!

To increase the coverage, the internal hybrid combiner of the dTRU is bypassed in a Gu-E2 and
each of the two individual TRUs of the dTRU is directly connected to the CDU-G (this is called
uncombined mode).
The advantage of this is that the output power of the cabinet increases to 45.5 dBm, but the
disadvantage is that, because a CDU-G has only two TX inputs, only 1 dTRU can be connected to
it. The maximum capacity of a 2x06 is therefore reduced to 2 TRUs per sector.
2.13 Radio Base Station configurations DCS micro cells

Only DCS micro cells are currently possible as the 2302 is not E-GSM compatible.
There are 3 configurations:
2302uc-D1:
The 2 TRUs of the 2302 are not combined and each TRU gets its own antenna. This is for 2 sector
low traffic configurations.
2302uc-D2 (preferred):
The 2 TRUs of the 2302 are on-air combined and each TRU gets a slant on a cross-polar antenna.
This is for 1 sector configurations where maximum power and 2 TRU capacity is required.
If omni antennae are used instead of a cross polar antenna, these will have to be installed not
more than 50cm apart to get effective on air combining.
Disadvantage: 2 feeders between 2302 and antenna are needed.
2302c-D2:
For this configuration the outputs of the 2 TRUs are externally combined by means of a coupler.
The additional loss is about 4.5 dB (3.5 of the coupler and 1 dB of the additional jumpers).
The advantage is that only one feeder for the antenna is needed.
2.14 Radio Base Station configurations UMTS macro cells
For UMTS separate feeders, antennae and cabinet are required. There is therefore only one
configuration consisting of 1 RBS, 2 feeders/sector, 1 ASC/sector, 1 RET/sector and 1
antenna/sector. The consequence is that it is not necessary to give it a specific indicator.
2.15 Radio Base Station configurations UMTS micro cells

¾ Which systems are to be installed, what is the required capacity, how much feeder space is
available, antenna space, how many cabinets?
¾ Choose the possible configuration(s) that meet the requirements best
Site planning step 2: Selecting the required configuration
On the next pages you can find all the possible configurations of BASE.
2.16 Radio Base Station configurations drawings E-GSM 2x02 and 2x06 Macro cells
x x
x x E-GSM 2x06 with CDU-G in uncombined mode
x E-GSM 2x02 with 1 cabinet: 2TRU/sector x maximum capacity 2 TRU/sector
x 2 cabinets: maximum capacity 4 TRU/sector x In combined mode maximum capacity 4 TRU/sector
x x
x One Cross-polar Antennas per Sector
x
One Cross polar Antenna

per Sector
Max jumper length 5m Three Jumper cables. Two
Total 2 jumpers per cable-run D/D D/D per Cross Polar Antenna.
TMA TMA Max. Length per Jumper 2M.
Max total jumper length <6m Total length of the 3 jumpers
< 7m
D/DTMA E-GSM type: KRY 112 14/13 !!!

Two Feeders per Sector. with by-pass included
Size of the Feeder is dependent
on the length of the Feeder. Two RF Feeder Cable's
One per TMA. Size of Feeder
depends on the length.
Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx
RBS 2x02 RBS 2x06

CDU-C+ CDU-G
2 TRU/sector 2TRU/sector
1 cabinet 1 cabinet
Configuration1C+-E2 & C+-E4 Configuration2Gu-E2 & Gc-E4

Configuration C+-E2 requires 1 cabinet and provides 2TRU/sector, configuration C+-E4 2 cabinet and 4 TRU/sector.
2.17 Radio Base Station configurations drawings DCS 2x02 & 2302 Macro cells
x x x x x
x x x x Two Antennae per Sector x
x x Two Cross Polar Antennae
x x Minimum space between x
x x per Sector. Minimum distance
x
x x between Antenna's 2 meter x x Antenna 2 meter
x x x x x One Cross polar Antenna
x per Sector
- 45°
x x
+45°
Four Jumper cables. Two

Max jumper length 2,5m
- 45°
+45°
per Cross Polar Antenna. Max jumper length 2,5m
- 45°
+45°
Max. Length per Jumper 2.5m. Total 2 jumpers per cable-run
Total length of the 4 jumpers
D/D D/D D/D D/D < 7m Total 2 jumpers per cable-run Max total jumper length <4m
TMA TMA TMA TMA Max total jumper length <4m
Four RF Feeder Cable's

Two feeders per Sector direct
One per TMA. Size of the feeder
from RBS. Two Feeders per Sector.
depends on the length of the feeder
The size of the feeder depends Size of the feeder depends
on the length of the feeder. on the length of the feeder.
Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx/Rx

EXT EXT EXT EXT
DUPL DUPL DUPL DUPL Tx/Rx Tx/Rx
Two Jumpers per Sector Two jumpers per Sector.
Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx
Tx Rx Max length 2,5 M. Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Max. Length of jumpers 2,5M.
Eight Jumper Cable's From
RBS to the External Duplexes.
Max. length of jumpers 2 meter
RBS 2x02 RBS 2x02
RBS 2x02 CDU-C+ CDU-C+
CDU-A 4 TRU/sector 4 TRU/sector
4 TRU/sector 2 cabinets 2 cabinets
2 cabinets
Configuration31 Configuration42 Configuration53
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x Two Cross Polar Antenna's x x Two Cross Polar Antenna's x One Cross Polar Antenna
x x per Sector x x per Sector x per Sector
x x x x x
- 45°
+45°
- 45°
- 45°
- 45°
+45°
+45°
+45°
Max. Length per Jumper 2.5m.
Three Jumper cables for Rx cable run. Four Jumper cables per cablerun Four Jumper cables per cablerun
Max. Length per Jumper 2.5m.
Total Rx jumper length <7m Max. Length per Jumper 2.5m.
Total length of the 4 jumpers
DTMA DTMA Two Jumper cables for Tx cable run Total length of the 4 jumpers
Total Tx jumper length <4m D/D D/D < 7m
D/D D/D < 7m
TMA TMA
TMA TMA
When configuration 1 is reduced to 4
DDTMA can be used instead

Two Feeders per Sector.
Four Feeders per Sector. Two Feeders per Sector. Size of the feeder is depends
Size of the feeder depends Size of the feeder depends on the length of the feeder.
on the length of the feeder. on the length of the Feeder.
1 dB from Eirp needs to be subtracted

when feeders are shared with E-GSM
Tx Rx Rx Tx
Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Tx/Rx
Four Jumper cables. EXT EXT EXT EXT
Max. Length per Jumper 2M. DUPL DUPL DUPL DUPL
Tx Rx Tx Rx Four Jumper cables. Tx Rx Tx Rx Four Jumper cables.
Max' Length per Jumper 2M. Max' Length per Jumper 2M.
RBS 2x02 RBS 2x02 RBS 2x02

CDU-A CDU-A CDU-A
2 TRU/sector 2 TRU/sector 2 TRU/sector
1 cabinet 1 cabinet 1 cabinet
Configuration64 Configuration75 Configuration86
x x x x
x x x x
x x Two Cross-polar Antennae per Sector
x x Minimum space between
x One Antenna per Sector x One Antenna per Sector
x x Antennae 2 meter x x
x x x x
x x
- 45°
- 45°
+45°
The cross jumpering shown is to give
+45°
- 45°
+45°
true space diversity. Total 2 jumpers per cable-run Total 2 jumpers per cable-run
Max total jumper length <4m
Max total jumper length <4m Max total jumper length <4m
Three feeders per Sector direct
from RBS.
Two feeders per Sector.

One feeder per Sector. (the added feeder shown in red)
The size of the feeder is dependent (cable specs are the same as for the other feeder)
on the length of the feeder. The size of the feeder is dependent
on the length of the feeder.
Diversity feeder added !

Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Rx
Tx/Rx Tx/Rx Max jumper length 2,5m
Three Jumpers per Sector Total 2 jumpers per cable-run Max length 2,5M.
Tx/Rx Max length 2,5M.
RBS 2x02
RBS 2x02 RBS 2x02
CDU-C+ CDU-C+ CDU-C+
6 TRU/sector 2 TRU/sector 2 TRU/sector
3 cabinets 1 cabinet 1 cabinet
Configuration97 Configuration108 Configuration118div
x
x Active antenna Unit 500W
x x
x x
x One Cross Polar Antenna x
x per Sector x
x x ALARM/DC Cable
- 45°
+45°
+45°
One Jumper cable

Max length 2.5m. Two Jumper cables. Two
per Cross Polar Antenna.
D/D Max. Length per Jumper 2.5m
TMA
Two RF Feeder Cable's

One Feeders per Sector.
Size of the Feeder is dependent
on the length of the Feeder.
Tx/Rx
EXT
DUPL
Tx Rx One Jumper cable
Max length 2 M.
RBS 2x02
CDU-A RBS 2302
CDU-A PBC
1 TRU/sector
2 TRU/sector 1/sector
1 cabinet 1 cabinet/sector
Configuration129 Configuration13Maxite
2.18 Radio Base Station configurations drawings DCS 2x06 Macro cells
The naming convention for configurations for 2x06 configurations is different. The following system is used:
CDU-type, CDU-mode, a minus, network type letter (D for DCS, E for E-GSM), maximum number of TRUs. Example:
Gc-D4 This means a CDU-G used in combined mode for DCS with a maximum capacity of 4 TRUs
x x x
x DCS 2x06 with CDU-G in combined mode x x DCS 2x06 with CDU-G in combined mode
x maximum capacity 4 TRU x x maximum capacity 8 TRU
x x x
x One Cross-polar Antennas per Sector x x Two Cross-polar Antennas per Sector
x x x Minimum space between antennas is 2m.
The cross jumpering shown is to give
- 45°
- 45°
- 45°
+45°
+45°
+45°
true space diversity.
Max. Length per Jumper 2.5m. Max. Length per Jumper 2.5m.
D/D D/D Three Jumper cables for each cable run. D/D D/D D/D D/D Three Jumper cables for each cable run.
TMA TMA Total jumper length <7m TMA TMA TMA TMA Total jumper length <7m
Standard DCS D/DTMA type is used Standard DCS D/DTMA type is used
Two RF Feeder Cable's Four RF Feeder Cable's

One per TMA. Size of Feeder One per TMA. Size of Feeder
is dependent on its length. depends on the length.
Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx
Block diagram showing a single Sector using

RBS 2x06 Block diagram showing a single Sector using RBS 2x06 CDU-G with no external Duplexers and
CDU-G CDU-G with no external Duplexers. CDU-G Two Cross polar Antenna's per Sector.
4 TRU/sector 8 TRU/sector Two 2x06 cabinets configured as 4+4+4
1 cabinet 2 cabinets and used in parallel
Configuration14Gc-D4 Configuration15Gc-D8
2.19 Radio Base Station configurations drawings DCS 2302 Micro cells
2x OMNI ANTENNA
OMNI ANTENNA
PANEL ANTENNA
JUMPER (if applicable)

+45° -45°
JUMPERS (if applicable)

JUMPER (if applicable)

DUMMY LOAD

JUMPERS
RBS RBS RBS

2302uc-D1 2302uc-D2 2302c-D2
Configuration162302uc-D1 Configuration172302uc-D2 Configuration182302c-D2
2.20 Radio Base Station configurations drawings UMTS Macro cells

x
x
x One Cross-polar Antennas per Sector
x
x
x
Remote electrical adjustable tilt
- 45°
+45°
RET
Max. 1.5m jumper
ASC
Max. 1.5m jumper
Two RF Feeder Cable's

Two per ASC. Size of Feeder
is dependent on its length.
Total sum of jumper length <5m !

Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx
Max. 2 m jumper
Node-B UMTS cabinet

3101 / Maximum capacity 2 carriers/sector
3202 One Node-B cabinet required.
UMTS An ACTURA powercabinet can provide power for 2x 3202.
Block diagram showing a single UMTS Sector
Configuration19UMTS
2.21 Radio Base Station configurations drawings UMTS micro cells

This is done using 3101/3202 cabinets without ASC support, no ASC and no RET (special ordering required).
These cabinets will normally not be on stock.
2.22 E-GSM configurations equipment requirements

There are two basic types of E-GSM configurations created with 2x02 and 2x06 cabinets as can be seen in the table below.
E-GSM configurations made with 2x02 cabinets filled with CDU-C+ can be mixed with DCS configurations which leads to different types. These can be
found in section 2.12.
2+2+2 4+4+4
Non-Preferred Preferred Exceptional Preferred
40.5 dBm 45.5 dBm 40.5 dBm 42 dBm
Configuration C+-E2 Configuration Gu-E2 Configuration C+-E4 Configuration Gc-E4
uses one 2x02 cabinet uses one 2x06 cabinet uses two 2x02 cabinets uses one 2x06 cabinet
CDU-C+ CDU-G uncombined CDU-C+ CDU-G combined
per sector: per sector: per sector: per sector:
1 antenna 1 antenna 1 antenna 1 antenna
no D/DTMA 2 D/DTMA E-GSM no D/DTMA 2 D/DTMA E-GSM
2 cables 2 cables 2 cables 2 cables
No external duplexing No external duplexing No external duplexing No external duplexing
Table 11: E-GSM general configuration requirements. The drawings can be found in section 2.16
2.23 DCS configuration equipment requirements

8+8+8 4+4+4 2+2+2 1+1+1
2 antennas / sector 2 antennas / sector 1 antenna / sector 2 antennas / sector 1 antenna / sector 1 antenna / sector 1 antenna / sector
Preferred Preferred (existing site) Preferred (for new sites) Preferred Non-Preferred Exceptional Exceptional
only when extending site Preferred for new sites
Configuration Gc-D8 Configuration 1 Configuration Gc-D4 Configuration 4 Configuration 6 Maxite Configuration 9
uses two 2x06 cabinets uses two 2x02 cabinets uses one 2x06 cabinet uses one 2x02 cabinet uses one 2x02 cabinet uses one 2302 cabinet uses one 2x02 cabinet
CDU-G CDU-A CDU-G CDU-A CDU-A a PBC and a Maxite ant. CDU-A
per sector: per sector: per sector: per sector: per sector: per sector: per sector:
2 antennae 2 antennae 1 antenna 2 antennae 1 antenna 1 active antenna 1 antenna
4 D/D TMA 4 D/D TMA 2 D/D TMA 2 DTMA or 2 D/DTMA 2 D/DTMA no TMA 1 D/DTMA
4 cables 4 cables 2 cables 4 cables 2 cables 3 cables 1 cable
No external duplexing 4 external duplexers No external duplexing No external duplexing 2 external duplexers No external duplexing 1 external duplexer
6+6+6
Exceptional Exceptional Exceptional Exceptional Exceptional Exceptional
Not to be installed new ! If problems with cable run Only for extending 8(div) If problems with cable run Only 1 Cable/sector Preferred to config 8
Configuration 7 Configuration 2 Configuration 3 Configuration 5 Configuration 8 Configuration 8div
uses three 2x02 cabinets uses two 2x02 cabinets uses two 2x02 cabinets uses one 2x02 cabinet uses one 2x02 cabinet uses one 2x02 cabinet
CDU-C+ CDU-C+ CDU-C+ CDU-A CDU-C+ CDU-C+
per sector: per sector: per sector: per sector: per sector: per sector:
2 antennae 2 antennae 1 antenna 2 antennae 1 antenna 1 antenna
No TMA No TMA No TMA 2 D/DTMA No TMA No TMA
3 cables 2 cables 2 cables 2 cables 1 cable 2 cables
No external duplexing No external duplexing No external duplexing 2 external duplexers No external duplexing No external duplexing
Table 12: DCS general configuration requirements. The drawings can be found in section 2.17 and 2.18
There are 5 preferred and 8 exceptional DCS configurations defined:
• For macro sites that need a 4+4+4 capacity, the preferred configuration for extending an existing DCS site with config 4 or 6 is configuration 1 because of the
higher Eirp and sensitivity it offers, in comparison to configurations 2 and 3, which are not preferred.
• For new macro sites that need a 4+4+4 capacity, the preferred configuration is Gc-D4 as only 1 cabinet and 1 antenna per sector is needed.
• For macro sites that need a 2+2+2 capacity, the preferred configuration is configuration 4 if 2 antennae per sector are possible, which in fact offers the
highest Eirp and sensitivity of all the described configurations. Configuration 5 and 6 are non-preferred configurations.
• Configurations 7, 8, 9 and the Maxite are exceptional and have to be escalated to get approval for.
See also section 2.19 on cabinet configuration preferences.

The configurations given are per sector, so they can also be applied for two sector sites. For two sector sites you can chose between a 4+4 and a 2+2
configuration.
2.24 DCS Micro cell configuration equipment requirements

2 1
Preferred Non-preferred Exceptional
2302uc-D2 2302c-D2 2302uc-D1
uses one 2302 cabinet uses one 2302 cabinet uses one 2302 cabinet
1 sector 1 sector 2 sectors
1 cross polar antenna 1 omni antenna 2 omni antennae
No TMA No TMA No TMA
2 cables 1 cable 2 cables
No external coupler 1 external coupler No external coupler
Table 13: DCS general configuration requirements. The drawings can be found in section 2.19
2.25 UMTS Macro cell configuration equipment requirements

1+1+1
uses one 3101 or 3202 cabinet
3 sectors
per sector:
1 cross polar antenna
1 ASC
1 RET
2 feeder cables
2.26 UMTS Micro cell configuration equipment requirements

This is done using 3101/3202 cabinets without ASC support, no ASC and no RET (special ordering required).
2.27 Typical configuration output power

For the typical antenna connector power, these values can be expected:
Jumper + Typical antenna

TMA+ Typical connector
Output duplex Feeder power
Band Configuration Combiner power (dBm) loss loss (dBm)
1 CDU-A 43,5 2,1 2,4 39
2 CDU-C+ 40 0,6 2,4 37
3 CDU-C+ 40 0,6 2,4 37
4 CDU-A 43,5 0,6 2,4 40,5
5 CDU-A 43,5 2,1 2,4 39
6 CDU-A 43,5 2,1 2,4 39
7 CDU-C+ 40 0,6 2,4 37
8 CDU-C+ 40 0,6 2,4 37
DCS
8DIV CDU-C+ 40 0,6 2,4 37

9 CDU-A 43,5 2,1 2,4 39
10 Maxite 57 0 0 57
Gu-D2 CDU-Gu 44,5 1,1 2,4 41
Gc-D4 CDU-Gc 41 1,1 2,4 37,5
Gc-D8 CDU-Gc 41 1,1 2,4 37,5
2302uc-D1 No 33 0,5 1,5 31
2302uc-D2 No 33 0,5 1,5 31
2302c-D2 Coupler 33 4,5 1,5 27
C+-E2 CDU-C+ 40,5 0,4 1,9 38,2
E-GSM
C+-E4 CDU-C+ 40,5 0,4 1,9 38,2

Gu-E2 CDU-Gu 45,5 1,4 1,9 42,2
Gc-E4 CDU-Gc 42 1,4 1,9 38,7
Table 14: Typical configuration output power
The configuration C+E4 is not to be used for new capacity upgrades. A cabinet swap of C+E2 to
Gc-E4 should be used instead.
Note that this table any losses for feeder sharing into account. For this 1dB can be estimated.
To make filling in the BIPT calculations a bit easier, the table above has been simplified.
The values to be used in the BIPT calculations can be found in the manual of the tool.
3 Other site RF equipment
3.1 TMA (Tower Mounted Amplifier)

TMAs (Tower Mast Amplifiers) should be installed as close as possible to the antennae to reduce
feeder losses before the TMA (see also section 6.6).
3.1.1 E-GSM & DCS
TMAs are mounted near the antenna to amplify the received signal before it enters the antenna
feeder and this way increasing the strength of weak signals before the feeder loss makes them too
weak to be of use for the base station. A short jumper between the antenna and the feeder of 1-
1.5m is therefore strongly recommended. The amplification is about 12 dB (default). Not all this
gain is 'used', because the input sensitivity of the TMA increases the site sensitivity with a only 0.5-
1.5 dB, the rest is used to compensated feeder loss with (see also section 6.6).
The TMA is always used for 2x06 cabinets and 2x02 installed with CDU-A.
There are two kinds of Ericsson TMAs used in our network:

• Duplex TMA (DTMA) (DCS)
• Dual duplex TMA (D/DTMA) (DCS & E-GSM)
DTMA DCS only D/DTMAs DCS & E-GSM

Figure 10: Different TMA types
DTMA DCS properties:
• three 7/16-socket connectors
• Duplex functionality
• Fixed 12 dB gain
• Rx bypass functionality (in case of amplifier malfunction, the internal amplifier is bypassed)
• Stop band attenuation is better than 40 dB (important when site is to be shared)
• Used in DCS configuration 4 (see section 2.17)
The duplex functionality isn't used, the Tx connector is therefore always terminated with a load.
When a DCS site is reconfigured from configuration 1 to 4, the existing D/DTMAs do not have to be
replaced by DTMAs.
Ericsson has stopped production of the DTMA, but the stock in the warehouse of Base should be
sufficient to fulfill the requirements for all new configuration 4 sites planned. If this stock is finished,
D/DTMAs can be used instead.
D/DTMA DCS & E-GSM properties:

• two 7/16-socket connectors
• All versions look the same, but they have been produced with (slightly) different sizes.
• Tx bypass
• Fixed 12 dB gain
• D/DTMA DCS: No Rx bypass functionality (except for a small quantity installed in 12/2001)
D/DTMA E-GSM: All provided with Rx bypass functionality
• Stop band attenuation is better than 75 dB
• Used in DCS configurations 1, 5, 6 (see section 2.16) and all 2x06 configurations.
By means of a Tx bypass the downlink signal from the base station passes through the D/DTMA in
the opposite direction of the Rx signal.
¾ 2x02 with CDU-A uses 1 or 2 TMAs per antenna (DCS)

¾ 2x06 with CDU-G uses 2 TMAs per antenna (E-GSM and DCS)
Site planning step 3: Are there TMAs to be installed?
See also the configuration requirement overviews in Table 11 and Table 12.
3.1.2 UMTS
In UMTS the ASC is used as TMA. They are used on all UMTS macro/mini sites on every sector.
Figure 11: ASC
Dimensions:
Width Height Depth Weight
ASC 160 312 83 5.0 Kg
The RET is used to remotely adjust the electrical tilt of the antenna. Each UMTS sector is installed
with 1 RET.
Figure 12: RET and RET mounting

Dimensions:
Width Height Depth Weight
RET 130 150 85 1.1Kg
(derived from Kathrein data)
3.2 Duplex filters

Duplex filters or duplexers are used only for DCS and only in several configurations to combine Rx
and Tx signals and this way reduce the number of feeders and antennae per sector needed. The
disadvantage of using duplexers from a RF point of view is that it introduces an additional loss and
increases the VSWR in the downlink of about 0.7dB (filter + jumper). The loss in the uplink can
mostly be neglected because TMAs are always used when a duplexer is (the loss can be
neglected, but the noise increases, see section 6.6).
They are used in all 2x02 CDU-A configurations except configuration 4.
Single duplexer Dual duplexer

Figure 13: Different duplexer types
Ericsson has stopped production of the single duplexer, but the stock in the warehouse of Base
should be enough to fulfill the requirements.
¾ 2x02 with CDU-A uses 1 dual or 2 single duplexers per antenna for all configurations except
configuration 4 that uses none and configuration 9 that uses only 1 single duplexer.
Site planning step 4: Are there any duplexers to be installed?
See also the configuration requirement overviews in Table 11 and Table 12.
3.3 Dual-Band Combiner (also called Diplexer):

This device is used to share a feeder between E-GSM and DCS (UMTS feeders cannot be
shared).
It’s got 3 connectors:
1. 824-960 MHz (on the figure below bottom left), 0.15 dB throughput loss
2. 1710-2170 MHz (on the figure below top left), 0.2 dB throughput loss.
3. band combined connector (on the figure below top right)
The Dual-Band Combiner should be connected using 1m jumpers.

Ericsson also calls this unit sometimes a distriplexer.
Sometimes it is desired that feeders are shared between 2x06 (Hi-cap) and 2x02 (Low-cap).
The problem is that TMAs receive their power supply and control through the feeders, so only one
of the two systems can have TMAs and as all 2x06 configurations have TMAs, the 2x02
configuration should be without.
So what are the possibilities?
1) Configurations 3 and 8div can share feeders with Gu-E2 or Gc-E4

2) Configuration C+-E2 can share feeders with Gc-D4
In order to have power for the TMAs not shorted, DC-blocks are needed in the system which uses
no TMAs.
For situation 1 this means DC-blocks on the DCS ports.

This can be done using the
FAB 102 863/3 and /4 (single and double) from Ericsson and adding the DC-blocks 793301 of
Kathrein.
For situation 2 this means DC-blocks on the E-GSM ports.

This can done using the
FAB 102 863/1 and /2 (single and double) from Ericsson which already has the DC block build-in
on the E-GSM ports.
BE SURE TO USE THE CORRECT /1, /2, /3 or /4 FOR THE DUAL BAND COMBINER TYPE!
InfoBase will be adjusted so the type of dual-band combiner can be selected.

In the meantime, mentioning the type in the comment field of the BSDS is required.
Figure 14: Dual-Band Combiner or Diplexer from Ericsson

Dimensions Ericsson Dual band combiner:
Diplexer Width Height Depth Weight
E-GSM/DCS 295 117 121 3.45 Kg
Example of TMA for E-GSM while feeders are shared Example of TMA for DCS while feeders are shared
Figure 15: Examples of feeder sharing with TMA usage
3.3.1 Kathrein dual band combiners

These are no longer allowed to be installed as these have corrosion problems. The Ericsson dual-
band combiner should be used instead. There are still a small number installed.
The 792903 consists of two stacked 792902 units. It has no internal DC-blocks on the GSM port so
these need to be installed on several configurations (see E-GSM cable sharing schematics).
The loss is also higher than the dual band combiner from Ericsson (0.15dB for E-GSM and 0.25dB
for DCS, but the loss of the DC-blocks on the E-GSM needs to be added to this, in several cases).
The 793363, the wide-band version (E-GSM + DCS/UMTS), has a somewhat higher VSWR.
Figure 16: Kathrein dual-Band Combiner 792903 and 793363. NO LONGER TO BE USED!!!
3.4 DC block
Because of the DC transparency of the Dual-band combiner (except for the FAB 102 863 from
Ericsson) in case TMAs for DCS and the feeders of E-GSM and DCS are shared, DC-blocks need
to be used at the E-GSM antenna and the E-GSM RBS. This way the current supply for the TMA is
not short-circuited by the antenna and the E-GSM RBS.
The DC-Block is mounted directly on the E-GSM connector of the Dual-band combiner (without
jumper). The jumpers shown in the drawings between Dual band combiners and DC-block are not
actually there.
The throughput loss for E-GSM is 0.1 dB.
Figure 17: DC-block 793301 from Kathrein
3.5 Feeders and jumpers

3.5.1 Feeders
The size of the feeder is dependent on the length of the feeder, as this determines the feeder loss.
The cable run possibilities on a site can also have an impact on the feeder type to be used. For
that reason the resulting EIRP for each configuration has been calculated with the 4 standard
feeder types (see section 2.16 and 2.12). These graphs show the consequence of deviating of the
recommended feeder type because of problems with the cable run. These problems can be
bending of the cables, not enough space to put cable tray, etc.
The sizes of the feeder cable installed on behalf of E-GSM are different from DCS because of the
lower cable losses for E-GSM. This leads to the following cable requirements:
Feeder length range Minimum

Cable type E-GSM DCS UMTS Bending radius
½” 0-25m 0-20m 0-20m 15 cm
7/8” 25-50m 20-40m 20-40m 25 cm
1 ¼” 50-75m 40-60m 40-60m 40 cm
1 5/8” >75m >60m >60m 50 cm
Max. length 100m 100m 100m
Table 15: Feeder length, band and cable thickness
The lengths in the table are feeders without jumpers. Feeder types and lengths mentioned are
limits for the type of feeder to use. The values from Table 16 and Table 17 should be respected as
well and jumpers should be no longer than necessary.
Deviation of these limits has to be approved by the Masterplanner. The length, loss and the cell
configuration has to be indicated.
The loss can be calculated using the feeder loss tool.
Only in case of constructional limitations (minimum-bending radii cannot be fulfilled, lack of space)
deviation from these limits will be allowed.
For the minimum allowed bending radius the value for the 10 times repeated bending have been
taken because if the single bending minimum radius is used and the first installation needs to be
changed, the cable needs to be replaced.
3.5.2 Jumpers
In all configurations also jumper cables are to be used on feeders larger ½” to avoid stress on the
antenna connectors. Even straight stretches with feeders larger than ½” directly mounted to the
antenna cause stress on the connectors because of the temperature coefficient of expansion of the
cable. Therefore feeders larger than ½" need to be installed with jumpers.
In order to minimize the attenuation of the jumpers, the length of the jumpers should be kept to
what is required and using prefabricated jumpers to ensure quality.
The allowed loss between RBS and antenna is dependent on the elements used, but should be
less or equal to the sum of the elements found on the specified loss table plus 0.3 dB. In all cases
the loss should remain below the values given in the table below.
Between RBS and antenna E-GSM DCS UMTS

Duplexer Dual band TMA loss Max. sum of loss Max. sum of loss Max. sum of
combiner (dB) jumpers (m) (dB) jumpers (m) (dB) jumpers (m)
No No No 3 6 4 4 N/A N/A
No No Yes 4 6 5 5 4.5 5
No Yes No 4 9 5 7 N/A N/A
No Yes Yes 4 9 5 7 N/A N/A
Yes No Yes N/A N/A 5.5 7 N/A N/A
Yes Yes Yes N/A N/A 6.5 9 N/A N/A
Table 16: Allowed jumper lengths and loss between base station and antenna.
Band Maximum jumper length
E-GSM 5m
DCS 2.5m
UMTS 1.5m (feeder->ASC & ASC->antenna), 2m (Node-B->feeder)
Table 17: Allowed maximum jumper lengths
The values from Table 16 and Table 17 should be respected, and jumpers should be no
longer than necessary.
For jumpers longer than 1.5m 1/2" Low-Loss (non-Hi-Flex) are to be used in order to reduce
total loss. Only jumpers of Quadrant are allowed.
Jumpers ordered at Quadrant will automatically be of the correct type.
¾ Estimate the required feeder length

¾ Investigate if there is enough space for the required feeder or if there are bending radius
issues
¾ What jumper lengths are required, are they within limits.
Site planning step 5: Selecting feeders and jumpers
3.5.3 Feeder loss tool

The feeder loss tool can be used for calculation of losses of E-GSM, DCS and UMTS (for UMTS in
UL and DL) and feeder delays for the different configurations as described in this manual. It also
calculates the resulting delays, needed for UMTS. It also indicates if values are chosen outside the
limits described in this document.
3.5.4 Specified Losses

D-TMA Typ.
GSM 1800 Insertion Loss TX to Antenna = <,4dB 0.3 dB
DD-TMA
E-GSM Insertion Loss TX to Antenna = <,6dB 0.5 dB
GSM1800 Insertion Loss TX to Antenna = <,6dB 0.5 dB
Duplexer/Bias Unit
GSM 1800 Insertion Loss TX input to Antenna output = < ,5dB 0.45 dB
DC Block
(E/// dbc E-GSM internal DC-blocks !) E-GSM Insertion Loss TX input to Antenna output < 0.15 dB
Dual band combiner
E-GSM Insertion Loss TX input to Antenna output < 0.15 dB
792902/3 GSM1800 Insertion Loss TX input to Antenna output < 0.25 dB
FAB 102 863 E-GSM Insertion Loss TX input to Antenna output < 0.15 dB
(internal DC-block in E-GSM) GSM1800 Insertion Loss TX input to Antenna output < 0.2 dB
CABLES
Jumpers total loss: Jumpers Jumpers >1.5m: 1/2" low loss
m GSM 1800 E-GSM Quadrant Bending radius velocity GSM1800 E-GSM
1 0.2 0.142 dB 1/2" Flexible 30mm 82% 0.17 0.112 dB/m
1.5 0.285 0.198 dB 1/2" Low loss 125mm 88% 0.115 0.072 dB/m
2 0.26 0.174 dB connectors 0.03 0.03 dB
2.5 0.3175 0.21 dB
3 0.375 0.246 dB
3.5 0.4325 0.282 dB Feeders Feeder attenuation dB/100m
4 0.49 0.318 dB Eupen 1/2" 7/8" 1 1/4" 1 5/8"
Velocity 88% 88% 88% 88%
E-GSM 6.9 3.92 3.26 2.37
GSM1800 10.2 5.91 5.08 3.69
Bending radius 15 cm 25 cm 40 cm 50 cm
1/2" Total loss 7/8" Total loss

L (m) GSM1800 E-GSM Length (m) GSM1800 E-GSM
5 0.51 0.345 dB 20 1.182 0.784 dB
10 1.02 0.69 dB 25 1.4775 0.98 dB
15 1.53 1.035 dB 30 1.773 1.176 dB
20 2.04 1.38 dB 35 2.0685 1.372 dB
25 2.55 1.725 dB 40 2.364 1.568 dB
30 3.06 2.07 dB 45 2.6595 1.764 dB
35 3.57 2.415 dB 50 2.955 1.96 dB
1 1/4" Total loss 1 5/8" Total loss

L (m) GSM1800 E-GSM Length (m) GSM1800 E-GSM
40 2.032 1.304 dB 60 2.214 1.422 dB
45 2.286 1.467 dB 65 2.3985 1.5405 dB
50 2.54 1.63 dB 70 2.583 1.659 dB
55 2.794 1.793 dB 75 2.7675 1.7775 dB
60 3.048 1.956 dB 80 2.952 1.896 dB
65 3.302 2.119 dB 85 3.1365 2.0145 dB
70 3.556 2.282 dB 90 3.321 2.133 dB
75 3.81 2.445 dB 95 3.5055 2.2515 dB
80 4.064 2.608 dB 100 3.69 2.37 dB
Table 18: Jumper, feeder and other losses and bending radii.
3.6 Antennae
3.6.1 Antenna installation
More than anything else, antennae determine the behavior of a site. The correct understanding of
the consequences of antenna behavior, selection and placement on a site is of crucial importance.
3.6.2 Possible number of antennae
After the required capacity and coverage is defined in the nominal plan of a site, one has to
investigate the maximum possible antenna amount and sizes on a site candidate.
Being able to use separate antennae for DCS and E-GSM on a site candidate is an advantage as it
gives the possibility to use 90º and adjust the antennae to what is required (tilt, direction, see also
section 3.8.1). If this is not needed, separate antennae for 2G and 3G have priority.
In the past many DCS cells were given two cross-polar antennae per sector. The combination of
space– and polarization diversity gives a total diversity gain of about 3.5 dB. This is higher then the
gain you get with polarization diversity only.
It is no longer preferred to plan with space and cross polar diversity on new DCS cells as the
purpose of new DCS is now to relieve traffic from an E-GSM with too much traffic.
Only when it is expected that the 1 dB additional uplink gain is needed to do this effectively
¾ Are separate antennae for DCS and E-GSM possible on a site candidate? Which
sizes?
¾ Reserve space for separate UMTS antennae.
Site planning step 6: Determining the possible number of antennae per sector
The capacity, together with the number of antennae per sector, determines which CDU and cabinet
types can be used.
3.7 Adding UMTS on an existing E-GSM/DCS site

The options are arranged in order of preference.
3.7.1 Option 1: Adding separate UMTS system, not changing existing system
In this case the existing systems are not changed and UMTS is added.
3.7.2 Option 2: Adding separate UMTS system, No space for extra antennae
For the options 2a to 2c the amount of feeders and DDTMAs on the 2G systems remains
unchanged.
The simple solution is where there is currently a configuration 4 and there is no space for extra
antenna. This configuration can be changed to configuration 6 and the 2nd antenna is replaced by a
UMTS compatible type. The other situations can be gathered into 3 categories, each with its own
option. Options 2a to 2c are only possible for 65° antennae. As an antenna change can have
consequences for the existing coverage or other outstanding network plans, the RF partner needs
to ask approval for this to BASE.
3.7.2.1 Option 2a: Combining two DCS antennae

If DCS is 2 antennae per sector, these can also be combined into the dual DCS antenna 742234
3.7.2.2 Option 2b: Combining E-GSM and DCS

If E-GSM and DCS are 65° separate antennae, these can be put together in a dual-band antenna
like the 742266.
3.7.2.3 Option 2c: Combining two DCS antennae together with E-GSM
Two DCS antennae can be combined together with E-GSM in the 742241.
3.7.2.4 Option 2d: Replacing 2x02 by 2x06

Another option is that a DCS configuration 1 using 2 2x02 cabinets is replaced by 1 2x06 cabinet.
This option frees up antenna space as well as feeders and cabinet space.
See also Option 3.
If there is space for separate 66 cm UMTS antennae and the site is not RF suppressed, this is
preferred.
This can therefore be a solution on low sites covering small, confined areas.
3.7.3 Option 3: Adding separate UMTS system, No space for extra cabinet
If there are 2 DCS 2x02 cabinets currently, these can be replaced by 1 DCS 2x06 cabinet. A 2x06
cabinet is quite expensive, the cabinet itself, 4+4+4, without installation costs: 2106 €45000, so this
cost should be compared to the cost of other solutions.
DCS configuration currently:
1: Cabinet space is gained, 12 duplexers and 3 DDTMAs can be removed, and one DCS antenna
per sector can be replaced for a UMTS antenna. Feeders can be reused for UMTS.
3: This way cabinet space is gained, extra DDTMAs for DCS 2x06 need to be added. No antenna
is space regained.
3.7.4 Option 4: Adding separate UMTS system, No space for extra feeders
If there are no DDTMAs on either DCS or E-GSM (or both), sharing is possible between E-GSM
and DCS. Otherwise (Single band DCS or single band E-GSM site and no extra feeder space) the
cause of the lack of feeder space must be solved (i.e. replace pylon) or another site must be
selected. As this will reduce existing coverage, RF must check to see if the consequences are
acceptable and give approval.
3.7.5 Option 5: Sharing UMTS antenna with DCS/E-GSM
This induces a high risk of unsolvable substandard network quality for UMTS.
Using dual-or triple band antennae is technically only possible for 65° antennae. There is no
solution available for 90° antennae. If there is space for separate 66 cm UMTS antennae, this is
preferred.
Base, Proximus or Mobistar cannot share antennae for UMTS with E-GSM/DCS because of the
risk of isolation and IM3 problems.
3.8 Antennae to be used

When two antennae per sector are used for DCS, both should be of the same type. Azimuth and tilt
should always be the same.
3.8.1 Recommended antenna types
Below is a description of different antenna types and the situations where they will be used for
DCS.
Directional Antenna Gain = 18dBi, Beam width = 65°

This is a high gain antenna for use where additional coverage is needed from a site. This antenna
could be used in urban areas where extra gain is required to increase in building coverage. Note,
due to the narrower vertical beam width (as compared with say a 15dBi antenna), a large reduction
in cell coverage area can be achieved with a few degrees of downtilt (See section 4.6)
The narrow beam has also of consequence that there will be holes between the sectors on larger
distances from the site. In cities these will normally be filled by other sectors.
This antenna should be predominantly used for the DCS network in the cities.
Directional Antenna: Gain = 18dBi, Beam width = 90°

When this antenna type is used in a three-sector configuration, the coverage area is more or less
circular (using 65° antennae there are three distinct ‘leaves’). This antenna can be used in rural
areas and for rural towns where there are no other sites to fill the holes between the sectors and
this shape of footprint is desired, and where interference is not a major problem. Generally, this
antenna should normally not be used in urban environments.
This antenna should be predominantly used for the DCS network in rural areas.
Directional Antenna Gain = 15dBi, Beam width = 65°

This sector antenna is suitable in urban areas, particularly where large buildings surround the cell
site. Its length is suitable for general installation. Note the tilt chosen for this antenna, will be based
on whether the site is causing severe interference, or too much handoff with the neighboring cell.
Due to the wide vertical beam width, this antenna will need considerable down tilt to reduce the
effects of interference into neighboring cells.
3.8.2 Recommended E-GSM antenna types
The purpose of using E-GSM in the network of BASE is to generate coverage.
High gain antennae should be used as much as possible, as they generate much better coverage
and are better to steer with tilting than antennae with a smaller gain and a larger vertical opening
angle. Therefore antennae with 17 dBi or higher should be used. For dual-band sites the same
opening angle and azimuth apply (see also section 4.3.3).
¾ What are the needed horizontal opening angle and tilt and minimum gain
¾ What is the maximum allowed vertical opening angle (related to antenna height)
¾ What antenna size is possible
¾ Is single band possible or does it need to be dual/triple-band
¾ In case of 2 DCS antennae both should be of the same type, azimuth and tilt and not
differing more than 5% in height.
Site planning step 7: Selecting the needed antennae
3.9 Standard antennae and accessories

The following tables the antenna types to be used for outdoor sites for E-GSM, DCS and UMTS.
The terms preferred, non-preferred and exceptional as mentioned in the tables in this section have to following meaning:
Preferred:
These antennae are to be used for site-design in at least 80% of the sites. These antennae will normally be available on stock in sufficient amounts.
Non-Preferred:
These antennae have a reduced gain or other disadvantages for cell behavior (like fixed tilt) and should occur on less than 15% of the sites. There will be a limited
amount of these types on stock and delays of 3 to 6 months in delivery can occur and should be taken into account by the RF partner.
Exceptional:
These antennae are to be used as a last resort and should occur on less than 5% of the sites. These antennae will normally NOT be on stock and delivery delays of up to
6 months can occur and should be taken into account by the RF partner.
The percentages are to be calculated on the amount of sites in the batch assigned to the RF partner. Written consent of the RF BASE is required for breaching these
limits. RF BASE will require a motivation for every site using the antenna preference type (Non-preferred and/or exceptional) for which the percentage limit is not met.
The use of the -10dB multiplier is explained in section 4.3.4, but basically this figure should be multiplied with the distance to the edge of the roof and added with height of
the edge (or other obstructions) itself to get the required height of the antenna on the roof and have no antenna pattern cut-off by the roof-edge.
For usage of antennae with a vertical opening angle of more than 11°, permission from RF BASE is required.
Antennae used in the past, not to be newly installed:

Preferred: Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Height Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Height
Antenna (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle Antenna Antenna (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (X) (mm)
(X)
739494 18.0 65 6.5 0 0.16 1302 RA1866 18.0 65 8 -4 1260
739495 18.0 65 7 -2 0.21 1302 RA1880 14.0 60 18 0 590
739496 18.0 65 7 -6 0.29 1302 RA2004 15.2 85 8.5 0 1220
739707 16.5 90 7 -2 0.21 1302 RA2005 15.2 85 8.5 -6 1220
739708 16.5 90 7 -6 0.29 1302 RA2007 12.0 85 17 0 672
742215 17.7 67 6.8 0/-10 0.29 1302 739490 15.5 65 13 0 662
741989 16.5 88 7 0/-8 0.27 1302
Non-preferred: Production stopped : Replacement
742211 14.7 69 14.5 0/-10 0.45 662 742212 17.5 67 7 0/-8 1302 742215
741988 13.7 88 14.7 0/-10 662
Table 19: One system antenna types DCS
E-GSM E-GSM
Preferred: Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Height Non-preferred: Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Height
Antenna (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (X) (mm) Antenna (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (X) (mm)
739686 17.5 65 7 0/-7 0.23 2580 739634 17.0 65 9.5 -6 0.45 1936
739666 16 88 7 0/-7 0.25 2580 739660 15.5 90 9.5 -6 0.34 1936
Non-preferred: Exceptional:
739630 18.0 65 7 0 0.18 2580 739684 15 65 14.5 0/-14 0.53 1296
739636 18.0 65 7 -6 0.31 2580 739664 13.5 88 15 0/-14 0.51 1296
739650 17.0 90 7 0 0.18 2580 Production stopped : Replacement
739662 17.0 90 7 -6 0.3 2580 739639 16.5 65 19.5 -2/-10 0.34 1996 739685
739685 16.5 65 9.5 0.5/-10 0.34 1996 739640 17.5 65 7 0/-7 0.23 2580 739686
739665 15 88 10 0.5/-10 0.34 1996 739681 15 65 14.5 0/-14 1296 739684
Table 20: One system E-GSM antenna types (all Kathrein)

E-GSM DCS
Preferred: Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Connectors Height
Antenna dBi (°) (°) (°) angle (X) (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (°) (mm)
1661-904-01 16.2 85 8.6 -4 0.27 16.2 85 6.6 -4 0.21 4 2330
Antennae used in the past, not to be newly installed:
741327 17 65 9.5 0 0.24 18.5 60 5.5 0 0.13 4 1936
741328 18 65 7 0 0.16 19.5 60 4 0 0.09 4 2580
741344 17.5 65 7 -6 0.27 18 60 6.5 -6 0.25 4 2580
742151 14.5 65 14 0/ -10 0.47 16.5 63 8.5 -2 0.26 2 1296
742152 14.5 65 14 0/ -10 0.47 16.5 63 8.5 -2 0.26 4 1296
742047 17 65 7 -2/ -8 0.3 18 60 6 -2 0.19 2 2580
Table 21: Dual system antenna types (1661-904-01 is from Thales/Racal, the other types from Kathrein)
For other E-GSM antenna types (dual- & triple system) see tables on the next page.
UMTS
Preferred: Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Height
Antenna (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (X) (mm)
742215 18 65 6.2 0/-10 0.29 1302
Non-preferred:
742211 15.2 64 13 0/-10 0.42 662
741989 16.7 88 6.5 0/-8 0.28 1302
Exceptional:
741988 14.1 88 13 0/-10 0.45 662
Table 22: Single system antenna types UMTS (1 system connectable)
E-GSM DCS UMTS

Preferred: Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Connectors Height
Antenna (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (X) (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (X) (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (X) (mm)
742266 17 65 7.5 0.5/ -7 0.25 17.8 66 5.2 0/-6 0.18 18.5 63 4.7 0/-6 0.19 4 2580
Non-preferred:
742265 16 65 10 0.5/ -9.5 0.34 17.8 66 5.2 0/-6 0.19 18.3 63 4.7 0/-6 0.19 4 1936
Exceptional:
742264 16.5 65 7.8 0/-8 0.49 14 65 14.5 0/-14 17 63 6.8 0/-8 4 1316
Table 23: Dual system antenna types E-GSM + DCS/UMTS (2 systems connectable)
DCS UMTS
Preferred: Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Connectors Height Width
Antenna dBi (°) (°) (°) angle (X) (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (X) (mm) (mm)
742234 17.5 66 7 0/-8 17.8 64 6.5 0/-8 0.25 4 1304 299
Table 24: Dual system antenna types DCS/UMTS + DCS/UMTS (2 systems connectable)
The 742234 is very useful to combine two DCS antennae in one antenna, to free up space for UMTS, but 4 feeders for it.
It is possible to combine DCS and UMTS in this antenna, but as the azimuths of UMTS cannot be planned independent from DCS, this should remain exceptional.
E-GSM UMTS (Lower ant. section S1) DCS (Upper antenna section S2)
Preferred: Gain Hor Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Connectors Height
Antenna (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (X) (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (X) (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (°) (mm)
742241* 17 65 7.5 0.5/-7 17 63 6.8 0/-8 0.25 16 65 7.8 0/-8 6 2628
Table 25: Triple system antenna types E-GSM + DCS/UMTS+ DCS/UMTS (3 systems connectable)
*=gain depends on the antenna section and frequency (diff. 0.5 dB). To reduce confusion it is recommended that the lower antenna section is used for UMTS (if used as
a triple band antenna).
The 742241 can be used to combine E-GSM with two DCS antennae in one antenna “box”.
Triple band antenna: E-GSM+DCS+UMTS (3 systems connectable)

E-GSM DCS UMTS
Preferred: Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Gain Hor. Vert. El. Tilt -10 dB Connectors Height
Antenna (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (°) (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (°) (dBi) (°) (°) (°) angle (°) (mm)
742271 16.3 67 9.8 0/-10 17.5 65 5.1 0/-6 18 65 4.8 0/-6 0.19 6 2058
Table 26: Triple system antenna types E-GSM + DCS + UMTS (3 systems connectable)
The antenna types 742241 and 742271 require 6 feeders.
All antennae are cross polarized.

On antennae with (adjustable) electrical tilt only the down tilt value is given. For further technical details for each antenna type listed, please refer to the supplier
documentation.
The 741327, 741328 and 741344 were temporarily used in the past when the 742265 and the 742266 were not available for several months.
The 1661 (the short name for the vendor's code of 1661-904-01) has several RF disadvantages, like difference in gain, tilt and horizontal direction between up and
downlink but also different housing, tilting brackets and connectors at the back of the antenna. This antenna is a special version of the standard 1661 found in the Thales
manuals with no diplexer and slightly more gain on both bands.
More background information on antenna RF properties can be found in section 6
For the installation of the jumpers to the antenna connectors on six connector antennae Kathrein advises the use of installation tool shown below.
Figure 18: Kathrein installation tool for 6 jumper antennae 850 10005
3.10 Antenna down tilt brackets and clamps

Antenna clamps are used to install the antennae around a pole. The pole itself should be vertical
and stable and provide the antenna a rotation of no more than 1º over a return wind period of 10
years. The clamps and the down tilt brackets used should be strong enough to keep the antenna in
its installed position over the same return wind period of 10 years.
Down tilt brackets are used standard for 2G on all antenna types, unless a flat installation of the
antenna on a surface is required, for adjustable and non-adjustable antennae.
For 3G only adjustable tilt antennae are used and no down tilt brackets are used unless specifically
required to enable down tilt beyond the capability of the antenna beyond its range for a certain
location and specifically stated by the RF partner.
On flat surface On pipe Offset clamp Down tilt installation

Figure 19: Antenna installation types
These are the approved brackets and clamps for antenna constructions:
Pipe diameter Clamp Remark

60-80mm 734361 DCS/UMTS single band antenna only
50-115mm 738546
110-220mm 850 10002
210-380mm 850 10003
115-210 (offset clamp) 733678 Offset type
Table 27: Antenna clamps
Antenna length Down tilt bracket
0.66m 737972
1.3m 737974
1.9m & 2.6m 850 10007
Table 28: Down tilt brackets
3.11 Micro cell Antennae and feeders

The antenna connectors of the 2302 are of the TNC type (female).
Antennae need to be for indoor & outdoor use and can be mounted up or downward, with Vertical
polarization (single connector, but cross-polar can be used as well, for on air-combining)
The installation will often be limited to 1/2" feeders as the flexibility of this type of cable (bending
radius of 15 cm) is often required. When even a smaller bending radius is required, hi-flex jumper
cable (3cm radius allowed) can be used, but the total loss can become high.
Micro cell antenna types are:

Gain Hor. Po Connectors Height
Antenna Supplier Band (dBi) (°) (W) Antenna
738446 Kathrein E/D/U 5/5.5/6.5 65º 200 1xN 400
738454 Kathrein D/U 2 360º 50 1xN 115
742210 Kathrein D/U 9 65º 2x150 2x7-16 155
MA431X28 Mat-Jaybeam D 4.5 360º 10 1xN 435
1764 Racal D/U 9/8 68º/63º 2x50 2xN 230
Table 29: micro cell antenna types
Omni Kathrein Bi dir Kathrein 738446 65º 5 dBi Racal 1764 MAT-Jaybeam
738454 2 dBi MA431X28
Figure 20: Micro cell antennae
N-connectors on antennae, splitters etc. for micro cells and indoor cells are easier during
installation because of their smaller size.
Due to the low isolation between the slants (typically 25 dB) is the antenna 1764 unsuitable to be
used as antenna for 2x02 or 2x06 cabinets.
4 Cell Planning
4.1 Site types

When a new site is to be planned, the most important issue to be investigated is the size of area
the cell needs to cover and add capacity to the network.
Based on this purpose, five types of sites can be recognized:
Site type Cell size Cell height Traffic type Networks Purpose
(m) (m)
Umbrella ≈5000 >50 Large area DCS Very large coverage area
Macro >500 20-50 Area E-GSM, DCS, UMTS Large coverage area
Mini 100-500 10-20 Limited local E-GSM, DCS, UMTS Local coverage area/traffic offload
Micro 20-100 5-10 Street, slow moving DCS, UMTS Traffic offload/small coverage area
Pico <20 <5 Office room, shop DCS Traffic offload
Table 30: Site types

Micro cells and pico cells:
As the covered area of these cell type show, micro and pico cells are not suitable to fill outdoor
coverage holes left over by macro cells if the traffic speed is more than 10km/h. Traffic like cars
move too fast to ensure a good service to the customer as the time and resulting distance to hand
over to the next cell takes longer to detect and establish than the size of the cells themselves.
Micro and pico cells are therefore of no use for providing mobile services to cars. Mini cells are
better suited for this, but also not efficient.
For micro cell of 1 or 2 TRUs the RBS 2302 DCS is used (see section 0).
For capacities 2x02 is used (with CDU-C+ up to 4 TRU) and DCS as well as E-GSM.
Using E-GSM for this is not necessary from a penetration point of view (the customers are normally
within several dozens of meters from the antenna), but it might be needed when the cable
stretches between RBS and antenna are long.
More details on planning and equipment of micro and pico cells are given in section 0.
UMTS is not offered yet with this cell type as indoor coverage is not targeted at the moment and
there is not enough traffic to make this necessary. Micro cell planning with UMTS has specific
problems totally different from 2G. This is not covered in these guidelines!
Umbrella, macro and mini sites:

DCS is used for all site types, E-GSM for sites except umbrellas as the frequency spectrum for E-
GSM is too small to be able to assign frequencies if E-GSM would be used for umbrella sites.
New umbrella sites are not allowed (nor needed) as they cause too much interference.
For UMTS umbrella sites are not allowed due to the consequences on the noise-rise.
Isolated sites & assigning sites to different parameter layers than its physical site type:
It is not desirable to have different physical site types within the same parameter layer, because of
the created network imbalance. The consequence of ignoring this is that it makes the frequency
plan more inefficient (resulting in problematic frequency assignment). Only when a site is isolated
from the surrounding sites, this can be done without causing problems. Examples are sites in
valleys and indoor sites such as in a building or a stadium.
Priority to the use of E-GSM for network extensions:

E-GSM is used for new sites to provide coverage or as an upgrade for an (existing) DCS site to fill
in remaining coverage gaps. DCS will currently not be used for building new sites as E-GSM is
more suitable for this purpose unless the RF master planner agrees otherwise.
Capacity:
The capacity required by the cell will need to be investigated. A rough indication can be derived
from looking at the capacity of its future neighbors. If more than 50% are of a certain capacity and
the cell size is comparable and the customers are roughly equally spread, it is likely it’ll need that
capacity as well.
Site candidate location:
As a result of the KPI requirements which a site candidate proposed by the RF partner has to be
able to meet, a candidate site is not allowed to be shifted from the nominal site location for more
KPI than 20% of the distance between the nominal and its nearest neighboring site.
It can be expected that the candidate site will not contribute to the network structure as it is
required to do when it doesn’t fulfill this requirement.
Result at this stage:

Site nominal plan is:
¾ The area to be covered.
¾ The coverage levels the cell will need to provide in this area.
¾ The forecasted required site capacity.
Site design requirement:
¾ It is not allowed to change the site type from the original type from the nominal plan
nor its intended coverage area without approval from the RF master planner.
¾ The site candidate is not allowed to be shifted from the nominal candidate for more
than 20% of the distance between the nominal and its nearest neighboring site.
Site planning step 8: Determination of the site goal
The type of cell and its purpose is determined in the Master plan. The site KPI requirements are
based on this. The RF partner is not allowed to change the site type.
4.2 Site coordinates

The coordinates of a site are determined from the position of the first antenna of the site.
Coordinates of all antennae are determined with GPS and registered in Lambert 72 in Asset within
KPI 10m accuracy. Only antennae less than 10m apart are considered to be on the same coordinates.
4.3 Macro cell antenna placement

¾ Select mounting locations for the antennae where its RF patterns aren't influenced by for the
planning tool unexpected obstructions (e.g. trees, chimneys etc. on close range. Most hills
are expected obstructions).
KPI Site planning step 9: Selecting the right positions for the antennae
4.3.1 Antenna placement on rooftops

When antennae are to be mounted on rooftops, several options are to be chosen out of, but as will
be explained below, there are preferences from a RF point of view.
Figure 21: Antenna mounting examples on rooftops in side view.

In the figure found above several mounting options are shown.
Mounting type Preferred Reason

F Yes, first option No shadowing, or possible influence by other antenna systems
G No, first Same as type F, but jumpers are more difficult to connect and
alternative each antenna will need to be mounted separately and more
difficult to get access to. May be a solution for some tall buildings
which would otherwise be regarded as “too high” if antennae
were to be mounted at roof level.
C No, second If the extra height is required and the shadowing calculation
alternative shows no problems, this alternative can be selected
B No, third Only to be selected instead of type C when only one antenna
alternative pole is allowed, shadowing is even more an issue than it is in
type C.
E No, fourth The disadvantage to this option is that other antenna systems or
alternative rooftop objects can influence the RF behavior of the antenna, but
it has the advantage that more sectors can be mounted on one
pole
D No fifth The same disadvantages as type E, but also the disadvantage
alternative that each antenna needs its own mounting and a shadowing
calculation needs to be done carefully. It has the advantage of
being unobtrusive.
A No , no Shadowing will almost always be of influence. Therefore this
alternative mounting type should not occur.
Table 31: Antenna placement preferences
For coverage reasons reason option G and F might be considered too low and options A to C
preferred, but careful calculation on shadowing and interference is needed.
The –10 dB of the vertical opening angle should remain unblocked, with future downtilting kept in
mind. This is explained more in detail in chapter 4.3.4.
The arguments mentioned in Table 31 should of course be investigated in relation with the KPI
height and coverage/interference requirements and height of the surrounding clutter. This might
KPI result in feedback back to RF BASE if these requirements contradict.
Further remarks:
• To reduce the visual impact of a cellular site, it maybe necessary to wall mount antennae
(perhaps even paint them), in order to satisfy the owner and/or town planning requirements.
Proper antenna distribution along the poles Wrong distribution of antenna along the poles
Figure 22: Antenna distribution on rooftops
The second distribution is wrong for several reasons:
• The ‘inwards’ pointing TX/RX antennae are likely to be influenced by shadowing than the
outward pointing RX-div antenna or antenna from another system, if mounted close together
(less than 5 meters), the poles themselves can become source of shadowing themselves if not
designed well.
• The ‘inwards’ pointing antennae transmitted signal point directly into each other’s opening
angles, Rx blocking can occur if distances are too short (see section 4.5).
4.3.2 DCS, E-GSM and combined mounting on rooftop poles
Figure 23: Mounting single band E-GSM and DCS on a pole

The vertical space should be 50cm optimally (but always more than 20cm, 30cm if an RET is to be
installed) and the horizontal space between DCS and E-GSM 10cm or more if separate antennae
are used.
DCS is preferred to be mounted above E-GSM to compensate the higher pathloss compared to E-
GSM. This way, DCS can provide capacity for a larger part of the sector. Another disadvantage of
mounting E-GSM next to DCS is the higher wind load of this construction.
4.3.3 Dual band sites and difference in azimuths between DCS and E-GSM
Azimuths of the DCS and E-GSM antennae will normally be the same, as will the opening angle
be. The advantage of this is that the behavior for handovers and traffic in the overlapping areas
becomes more predictable. There are cases however, where there is no space enough on a roof of
a site for example, where the same free view for the antennae in both bands in the same direction
can not be arranged (although dual-band antennae can often solve this). It is also sometimes
needed to have that 1 dB in gain more from a 65° than to have a 90° antenna opening angle.
When this is done, the antenna overlap should remain respected, as explained in the figure below.
Figure 24: E-GSM should always remain within the -3dB pattern of DCS
If on a cell the multi-band cell feature is to be enabled, the coverage footprint should be the same
for E-GSM and DCS as much as possible, resulting in the requirement of using same antenna
opening angles, azimuths and adjustment of tilt of both layers in combination with the required
coverage, to reach this goal.
4.3.4 Antenna obstruction and shadowing
In this document:
Downtilt is a negative figure;
uptilt is positive !
Be careful, not in all tools and
-10dB Antenna angle by everyone interpreted the
AGL
+ Mech. downtilt same way!

H
Roofedge
Eh
Liftroom or roof
Figure 25: Relevant parameters for shadowing check

H = the vertical distance between the roof or lift room edge and the bottom of the antenna
L = the horizontal distance between the roof or lift room edge and the antenna
The –10 dB of the vertical opening angle should remain unblocked, as shown in Figure 25, with
KPI future downtilt increase to the maximum of the tilt range (the tilt-range of an adjustable tilt antenna
or ½ the vertical opening angle, rounded down, for a fixed tilt antenna) taken into account.
The –10dB vertical antenna opening angle is specified in the supplier documentation. These
angles are calculated into multipliers in Table 19 to Table 26 on pages 45 to 47.
For antennae with variable electrical tilt the value for the maximum tilt is taken.
For example:
A 739686 is mounted at 5m distance from the edge of the roof and the roof edge is 10cm high, the
minimum required height for the antenna becomes:
H > 0.1 + 5 * 0.23 = 1.25m

The minimum antenna middle height becomes 0.5x2.6 more, so 2.55m.
In case of dual-band antennae, always take the larger of the two angles as multiplier.
So more height should be used, or the antenna should be mounted closer to the roof edge.
4.3.5 Antenna installation on towers
Separate installation with the DCS antennae a little above E-GSM is recommended to ensure DCS
capable of giving capacity and taking over E-GSM as much as possible but is not mandatory. The
same distance requirements (vertical optimum distance of 50cm and horizontally 10cm or more)
apply.
Figure 26: Antenna mounting on a pylon
4.4 Micro cell antenna placement

The optimum height for micro cell antennae is often 5-10m to get a maximum covered area of
about 150x150m. Installation should be inconspicuous but not hampering the antenna in its
functioning. The goal is to make the antenna able to see as much as possible without being visible.
For micro cells it is even more critical than macro cells because their mounting height is also that of
the advertising signs which are there to be looked at. Painting the antenna or camouflage material
is often required to reach this goal.
A micro cell antenna covers the area what it can see, plus a few of meters more (due to reflections
and short range penetration).
To get a good handover between micro cells, coverage overlap of about a few dozen meters is
required.
The optimum signal level at antenna connector is 20-25 dBm in most cases, but this is also
dependent on the locally available frequencies. Sometimes the power will need to be increased in
order to reduce the influence of interfering surrounding macro cells on a micro cell. If this is the
case it also means that the coverage in that area is too low or that the macro layer needs some
antenna reworks.
The transmitted power of a micro cell can be calculated with the help of the Micro cell Eirp tool.
4.5 Isolation and antennae separation

The isolation between the two base stations is defined as the attenuation from the connector from
the transmitter on base station A to the connector on the receiver on base station B when the
antennae are in their installation positions.
The isolation is not only formed by the pathloss between two antennae.
It is often the most important factor in the isolation between two base stations, but other important
factors are:
• The effective gain of each antenna in the direction of the other antenna in the frequency band
of transmitted signal under consideration (to be looked up in the documentation of the vendor)
• Cable losses
• TMA gain (if the other signal is in the amplified band of the TMA, otherwise loss)
• Duplex filter losses and out-of-band filtering
To avoid unwanted signals into the receiver, at least 30 dB isolation between a transmitting and a
receiving antenna and between two transmitting antennae is required. This requirement also
applies to cross-polar antennae slant isolation. Feeder loss gives additional isolation increase.
This is also valid for sites shared with the other operators. But with other operators not all data is
known or might be subject to change, so extra precautions must be taken.
4.5.1.1 Isolation calculation

To obtain the required isolation values the antennae must be positioned at a certain minimum
distance from each other. The distance depends on the antenna types and on the configuration.
In general, omni directional antennae must be positioned at a greater horizontal distance from
each other than directional antennae.
Vertical separation requires less separation distance than horizontal separation.
α Dvert
Dhor
d
Vertical separation Horizontal separation Combined separation

Figure 27: Antenna separation
The pathloss between two antennae can be estimated with the free space loss between two point
antennae. The free space formula is an approximation of the near field situation for this.
30 × Eirp
E= (V/M)
d
Translated into horizontal and vertical pathloss leads this for vertical separation:
d
AV = 28 + 40 × log( ) AV in dB, d and λ in m.
λ
For practical reasons (connectors, mounting) the vertical separation should be 20cm or more
(30cm in case of a RET usage).
For the horizontal separation the pathloss is calculated with:
d
AH = 22 + 20 × log( ) − (G1 + G 2) AV in dB, d and λ in m. G1 and G2 in dB, not dBi!
λ
G1 and G2 are the gains of the antennae in the direction of the other antenna. G1 and G2 can be
positive or negative, dependent on their respective angles (see also section 6.5).
For λ for E-GSM 0.3 and for DCS & UMTS 0.15 can be taken.
When antennae are vertically and horizontally separated, the formula becomes:
α ° × ( AV − AH )
AC = AH + AC in dB.
90°
dvert
α = arctan( )
dhor
dvert and dhor are the distance and the difference in height between two antennae.
Only when the antennae, TMAs and duplex filters have the same frequency behavior, the isolation
will be the same in both directions. Otherwise the isolation will be directionally different.
When the antennae are from the same base station sector, the isolation between the antennae is
there to make diversity effective (see chapter 4.5.3.1).
When the antennae are from different systems, e.g. operators, the separation is necessary to
ensure the isolation is enough to prevent the interference and/or shadowing from one system to the
other.
4.5.1.2 Isolation issues with antennae from other operators

When the antennae are from the same base station sector, the isolation between the antennae is
there to make diversity effective.
When the antennae are from different systems, e.g. operators, the separation is necessary to
ensure the isolation is enough to prevent the interference and/or shadowing from one system to the
other.
The allowed level of interference is according to the ETSI GSM 05.05 specifications:
Rx blocking 'out of band'; GSM 900: +8 dBm; DCS: 0dBm
In all configurations of Base duplex filters are used, either in the combiner itself or outside the RBS.
DCS (D/)DTMA and external duplexers provide band filtering
Apart from the duplex filter itself the DTMA and the D/DTMA also have in build duplex filtering
capability. But as since December 2001 for DCS new external dual duplex filters are used with less
filtering capabilities than the previous single duplexers, the duplex filtering is set to 30dB to the
input of the receivers.
This leads to the following requirements for sharing with other operators:
E-GSM DCS Tx side

46.5 46.5 TRU-out
3 3 Combiner
3 4 Cable loss
18 18 Antenna gain
58.5 57.5 Eirp (dBm)
Rx side
18 18 Antenna gain
3 4 Cable loss
30 30 Duplex filter
8 0 Rx-Block
35.5 41.5 Required isolation
Table 32: System isolation requirements
Because another operator can change the direction of his antennae or add a network without
notice, it is assumed that the main beams are directed towards each other and transmit the same
band.
With the free space pathloss formula these values are reached at 2.5m horizontal distance in
case we use DCS on a site and 3.5m in case of E-GSM. When mounted against a flat surface or
when it is certain that the used angles of both operators are more than 120º different, a minimum
horizontal distance of 1.5m is enough for E-GSM and 1m for DCS. But this is an absolute minimum
requirement with no margins left!
Vertically 0.5m is enough to fulfill the isolation requirement, but to prevent mutual antenna
disturbance during antenna reworks 1m should be used.
Between antenna and dish a 0.3m distance should be maintained. In order to make free rotation
possible, it is preferred not to mount antennae next to dishes. If this is the only solution, then the
free propagation view requirements should be met.
--The next version will further specify requirements on isolation between operators for non-antenna
pole mounting—
4.5.2 Isolation requirements UMTS
Ericsson states that for sharing of antennae a minimum isolation of 30 dB is required between e-
GSM, DCS and UMTS. Kathrein dual and triple band antennae fulfill these requirements but for
reasons mentioned elsewhere in this document, sharing UMTS antennae with E-GSM/DCS is not
recommended.
Placement UMTS<>DCS UMTS<>E-GSM Proximus/Mobistar

Horizontal 10 cm (flat & front on same plane) 10 cm 2.5 m
20 cm (2x15°)
50 cm (with camouflage material)
Vertical 30 cm 30 cm 0.5 m
Table 33: Distance requirements UMTS to other antennae
The minimum distance to other operators can be reduced to 1.5m if the antennae are installed as
shown below.
UMTS <> DCS distance of 20 cm is based on max 15° towards each other.
15,0°
15,0°
Side View Plan View

Figure 28: Minimum DCS/UMTS antenna angle difference
If a larger angle is needed, UMTS and DCS should swap position.

If the antennae are mounted flat on the installation surface (or pole) or pointing away from each
other, the distance between them can be 10 cm.
This is without camouflage material in front of both antennae, because this reduces the isolation by
the reflection to the surface of this material. In that case 50 cm is required.
4.5.3 Antenna spacing, diversity and horizontal free view
4.5.3.1 Minimum distance between two diversity receive antennae

The minimum distance between two diversity antennae is given by approximately 10 to 15
wavelengths, which corresponds to 1.8m at 1800 MHz. Therefore 2.3 meters separation between
two receive antennae will optimally increase the diversity performance of the base station.
Lightning Rods
15cm
RX / TX RX / TX
1.5m
Jumpers
2m > 2.3 m
TMA TMA
Figure 29: Antenna diversity distances

The real space diversity gain depends on the antenna separation, communications environment,
mobile locations with respect to antenna azimuth and the height of the antennae.
Uplink link signals arrive to the receive antennae from different paths with different phases. The
cross-correlation between the envelopes of signal received on two antennae can be minimized by
increasing the separation between two receive antennae.
The estimated gain from the space diversity, combined with the cross-polar diversity could, in a
certain situation, be less than the 2.5 dB, the value that is taken into account in standard link
budget calculations. This gain will also be less when the diversity distance is reduced. The value
will be reduced to the diversity gain given by the cross-polar effect itself of about 1.5 dB when
mounted next to each other.
The azimuths of the antennae have to be taken into account to calculate the separation between
them. The separation may need to increase depending on the azimuth angle to get the optimum
effective separation distance. This is explained in the example below.
If, for example, the antennae have 75° azimuth angle and are mounted on a 0° plane, the effective
diversity distance between antennae 2.3 meters mounted apart is 2.2m.
It is calculated this way:
2.3m × sin 75° = 2.2m
75°
2.2 m
RX / TX
Head Min 2.3 m

Frame
75°
RX / TX
Figure 30: Effective space for diversity and rotation in plan view
If you can’t put horizontally spaced antennae on all sectors then in some configurations it is worth it
to put the antennae vertically separated in order to have space diversity on all sectors, but this is
less effective than horizontal spacing. The distance should be kept to a minimum (<1m) in order to
limit propagation behavior differences due to different heights.
4.5.3.2 Wall mounting of antennae and maximum rotation

Flat mounting is preferred because there is no shadow effect caused by the wall itself.
In the figure below, each antenna has a 2x90° free view.
Side View Plan View
But this is often not possible, especially for all sectors from a site. An often-occurring situation is
where the antennae have an angle with the wall to get the desired antenna angles.
This reduces the free view and possibly compromises sector overlap.
Side View Plan View
In order to have a sufficient hand-over angle at least 75° of the antenna should have a free view for
90° antennae and 70° for 65° antennae, the same way as is the case for camouflage material (see
therefore the explanation for free angle requirements for camouflage materials.
4.5.3.3 Camouflage material free view requirements

It is important that the hand-over angle between sectors on a site is sufficiently large enough to
make reliable hand-over behavior possible. To do this, 15° of overlap is necessary for 90°
antennae and 10° for 65° antennae. This corresponds with 75° and 70° as seen in the figure
below.
The angle for the 65° can be smaller because the signal drop is significantly larger in the overlap
area than is the case for the 90° antenna.
Area kept free of

constructions. Only
RF camouflage
min. 30°
material is to be
used
Possible location
to use other
materials for
constructional
+45° -45°
purposes
min. 30°
Optimum: 50 - 100 mm
Limits: 20 - 2000 mm
Antenna
RF unblocked angle:
70° for 65° opening
angle antennas
75° for 85° opening
angle antennas
Figure 31: Antenna free angle requirements

x°
At least
30°
Non-Camouflage
material allowed
Non-Camouflage
material allowed
Camouflage material
RF unblocked angle:
Non-Camouflage 70° for 65° opening angle antennas
material allowed 75° for 85° opening angle antennas At least
30°
Non-Camouflage
material allowed
Where the antenna is furthest away Depends on

from the camouflage material, is tilt angle
where the minimum area of the
camouflage material is determined !
Figure 32: Antenna free angle requirements when mounted in the corner of a construction
Approved camouflage materials are Epoxy-glass and Polyester for which it is proven the loss is
less than 1dB, reflection is less than 30dB on 15 cm of the antenna.
Materials like slate and would are not allowed to install antennae behind. Glass only in special
cases for micro cells.
4.6 Antenna selection

In this section some antenna behavior is discussed in general, further on the use of the antenna tilt
tool is shown with which more specific antenna installation consequences can be visualized.
4.6.1 Antenna properties
The most important parameters for selecting an antenna for a site are:
• horizontal 3dB beam width, also called horizontal opening angle
• gain in dBi (relative to an isotropic radiator)
• vertical 3 dB beam width, also called vertical opening angle
• electrical tilt range
• For higher sites (>50m): Null-fill, upper side lobes and back-lobes
• Size
The RF engineer needs to select the right antenna, azimuth and tilt configuration with which the
site candidate is able to meet the KPI requirements
Additional antenna type approval parameters:

• UL/DL gain balance: Antennae approved to be used by BASE are investigated on this.
• Pattern/gain stability throughout the tilt range
• Slant/intersystem isolation
• RET compatibility
• Gain versus size
• Antenna sturdiness
• Price and delivery lead time
These are already investigated for the antenna types mentioned in this document.
4.6.2 The relationship between gain and beam width:
The gain is related to the vertical and horizontal beam widths and frequency. In general: the
narrower the beam (horizontal and/or vertical), the higher the gain. A narrower vertical beam may
give higher gain, but it is not suitable for providing coverage to hilly areas where there is a large
separation in height between areas to be covered at the tops of hills and at the bottoms of valleys
(signaling overshoot might occur). The high gain antenna will also be much longer. A DCS 20 dBi
gain antenna is 2m tall, while the 15.5dBi version is only 66cm tall. Taller antennae are often less
acceptable to site owners and have a higher wind loading. Standard sizes are 2.6m for E-GSM and
1.3m for DCS and UMTS. As the wavelength of E-GSM is twice that of DCS, an antenna for E-
GSM is twice the size as a DCS antenna of the same vertical and horizontal beam width.
The inside from a Kathrein DCS dual cross-polar antenna can be seen below. In an E-GSM
antenna the dipoles are twice this size.
Knobs left and right at the bottom of the Backside of the antenna. The box in the centre is the
antenna are to adjust electrical tilt with. phase shifter. The white plastic is the tilt adjustment knob.
Figure 33: Inside a Kathrein adjustable tilt antenna 742234
4.6.3 Which site behavior can be predicted from antenna patterns

The antenna radiation pattern (best would be if analyzed in 3D) determines the site behavior. Most
datasheets however only tell the horizontal and vertical opening angle and the gain of an antenna
without any details. Only when the area to be covered is very small (e.g. a micro cell or indoor) this
information is sufficient for planning. Even for these the BIPT requires the detailed vertical and
horizontal antenna patterns for the BIPT safety forms.
The antennae selected for a site (incl. azimuth, tilt and height) during site planning determines how
a site will behave towards the customers.
A closer look what can be learned from antenna patterns and their consequences on the behavior
of a site becomes important. For practicality the 3-D antenna pattern is reduced to a cut through
the vertical plane in the centre of the main beam (horizontal direction 0°) and a cut through the
horizontal plane (vertical direction 0°). But for correct understanding it must be kept in mind that a
cut through an apple in the middle is different than when taken out of the middle.
4.6.4 Vertical plane pattern
This pattern shows a number of important features of an antenna:
1. Characterizations of the level of null fill in the lower (towards the earth) lobes. This is best
measured relative to the main beam. A good null fill ensures a relative stable signal level
development for the customers when moving inside the coverage area of a cell
2. Characterization of the gain of upper secondary lobes relative to that of the main beam. The
most important feature is the reduction of the first upper side lobe relative to the main beam.
The power transmitted in this range is directed above the horizon and contributes only to
interference for higher situated customers. The consequence of good side lobe suppression is
that a site should be at least as high as the customers it's serving. This can be important when
trying to cover a high office block from another building (but also keep in mind reflection effects
when other buildings block the antenna signal).
3. The vertical beam width of the antenna is determined by finding the 3dB points on the main
beam and then measuring the angular separation between the two points. The size of it
determines how soon the signal of a cell degrades at its coverage boundary and the size of the
handover area (see Figure 38)
4. Last, the pointing angle of the main beam can be determined. This is referred to as down tilt
angle. Applying more down tilt reduces the size of the cell (see section 4.6.6)
Figure 34: Vertical pattern with the four features of merit described above displayed.
4.6.5 Horizontal plane pattern

This pattern is a cut is through the x-axis plane and demonstrates the basic coverage footprint that
can be expected from the antenna. This is of critical importance as it defines the coverage and cell
to cell overlap that can be expected from the combination of the antennae used in the neighboring
cells.
Ideally a cell only fills the area left over by the other cells surrounding it and overlapping only to
ensure successful handover for the customers traveling from one cell service area to the other.
This requires looking for the right spot for a site and adjusting the edge of the site by using the right
down tilt with the right antenna.
If the horizontal pattern is seen as a function on the gain of the antenna on the horizon, a pattern
such as shown in Figure 38 will be found.
Note however, that most of the horizontal patterns given by vendors are cut through the main
beam. This hides the consequence of using antennae with a large vertical opening angle.
Figure 35: Shows the reduction of the gain from the horizon as a function of the tilt.
By using down tilt, the gain on the horizon of the main beam (0°) is reduced, bringing effectively the
edge of the cell closer to the site. This gain reduction is important as it helps avoiding cell to cell
interference. Also, the increased tilt acts as a null fill, providing more intense signal strength in the
covered area. This can be seen in Figure 36.
Using electrical tilt doesn’t change the gain of the antenna significantly, only where the main beam
is pointing at.
There are some technical side effects by which the actual gain is quite often varies within a range
of about 0.5 dB over the electrical tilting range, but these are considered to be of minor importance.
Figure 36: Vertical pattern of an antenna with a vertical beam width of 15°and an electrical down
tilt of 6°. The gain reduction on the horizon is 3 dB. The green pattern is that of an
Omni.
Only when the coverage must be as large as possible and interference is no issue, such as in a
valley or a large area surrounded by trees, antennae with no tilt can be used but be careful with
overshoot effect or shadowing, otherwise (electrical) down tilting is advisable.
On the other hand, high levels of tilting (on top of hills, high buildings and towers, etc.) can also
help to increase coverage in narrow streets, but excessive mechanical down tilting can cause
pattern distortions that make actual coverage quality deteriorate (see section 4.6.6).
There is also the line-of-sight effect: No matter how much an antenna is tilted, if there is a line of
sight to that antenna and not to the one the customer would actually need to be served from, the
serving antenna will often be the one the mobile ‘sees’.
4.6.6 Beam Tilt
The antenna beam is often tilted to limit the interference to nearby cells or to focus coverage on
particular areas closer to the site. There are 2 possible types of tilt possible: electrical and
mechanical. To mechanically tilt an antenna it is physically tilted over by a few degrees, while an
electrically tilted antenna must be manufactured with tilt built in.
It is not allowed to mechanically tilt an antenna with more than ½ its vertical opening angle
(rounded down and excluding any terrain angle).
The electrical tilt is achieved by varying the phase of the RF feed to each of the elements in the
array inside the antenna. The mechanical tilt may be varied by physically moving the antenna on
site, while the electrical tilt is not usually adjustable.
The difference between mechanical and electrical downtilting can be understood by reference to
the diagrams shown in Figure (1) below.
In Figure (1a), a BTS antenna with a zero degree electrical downtilt is tilted down mechanically.
The resultant “family” of elevation beam patterns for a discrete set of azimuth angles show that
only in the forward (zero azimuth angle) direction has the elevation beam actually tilted down by
the full mechanical tilt angle. As the magnitude of the azimuth angle increases, the actual elevation
beam tilt reduces from maximum according to a co sinusoidal function. Hence, for +/- 90° azimuth,
the elevation beam has not tilted at all. For azimuth angles beyond +/- 90°, the elevation beam
actually tilts upward for a mechanical downtilt. As will be discussed below, the result of this
behavior of elevation beam tilting using mechanical tilt is to cause the “footprint” of the beam inter
section with the ground to remain spread out left and right of beam centre and to only move in
toward the tower fully in the forward direction. However, the back lobe does “fire” upward and as
such does not intersect with the ground at its maximum level. (The actual back lobe level that
intersects with the ground will depend upon the elevation beam width of the back lobe and the
amount of mechanical tilt applied to the antenna.)
In contrast to mechanical downtilt, electrical downtilt truly tilts the elevation beam down equally for
all azimuth angles as shown in Figure (1b). The result of this behavior of elevation beam tilting, as
will be discussed below, is to provide a “footprint” of the beam intersection with the ground that
“tucks-in” in all azimuth directions around the tower.
It is generally agreed that electrical downtilt is superior to mechanical downtilt because the beam is
tilted down equally for all azimuth angles; however, it will be shown below that a combination of
electrical and mechanical downtilts can provide a useful tool to network planners by making it
possible to alter the shape of the beam “footprint” to some degree.
“Family” of Elevation Beam Azimuth (a) MECHANICAL

Patterns for a Discrete Set Angle DOWNTILTING
of Azimuth Angles (Main
Beams Only Shown, i.e. No Elevated BTS
Sidelobes) Antenna
“Equator” of Sphere around

Antenna
Backlobe
Downtilt Angle (@ 0 deg Az) =

Mechanical Tilt Angle
Flat
Earth
“Great Circle” Locus of Points of the Intersection of the Peak of the Elevation Beam @ Each
Azimuth Angle & the Sphere Around the Antenna
Figure 37: Elevation beam tilting by mechanical tilt

“Family” of Elevation
Beam Patterns for a Azimuth (b) ELECTRICAL
Discrete Set of
Azimuth Angles (Main
Angle DOWNTILTING
Beams Only Shown, Elevated BTS
i.e. No Sidelobes) Antenna
“Equator” of Sphere around

Antenna
Backlobe
Downtilt Angle (@ All Az) =

Electrical Tilt Angle
Flat
Circular Locus of Points of the Intersection of the Peak of the Elevation Beam
Earth
@ Each Azimuth Angle & a Flat Earth
Figure 38: Elevation beam tilting by electrical tilt

Because of this, antennae should not be tilted mechanically by more than half the -3dB vertical
opening angle (rounded down), otherwise the coverage footprint can be significantly distorted. Tilt
is much more effective on an antenna with a narrow vertical beam width (higher gain).
This can be understand easily if looked at the extreme case of a 739695, which has an opening
angle of 55° when compared to a 739494 with an opening angle of 6.5°. Obviously the 4° has
much more influence on the latter one. With the 4° tilt on this antenna, a large portion of the
transmitted power is pointed not upwards, above horizon level, as still is the case for the 739695
with 4° tilt, but most of it is pointed towards the ground. This can also be seen in the Tilt tool (see
section 4.6.7).
739695 with 4 ° mechanical tilt 739494 with 4 ° mechanical tilt

Figure 39: Differences in consequences on tilt on antennae with different vertical opening angle
Tilting is a powerful way to get good cell coverage, but if not used well, it reduces the
sectorization of a site, which is necessary to get an efficient frequency plan.
4.6.7 Tilt tool
The tilt tool is intended to help visualizing the consequences of tilting in the vertical plane.
It is intended to be an aid for selecting the optimal downtilt for a site. It is not intended to replace
Asset, but merely to make the effect of the vertical antenna pattern on the cell behavior visible in a
way Asset can’t.
Figure 40: cell service & interference rings

Two network situations, ring 1 is the serving cell, ring 2 is the interference area for a normal cell,
ring 3 is the interference area if the cell is dominant. The consequences are on average:
Ring 1: site service area.

Ring 2: 1st interference ring. Average 6 cells co-+ 5 adjacent interfered by the serving cell.
Ring 3: 2nd interference ring. Average 11 cells co + 5 adjacent interfered by the serving cell.
The drawing shows a number of sites evenly spread in an area. Whereas this is a theoretical
situation, the principal is applicable everywhere.
The allowed number of frequencies assignable to a serving cell can now be calculated quite
simple:
DCS frequency band size 110 frequencies:
1st ring
No adjacent frequencies allowed: 6x2 (for adjacent) x6 (cells) = 72 frequencies
Co frequencies allowed: 6x 1 (for co) x 5 (cells) = 30
72+30 = 102
If the network is designed less restrictive and the 2nd ring needs to be taken into account, the
calculation becomes:
4x2x11=88
4x1x5=20
88+20=108
Now only 4 channels can be assigned on average.
For E-GSM, with a band of 38 cells, the number of frequencies which can be assigned are much
less:
1st ring:
No adjacent: 2x2x6=24
No co: 2x1x5=10
24+10=35
Only an average of 2 frequencies is possible.
38-35=3. About 3 cells of the 11(6+5) can be assigned a 3rd frequency.
If the DCS cells are upgraded with E-GSM and not carefully tilted, the 2nd ring also becomes
important:
1x2x11=22
1x1x5=5
22+5=27
The 11 additional frequencies (38-27) have to be divided among 11+5=16 cells.
Now these calculations are theoretical, but not too far from reality.
This can be used as follows:

If a number of inter-site distances is measured in an area and taken a rough average of, this figure
can give an estimation to calculate the required tilt with on the vertical antenna pattern.
The tilts and resulting pattern for different distances can be analyzed with the Tilt tool.
The red line in the figures below is the UL antenna pattern, the black line the DL antenna pattern.
Figure 41: 739686, EDT -3º, 30m, Spike at 30º is angle at 50m from site, spike at 0º is horizon.
Whereas it is visible from this screen that when a cell + handover range of 1km is required, this tilt
is sufficient, but obviously if a smaller range is needed, a stronger tilt should be applied.
For a cell range of 500m + handover range of 250m a configuration (for the same antenna and
height) as can be seen in Figure 42 can be applied.
Figure 42: 739686, EDT -7º, 30m, spike at 30º is angle at 50m from site, spike at 0º is horizon.
The gain of the antenna is stable in the service area (in this range a signal reduction of 1dB can be
neglected) and reduces at 700m with 4 dB at ring 2 (as the next cells will normally be at about
1000m, if the cell range is 500m) and at ring 3, 1000 further, the antenna pattern reduces the DL
interference signal by 6.5 dB.
There is also a clear difference in gain between UL an DL, but as this remains in the cell +
handover range within 1 dB this is acceptable. The spikes and/or gain differences in the first 200m
In the figure below you can see when it is attempted to install a 742266 antenna a 100m with -7º
downtilt. This tool can be an aid in selecting the optimum downtilt angle for a site in more difficult
cases like calculating the optimum tilt for antennae with a vertical opening angle of more than 10º.
Below is an extreme case where an antenna is installed on a very high site and a very high tilt.
Figure 43: 742266, EDT -7º, 100m, spike at 65º is angle at 50m from site, spike at 0º is horizon.
As can be seen from the right graph the cell is over shooting the first 500m. There is a stronger
signal at 200m, but the peak is so narrow that it can’t fill up the hole between 200 and 500m. This
cell will likely experience coverage holes close to the site. This behavior was also detected on ultra
high sites in Germany. Depending on the terrain (for example a site on a hill) this effect can also
happen on much lower heights. Some basic functionality of hill slope simulation is also build-in in
the Tilt-tool.
Of course the results of the simulation needs to be checked in Asset as the tool, though using the
same models as Asset, doesn’t have a terrain or clutter database incorporated.
5 Micro cell planning

REMARK:Micro cell planning for UMTS has specific problems totally different from 2G. This is not
covered in these guidelines.
At this moment BASE only has 2302 micro cell cabinets capable of DCS available. In the near
future, these will be superseded with 2309 and 2109 cabinets.
Micro cells are to be used when the following three conditions are applicable in a certain area of
the network:
Requirement KPN Mobile Base Calculated on

Maximum inter-site distance < 800m < 600m Used band
Capacity on cells in macro-layer > 3 TRU > 3 TRU Bandwidth, equipment costs
Minimum traffic density >75 Erl/km2 >150 Erl/km2 1 TRU micro-cell
Bandwidth 63 ch GSM; 38 ch E-
80 ch DCS GSM
110 ch DCS
Table 34: Micro-cell planning characteristics Base & Mobile
When to use micro-cells for coverage
If in a city busy, narrow streets with slow traffic are lacking coverage, micro-cells can be a solution.
The antennae are installed on 5 to 10m height and provide (roughly) only coverage on what they
see plus a few dozen meters more and the buildings in sight.
In general, the coverage cell range will be about 150-200m.
When to use micro cells for capacity

The maximum inter-site distance is the approximate distance from which the indoor coverage is
expected to be good and for shorter distances the network quality is expected to degrade because
of interference due to problems in controlling the cell coverage
As KPN Mobile uses GSM to do this, an inter-site distance of less than 800 m, for DCS this limit is
at about 600m. The cell capacity minimum is based on the k-factor of the network and macro-cell
equipment costs.
The k-factor is the average time a frequency can be re-used before interference starts to decrease
the network quality.
A network with an uneven structure needs a k factor of 15, a very good network requires less, like
12.
As KPN mobile uses GSM on its micro cells and on all cells on the top layer, 63/15 gives 4 TRUs
as a micro cell threshold. For Base this is 110/15=7 TRU on DCS. It is not based on E-GSM
because only DCS micro cell equipment is available.
The other factor equipment cost doesn't count much for KPN Mobile because this factor is for them
at the same amount of TRUs as resulting from the k-factor. For Base however, above the 4 TRU
2106/2206 equipment is required, needing 2 antennae per sector. This equipment is very
expensive and in Brussels in most cases only 1 antenna per sector is currently present and
possible. Therefore the threshold is set to 5 TRU in the macro cell layer.
KPN has a market penetration 3 times higher than Base. The minimum traffic average to get break-
even on a micro-cell is about 2 Erlang, The business case below shows that a micro cell will rarely
reach this point in our network.
The traffic for a micro cell can be estimated as follows.

If in an area there of 100x100m (a square with restaurants for example) 1000 people are walking
the average pedestrian has approximately 3x3m available (very crowded). If an area is more
crowded, people will call less (noisy, no moving space, people bumping into each other). If our
market penetration is 15% and 5% make a call in that area while being there of 3 minutes (=0.05
Erl), the traffic being generated is:
1000x0.15x0.05x0.05=0.375 Erl.
The traffic density is in this case:
0.75/(0.1*0.1)≈37.5 Erl/km2
But at least 7.5 Erlang daily traffic is required to give the micro cell a pay back time of 5 year. So 4
times higher traffic density and therefore more customers are required, which is highly unlikely.
And if the capacity of the macro cell for that area is increased for 3 TRUs to 4 TRUs the capacity
increases from 14.9 Erl to 21.9 Erl, giving an additional 7 Erl capacity, for a fraction of the costs of
a micro cell.
6 Appendices
6.1 Frequency bands

The standard frequency bands are:
uplink (MHz) downlink (MHz)

Band ch_min ch_max freq_min freq_max freq_min freq_max
R-GSM 955 974 876 880 921 925
E-GSM 975 1023 880 890 925 935
GSM 1 124 890 915 935 960
GSM 1800 512 885 1710 1785 1805 1880
UMTS 1920 1980 2110 2170
Table 35: Mobile frequency bands
BASE has the next frequency bands to its availability:
BASE uplink (MHz) downlink (MHz)

E-GSM 975 999 880 885 925 930
1009 1024 887 890 932 935
GSM 1800 776 885 1763 1784,8 1858 1879,8
UMTS 1935,3 1950,1 2125,3 2140,1
Table 36: Base frequency bands
6.2 Design Levels

The following design levels are to be used on Asset:
MS Body Margin Avg Margin log- Threshold

Sensitivity loss penetration normal
loss fading
GSM 1800 outdoor -100 4 0 11 -85
GSM 1800 in-car -100 4 5 6 10.4 -75
GSM 1800 indoor residential -100 4 9 16 -71
GSM 1800 indoor cities -100 4 5 18 7 -66
E-GSM outdoor -102 4 0 11 -87
E-GSM in-car -102 4 5 4 10.4 -79
E-GSM indoor residential -102 4 6 16 -76
E-GSM indoor cities -102 4 5 15 7 -71
Table 37: Network design levels Base
6.3 Traffic, congestion, blocking and the use of the Erlang B table
This appendix describes how the allowed amount of traffic handled by a TRU can be calculated.
The unit of traffic is the Erlang (E or Erl) and is determined as one connection on a single line for a
period of one hour.
In the analogue world without multiplexing, this is also the maximum what one line can have for
during one hour.
If a number of people try to use the same line, without multiplexing, there is a certain chance that
the line is already occupied. The chance for a person being able to use the line will decrease when
there are more people sharing the connection and also decreases when the average calling time
per person increases.
The Erlang B table shows this chance for the case where there is no waiting queue implemented
(see also information after Table 39), as is the case in GSM.
In the above case, with the help of the Erlang B table it can be calculated that when there are 3
persons during one hour each want to make a phone call of 5 minutes on one line the chance they
succeed in this is:
3 x5
= 0.25 Erl
60
As can be seen from Table 39 below this can be translated into a chance of 20%, which is the
chance for one out of 3 callers of finding their one shared line congested.
In a network situation, as is the case for a site, it’s the other way around. The available amount of
connection lines is set, the acceptable congestion is known, and the operator wants to know what
amount of customers the site can handle.
For BASE the acceptable congestion is 2%, for a sector with 2 TRUs the number of connection
possibilities is 2x8 timeslots minus 2 for the BCCH, gives 14 traffic channels. Together this means
that 8.2 Erl can be handled by this sector.
If the average generated traffic per customer in that area is 0.01 Erl and 10% of the people living in
the covered area of this sector, this sector can have 8200 customers.
The standard 2% traffic values are, as can be seen from the table below:
TRU Erlang Capacity increase (Erl)

1 2.276 2.276
2 7.402 5.126
3 13.18 5.778
4 20.15 6.97
5 26.44 6.29
6 33.76 7.32
Table 38: TRU amounts and cell capacity (increase)
The figures in the table above are based on standard amounts of SDCCH and 1 fixed PDCH.
If there is less voice traffic, more timeslots will be used for GPRS if required, but GPRS capacity is
reduced if voice traffic increases. Voice has priority over data.
As this capacity is adjusted with the traffic requirement, The Erlang B capacity only applies to the
fixed timeslot amounts.
Table 39: Erlang B table
6.4 The Erlang B formula itself

Erlang-B formula allows you to calculate the probability that a resource request from the customer
will be denied due to lack of resources. The formula is:
Where:
• N is the total number of resources in the system

• E is the total traffic in Erlang
• Pb is the probability that a customer request will be rejected due to lack of resources
The formula works under the following conditions:
• The number of customers is much larger than the number of resources available to service
them. In general, the formula gives acceptable results if the number of customers is at least 10
times the total number of resources (N).
• Requests from customers are independent of each other. This formula does not work if
customer requests have been triggered by some common event like calling a talk show,
natural calamity etc.
• Customer requests are blocked only when no resources are available to service them.
• When a customer cannot be serviced, the resource request is simply rejected. No attempt is
made to queue the customer request.
• The customer does not retry the request after being denied service. (the customer would in
effect, himself be forming a queue.)
• The resource is allocated exclusively to one customer for the specified period. The resource
cannot be shared with other customers. (so the Erlang B table doesn't apply to calculate
GPRS congestion chance with)
6.5 Origin of the horizontal pathloss and isolation formula

The power transmitted by a point in space in vacuum spreads out like a sphere.
The size of the surface of a sphere is
S = 4πr 2
The power density received on a point in space then becomes
Pt
ρ=
4πr 2
Where Pt is the transmitted power and ρ the Poynting vector for power density. The receiving
antenna at a distance r from the transmitting antenna with an aperture A will receive power
Pt A
Pr = ρA =
4πr 2
Pr is the received power at the receive dipole.
The relationship between aperture A and the gain G is
4πA
G=
λ2
For a short dipole, G=1. Then
λ2
A=
4π
Substitution of this equation yields the free-space formula
Pt
Pr = 2
⎛ 4 ×π × r ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
The free-space loss now becomes
2
⎛P ⎞ ⎛ 4πr ⎞ ⎛ 4πr ⎞ ⎛r⎞ ⎛r⎞
10 log⎜⎜ t ⎟⎟ = 10 log⎜ ⎟ = 20 log⎜ ⎟ = 20 log⎜ ⎟ + 20 log(4π ) = 20 log⎜ ⎟ + 22
⎝ Pr ⎠ ⎝ λ ⎠ ⎝ λ ⎠ ⎝λ⎠ ⎝λ⎠
To compensate for the actual gain of the actually used antennae the formula for horizontal antenna
isolation now becomes:
⎛r⎞
Ploss = 20 log⎜ ⎟ + 22 − (G1 + G 2 )
⎝λ⎠
Where Ploss is in dB and G1 and G2 are the gains of the antenna in their respective directions.
The values for these can be found in the antenna pattern data from the vendor.
Of course this formula doesn't take near-field antenna behavior into account, which is much harder
to calculate. This formula is therefore only an approximation. The formula for vertical isolation is
derived similarly, but because of the vertical positioning in near field antenna gain cannot be
approximated in the same way, thus resulting in a formula without specific antenna gain taken into
account.
6.6 TMA gain

A 12 dB TMA gain doesn't result in a BTS sensitivity increase of 12 dB. This is why:
The use of TMA is that it amplifies the uplink signal before the feeder cable weakens it.
This needs to be done before because of the influence of thermal noise.
At room temperature (290K, 17°C) the noise power is:
NP = −174 + 10 xLog (B )
B = Bandwidth in Hz
The bandwidth can be explained as the frequency band the system 'listens' to. The larger the
range, the more noise power is received.
The movement of electrons in atoms causes thermal noise. At 0 Kelvin electrons don't move and
therefore cause no noise at that temperature.
For E-GSM and DCS the signal bandwidth is 200 kHz, but the actual bandwidth of the filters is 250
kHz. The noise power received by the BTS is therefore -120 dBm.
To be able to retrieve the wanted information from the received signal, the quality of the retrievable
information correlates to the amount it is stronger than the noise. The higher the signal to noise
ratio becomes, the smaller the BER (bit error rate) will be. For 1% raw BER this is 7 dB. Also the
coding scheme, fading and accepted sound quality influences this.
Apart from this, the equipment adds noise to the signal as well.
NF = Rx sensitivity − NP − C / N ratio
So the NF for a 2206 becomes:
NF = −110 − (−120) − 7 = 3
This means that, theoretically, a sensitivity of -113 dBm is possible, if the equipment itself doesn't
add noise. This is impossible, in practice about 1.5 is the minimum, but also the jumper cable
between antenna and TMA adds noise, so the sensitivity becomes about -111 dBm and not -122
dBm.
6.7 UMTS BSDS information

Site Identity:
Ready for appr.
Appr. by teaml.?
First name:
Site Name: State:
Address: Zipcode:
Latitude: Longitude:
Created By
RF Designer: Phone: Power_supply
Frame agr.: Class code:
Cabinet_number 01 02
IP-B
Cabinettype
PSU amount
TX-B (CE) HW installed
TX-B (CE) SW activated
RAX-B (CE) HW installed
RAX-B (CE) SW activated
2 Mbps
Sector_id 1 2 3 1 2 3
MCPA type
Carriers installed
Carriers active
MCPA mode
ASC
RET
Antenna_height
Antenna_azimuth
Antenna_type
Antenna_electrical downtilt
Antenna_mechanical tilt
Feedertype
Feederlength
Table 40: UMTS BSDS information
− The cabinets will be ordered in bulk with standard configurations. When traffic grids and traffic
growth become available, internal cabinet boards will be customized during ordering, but
hardware/software capacity adaptations will be done after installation.
− During phase 1 and 2 quite likely only one UMTS Node-B will be required per site, but the data
input systems will be prepared for two.
− For C&I only the type of cabinet, indoor or outdoor, will be of interest from the cabinet data on
the BSDS.
− The feeder type and feeder length are used for preliminary calculation by RF and are agreed to
during TR.
6.8 Information to be returned by A&B
Site_Identity
Cabinet_number 01 02
Sector_id 1 2 3 1 2 3
Feedertype
Feederlength
Cable loss UL Node-B-> ASC Feeder Branch 1 (at 1943 MHz) dB
Cable loss DL Node-B-> ASC Feeder Branch 1 (at 2133 MHz) dB
Time delay Node-B-> ASC Feeder Branch 1 ns
Jumper length ASC->Antenna
Cable loss UL ASC-> Antenna jumper Branch 1 (at 1943 MHz) dB
Cable loss DL ASC-> Antenna jumper Branch 1 (at 2133 MHz) dB
Time delay ASC-> Antenna jumper Branch 1 ns
Cable loss UL Node-B-> ASC Feeder Branch 2 (at 1943 MHz) dB
Cable loss DL Node-B-> ASC Feeder Branch 2 (at 2133 MHz) dB
Time delay Node-B-> ASC Feeder Branch 2 ns
Jumper length ASC->Antenna
Cable loss UL ASC-> Antenna jumper Branch 2 (at 1943 MHz) dB
Cable loss DL ASC-> Antenna jumper Branch 2 (at 2133 MHz) dB
Time delay ASC-> Antenna jumper Branch 2 ns
Only Quadrant jumpers are allowed !
If standard 1 m and 1,5 m jumpers are used between ASC and Antenna, these values can be used:
Jumper length 1 1,5 meter
Total Jumper attenuation Rx/UL 0,36 0,44 dB
Total Jumper attenuation Tx/DL 0,37 0,45 dB
Total elektrical delay 4,07 6,1 ns
Table 41: C&I cable data deliverables
Feeders should respect the same VSWR requirements as used for DCS
7 Explanations
7.1 Separate antennae for UMTS

The requirement for separate antennae for UMTS is for two reasons:
The network will be build up in stages. Some sites will be upgraded using UMTS and others later.
To make the network covering as much as possible, the azimuths of the UMTS antennae will need
to be adjusted to directions in a way the sites initially left out of the plan to save money are taken
over as much as possible.
Also, the traffic of UMTS will be very different than that for E-GSM and DCS. On a well designed,
effective UMTS network, this will reflect on the antenna azimuths for UMTS.
Neglecting this will result in substandard network quality (coverage + capacity). In extreme cases it
can even be that this cannot be compensated by the installation of extra sites. The only option in
such a case is removal of UMTS on the site(s) where separate antennae are not possible.
7.2 Separate feeders for UMTS

Increased loss between Node-B and antenna increases noise and reduces possible output which
results in reduced capacity, which limits the coverage when the traffic increases.
The possibility of using a 2m jumper near the UMTS cabinet in combination with the same feeder
size requirements as for DCS makes the reuse of DCS feeders already present on site easier, but
in order to limit the total loss to maximum 3.6 dB (excluding 0.4 dB of loss for the ASC), the total
jumper length is limited to 5m. This is already 0.1 dB more loss than allowed by KPN Mobile, but is
expected to save money on sites, with limited consequences.
UMTS feeder loss
4,5
4
Antenna feeder branch loss (dB)
3,5
2,5
1,5
0,5
0
10 12,5 15 17,5 20 22,5 25 27,5 30 32,5 35 37,5 40 42,5 45 47,5 50 52,5 55 57,5 60 62,5 65 67,5 70 72,5 75 77,5 80
Antenna feeder branch length (m)
Figure 44: Cable losses for UMTS

When feeders would be shared, the loss would be increased by 1.2 dB (2x 0.4 per diplexer + 2x
0.2 dB per jumper). The limit of 3.6 dB can then only be kept for feeder ranges shorter than 25m,
but on these lengths ½” feeder is used and adding extra feeders is only rarely a problem and
always cheaper than using diplexers. Therefore sharing of feeders of UMTS with E-GSM or DCS is
therefore not allowed.
In cases where DCS or E-GSM use TMAs it is even not possible due to the fact that both D/DTMA
and ASC receive there supply power by means of the feeder.
An alternative can sometimes be when E-GSM or DCS or both, use no TMAs that feeders are
shared at the expense of about 1 dB, but this shall always be discussed with RF for consequences.
7.3 UMTS Isolation requirement

The required isolation between antenna systems for GSM, DCS and UMTS is build up by:
GSM/DCS -> UMTS

1. The spurious emission from the GSM/DCS TX system
2. GSM/DCS Combiner loss (if present, a CDU-A has no internal combiner)
3. Duplex filter TX spurious emission dampening (internal of external)
4. Cable loss
5. GSM/DCS Masthead amplifier filtering (if present)
6. Jumper loss
7. Isolation between GSM/DCS antenna (section) and UMTS (section)
8. Jumper loss
9. ASC insertion loss
According to ETSI GSM 05.05 is the spurious emission from a GSM/DCS TRU smaller than -30
dBm in a 3 MHz bandwidth. As the effective UMTS noise bandwidth is 4 MHz, this represents -28.8
dBm of in-band noise.
The noise figure of UMTS the UMTS receiver is determined by the ASC, which is 2 dB, as the
uplink gain of the ASC is 30 dB.
As a result of this, the noise floor of the UMTS receiver becomes -106 dBm.
When 0.4 dB degradation is accepted, this translates into 10 dB below noise floor, so smaller than
-116 dBm.
The required isolation between E-GSM/DCS and UMTS now becomes -116-(-28.8) = -87 dB
This is to be provided by 2-9 from the list above.
Effectively there are 2 cases. The first one is CDU-A, the second one is CDU-C+
As DCS, CDU-C+ is worst case, this is used in calculation.
2. Combiner loss 5dB
3. Duplex filter: 30-35 dB
4. Typically 3 dB
5. No TMA, so 0 dB
6. No jumper from TMA to antenna needed
7. Isolation between 2 antenna sections in a 742241: >38 dB
8. Jumper loss from antenna to ASC: 0.2 dB
9. ASC insertion loss: 0.2 dB
So effectively 76.4-81.4 dB per TRU is provided and 87dB is needed when no TMA is used.
This is about 5-10 dB loss too few per TRU. Ericsson specifies however, that the spurious
emission is sufficiently lower than the GSM ETSI requirement that this is fulfilled, even when the
antenna isolation is only 30 dB.
This is however, not guaranteed when the UMTS antenna is installed in the vicinity of another
operator.
7.4 IM3 & IM5 issues when UMTS is co-located with E-GSM/DCS
These cannot occur from BASE to BASE (in the FDD band we will currently deploy, deployment of
the TDD band is not foreseen yet). IM3 & IM5 are possible from DCS to UMTS block A from
Proximus if antennae would be shared. This should therefore not be done. The IM3 levels will also
need to be investigated on indoor equipment (fiber and coax repeaters etc).IM3 and IM5
These are the UMTS band licenses of several operators.
Operator Uplink (MHz) Downlink (MHz) TDD (MHz)

Proximus 1920.3 – 1935.3 2110.3 – 2125.3 1914.9-1920.3
BASE 1935.3 – 1950.1 2125.3 – 2140.1 1899.9-1904.9
Mobistar 1964.9 – 1979.7 2154.9 – 2169.7 1909.9-1914.9
E-Plus 1940.1 – 1950.0 2130.1 – 2140.0

KPN Mobile 1934.9 – 1949.7 2124.9 – 2139.7
UMTS range 1920.0 – 1980.0 2110.0 – 2170.0
Table 42: UMTS licenses

Unsolved question at this stage: what about cross border frequency and code coordination?
KPN Mobile uses the same carrier as BASE, carrier 2, for first roll-out.
The other frequency bands of Base are:
Channel range uplink (MHz) downlink (MHz)

E-GSM 975 1024 880 890 925 930
GSM 1800 776 885 1763 1784,8 1858 1879,8
Table 43: E-GSM / DCS licenses BASE
For E-GSM this is not true yet, but more frequencies might be purchased in the near future. This
has already been taken into account in this table.
A consequence of our frequency range is that, due to our downlink band, IM3 products might be
generated in the UMTS band of Proximus when antennae would be installed too close (or shared).
2.5m horizontally (or 1.5m if antennae point in the same direction) and 0.5m vertically can be
considered to be safe.
7.5 Why is the Racal 1661 a bad antenna

Below you can see the vertical patterns of the 1661 between +10º above (350º in the graph) and
15º below horizon, for DCS and for E-GSM. What you can see is the large differences in gain and
angle for the optimum gain.
The part below horizon is the most important part as it shows the holes in the coverage below the
horizon of the antenna. The part above horizon is important to see how effective downtilting is.
DCS of this antenna has a problem, because the overall downlink will be stronger than the uplink
up to almost 12dB. The TMA is not able to compensate that as can be read in section 6.6.
16
11
1
1710
350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1800
1880
-4
-9
-14
-19
Figure 45: Thales 1661 gain versus frequency and vertical angle in the DCS band
As you can see below, Racal has concentrated on the GSM behavior, expecting the antenna
mainly to be used in a network where DCS is build only for capacity on top of a already coverage
filled GSM layer, because this is not too bad. With Kathrein antennae, they show up almost as one
line!
16
11
350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
870
-4 910
960
-9
-14
-19
-24
Figure 46: Thales 1661 gain versus frequency and vertical angle in the E-GSM band
The same applies for the horizontal pattern: Acceptable for GSM (not shown), but substandard for
DCS (see below). The optimum direction is not even at the same angle.
16
14
12
10
1710
1800
1880
8
2
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 106 111 116 121 126 131 136 141
Figure 47: Thales 1661 gain versus frequency and horizontal angle in the DCS band
So, as you can understand the disadvantages of using these antennae are significant, but it's
either this or no E-GSM for configuration 6 and 85º sites in the South.
May 2005: Still no alternative for the Racal 1661.

RF Guide Ericsson

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RF Engineering and Optimization

UMTS, DCS and E-GSM

Table of contents Page

2 RBS EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................................................8

3.5.2 Jumpers ..........................................................................................................................................40

Table index Page

TABLE 1: CABINET AMOUNTS FOR MACRO CELLS .....................................................................................................8

Figure Index Page

FIGURE 1: 2202 AND 2206 CABINET STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................10

FIGURE 7: 2302 INSTALLED WITH PBC (NOT OBLIGATORY) ....................................................................................14

Site planning steps Page

Configuration index Page

CONFIGURATION1C+-E2 & C+-E4 ......................................................................................................................23

Update summary 2002 rev Q:

Update summary 2004 rev R:

Site urban area size Cabinet space reservations

Table 2: CDUs, capacity and required antennae

The other question is whether the equipment is to be installed indoor or outdoor:

2.1.3 UMTS macro cell cabinets

2206 cabinet 2202 cabinet

Figure 3: 2x06 cabinet architecture

1. Synchronizing the DXUs of two cabinets (used for 2x06 cabinets)

How does this master/extension system work?

2.3 DXU, CDU and TRU types & EDGE

Hardware modules Ericsson part number Cabinet type

2.4 2x06 cabinet PSU amounts

2.5 Cabinet space requirements

The 2206 indoor cabinet has the following dimensional requirements:

2.6 Radio Base station micro cells 2302

Some specifications of the 2302:

Figure 6: 2302 cabinet sizes and space requirements

Figure 7: 2302 installed with PBC (not obligatory)

2.7 Radio Base Station macro cells UMTS

RBS 3101 RBS 3202

2.8 Battery backup

Cabinet combinations Battery strings

2.9 Cabinet noise

Temperature 30ºC Max.

2.10 What are preferred cabinet configurations?

Surplus of CDUs and D/DTMAs are to be brought back to stock.

2.10.2.1 2x02 dual-band cabinets

Master Extension Master Master

2.11 Radio Base Station configurations DCS macro cells

2.11.1.1 Configuration Gc-D4, Preferred configuration for 4+4+4

2.11.1.2 Configuration Gc-D8, Preferred configuration for 6+6+6 and 8+8+8

2.11.2.1 Configuration 1, preferred configuration for 4+4+4

2.11.2.2 Configuration 2, Exceptional configuration for 4+4+4

2.11.2.3 Configuration 3, Non-preferred configuration for 4+4+4

2.11.2.4 Configuration 4, preferred configuration for 2+2+2

2.11.2.5 Configuration 5, Exceptional configuration for 2+2+2

2.11.2.6 Configuration 6, Non-preferred configuration for 2+2+2

2.11.2.7 Configuration 7, Umbrella configuration for 6+6+6

2.11.2.8 Configuration 8, Exceptional configuration for 2+2+2

2.11.2.9 Configuration 8 div, non-preferred configuration for 2+2+2

2.11.2.10 Configuration 9, Exceptional configuration for 1+1+1

2.11.2.11 Maxite solution

2.12 Radio Base Station configurations E-GSM macro cells

Current capacity Upgrade capacity

2.12.1.1 Upgrading C+-E2

2.12.1.2 Upgrading Gu-E2

X(1): Extra E-GSM antenna possible, no extra feeders possible

Translated into a table: