Developing Framewrok To Assess The Potential of Infill Development in Selected Zones of Lahore

MS Thesis
DEVELOPING FRAMEWROK TO ASSESS THE

POTENTIAL OF INFILL DEVELOPMENT IN
SELECTED ZONES OF LAHORE
Supervisor:
Dr. Amer Aziz
Researcher:
Muhammad Shafaat Nawaz
2016-MS-CRP-14
Department of City & Regional Planning

University of Engineering & Technology Lahore
I
“DEVELOPING FRAMEWROK TO ASSESS THE POTENTIAL OF INFILL
DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED ZONES OF LAHORE”
By
Muhammad Shafaat Nawaz

2016-MS-CRP-14
A thesis submitted to Department of City & Regional Planning, Unviersity of

Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan in Partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of Masters in City and Regional Planning
Approval On: 06-JULY-2018
Internal Examiner: Sign: ________________________________

(Supervisor) Dr. Amer Aziz
External Examiner: Sign: ________________________________

Dr. Waseem Akram
Chairman: Sign: ________________________________

Department of City & Regional Planning Prof. Dr. Rizwan Hameed
Dean: Sign: ________________________________

Faculty of Architecture & Planning Prof. Dr. Ghulam Abbas Anjum
Department of City & Regional Planning

University of Engineering & Technology Lahore
II
DECLARATION
I declare that this research study is entirely my own work and has never been
published in any form elsewhere. The matter quoted in the text has been properly
referred and acknowledged.
III
DEDICATION
To my “Ami Ji” whom I love the most and who loves me the most
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have a firm belief in collectivism. Through many experiences in life, I have learned that a work
created by struggle of a team is far significant than an individual’s endeavors. This faith has, thus,
always provided me with the courage to ask for help and for guidance; help from the family,
colleagues and friends while guidance from Almighty ALLAH and from mentors.
This research study, I firmly accept that, was not possible without the guidance from the mentor:
“Dr. Amer Aziz”. He was always kind enough to dedicate his time for my guidance whenever I
needed. Even at those moments in this research study when I found myself lost, he grabbed my
hand and took back to right path.
Contribution from my family, especially my Ami, is also worth mentioning as she kept her patience
and helped me keep mine in this a year-long study. She has many times cancelled her plans to give
me spare time to work on this study and has always explained to all family members why I was
not available for them as I was busy working on this sincere cause.
As the research methodology of this work explains in related sections that the most experienced
mavens from both the academia as well as profession were interviewed, I would strongly agree
that every single one of them was very busy in tight schedule when I approached and asked for
half an hour interview. They were generous enough to put their tasks in abeyance to entertain me.
It is not possible to name all those mentors here but annexures show beautiful faces of most of
those.
Finally, let me agree that I have been blessed with best friends who have always supported me
with good cause. Mr. Raheel Zafar, who is also a senior in profession, has provided his valuable
inputs in delineating the methodology for this work while Mr. Sajid Iqbal and Mr. Muhammad
Anayat have both helped me conduct hours long field surveys. Without their help, I would not be
able to complete this study.
Finally, I appreciate the efforts of the faculty of Department of City & Regional Planning at
University of Engineering & Technology who helped me amend my research proposal to make it
more pragmatic as well as result oriented.
V
SYNOPSIS
Pakistani cities are encountering rapid rate of urbanization leading to uncontrolled urban sprawl
and in case of Lahore, policy documents germane to the spatial planning of the city have implicitly
or explicitly fostered the need for infill development as a solution. However, no academic research
or official report was produced so far to guide as how potential areas for infill development be
identified in the city. This study endeavors to abridge this research gap by developing a framework
for assessment of the potential of infill development in Lahore. The framework is developed by
identifying decisive indicators as per local context through structured interviews from experienced
professional and policy makers in the city. The weightage of the indicators was thereafter decided
through application of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) using Super Decisions Software. The
developed framework was applied in two case studies from the city to provide example of
application of the framework using ArcGIS. The outcome of this research, the framework, can be
used as a replicable tool for assessment of potential of infill development in major cities of
Pakistan, especially Lahore.
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................... III
DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... V
SYNOPSIS .................................................................................................................................... VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. VII
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... XI
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... XIV
LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................. XVI
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 2
PAKISTANI CITIES AND HOUSING ..................................................................................... 2
LAND SPECULATION AND ASSOCIATED DYNAMICS ................................................... 3
THE POTENTIAL ...................................................................................................................... 4
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................. 5
RESEARCH QUESTION ........................................................................................................... 6
STUDY RATIONALE ............................................................................................................... 7
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................... 7
PROSPECTIVE UTILIZATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS ............................................. 8
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................................ 8
CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER ....................................................................................... 12
UDERSTANDING INFILL DEVELOPMENT IN CONTEXT OF LAHORE ........................... 14
LAHORE; THE CASE STUDY ............................................................................................... 14
INFILL DEVELOPMENT & LAHORE .................................................................................. 15
SELECTION OF RESPONDENTS ..................................................................................... 18
IS INFILL DEVELOPMENT A NEW CONCEPT FOR LAHORE? .................................. 19
VII
INFILL WITHIN EXISTING URBAN AREAS .................................................................. 22
DOES INFILL ONLY RELATE TO HOUSING? ............................................................... 23
DOES INFILL DEVELOPMENT ONLY CONSIDER VACANT PLOTS? ...................... 24
PHYSICAL PROVISION OF BUILDINGS VS THEIR ULTIMATE OCCUPANCY ...... 25
CAN POTENTIAL OF INFILL DEVELOPMENT BE ASSESSED? ................................ 26
WHICH UNIT SHOULD BE USED FOR MEASUREMENT OF POTENTIAL OF INFILL

DEVELOPMENT? ............................................................................................................... 27
OBSTACLES TO INFILL DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................... 31
FINDING DECISIVE VARIABLES ........................................................................................... 35
1. SUITABILITY FOR INFILL DEVELOPMENT: A MULTI-CRITERIA AND SPATIAL

ASSESSMENT APPROACH (Kamal, 2014) ........................................................................... 35
2. DEVELOPABLE SITE ANALYSIS (Department of Infrastructure, Energy & Resources,

2012) ......................................................................................................................................... 40
3. BALLARAT RESIDENTIAL INFILL OPPORTUNITIES (Aurecon, 2009) .................. 45
4. EVALUATION OF INFILL DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL IN ZONE 8 OF TABRIZ BY

ANALYSIS NETWORK PROCESS METHOD (Razavian & Samadi, 2016) ......................... 52
VARIABLES ADOPTED FROM LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................. 56
DECISIVE VARIABLES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FRAMEWORK ................................ 57
DEVELOPING FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................. 65
ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) ........................................................................ 68
STEPS INVOLVED IN ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) ............................ 69
JUSTIFICATION FOR USING ANALYTIC HIEARARCHY PROCESS ........................ 72
RECOMMENDATION FOR USE OF ANALYTIC HIEARARCHY PROCESS (AHP) .. 74
APPLICATION OF ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) ...................................... 76
VIII
SUPER DECISIONS SOFTWARE ...................................................................................... 77
RESULTS FROM SUPER DECISION SOFTWARE ........................................................... 109
1. WEIGHTAGE OF INDICATORS IN GROUP 01: ................................................. 109
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS ............................................................................................ 112
CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER ..................................................................................... 113
APPLYING FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................................... 115
CASE STUDIES ..................................................................................................................... 115
SELECTION CRITERIA ................................................................................................... 115
CASE STUDY 01: UC 100, ICHRA, LAHORE ................................................................ 117
CASE STUDY 02: RACHNA & NARGIS BLOCK, AIT, LAHORE............................... 119
CREATING PARCEL LEVEL GIS DATA ........................................................................... 121
COLLECTING DATA FOR INDICATORS ......................................................................... 123
Construction Status of Plot ................................................................................................. 123
Number of Access to the Lot/ Land Parcel ......................................................................... 126
R.O.W of Land Parcel/ Plot Abutting Road ....................................................................... 126
Size of Land Parcel/ Plot..................................................................................................... 126
Capacity of Electricity/ Sui Gas Lines ................................................................................ 127
Capacity of Sewerage/ Drainage Lines ............................................................................... 128
Capacity of Water Supply Lines ......................................................................................... 128
Availability of Educational Facilities ................................................................................. 129
Availability of Health Facilities .......................................................................................... 129
IX
Availability of Mobility Facilities ...................................................................................... 130
Availability of Security Facilities ....................................................................................... 130
Availability of Open Spaces ............................................................................................... 130
Legal Constraints ................................................................................................................ 131
Natural Constraints ............................................................................................................. 132
Pipeline Projects regarding Civic Services ......................................................................... 132
Pipeline Projects regarding Utility Lines ............................................................................ 133
Pipeline Projects regarding Legal Framework .................................................................... 134
DATA INPUT IN ARCGIS .................................................................................................... 135
OUTPUT OF THE FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................... 139
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES ..................................................................................... 145
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................. 164
CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................... 164
RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................ 167
PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE WORK ........................................................................................ 169
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 170
ANNEXURES ............................................................................................................................ 174
X
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Research Objectives ........................................................................................................ 6
Figure 2 Research Question ............................................................................................................ 6
Figure 3: Research Methodology .................................................................................................. 11
Figure 4: Characteristics of Infill .................................................................................................. 22
Figure 5: Results of the study ....................................................................................................... 28
Figure 6: Levels of extensibility ................................................................................................... 29
Figure 7: Ranking ......................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 8: Planning Scenarios ........................................................................................................ 30
Figure 9: Phases of study .............................................................................................................. 52
Figure 10: Analytic Hierarchy Process ......................................................................................... 67
Figure 11: AHP Scale ................................................................................................................... 70
Figure 12: Process of AHP ........................................................................................................... 71
Figure 13: AHP Matrix ................................................................................................................. 73
Figure 14: Recommendations for AHP......................................................................................... 75
Figure 15: Steps in AHP ............................................................................................................... 78
Figure 16: Making Cluster ............................................................................................................ 81
Figure 17: New Cluster Dialog ..................................................................................................... 82
Figure 18: Cluster of Goal ............................................................................................................ 83
Figure 19: Formation of Cluster ................................................................................................... 84
Figure 20: All Clusters in the model ............................................................................................. 84
Figure 21: Indicators Group 01 ..................................................................................................... 85
Figure 27: Making Node Comparisons ......................................................................................... 91
Figure 28: Goal of the Research Study ......................................................................................... 92
Figure 29: Goal of the study Cluster ............................................................................................. 92
Figure 30: Interconnected Clusters ............................................................................................... 93
XI
Figure 31: Node Connections ....................................................................................................... 94
Figure 32: Selection of connected elements ................................................................................. 95
Figure 33: Directly Connected Elements ...................................................................................... 96
Figure 34: Indirectly connected elements ..................................................................................... 97
Figure 35: Binary Comparisons 01 ............................................................................................... 98
Figure 36: Node comparison interface ........................................................................................ 100
Figure 37: Binary Comparisons 02 ............................................................................................. 101
Figure 44: Case Study 01 Imagery.............................................................................................. 119
Figure 45: Case study 02 Imagery .............................................................................................. 121
Figure 46: Digitized case study 01.............................................................................................. 122
Figure 47: Digitized case study 02.............................................................................................. 123
Figure 48: Data input in ArcGIS ................................................................................................. 136
Figure 49: Data Input .................................................................................................................. 137
Figure 50: Formula in ArcGIS .................................................................................................... 140
Figure 51: Result of Case Study 01 ............................................................................................ 143
Figure 52: Result of Case Study 02 ............................................................................................ 144
Figure 53: Location of Example 01 ............................................................................................ 145
Figure 54: Site of Example 01 .................................................................................................... 146
Figure 55: Application of Framework on Example 01 ............................................................... 147
Figure 58 Application of Framework on Example 02 ................................................................ 150
Figure 59:Location of Example 03 ............................................................................................. 151
XII
XIII
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Categorization of Respondents ....................................................................................... 19
Table 2: Infill Development & Lahore ......................................................................................... 20
Table 3: Discussion on study by Kamal, 2014 ............................................................................. 37
Table 4: Discussion on study by DIER, 2012 ............................................................................... 42
Table 5: Discussion on study by Aurecon, 2009 .......................................................................... 47
Table 6: Discussion on study by Razavian & Samadi, 2016 ........................................................ 54
Table 7: Variables adopted from Literature Review..................................................................... 56
Table 8: Decisive Variables .......................................................................................................... 57
Table 9: Indicator Groups ............................................................................................................. 79
Table 10: Group Weightage .......................................................................................................... 99
Table 11: Weightage of Indicators in Group 01 ......................................................................... 109
Table 17: Commulative Inconsistency of Results ...................................................................... 112
Table 18: Antiquity ..................................................................................................................... 124
Table 19: Constructed no. of floors ............................................................................................ 124
Table 20: Construction materials ................................................................................................ 125
Table 21: Occupancy .................................................................................................................. 125
Table 22: Right of Way............................................................................................................... 126
Table 23: Parcel Size .................................................................................................................. 127
Table 24: Capacity of Electricity/ Sui Gas Lines........................................................................ 127
Table 25: Capacity of Sewerage/ Drainage Lines....................................................................... 128
Table 26: Capacity of Water Supply Lines ................................................................................. 128
Table 27: Availability of Educational Facilities ......................................................................... 129
Table 28: Availability of Health Facilities.................................................................................. 129
Table 29: Availability of Mobility Facilities .............................................................................. 130
Table 30: Availability of Security Facilities ............................................................................... 130
XIV
Table 31: Availability of open spaces ......................................................................................... 131
Table 32: Legal Constraints ........................................................................................................ 131
Table 33: Natural Constraints ..................................................................................................... 132
Table 34: Pipeline Projects regarding Civic Services ................................................................. 133
Table 35: Pipeline Projects regarding Utility Lines .................................................................... 133
Table 36: : Pipeline Projects regarding Legal Framework ......................................................... 134
Table 37: Scoring of the indicators ............................................................................................. 138
Table 38: Ranking with respect to percentage ............................................................................ 140
Table 39: Results for Case Study 01 ........................................................................................... 141
Table 40: Results for Case Study 02 ........................................................................................... 142
XV
LIST OF ACRONYMS
LDA Lahore Development Authority
MCL Municipal Corporation, Lahore
AHP Analytic Hierarchy Process
ANP Analytic Network Process
KPI Key Performance Indicator
SAS Statistical Analysis System
R.O.W Right of Way
PHS Private Housing Scheme
XVI
Inductive style of writing in this chapter
has begun the discussion on Pakistani
cities with reference to consistently
increasing urban population and overall
housing phenomena. This leads to the
issue of land speculation and associated
dynamics with this undesired process.
CHAPTER 01 Importantly, the discussion is gradually
focused on the potential that these cities
INTRODUCTION can produce housing within existing
boundaries. This clues to the research
question and eventually the study
objective for this research work. Finally,
the research methodology follows the
research objectives providing the
approach used by the researcher to meet
the objectives of this research study.
1
INTRODUCTION
PAKISTANI CITIES AND HOUSING
A critical analysis of uncontrolled expansion of cities in Pakistan shows that sprawl based
horizontal development is hampering the compact growth. Consequently, city sizes are becoming
unmanageable, agricultural area is decreasing at a rapid pace and many other direct and indirect
problems are emerging (Bhatti, Tripathi, Nitivattananon, Rana, & Mozumder, 2015; Liaqat,
Waheed, Malik, & Vohra, 2017; Rana & Bhatti, 2018). The urban populace of the world, especially
of the developing nations is heightening. In 1950, 29.6% of global population lived in urban areas
while now this proportion has increased to 54% and this proportion is still increasing (UN-
HABITAT, 2015). The urban population of Pakistan has also been expanding exponentially.
Average annual rate of increase in urban population of Pakistan was noted as 4.8% (Tirmizi, 2006)
while according to recent population census in Pakistan, this rate is at 2.7% (Pakistan Bureau of
Statistics, 2017). The validity of these figures due to such a drastic change is another question
which does not fall in the scope of this research work but the continuous increase in urban
population is nevertheless a fact.
To house such an enormous inundation of population to urban areas is an exceptionally difficult

task which the decision makers of the time are confronting. Considering high rate of urbanization
in Lahore and consequent increase in housing demand and size of the city, the debate has already
begun to identify challenges and opportunities (Rana & Bhatti, 2018). Studies have ascribed infill
development as a solution that will act as a conceivable answer for sprawl (Wallis, 2008) that will
both increment density and rejuvenate discouraged (Farris, 2001).
The phenomena of infill development is itself a vast subject wherein research has been conducted
in various aspect. Some studies provided theoretical debate and argumentation on the phenomena
(McConnell & Wiley, 2010; The Institute for Public Policy & Economic Development, 2013)
while others focused on application of infill development. For example, (Denver Council of
governments, 2014) focused on identifying the issues related to infill and suggested strategies for
addressing those issues. Similarly, (Environmental Protection Agency, 2014) discussed the
challenges to infill but also enlightened the economic benefits the developers can achieve through
infill development.
2
In applied research regarding infill development, one particular domain of study is regarding
identifying potential infill sites. For example; (Watt, 2004) developed a tool for estimation of infill,
(Wanganui District Council, 2012) assessed the capacity of the clusters for infill, (Razavian &
Samadi, 2016) evaluated the potential of infill development in Tarbiz city’s zone while (Ziari,
Pourashmad, & Hamzehpour, 2017) replicated the study in Sardasht city. Studies have shown that
there cannot be one “FIT FOR ALL” solution or tool for calculation and implementation of Infill
Development and it would change from case to case (Fogarty, 2006). (McConnell & Wiley, 2010)
summarized the different approached to measuring infill. However, in case of Lahore, no research
study provides guidance or technique to assess the areas ripe for infill development. This study
develops a framework for assessment of infill development in Lahore after developing a localized
understanding of the term and finally applies the developed framework to provide example of its
applicability.
LAND SPECULATION AND ASSOCIATED DYNAMICS

Urban Sprawl is a widely used term in the literature of town planning and administration. With
this come the issues that relate to uncontrolled sprawl of a city. A number of studies have outlined
various factors that contribute to existence of this issue. Investigation of urban development is a
branch of urban geology that focuses on urban communities and towns as far as their physical and
statistic extension. Urban sprawl, an undesirable sort of urban development, is one of the
significant worries to the city organizers and managers. In the current decades, investigation of
urban development from different points of view has turned into a basically performed operation
for some reasons.
Urban development is a spatial and statistic process and alludes to the expanded significance of
urban communities and towns as a convergence of population inside a specific economy and
society. It happens when population appropriation changes from being a small village or hamlet to
a great transcendent town and city dwelling.
Urban development, urban extension and urban sprawl are some of the terms utilized
synonymously by the average professional, in spite of the fact that they are distinctive. Urban
development is an entirety of increment in created place. One of its structures is extension. Though,
urban development having some unusual characteristics (normally that has negative implication)
3
is sprawl. The connection (or separation) to existing created territories is critical while figuring out
what scale of urban development has happened.
Numerous urban communities and towns now crave the advantages of infill advancement, and
they are discovering willing developer partners, particularly in firm land markets. Designers can
win an exceptional yield on urbanized venture as compared to the output they can gain in sub-
urban development.
Many troubled urban areas are rivaling wards with rural and exurban locales that may offer
developers bring down forthright framework costs. If high infrastructural upfront costs are required
in infill areas and framework expenses are financed in peri-urban territories, the opposition for
private advancement speculation can be an uneven playing field.
It is vital to guarantee that area or site selection choices consider full and finish costs, including
the long haul substitution costs that will sometime be required for new framework. Infill
development can increment costs since developers may need to repair or overhaul maturing
infrastructure that as of now exists, however in different conditions where existing framework is
in great condition, infill can help decrease development costs. Upset people group commonly have
less intrigued developers because of powerless home request, maturing or disregarded
infrastructure that forces extra speculation dangers and expenses, also, little and additionally
unpredictable bundle sizes.
THE POTENTIAL
Development of empty or underutilized parcels of land in beforehand created ranges, known as
infill development, has the potential to take life back depressed urban areas. Infill development
can bring new homes, employments, administrations, and comforts to neighborhoods while
utilizing past open speculations all the more productively. In any case numerous groups are as yet
sitting tight for rejuvenation to achieve their more established neighborhoods and commercial
centers.
To convey enough housing for its developing populace, and to overcome the current supply lack
in housing, approaches have often been sorted by decision makers. Comprehensively, infill alludes
to the improvement of empty or underutilized locales by any means or scales, inside existing
groups. With some supporting foundation as of now set up, this can bring improvements. However;
4
immediate question for drawing closer to infill development as a typology, as associations and
experts may raise, is about contrasting perspectives of what qualifies as infill.
Moreover, modern concepts in Urban Planning including “Smart Growth” and “New Urbanism”
have been advocated by a number of recent studies. These concepts have explicitly or implicitly
fostered the need of infill development. For example, Cooper noticed the decreased in urban issues
like traffic volumes and increase in public benefits through this approach. Enhancement in quality
of life has also been related to the approach of infill development. Planned infill may affect the life
style by reducing the use of vehicles and providing walkable neighborhood.
There are numerous different advantages to infill development apart from its potential commitment
to targets related to provision of housing. These may include improving life condition of existing
groups; use of smaller parcels as an offer of open doors for new methodologies. Furthermore,
effective infill plans may make showcase intrigue and set the phase for bigger advancements. Thus
for these reasons and others, Pakistan's professionals need to put efforts on conveying infill
advancement by their astute skills.
OBJECTIVES
Four clear yet concise objectives had been formulated for the study as under:
5
Figure 1: Research Objectives
Source: Researcher (2018)
RESEARCH QUESTION
As any research work may contain varying aspirations, this one is aimed at a research questions.
Finding answer for quintessential research question whether what framework should be used to
assess the potential of infill development in Lahore. Therefore, the first step in this research
includes apprehending the research question fairly enough and deciding what particulars are
needed to address the question.
Figure 2 Research Question
6
STUDY RATIONALE
Infill development has been regarded by policy makers around the world. Planning documents
have always addressed the issue of accommodating forecasted population through brown-field
development, rehabilitation, renovation, upgradation and so forth, all being parts of infill
development one way or another. Varying policies have been proposed for population housing
amongst which allocation of certain percentage to be accommodated through infill development
has often been noticed. London 2050 vision include Delivering Infill Development as essential
part (Future of London, 2015) in which three vital questions have been appropriately addressed:
(i) What are the barriers to infill? (ii) Is Infill Housing Development a threat to other uses? (iii)
What attitudes do exist in communities towards infill development?
Urban Sprawl is a recognized issue in Pakistan and has remained under discussion in many learned
circles in the country. In Punjab, it is noticeable that expansion of cities has been allowed through
actions like preparation of Peri-Urban Development Plans and amendment of Master Plan for
Lahore. But efforts on investing in existing urban areas are a few. In this regard there is a need to
go through a number of steps for popularity of brown field development or infill development or
related approaches. There is an absence of observational confirmation on infill development: what
arranging strategies and monetary motivating forces bolster its conveyance, what affect it has on
available market and on existing groups, and even what qualifies as infill.
First and immediate effort in this regard should be development of a consensus on definition of
infill development. Further, different approaches that could be used to measure infill development
must be considered. Development of an assessment framework would then be needed. This criteria
will be helpful in deciding about the fate of a subject area.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The results, findings and recommendations of the research study must be acknowledged after
apprehensions of the limitations which the researcher encountered. Key limitations were as under:
i. The inputs regarding the understanding of infill development were only taken from
Town Planners. The study could be more embellished after inputs of other professionals
but that would have made it too difficult for the researcher.
7
ii. The respondents, the experienced Town Planners, were each met individually by the
researcher for structured interviews. The focused group discussions could have helped
more but it was very difficult to bring them all under one roof because of their distinct
yet busy schedules.
iii. Inputs from privately operating land developers, state agents, and housing sector
managers could have helped embellish the recommendations but due to limited time
and resources, the same could not be achieved.
PROSPECTIVE UTILIZATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS

The result of this research work will be a framework which will provide ease to assess the potential
of infill development in an area. Therefore, this framework will be of use to:
i. Government officials for assessing the priority areas for infill development
ii. Investors in order to ascertain areas of priority investment
iii. Professionals for preparation of documental work for justification of scenario building
and proposals
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study is a series of steps in harmony to each other; starting from development of
understanding of infill development in local scenario of Lahore which proceeds to the development
of the framework for assessment of infill potential on the basis of previously developed
understanding and finally study concludes with the application of the framework on selected case
studies. Therefore, the methodology for the study is directly focused upon the research objectives.
General understanding for infill development could be developed through literature review on the
subject globally. However, for first objective, it was important to consider that localized
understanding of infill development needed review of local policies and plans. In this regard,
spatial planning documents were reviewed which proved to be quite helpful in understanding infill
development locally but were not enough. Therefore, to completely comprehend the concept
indigenously, it was imperative to include the inputs from those professionals who have worked
on the spatial planning of the city since many years. Also, the technique of conducting interviews
8
has been used by researchers widely for establishing an understanding of the local context
(Dubeaux & Cunningham Sabot, 2018; Pearson, Park, Harman, & Heyenga, 2010). For this
purpose, a list of town planners working in Lahore was developed by the authors and thereafter,
𝑧 2 ×(𝑝)(𝑞)
the sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula 𝑛𝑜 = using at least 5 years of
𝑒2
working experience as the criteria. As population was finite, the sample size was readjusted using
𝑛𝑜
formula 𝑛 = 𝑛 −1 (Singh & Masuku, 2014). The authors conducted interviews from experienced
1+ 𝑜
𝑁
town planners of the city from almost each working category including those working in
government policy making and those providing consulting services to the investors in development
projects privately and those working as academia in private or public institutions. The interview
schedule included three sections: I) Section-A included questions defining scope and umbrella of
infill development in context of Lahore, II) Section-B included the questions related to the possible
indicators which could be helpful in assessment of infill development potential in Lahore and III)
Section-C included the questions related with suggestions for improvements in rules, practices and
the policy making. In short, first objective was met through a combination of the literature review
of international studies, local policy documents as well as inputs from local experts.
Once the first objective was met and the localized understanding of infill development was
developed, the methodology focused on second objective of development of framework. For this
purpose, literature was extensively reviewed as unfortunately local research gap in this area of
study required the authors to consult international studies in this domain of research. The literature
review as well as the inputs of the local experts provided the authors with a lists of indicators
which could help assess the potential of infill development in Lahore. The list of indicators was
categorized in six different groups. After finalizing the indicators, it was necessary to decide the
weightage of the groups and the indicators realizing the fact that not each indicator affect the
potential equally. For this purpose, Super Decisions Software was used wherein model of Analytic
Hierarchy Process (AHP) was built. The weightage of the groups and the indicators was finalized
through again reaching the local experts (this time through Google Forms) for taking their inputs
regarding comparative significance of the indicators. The response was used as input of binary
comparisons in Super Decisions Software to get the output of the weightage of the groups and
indicators. The developed framework included the data type required for each of the indicator, the
method to collect the data for each indicator, the weightage of the group of the indicator and the
9
weightage of the indicator within the group in order to obtain the cumulative potential of particular
land parcel.
After the development of the framework, as the third and last objective required, two case studies
were selected for application of the framework. The two case study areas were completely different
in nature; one was planned while other was unplanned, one was managed by Lahore Development
Authority (LDA) while the other was managed by Municipal Corporation Lahore (MCL). Parcel
level vector data for both case study areas was developed by the authors in ArcGIS. The data was
gathered for each of the indicators as per requirement of the framework. After weeks of data
collection, the data was entered in ArcGIS and the scoring criteria of the framework was applied
in order to obtain final cumulative potential of infill development for each land parcel. The output,
infill potential, was ranked in four categories and was graphically shown for both case studies.
Based on the research steps and corresponding findings, the recommendation of the study were
furnished.
The diagram below shows the flow chart to be adopted for this research.
10
Figure 3: Research Methodology
11
CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER
This chapter has provided firm basis on the argument that Pakistani cities in general and Lahore
in particular is experiencing significant growth rate of urban population. This led to the observation
that the housing sector has predominantly been controlled by the land mafia who give rise to the
issues related to land speculation. It is, however, established in following section that there still
exists potential in the city that the housing provisions may be made with regard to infill
development. For this purpose, the imperative research question of this research study has been
formulated that which framework should be used for assessing the potential of infill development
in Lahore.
Under the light of the research question defined for this study, four research objectives have been
formulated. The objectives start from developing an understanding of infill development in local
context of Lahore and lead to the creation of a list of indicators from literature review. Further, the
most decisive indicators have to be finalized and a framework has to be developed for the
assessment of the potential for infill development. Final objective is to apply the developed
framework on selected case study areas for presenting the application of the framework in real
context.
Methodology has been finalized with respect to the objective of this research work. For the purpose
of developing an understanding of infill development in local context of Lahore, methodology
shows that structured interviews have been undertaken from the experienced professional and
academia that understand this phenomena. The list of indicators has been envisaged to be prepared
by proper study of the literature and the most decisive variables have been selected on the basis of
the structure interviews. The framework has been planned to be developed through use of Analytic
Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Super Decisions Software. Finally, the case study areas are planned
in the methodology to be surveyed and primary data has to be collected for further process.
12
In this chapter characteristics of infill
development have been finalized for
Lahore which are concluded. Therefore,
this chapter mainly relates with the
development of understanding of infill
development in case of Lahore.
Therefore, the chapter has been started
from the development phenomena of
Lahore. A relation has been made
showing how infill development may be
CHAPTER 02 understood with respect to the local
conditions of Lahore on the basis of
UNDERSTANDING some questions as under:
INFILL 1. Is infill development a new concept

for Lahore?
DEVELOPMENT IN 2. Which part of urban area should be
LOCAL CONTEXT considered suitable for infill
OF LAHORE development?
3. Does infill consider only vacant plots
within project vicinity?
4. Is redevelopment or revitalization a
tool for infill development?
5. What is the scope of infill
development regarding land uses?
6. Can infill development be measured?
If yes, what should be the unit of
measurement?
13
UDERSTANDING INFILL DEVELOPMENT IN CONTEXT OF LAHORE
In this chapter, the characteristics of infill development have been derived through literature
review so that the same could be analyzed in context of Lahore. Features of each characteristic are
first cited from related works and then shaped to hold true in case of Lahore in the light of
structured interviews conducted through respondents by the researcher of this study.
LAHORE; THE CASE STUDY

WHY DO WE NEED TO Lahore, second most populated city in the
UNDERSTAND INFILL country and with highest rate of urbanization,
DEVELOPMENT? has been a focus of policy makers since
decades. Therefore, the introduction to the city
This research study is based upon the
can be found in many related research works.
question that which framework should be
However as this research work is related with
used for assessing the potential of infill
the development trend and pattern of the city,
development for Lahore. In order to
discussion in this work will only be related
address this issue, firstly the concept of
focused on the development in the city.
infill development must be apprehended.
Built up area of Lahore has increased from
Not only apprehension of Infill
911.14 sq.kms in 1992 to 1268.85 Sq.Kms in
Development in the light of International
2009. The temporal change in this category
studies is required but there’s also an
was 100.97sq.kms during 1992-2001, 256.74
immense need to understand whether
Sq.Kms in 2001-2009 while an overall change
how this concept would relate to local
of 357.71 Sq.Kms was recorded during the
conditions of Lahore.
entire research period i.e. 1992-2009 (17
Moreover, this chapter will help years). Vegetative cover has been decreasing
achieve first objective of this research continuously i.e. 645.06 sq. km 1992 to 417.51
study i.e. “to localize the sq. km in 2001 and then it declined further to
understanding of Infill Development 249.70 sq. km in 2009 (Calculated by
for Lahore”. Researcher through Remote Sensing
Techniques). This also shows that
14
development has been taking place at the expense of prime agricultural land.
Further exploring the phenomenon reveals that a large number of private housing schemes have
sprung up in the southern side of Lahore and to the west of the city across river Ravi and played a
vital role to shape and reshape the Lahore Metropolitan. In spite of all these efforts, main problem
persists and Lahore is engulfing the prime agricultural land at a rapid pace.
This study tends to explore the planning technique, “infill development” to curb this issue of urban
sprawl and focusing on densification of vacant land present in built up areas of Lahore. Further,
this study explores the dynamics of infill development in the Lahore to enlist the
indicators/parameters which are the decisive ones. Finally, a framework has been sought to be
developed through which the potential of infill development may be assessed in Lahore.
Historically, it is evident that Lahore was only limited to Walled City to the North End of current
Lahore. However, temporal analysis suggests that the city has gradually developed towards south
extending as far as 30km. distance. Older parts of the city, northern parts dominantly, were
developed more than a century back. Later, developments were mostly occurred towards the South.
Northern areas of Lahore are mostly unplanned, poorly managed and with less or almost no
provisions for ventilation and lung area for the city. Moreover, the circulation patterns in this part
of the city are already too devastating to suggest any further population on these. Due to these
limitations, further densification of this part of the city will only result in chaos if not less. As this
study is based upon studying the potential of infill development in Lahore, the focus can certainly
not be the older parts of the city due to the limitations given in above paragraph. Therefore southern
areas of the city which are fairly, if not dominantly, planned areas with proper circulation patterns
and breathing spaces for the residents can be the focus of infill development. In this context it is
important to develop an understanding of infill development in context of Lahore.
INFILL DEVELOPMENT & LAHORE

Lahore city density profile by has shown that new residential housing schemes at the outskirts of
the city are constantly adding to the urban sprawl (Liaqat et al., 2017). This phenomena was earlier
studied by (Bhatti et al., 2015) who noted that on urban scale, northwestern and eastern parts of
the city contributed in built-up area while on peri-urban level, 84% rise in built up area was
observed in northern and southern parts of the city. With regard to urban vacant lands, (Németh &
15
Langhorst, 2014) explored the possibility of allocating temporary uses to these opportunity areas
along with associated prospective benefits and drawbacks. As established by (Newman, Park,
Bowman, & Lee, 2018), vacant lands in urban areas related with those cases where the city’s
political boundaries were expanded. As this is the case with Lahore, vacant urban lands exist in
the city which would contribute to the understanding of infill development for Lahore.
For brownfield developments, (Frantál et al., 2015) have found that not only location make such
area ripe for development but rather factors like occupier demand and local planning legislation
affect comparatively more significantly. Thus, in case of Lahore, vacant lands and potential areas
for brownfield developments would fall under the scope of infill development.
For infill development, the policies like establishing urban growth boundary and Priority Funding
Areas have been noted in the literature. Evaluation study conducted in Maryland, USA has
provided evidence that development within these Priority Funding Areas increased rapidly as
compared to relative other areas (Shen & Zhang, 2007). In this context, it is worth noting that no
such study has ever been done in case of Lahore.
Real estate market of Lahore is one of the major speculative markets globally. As (Chaudhry,
2015) noted that the land speculation on premium lands in Lahore are depriving those who are in
dire need of basic housing; the opportunity of such speculated land to be used for optimum benefit
would also contribute to the understanding of infill development for Lahore. A major gap in data
regarding infill development in Lahore is the lack of an inventory of land parcels which are
available for infill including brownfield. It is however suggested by the researchers that such data
keeping can help in deciding about the type of infill as well as priority areas for infill development
(Williams, 2014).
By-laws regarding land market decide her functional attributes as (Khaliq-Uz-Zaman, 2012) noted
that in most of the housing schemes in Lahore, most of the plots are inbuilt and the owner of the
vacant plots has no fear of cancellation of plot. Therefore, a discussion on the by-laws of Lahore
is also significant. For example, Rule 29(2)(b) of LDA, PHS Rules 2014 (Lahore Development
Authority, 2014) limit subdivision of plot to 1 Kanal (4500 SFt) and Rule 6.1.4 of LDA Building
& Zoning Regulations set the limit value to 2 Kanal (9000 SFt) (Lahore Development Authority,
2014a). It has been asserted by local experts that most of the local people are unable to buy larger
16
plots while by-laws hamper the sub-division in smaller plots. Allowing further sub-divisions can
both help people obtain plots for construction as well as contribute to infill development.
As apprehended from the literature review, concepts like redevelopment, regeneration,

revitalization and restoration (4Rs) have also been stated to provide for the opportunities for infill
development. For example, (I) Wheeler clearly considers restoration and extension of existing
structures to be infill (Wheeler, 2002) while (II) Knaap and Moore establish them as separate
(Knapp & Moore, 2003). Lahore being an historic city has a number of old established built-up
settlements. There is a natural phenomenon of declining number of houses in a residential area (by
natural decay process) and replacement of those by new houses providing an opportunity for well-
planned infill housing options. For example while creating structure plan of Otamatea, it was
projected that 20-25% of the infill development will occur on such areas (Westcott, 2017). It has
been apprehended that redevelopment would be a part of infill development in case of Lahore and
old areas would provide for an opportunity of infill development in future.
Lahore has unique characteristics of growing tendencies, population accumulation and rate of
urbanization. Therefore, its urban development trends need to be analyzed in detail. There have
been three recognized classifications of urban development in the literature: infill development,
peripheral extension, and with distant urban development additionally isolated into disengaged,
straight branch, and grouped branch developments. Therefore, it is of prime importance to
understand infill development in terms of its definition, the attributes and advantages as well as
challenges that it comes with.
As main research question of this study is aimed at developing a framework for the assessment of
potential of infill development in Lahore, there are certain procedures adopted worldwide for
evaluation of potential for infill development vary from case to case. These range from use of
frameworks including ground truthing to computer based software tools. However, one clear factor
in each of the procedure is the understanding of infill development. Therefore, debate over the
definition of infill development in case of Lahore is worth consideration here.
So to say, a lot has been written globally on the topic of infill development and the written material
is so diverse that authors can be as general at times as they can be specific at other instances. So
there would always remain a space for improvement regarding what to include for understanding
it and what no to. However, some of the relevant works are cited for building the case as the report
17
proceeds. For this purpose, there are few questions that can help establish a consensus over the
definition of infill development for Lahore. Following are the questions which are discussed in
detail in this chapter:
1. Is infill development a new concept for Lahore?

2. Which part of urban area should be considered suitable for infill development?
3. Does infill consider only vacant plots within project vicinity?
4. Is redevelopment or revitalization a tool for infill development?
5. What is the scope of infill development regarding land uses?
6. Can infill development be measured? If yes, what should be the unit of measurement?
7. Does infill only relate with physical provision of houses or ultimate occupancy as well?
8. Does local plan affect the possibility of infill development?
9. What impacts can clear guidelines impart on infill development?
SELECTION OF RESPONDENTS
In order to develop an understanding of infill development in local context of Lahore, it was
imperative to include the inputs from those professionals who are and have worked in the spatial
planning of the city over years. For this purpose, a list of Town Planners working in Lahore was
developed (Annex-A) and thereafter, selected respondents (Annex-B) were interviewed after the
sample size calculation using Cochran’s formula as under:
𝑧 2 × (𝑝)(𝑞)
𝑛𝑜 =
𝑒2
Where,
𝑛𝑜 = sample size
z = Abscissa of the normal curve
p = Estimate proportion with respect to an attribute
q=1–p
e = Error Margin
1.62 × (0.19)(0.81)
𝑛𝑜 =
5%2
2.56 × .15
𝑛𝑜 =
. 0025
18
𝑛𝑜 = 153
As population is finite, the sample size was readjusted using formula as under (Singh & Masuku,
2014):
𝑛𝑜
𝑛=
𝑛 −1
1 + 𝑜𝑁
Where,
𝑛𝑜 = sample size
𝑛 = adjusted sample size
N = population size
𝑛 = 32
Following was the categorization of the respondents:
Table 1: Categorization of Respondents
Categorization of Respondents
a. b.
Respondent Town Total
Planners Professionals Academia
a. Public Sector 17 3 20
b. Private Sector 9 3 12
Total 26 6 32
Source: Author (2018)
The interview schedule (Annex-C) was shared with most of the respondents in advance to the
interview and through systematic interviewing, the term of infill development was explored in
local context of Lahore.
IS INFILL DEVELOPMENT A NEW CONCEPT FOR LAHORE?

Town planning is a recognized profession in Pakistan and Lahore being a metropolitan has always
been in need of Town Planners for setting vision, making strategies as well as implementation
plans for the city. An overview of local practices shows that importance of preparation of master
19
plans has far been realized in case of Lahore. Therefore, going deep into these master plans will
help ascertain whether concept of infill development has ever been used while planning for Lahore
or not.
Table 2: Infill Development & Lahore
CONCEPT OF INFILL DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING HISTORY OF LAHORE

Sr. Title of study/report Year Related text Volume
No. (Page)
01 Master Plan for Greater 1966 “…those having an extravagance of Pg.37
Lahore floor space around them not knowing
(Housing & Physical how to use it effectively”
Planning Department “It is suggested that residential densities Pg. 91
(HPPD), 1966) should be defined in terms of dwelling
units per acre in order to eliminate the
family size variable and to fix desirable
and maximum yardsticks according to
the permissible floor area ratio or the
number of storeys”
02 Lahore Urban Development 1980 “One of the key points of the Pg. xxii
and Traffic Study (Japan recommended growth strategy is to infill
International Cooperation within existing built-up area in the areas
Agency (JICA), 1980) of opportunity”
“The city will have to accept further Pg. xxvi
densification of the existing built up
area”
03 Integrated Master Plan for 2001 “…an integrated land use pattern Pg. 16-
Lahore evolved, by in-fill development wherever 01
(The National Engineering possible”
Services Pakistan
(NESPAK), 2001)
20
Above mentioned table shows that policy documents as old as Master Plan for Greater Lahore
(Housing & Physical Planning Department (HPPD), 1966) have realized the importance of
deciding residential densities for urban area of Lahore and consider upgrading or revitalizing the
already built up areas. Similarly, other policy document named as Lahore Urban Development and
Traffic Study (Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 1980) fosters the importance of
this issue as per recommended growth strategy to infill within existing built-up area in the areas
of opportunity and asserted that the city will have to accept further densification of the existing
built up area. Most recent and currently in vogue master plan report has also focused on the need
of this approach saying that an integrated land use pattern needs to be evolved, by in-fill
development wherever possible” (The National Engineering Services Pakistan (NESPAK), 2001).
So there arises a significant question here that if the need of infill development has far been realized
by the policy makers of Lahore, why hasn’t there been any framework or tool prepared for the
identification of the land suitable for infill development?
It is very tragic reality that the implementation of above mentioned plans has unfortunately not
been very successful. Amongst other, one reason for ineffective execution of strategies related to
infill development is non-provision of clear guidelines on the subject. The application of infill
development has been envisaged through several governmental policies and international
examples suggest that clear strategies and guidelines need to be formulated in order to implement
a policy vision. These included the policies like establishing urban growth boundary and Priority
Funding Areas. Evaluation study conducted in Maryland, USA has provided evidence that
development within these Priority Funding Areas increased rapidly as compared to relative other
areas (Shen & Zhang, 2007).
Considering high population growth rate of Lahore and consequent increase in housing demand
and size of Lahore, the debate has already been started to identify the causes of this phenomena.
Beyond this, the solutions to cut down such an enormous increase in the size have also become a
topic of debate at policy level at least if not at implementation stage so far. In this regard, it is
relevant to mention that the researchers have seen infill development as a solution that will act as
a conceivable answer for sprawl that will both increment density and rejuvenate discouraged
(Farris, 2001).
21
A number of recent studies on related topic for national scenario must also be discussed here so
that this particular case could be strengthened. Though infill development has been encouraged by
scholars who investigated this subject, yet deviating viewpoints are also found in literature. For
example, one viewpoint is that infill development may not be less costly than any other
development because of its implicit costs. Comparison of different infrastructural designs along
with associated costs has been done in order to determine the cost benefit of various development
approaches.
INFILL WITHIN EXISTING URBAN AREAS

Literature suggests that the most shared hint for the understanding of infill development is that it
is directly related with the existing urban area. For example, (Williams, 2014) provided some
common elements of Infill Development as under:
Figure 4: Characteristics of Infill
Source: (Williams, 2014)
Therefore, it can be concluded that infill development is portrayed by a non-created land parcel
being changed over to urban utilize and encompassed by no less than 40% existing created land
parcels. It can be characterized as the improvement of a little tract of land generally encompassed
by urban land-cover. It can be characterized as the consolation to create empty land in effectively
developed ranges. Infill advancement more often happens where open offices, for example, sewer,
water, and streets already exist.
22
Similarly, it is also worth noticing that there is a natural phenomenon of declining number of
houses in a residential area (by natural decay process) and replacement of those by new houses
providing an opportunity for well-planned infill housing options. For example while creating
structure plan of Otamatea, it was projected that 20-25% of the infill development will occur on
such areas (Westcott, 2017).
DOES INFILL ONLY RELATE TO HOUSING?

Discussion for infill development, on a bigger scale, would capture the land regardless of current
and prospective use of land. However, studying this phenomena in a detailed way outlines that
different categories could be made. For example one might study the land only for the purpose of
housing while another study could be focused upon finding potential areas for future commercial
and office buildings. Therefore, this would totally depend upon the nature and scope of the project
will define whether which uses are to be considered. However, a comprehensive approach must
be to find all possible options for diverse uses within the study area.
A study for finding opportunities for infill housing in Ballarat, Australia is an example of project
where infill development was only considered for the purpose of housing (Aurecon, 2009). The
study was focused upon finding existing and future urban development opportunity sites in
Ballarat. It provided the tools for identification of zoning opportunities, diversification of
residential sites, and specified density based housing developments. The procedure used in the
study for this sort of identification was a combination of aerial photograph analysis, workshops
with Council Staff and site visits for developable residential sites analysis. The result of this study
was in the form of area of land (in hectares) developable for residential development.
Infill Development may, on other side, consider all possible uses of land as report on California
Infill Estimation Methodology Project (Watt, 2004) has developed a tool to provide with a flexible
method for identifying parcels of land that might be ripe for the development through infill. The
tool developed in this report permits to select a parcel of land, provide/enter the required data in
requisite format in order to get the amount of land or the number of parcels of land for infill
development. This report considers parcels suitable for any prospective use of land. In this way, it
is to learn that the prospects for the study of infill development can also be beyond current and
prospective use of land.
23
Considering the lessons learnt from literature, it was imperative to decide whether infill
development studies for Lahore would cover all uses of land or housing only. In this regard,
information was gathered from the professionals as well as academia for the purpose of developing
a consensus for infill development in Lahore. The question was put rather more in a flexible
manner so that the answers or responses from respondents could be as diverse and thus result
oriented as possible. Therefore; it was found that though most of the respondents agreed that the
study for infill development in case of Lahore should consider every use of land, there were a few
ones who suggested that it should be decided on the basis of the project under consideration while
very minimal percentage were of viewpoint that it should be confined to housing only.
Hence considering the opinions of the professionals and academia on this point, it is decided that
the study for infill development for Lahore must address the potential for every prospective use of
land.
DOES INFILL DEVELOPMENT ONLY CONSIDER VACANT PLOTS?

As far as definition of infill develo pment is concerned, there are varying viewpoints in this regard.
Though the broad definition of infill development is use of vacant and well as underutilized parcels
of land; yet underlying debates are multiple. Concepts like redevelopment, regeneration,
revitalization and restoration (4Rs) have also been stated to provide for the opportunities for infill
development. For example,
i. Wheeler clearly considers restoration and extension of existing structures to be infill

(Wheeler, 2002)
ii. Knaap and Moore establish them as separate (Knapp & Moore, 2003)
Former one has logics that the infill development of existing buildings and structures can help
save places for open areas as well as optimum use of already developed infrastructure. The
concept of infill in this report has been taken as having different shapes including new
constructions of vacant land parcels as well as rehabilitation of existing buildings. The
argument for increasing capacity of existing buildings is through the rationality that a five-
story, 50 unit apartment building with a density of 200 units per acre can still have an attractive
courtyard, entry plaza and rooftop deck. These reasons help negate all those observations
24
which prohibit the redevelopment of old buildings due to concerns like lack of greenery and
abundance of concrete. For this purpose, revision in zoning codes has been suggested to meet
local project needs to enhance density up to a suitable and manageable level.
Later consider infill and redevelopment as separate on grounds that infill considers
developments on the vacant parcels of land while redevelopment means replacement of already
build structures in urban area. This basic theory is then further augmented to identify the land
or opportunities for both cases separately. However, both of these tools have been agreed to
supply land for smart urban growth.
This difference in the approaches in the literature gave rise to a question whether infill
development for Lahore must consider only vacant plots or should it also include efforts to
redevelop already worn-out part of the city by incorporating new building designs and
standards for dense development. In this regard, a related work has been done for exploring
the socio-economic causes of property abandonment and hurdles in their revitalization in Ravi
Town Lahore (Shabbir, 2016) wherein conclusion has been derived that the concerned officials
are not concerned about the issue. Therefore, this question was asked by the professionals in
structured interview by the researcher whether infill development may also include
rehabilitation and redevelopment endeavors. Results were very much anticipatable as most of
the learned respondents agreed that infill development must not only remain confined to vacant
plots only.
Erudite opinion in this regard has helped reach this conclusion that the struggle for infill
development in Lahore must not only been confined to vacant plots only. Rather, it should go far
beyond this to include the projects that include the efforts related to redevelopment, regeneration,
revitalization and restoration (4Rs).
PHYSICAL PROVISION OF BUILDINGS VS THEIR ULTIMATE OCCUPANCY

Among various debates underlying the understanding of infill development, one is about the
efficacy of physical provision of structures. This can be apprehended by the contentious argument
that social barriers to the changing living standards could lead to such projects which could end up
25
providing those kind of building structures which might not be occupied by residents and thus in
vain.
The societies where living in high rise buildings is a norm, and local culture have no problem with
the addition of tall buildings, the acceptance level is high but where the people have been living in
traditional low rise blocks, the acceptance level approaches to none. High rise might be suitable
for singles and couples but not for the family having children. However, this cannot be stated as
final finding in this regard as there are also examples of high rise constructions (flats or apartments)
in Lahore where families have kept residence and are living in very good and satisfactory
conditions. Some examples include apartments in Askari apartments and PHA Flats etc.
However, there are cases to be found in Lahore where building structures are abandoned or not
occupied by the residents. So, these structures do not seem to provide any benefit despite being
constructed within main core urban area of the city. For example, a dilemma of abandoned
buildings in Ravi Town, Lahore has been studied in detail and the findings revealed how ownership
issues and litigations, no attention from concerned officials and lack of public awareness in this
regard has left many properties abandoned and thus not occupied (Shabbir, 2016).
In order to redefine the scope of infill development according to local conditions of Lahore, the
suggestions have been taken from experienced professionals as well as academia of the field of
Urban Planning and most vote has been in the favor of considering social occupancy by the
residents. Therefore in order to make the framework developed through this study more
comprehensive, social occupancy is considered to be included.
CAN POTENTIAL OF INFILL DEVELOPMENT BE ASSESSED?

Research question of this study finds its rationale in the fact whether potential of Infill
Development within an area can be assessed by any scientific method or not. Therefore, attempt
to understand whether what does literature suggest in this regard seems logical. After that the
lesson learnt from literature was also be validated through structured interview of the professionals
as well as academia in the field of urban planning.
26
A study on finding the opportunity areas for infill housing in Ballarat, Australia (Aurecon, 2009)
has assessed the potential of Infill Housing along with supply and demand analysis. Similarly,
infill development potential of zone 8 in Tarbiz, Iran has been assessed by Analysis Network
Process (ANP) Model (Razavian & Samadi, 2016) wherein the result of the study was in the form
of ranking with respect to the level of potential for infill development starting from Very High
Extensibility to Limited Extensibility.
A multi-criteria and Spatial Assessment Approach has been suggested for deciding about the
potential of Infill Development based on scoring on eight different criterion and then getting final
result by composite scoring in another study (Kamal, 2014). This assessment method is envisaged
to facilitate the use of the process in future to not only provide valuable assistance for growth
management but also capacity building assessment. Moreover, she claims that the outcomes of the
process could also be used by the investors for the decision making regarding investment options.
All of the above cited examples implicate one common finding that the potential of Infill
Development has been assessed/ evaluated. Therefore, it would be logical to state that potential of
infill development can be measured or assessed. Now there’s a need to develop an understanding
that does this stand true in case of Lahore as well? Can the potential of Infill Development in
Lahore be assessed by any method? For finding answer to this question, the respondents of the
structured interviews conducted for this study were inquired about this.
Amongst the views of the respondents, though there was diversity in answers with regard to the
method to be adopted for the evaluation; there remained a majority response in favor of the thought
that potential of Infill Development can be measured. The grounds for such a view were based on
the factors like availability of related professionals, skills as well as existence and working of
departments working in the field of urban development and form.
WHICH UNIT SHOULD BE USED FOR MEASUREMENT OF POTENTIAL OF INFILL DEVELOPMENT?

While it has been found through literature review that many international studies have assessed or
evaluated the potential of infill development and that the same can be assessed in case of Lahore
as well, there is another significant question which must be addressed in order to decide the
characteristics of infill development. We know that every measureable variable has a unit of
measurement. So if we say that potential of infill development in any area is measurable, then there
27
must be some unit which could be used for the measurement or assessment of infill development
potential in that area.
For understanding which unit should be used for the potential of infill development, there is again
a need to go through the literature to find which units have been used by the studies internationally.
Infill Housing opportunity areas in Ballarat, Australia have been calculated in terms of number of
sites available for infill development as well as total available area of the sites (Aurecon, 2009).
This study implicates that two units were used for the calculation of infill development potential.
First as the number of sites (in two categories as infill sites and broadhectare sites) which were
identified by the methodology adopted by the study and the other unit was the combined area of
these site. The standard for developable land was taken as the 80% of total land available. This
area calculation was further used to evaluate the yield of dwellings that these sites could provide
based on the density standards with three categories of low (less than 10 dwellings per hectare),
medium (16 to 30 dwellings per hectare) and high (more than 30 dwellings per hectare).
Figure 5: Results of the study
Source: (Aurecon, 2009)
The evaluation of infill development in terms of certain unit has been tried by report for California
(Watt, 2004) wherein result was identified in number of parcels and the total area. Further, this
calculation was used for evaluation of potential for future housing in this area by comparing current
number of housing units compared with maximum or target density.
28
Another unit used for assessment was used by (Razavian & Samadi, 2016) where only number of
units were identified with respect to the different categories of level of potential for infill
development. They used term ‘extensibility’ as an alternative to the potential of infill development
and then provided the percentage area available for each category.
Figure 6: Levels of extensibility
Source: (Razavian and Samadi, 2016)
While devising a multi-criteria assessment model, (Kamal, 2014) used a unit of the number of site
available with three different categories of potential of infill development. Additionally, she
provided minimum as well as maximum and an average size of the site in each of the categories
with respect to ranking.
Figure 7: Ranking
Source: (Kamal, 2014)
Study from Tasmania (Department of Infrastructure, Energy & Resources, 2012) implicates that
potential of developable sites or in other words relating this to the topic of this study, infill
29
development, can be measured and the unit used by the study for this potential was the number of
sites or the total area (in hectares) which could be categorized as developable. However, one
important addition worth noting in this study was the fact that the capacity for infill development
was categorized on the bases of density.
Figure 8: Planning Scenarios
Source: (Department of Infrastructure, Energy & Resources, 2012)
Density itself may have two different forms. First option can be use of population density as a unit
while other option can be use of dwelling density as unit. In case population density in used as a
unit there are benefits of this scale of measurement including precise target setting but there are
certain deficiencies with it including:
i. Repeatedly changing variable due to frequent movements of people in urban areas

ii. Exhaustive method because of the laborious work associated with it including the need
for human resource and high budget
Use of dwelling density as a standard or a unit for the calculation of infill development might bring
with it some drawbacks. For example if standard average density of an area is set to be 25 dwellings
per hectare and through calculation the density comes up to be around 30 dwellings per hectare,
one might say that subject area has standards density and thus could say there’s no need or space
for further infill development in that area. However, there could be two shortcomings in this case:
i. Some dwellings within that area might be abandoned and thus ultimate purpose of infill
development would not be met.
30
ii. The focus would be limited to physical provision of residential spaces and not their
occupancy while it is of clear concerns that number of dwellings in high rise buildings
still remains vacant in high rise buildings.
Therefore, the study should be focused upon using such a unit or standard for measurement which
may actually calculate the potential for people to reside in study area. Else, the study would fail to
provide the provide trust worthy assessment for infill development.
Considering the need for a unit of the potential of infill development, experienced professionals
and academia were inquired that how potential of infill development should be measured in
Lahore. The respondents provided with their worth opinions and it was found that use of each unit
brought with it some pros and cons. For example, the use of population density might have its
positive benefits like setting and reaching a target but drawbacks may include exhaustive method
of calculation and repeatedly changing density value because of frequent movement of masses.
Bearing in mind the resources available for this study including the time, human resource as well
as monetary resources; the unit has been selected with vision to provide at least a base for finding
the potential of infill development which may be, in case needed, further investigated by a team
for more precise and accurate findings. The unit used for this study is thus selected to be ‘number
of sites’ whereas this number would be found on the basis of different ranks or categories.
OBSTACLES TO INFILL DEVELOPMENT

The current system of spatial planning in Lahore has certain drawbacks or loopholes in terms of
its audit with respect to the tendency for infill development. Therefore, the obstacles to the infill
development in Lahore are as under:
i. Absence of a strategy document for infill development which could be a good source
of funding and further research on practical application within local government or
development authorities/agencies.
ii. Though a positive step for promotion of infill development in terms of accessibility has
been seen in Lahore in the shape of provision of Bus Rapid Transit and Rail Transit
services within urban area. Yet, there is lack of policy to give high priority for services
to already developed urban areas instead of areas outside urban boundaries.
31
iii. Federal or Provincial Level levies on development charges and tax on the part of both
the developers and residents who promote and use infill development areas is not
found.
iv. There is no research study or official report with defines the priority areas for the
investment on infill development in Lahore
v. A marketing strategy on the part of local government to promote infill development

instead of sub-urban development is missing.
vi. There is no legal binding on the property investors or land developers to spend a
specified percentage of development investment on already developed urban
areas.
vii. Process for investing is sub-urban development is far easier as compared to that for
infill development and it hinders the investor to capitalize in infill development
projects.

The chapter has provided calculations on the development pattern of Lahore in the context of the
consistently increasing urban population and consequent increase of development of housing
schemes in peri-urban areas. The review of the policy documents for Lahore shows that the concept
of infill development in not new for Lahore and the policy documents have fostered its importance
since decades. Therefore, this research work finds its basis to the year as old as 1966 when first
master plan of Lahore was prepared.
With this base, the understanding of infill development has been made with following
perspectives: (i) The infill development means the development within existing areas (ii) The infill
development not only tackles housing issue but also provision of other facilities including civic
infrastructure and utility lines etc. (iii) Infill development does not only need to be confined to the
identification of vacant plots but also those land parcels who are underutilized regardless of the
fact that construction has been carried on site (iv) The ultimate objective of infill development
32
must relate with the physical occupancy of the building instead of provision of such marvelous
structures which are out of the financial affordability of general public.
Further, most important question of this research work has been addressed in this chapter that the
potential of infill development can be assessed. And as each measureable variable has to be
measured in specific unit, discussion has been included in this chapter that different units have
been used for measurement of the potential of infill development worldwide. On this basis of this
discussion, the final conclusion has also been drawn in this chapter that this research study will
better rank the areas with respect to their potential for infill development. With all these basics
decided in this chapter, the following chapter has been carried for further process of this research
study.
33
As the title of this chapter indicates, the
literature review of four case studies has
been carried in this chapter to enlist the
indicators that might be useful for the
assessment of the potential of infill
development. For each of the case study,
CHAPTER 03 the indicators have been discussed and it
has been decided whether each indicator
FINDING DECISIVE will be adopted for this research study or
not. Thereafter, a list of 24 indicators
VARIABLES was generated from the cumulated
indicators adopted from literature
review. Finally, those indicators have
been categorized in six different groups
with respect to their different genre. The
framework in following chapter will be
drawn on the basis of these indicators.
34
FINDING DECISIVE VARIABLES
Previous chapter has concluded the characteristics of Infill Development in local context of Lahore
which was first objective of this research work. Second objective of this study is to prepare a
directory or list of the indicators which may be needed for assessment of Infill Development in
context of the characteristics already determined. After the enlistment, most decisive and
significant ones are needed to be decided so that the assessment framework could be formulated
on the basis of those momentous indicators/variables. Therefore, this chapter first goes through
the literature for the purpose of finding indicators used by various studies and then most important
ones are selected on the basis of the structured interviews conducted with experienced professional
and academia practicing the field of planning in Lahore.
1. SUITABILITY FOR INFILL DEVELOPMENT: A MULTI-CRITERIA AND SPATIAL ASSESSMENT

APPROACH (Kamal, 2014)
Focusing on the assessment of the potential of Infill Development in Zapata County, U.S.
State of Texas, this research study has realized the research gap that the studies on the
assessment of infill development capacity have been limited to the analysis of the parcels
potentially available for infill development without any consideration to a systematic
measure of the accurate methodology for this purpose. Therefore, this study has
endeavored to develop a multi-criteria analysis method for assessing the parcel’s suitability
for infill development in such a way that the developed criteria could be replicated to some
other case studies for future works.
The assessment model used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for spatial analysis and
developed visual mapping outputs that could easily be adopted by other communities in
alike urban areas. The criterion developed in this study was formed on the bases of the field
research and eight criteria were finalized. Final assessment of overall potential was done
on the basis of composite scoring against these developed indicators.
It would be a good opportunity to analyze the criteria’s developed in this research study
and adapt them according to local context of Lahore for finalizing the variables for
assessment framework of infill development potential in Lahore. Therefore, the table below
has done a good comparison as well as discussion on the criteria’s with respect to Lahore.
35
Lesson learnt from this study is that some criteria’s can be taken for Lahore while some
other, being not applicable or out of scope of this study, cannot be considered at this stage.
Future works in this regard could certainly go more in detail but current discussion can still
lead to a worthy output.
36
Table 3: Discussion on study by Kamal, 2014
Crite Suitability for Infill Development: A multi-criteria and Spatial Assessment Discussion by Researcher Decision
rion Approach (Kamal, 2014)
No.
01 This study has already defined Not
that scope of Infill Adopted
Development potential will be
explored in established city
boundaries and built-up area.
Therefore, there is no need to
reconsider this criteria again.
02 This study must use this Adopted
criterion by explaining in case
of Lahore. Therefore, this can
be interpreted as a variable
‘Distance from Public
Transport Junction’. However,
the value/weightage will be
decided on the basis of the
findings from structured
interviews conducted by the
researcher.
37
03 Fiscal value and benefit must Not
have some importance in case Adopted
of Lahore but it lies out of the
scope of this study. Therefore,
this study does not take this
variable.
04 The researcher included a Adopted

question in the structured
interview regarding the
significance of the variable
titled ‘proximity to civic
services’. Therefore, this
criteria is not being taken only
for school but also for other
civic facilities including
health, religious etc.
05 This variable/criterion does Not
not hold true in case of Lahore. Adopted
Therefore, researcher has not
included in the study.
38
06 This criterion has been used in Adopted
this study by interpreting as
current infrastructure capacity.
The weightage will be decided
on the basis of the structured
interviews conducted from
qualified professionals and
academia.
07 This variable has been adopted Adopted
in this study. However, the
weightage of the variable
solely depends upon the
findings through structured
interviews.
08 The issues of land ownership Adopted
clarification, litigation and
legal constraints occur in
Lahore. These types of issues
have been highlighted by
(Shabbir, 2016) in her research
study. Therefore, variable of
‘Legal Constraints’ has been
included in this study.
39
2. DEVELOPABLE SITE ANALYSIS (Department of Infrastructure, Energy & Resources, 2012)
The report by Department of Infrastructure, Energy & Resources (2012) developed a GIS
based model to identify prospective sites for infill development for an Island state of
Tasmania, Australia. The approach enabled prospective sites to be easily identified at a
spatial level based on certain characteristics (or variables/indicators). Thereafter, these sites
were validated through “ground trothing” for final result.
The model developed through this study was based on the development of various capacity
scenarios which will be further discussed in next chapter while formulating the framework
for infill development. However, at this stage, it is worth noting that every study has
developed some indicators/variables and then results are achieved on the basis of
calculations against developed characteristics. Later, local context is considered and the
targets are set according to the priorities of the local scenario.
The study has found real term examples of infill development occurring in the case study
including subdivision of one lot which did not have higher level of density and affordable
housing developments with focus on accommodation of deserving public. The study has
proposed an approach of assembly of infill sites for the coordinated redevelopment under
the control of a single regulatory entity in order to avoid confusion and bring harmony.
Table below shows a detailed discussion on the indicators used by this study for the
evaluation of the capacity for infill development. It has been found that most the variables
do pertain to general conditions of Lahore as well and can be adapted according to local
context. The discussion has been done by the researcher in order to reach a final decision
regarding adoption of an indicator.
Lessons learnt from the example of DIER, Tasmania (Department of Infrastructure,

Energy & Resources, 2012) include generation of some questions like:
 Are the current buildings in poor capacity in terms of density? Can there capacity
be enhanced?
 Are there any properties with more than one access points? Can those be considered
as point of focus for high rise of high density development?
40
 Can some properties be sub-divided in order to provide room/space for more
developable lots?
 Can mixed use development concept be adopted for some buildings within study
area?
41
Table 4: Discussion on study by DIER, 2012
Indic Developable Site Analysis (Department of Infrastructure, Energy & Resources, Discussion by Researcher Decision
ator 2012)
01 This indicator is worth Adopted

consideration in case of Lahore.
There are some major roads with
good public transport facilities in
Lahore and it is logical to advocate
that these major roads should be
point of focus for high rise and
dense developments. Therefore,
this indicator will be adopted for
assessment model for Lahore.
02 The threshold value of 2000m2 is Not
more than 4Kanal in case of Adopted
Lahore which is too large size for
a land parcel in Lahore. Therefore,
this threshold value cannot be
considered feasible for
identification of sites but rather
other selection criteria i.e. ‘no
42
change to sites which are for
recreational use’ must be adopted.
03 In this regard, there is need to Adopted
apprehend the importance of
Master Plan of Lahore which has
already specified the zoning of
different area of Lahore.
Therefore, it is easy to accept that
zoning has already been notified
by government and needs to be
strictly followed. Thus, this
indicator must be adopted.
04 Appropriate location of use will be Not
checked by the master plan and is Adopted
not needed to check again. It is
important to understand that when
density will be increased, it will
surely increase the demand of
other facilities like parking. But
for that purpose, the lot size can be
checked and it needs not to be
checked here again.
43
05 Natural constraints do hold Adopted
importance and therefore must be
considered for assessment and
thus are adopted as a variable for
this study.
06 Dual access can help Adopted
designers/architects to plan a
building with more safe entrance
and exit points and thus more
suitable for high density use.
Therefore, this point must be
considered and is adopted for this
study.
07 This indicator does not need to be Not
taken exclusively as it will be Adopted
considered in the indicator namely
‘age of building’.
08 This indicator has already been Not
covered in the form of building Adopted
density/capacity and therefore
does not need to be taken in this
case again.
44
3. BALLARAT RESIDENTIAL INFILL OPPORTUNITIES (Aurecon, 2009)
As mentioned in previous chapter, the study by (Aurecon, 2009) was focused upon finding
existing and future urban development opportunity sites in Ballarat, Australia. It provided
the tools for identification of zoning opportunities, diversification of residential sites, and
specified density based housing developments. The procedure used in the study for this
sort of identification was a combination of aerial photograph analysis, workshops with
Council Staff and site visits for developable residential sites analysis. The result of this
study was in the form of area of land (in hectares) developable for residential development.
Decision regarding the opportunity areas for infill development would be reliable if it
would be based on social demand of housing in the area. This aspect was considered in
study for Ballarat, Australia (Aurecon, 2009) wherein the demand for housing of many
different social groups of people were analyzed, mapped and priority areas of opportunity
were identified. However, this would not be covered in this study due to limited resources,
time and focused scope of this study.
Factors which could be used for identification of priority sites for infill development were
also enlisted in study for Ballarat (City of Ballarat 2009) which included following:
 Area (preferably at least 2000m2)

 Frontage (for accessibility purpose)
 Orientation (for sustainable design solutions)
 Shape (regularly shaped would be preferred for sure)
 Vegetation (Minimal established vegetation is preferred)
 Ownership (one or few owners preferred as compared to many)
 Topography (Flatter sites being preferable)
 Services (Availability and capacity of electricity, water, sewerage, gas and
telecommunication)
 Encumbrances (Preferably no or least encumbrances)
 Proximity to open areas (Preferably within 400m of open spaces)
 Existing Buildings (Buildings currently not occupied well preferred)
45
 Adjoining Uses (Already surrounded by residential developments may be
preferred)
 Public Land (No need of land acquisition process)
 Commercial Sites (Commercial Sites with diminishing returns may be considered
for housing)
Table below shows the discussion on these factors by the researcher. The purpose of this
discussion is to adopt suitable variables for development of assessment framework in case
of Lahore. Each variable has been considered and final decision has been made in last
column.
46
Table 5: Discussion on study by Aurecon, 2009
Facto Ballarat Residential Infill Opportunities (Aurecon, 2009) Discussion by Researcher Decision
r No.
1. This factor certainly provides with a Adopted
good decision making base because
2000m2 area is around 4 Kanal in case of
Lahore which is suitable for a building
with dwelling units on flats/apartments
pattern along with parking but this should
not mean that only areas above 4 Kanal
should be considered. Therefore, this
factor should be adopted for this study
but with local conditions that larger areas
can have high rank for potential but
smaller areas should not be completely
ignored, though lower rank.
2. The explanation of this factor in the study Adopted
shows that it is related with the higher
potential of the plots/buildings abutting
major roads. Therefore, this factor has
been adopted.
47
3. As far as design solutions are concerned, Not
this factor hold importance but that Adopted
would be too detailed level for this
research work. Therefore, it has not been
adopted considering this factor out of the
scope of this study.
4. This factor relates to the design Not
characteristics which do not fall in the Adopted
scope of this study. Thus, it has not been
adopted for this study.
5. The factor of vegetation is importance Not
with respect to the environmentally Adopted
feasible areas but it is worth noting that
when it comes to vegetation, there are
always options for provision of
alternatives when there is an immense
need to remove it from some area.
Therefore, this factor cannot be
considered as important as other factors.
Moreover, this study is focused upon
urban areas of Lahore where the
vegetation rate is low and trees are
48
already planted mostly at roadsides.
Therefore, this factor has not been
adopted.
6. This factor is important with respect to Adopted
implementation of the infill development
rezoning. Therefore, it has been adopted
for this study.
7. This factor would be important is areas Not
where the land is not flat and rather Adopted
undulating while in case of Lahore, there
is no issue regarding slope. Therefore,
considering this issue will only make the
framework complex. Thus, it has not
been adopted.
8. The capacity of current services certainly Adopted
holds importance because if we
envisioned the dense infill development,
services should be capable enough to
bear the load. Therefore, this factor has
been adopted.
9. This factor is relevant to the Adopted
implementation ability of infill
49
development on a site. Therefore, it holds
importance for calculation of the
potential for infill development and thus
is adopted for this research study.
10. 400m is usually taken as a walk-able Adopted
distance by an average citizen while
remaining in comfort zone. Therefore,
this level of proximity is adopted for this
research study.
11. This factor relates with those cases which Adopted
have also been outlined by (Shabbir,
2016) in her research study that
properties (built hoses, buildings) with
all physical conditions are lying
unoccupied in Lahore due to certain
reason. Therefore, availability of such
buildings provide for the opportunity of
occupying and thus obtaining infill
development. Thus this factor is adopted
for this research study.
12. This factor should also be of prime Adopted
importance to note because the sites for
50
which current use would not be feasible
due to natural adjustment of land uses.
Therefore, this factor is adopted for this
research study.
13. Government owned sites are also taken Adopted
as most appropriate sites for infill
development because there is no need to
acquire the land from public. Therefore,
this factor is also adopted for this
research work.
14. This factor relatively relates with the Not
economic returns which are out of scope Adopted
of this research work. However, older
buildings will overall be covered in
factor/indicator titled ‘age of building’.
Therefore, this factor is not adopted for
this research study.
51
4. EVALUATION OF INFILL DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL IN ZONE 8 OF TABRIZ BY ANALYSIS
NETWORK PROCESS METHOD (Razavian & Samadi, 2016)
With regard to the vacant and abandoned lands in Tarbiz city, the research study by
(Razavian & Samadi, 2016) identified the potentials on the basis of various indicators. Final
capacity of the development and the weightage of each indicator for the study were done
by Analytic Network Process (ANP). The study founds the 12.14% of the area of selected
zone had a very high potential of development for infill development.
Phases of the study have been provided by the authors of this study which is being
reproduced here for the purpose of discussion. Below is the figure showing phases of the
research study carried out by the authors.
Figure 9: Phases of study
The figure showing phases of the study show that six indicators were developed by the
researchers including Vacant and Barren Land, Antiquity of buildings, Granularity of lots,
type of materials in building, access and permeability and number of storeys. Thereafter,
52
the data gathered in accordance with these variables was used by the authors to prepared
maps classified for each indicator.
After consultation with the respective experts, the weightage of each indicator was decided
and finally Super Decision Software was used based on the methods for decision of the
weightage. Result of the study was mapped through spatial analyst software and ArcGIS.
Below is the discussion on the indicators used in this study and their analysis with respect
to the local conditions of Lahore. These discussions led to decision regarding adopting or
rejecting these indicators for this research study. Interestingly all six indicators of this
research study, as table below shows, have been adopted.
53
Table 6: Discussion on study by Razavian & Samadi, 2016
Indicator Evaluation of Infill Development Potential in Zone 8 of Tabriz by Discussion by Researcher Decision
No. Analysis Network Process Method (Razavian & Samadi, 2016)
1. The Vacant and Barren Land Indicator: One of the major factors This research indicator must be adopted Adopted
considered in the infill development is the vacant lands, which is because vacant land can certainly be
considered as the amount of open space. counted having potential for infill
development.
2. The Buildings Antiquity Index: The buildings have been classified Age of building can be a significant Adopted
into 4 groups of new-built, useable, repairable, and destructed. factor advocating the potential for infill
development in an area. Therefore,
building antiquity index must be adopted
for development of the framework.
3. Access and Permeability Index: According to the terms of the Access to the buildings through proper Adopted
comparative plan of the issues of access, minimum width of passages is access road with appropriate right of way
6 meters to determine the permeability of districts. Passages with less is pre-requisite of proper planned
than 6 meters create inefficient and useless roadway traffic, especially settlements. Therefore while considering
when the risk of damage exists; adjacent structures are easily blocked potential for infill development, this
and make it difficult to communicate the rescuers to the texture. indicator must be adopted.
4. Index of the Lots Size (Compression and Granularity): Granularity Larger plots sizes have more options for Adopted
is one of the issues that create many of the problems from different high rise or dense developments within a
urban views. The size of the lots must be considered in order to classify study area while smaller plots would
the capacity development for the intended index so that if the parts have have some limitations. Therefore, the
54
lower area, it will be prone to redevelopment. The first category (high index of lot size must also be considered
development capacity): lots below 120 meter (about 47%). The second for estimating the potential of infill
category (moderate development capacity): between 120 to 200 meters development and is adopted for this
(about 10%). The third category (low capacity development): lands research study.
above 200 meters (about43%) of lands.
5. The Index of Buildings Storeys: Number of storeys of the building This indicator would hold importance Adopted
studied in order to identify whether additional floor can be provided in with respect to the comparison of the
the buildings or not. number of floors permitted and the
number of floors provided within a case
study area.
6. Index of Building Skeleton: Materials used in the construction are one The potential for Infill Development is Adopted
of the important issues that should be considered for the infill also affected by the materials used in the
development. In the case of unstable materials, organization of a plan buildings. For example, two buildings
should be considered and redevelop. Equipping the building with with same age could have different
durable materials reduces the effects of natural hazards greatly and structural stability level due to varying
guarantees the strength of the building. To analyze the development materials used within. Therefore, the
capacity of the skeleton index of buildings, buildings of reinforced material of the buildings can be
concrete materials are constructed in the storey of low capacity categorized in order to assess the
development, metal skeletons in the storey of moderate capacity potential of infill development within a
development, and composite materials such as adobe, brick, and wood case study area.
in the storey of high capacity development.
55
VARIABLES ADOPTED FROM LITERATURE REVIEW
Research studies mentioned above in this chapter have identified and listed variables/indicators or
factors required for infill development potential assessment with respect to the local scenario of
the areas for which those studies were carried. For each study, the discussion has been done by the
researcher whether which variables should be used for Lahore and adopted and which variables
should be rejected. Therefore, here is a list of the indicators adopted by the literature review.
Table 7: Variables adopted from Literature Review
Sr.No. Title of Indicator Adopted from

01 Adjoining uses (Aurecon, 2009)
02 Building Antiquity (Razavian & Samadi, 2016)
03 Distance from major roads (Kamal, 2014)
04 Master Plan Zoning (Department of Infrastructure, Energy &
Resources, 2012)
05 Lot size (Razavian & Samadi, 2016)
06 Government owned land (Aurecon, 2009)
07 Existing unused buildings (Aurecon, 2009)
08 Building storeys (Razavian & Samadi, 2016)
09 Encumbrances (Aurecon, 2009)
10 Major Roads buffer (Department of Infrastructure, Energy &
Resources, 2012)
11 Area of the lot (Aurecon, 2009)
12 Proximity to schools (Kamal, 2014)
13 Vacant Land (Razavian & Samadi, 2016)
14 Permeability (Razavian & Samadi, 2016)
15 Proximity to Utility Lines (Kamal, 2014)
16 Ownership (Aurecon, 2009)
17 Natural Constraints (Department of Infrastructure, Energy &
Resources, 2012)
18 Services (Aurecon, 2009)
19 Real Estate Stability (Kamal, 2014)
56
20 Proximity to Commercial Area (Kamal, 2014)
21 Number of Access to the (Department of Infrastructure, Energy &
lot/building Resources, 2012)
22 Open Spaces (Aurecon, 2009)
23 Building Materials (Razavian & Samadi, 2016)
24 Frontage (Aurecon, 2009)
As above table enlists all the variables adopted from literature review for this research work, it can
be observed that:
i. Some of the variables are similar to some others, for example Sr. No. 10, 22 are very similar
ii. Only enlisting variables would not be enough, a brief explanation of each indicator will
also be required
Therefore considering above two points, final list of variables along with brief explanation for
each as required for this research work is provided below.
DECISIVE VARIABLES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FRAMEWORK

It is very important to realize the fact that application of infill estimation tool would solely be
based upon the availability of the data. The data could be taken by any source but needs to be local
in nature and must be interpretable according to the needs of the tool. Both the primary as well as
secondary data can help in this regard. Here is the final list of the variables/indicators that will be
considered while developing and, on a later stage, applying the tool of infill estimation.
Table 8: Decisive Variables
PRE-REQUISITES
1. Vector GIS Parcel Data: This data set would usually be the basic need for the
application of the tool. Without availability of this data, the
analysis would be near to impossible. Now the important
question here is whether this needs to be developed by the
analysts themselves or can it be found from any secondary
source. The answer is both! For this purpose, secondary
sources may be checked to see if any vector GIS parcel is
57
available. Afterwards, cross-checking of this data through
primary surveys would be essential because there is no room
for risk when we are talking about this data.
2. Aerial Photo: Required for the detailed mapping of shortlisted or identified
parcels for infill development, this dataset would produce as
specific and helpful results as clear the photo may be. Though
normally available google imagery can also serve the purpose
but higher resolution image would certainly help deep. For this
research, non-availability of funds is a limitation, therefore
normal google image downloaded with maximum available
resolution is being used for the purpose.
3. Local Plan GIS Layer: Local level planning agencies in metropolitan cities like
Lahore have adopted a mature way of preparation of plans,
mostly in mapping format as well, for future development of
the city. In case of Lahore, Master Plan is main planning
document. The layer of GIS from concerned agency, Lahore
Development Authority in this case, would serve well the
purpose for the tool. But before making this data necessary,
the reason or logic for its importance must be clear. Well, this
can be understood by the fact that infill development not only
relates with provision of housing facilities; it rather relates
with provision of all civic needs in the area and the plan layer
can help one decide which parts of the study area are legally
available for development of commercial buildings in future,
which are available for public buildings and which are
available for housing and so forth. Therefore this layer would
be very useful.
4. Data of Commercialized Lahore being second most populated city in the country is in
Roads: need of group housing facilities. Realizing this, some major
roads in the city were notified by planning agency under
commercialization policy. High Rise Building Commission
58
was established in May 2007 in order to investigate the high-
rise buildings in terms of legal requirements, safety factors and
citizen rights. In this context, use of this data would help
identify those parcels which lie on a commercialized road as
the target density for such parcels would be far more than
others.
INDICATORS
1.0 Indicators Group 01: Plot Attributes:
Characteristics of Land Parcel/Plot
1.1 Construction status of A vacant land parcel may be ripe for infill development
Land Parcel/Plot provided that other indicators support the idea adequately. But
if there is construction carried on land parcel/ plot, it needs to
be addressed properly if that construction has optimally
utilized the land parcel or not. Therefore construction
attributes including building height, antiquity, material and
occupancy need to be considered while assessing its potential
for infill development.
1.2 Number of Accesses to Data sets for road network along with information regarding
the Land Parcel/Plot number of accesses to a building would be helpful in
assessment of infill potential as more access options provide
room for innovative design options.
1.3 R.O.W of Land Planned settlements have this unique characteristic that access
Parcel/Plot Abutting to the lots and buildings in ensured. Therefore while assessing
Road the potential of infill development; the width of the road in
front of the buildings will affect the potential directly.
Conversely, for unplanned settlements, few of the streets are
wider than others. Therefore, street width and permeability has
to be taken into account while assessing the potential of infill
development.
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1.4 Size of Land Some uses require certain minimum area of land for
Parcel/Plot functioning while few others needs compactness and hence
required smaller parcel size. Therefore, size of parcel would
be suitable/helpful information for calculation of potential for
infill development.
2.0 Indicators Group 02: Construction Attributes:
Characteristics of construction on the Land Parcel/Plot
2.1 Antiquity There are different ways at looking at one phenomena. For
example, one could say a dilapidated or old building is
dangerous to live in while another one with optimistic
approach would attribute it to be an opportunity to build new
and better. This way, current old buildings can also help
calculate the potential of infill development.
2.2 Constructed No. of In metropolitan cities around the globe, land values have been
Floors augmented exponentially and this has led to construction of
multi-story living options in such cities. In case of Lahore,
LDA or MCL have specified the maximum number of storeys
allowed for a specific area. Now in case construction is done
below this limit, that implicates the potential of infill
development at that site. Therefore, building storeys is an
indicator for the framework.
2.3 Construction Material Two buildings have same age but different materials can have
different potentials for redevelopment etc. This has to be taken
into account by making categories with respect to building
material.
2.4 Occupancy Dilemma of abandoned buildings in Lahore, as discussed by
(Shabbir, 2016) in her thesis, shows that prime land is being
wasted and not used. This implicates that there is a potential
of infill development for that site.
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3.0 Indicators Group 03: Utiltiy Lines:
Characteristics of electricity, sewerage, drainage, water supply and Sui Gas services
3.1 Capacity of Electricity/ Inhabitants in an area are required to be provided with the
Sui Gas Lines utility lines including those of Electricity and Sui Gas. Further,
not only provision is important but the capacities to which
these utility lines can meet are also worth importance.
3.2 Capacity of Sewerage/ Study area when used for different purposes including
Drainage Lines residences and commercial activities also require properly
managed sewerage and drainage system and if overburdened,
it may cause problems. Therefore, the capacity of Sewerage/
Drainage lines must be undertaken while assessing the
potential for infill development.
3.3 Capacity of Water In case future potential of infill development has to be
Supply Lines determined, one must not ignore the capacity of available
water supply. Therefore, it is another indicator worth
consideration for this research study.
4.0 Indicators Group 04: Civic Services:
Characteristics of Facilities including Education, Health, Security, Mobility
4.1 Education Availability of educational facilities in an area is one of the
pull factors while their absence can make an area unlikely to
be inhibited. Therefore if the development has to be steered in
an area, the availability as well as quality of such educational
institutions must be considered.
4.2 Health Community needs including health are inevitable for
wellbeing of the residents. Therefore, availability of health
services can prove to have a potential of infill development.
4.3 Mobility Transport facilities and ease of mobility is one of the main
requisites of modern world. In urban life, people need to move
daily for job, shopping, recreational or other purposes.
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Therefore, an area must be assessed on the basis of the
availability and ease of the mobility facilities while
considering it for infill development.
4.4 Security One of the main counter arguments against dandified areas
from critics remain to be the issues of security in higher
population. Therefore, this indicator also need to be assessed
while considering an area for infill development.
4.5 Open Spaces Open spaces in any community serve as the lungs of that
community without which the health of the residents is at risk.
Therefore availability of open spaces imparts considerable
effect on the potential for infill development.
5.0 Indicators Group 05: Constraints:
Characteristics of Natural and Legal Constraints
5.1 Natural Constraints Some limitations from nature including lack of soil stability,
climate and natural disasters etc. can make otherwise suitable
site inappropriate for Infill Development. Therefore, such
constraints must be taken into account for assessment of final
potential.
5.2 Legal Constraints Restrictions on a site could have legal encumbrances or
litigations which could make site inappropriate for certain use.
While sites free of such constraints may be readily available
for development. Thus, legal constraints may be considered for
assessment of the potential for Infill Development.
6.0 Indicators Group 06: Pipeline Projects:
Prospective projects that may contribute to the Infill Development Potential
6.1 Civic Services In case an area currently lacks in the provision of civic
facilities including educational, health or security facilities;
the potential of infill development would be low. But if the
administration is planning to provide some of these new
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facilities, there can be a potential in near future. Thus these
kinds of projects must be considered.
6.2 Legal Framework Some of those areas which usually have a potential for
development may sometimes by constrained by legal
provisions and limitations. However, if the policy makers try
to make legal framework with aim to attract development, the
potential of development may increase. Therefore, any such
prospective amendments in the policy making may also be
considered important.
6.3 Utility Lines Projects in the pipeline regarding increasing capacity of utility
lines including electricity, sewerage/drainage and water
supply can certainly attract the development in an area.
Therefore, these must also be taken as an indicator for the
assessment of potential for infill development.

This chapter included four case study with focus of the indicators/criteria used by those studies for
assessment of the potential of infill development. A multi criteria and Spatial Assessment study
has been included and the indicators adopted from this study included (i) Proximity to transport
services (ii) Proximity to educational facilities (iii) Proximity to utility lines (iv) Proximity to
commercial facilities and (v) Neighborhood’s real estate stability. Similarly, the study of
Tasmania, Australia has provided with the indicators including (i) Proximity to transit corridor (ii)
Zoning as per local plan (iii) Natural constraints (iv) Plot frontage. Another study from Ballarat,
Australia has helped find indicators including (i) Area (ii) Frontage (iii) Ownership (iv) Services
(v) Encumbrances (vi) Proximity to open space (vii) Existing Buildings
Finally study from Tarbiz city, Iran has helped develop indicators including (i) Vacant land
indicator (ii) Building Antiquity (iii) Access and permeability index (iv) Index of Lot Size (v)
Index of Building Storeys (vi) Index of Building Skeleton. All enlisted indicators have been
categorized in six different groups including (i) Plot attributes (ii) Construction attributes (iii)
Utility Lines (iv) Civic Services (v) Constraints (vi) Pipeline projects.
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This chapter devises the framework for
the evaluation of infill development on
the basis of the indicators decided in
previous chapter. For this purpose,
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has
been used wherein each group of
indicators in linked with the goal of this
CHAPTER 04 research work. The process and involved

steps have been briefly explained. For
DEVELOPING application of AHP, Super Decisions
Software has been used through which
FRAMEWORK the goal of the research study has been
linked with each of the group indicators.
The comparisons have been made
between the indicators and finally
weightage has been assigned to each
indicator according to their significance
level.
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DEVELOPING FRAMEWORK
Realization of need of infill development for a city is one thing and assessment of infill
development is another. This has been realized by study conducted for California (Watt, 2004)
wherein a methodology for estimation of infill has been developed. A tool has been developed
through this study which operates through a combination of ArcGIS and Microsoft Excel. It is said
to include two features namely “The Geographical Screening Feature” and “The Infill Strategy
Evaluation Feature”. The former one is about selection of parcels in an area with certain tests and
it operates through ArcGIS while the latter one permits the users to estimate the likely effect of
various interventions on infill development.
The process for real implementation of strategies for Infill Development in any case study area
may require long term planning. Studies have shown that there cannot be one “FIT FOR ALL”
solution or tool for calculation and implementation of Infill Development and it would change
from case to case (Fogarty, 2006). The process involved detailed analysis of conditions of the case
study, the rules and policies in vogue and the targets and priorities of the government of local area.
Therefore, the need for development of a tool/ technique or framework at a local level holds prime
importance.
As the first two objectives of this research study have been met by previous two chapters, we have
developed the understanding of infill development in local context of Lahore and also finalized
decisive indicators for the evaluation of the potential of infill development. Next objective of this
study is to develop a model/framework to use the list of finalized indicators in a hierarchical
method for assessment of Infill Development. Therefore, this chapter starts with understanding of
the method through which developed list of developed indicators may be used with respect to their
level of significance.
Decisive indicators for the assessment of the potential of infill development have been finalized in
previous chapter. It is important to note that the indicators have certain scope and can, thus, be
categorized in different classifications. For example, some of the indicators are related to the
physical characteristics of the land, few others relate to the detailing of the physical structure on
the land parcel/lot. Similarly, some of the indicators can be grouped in to category of services and
others as constraints including subsets of natural and legal constraints.
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The evaluation standards may vary significantly; one could simply calculate the overall potential
for infill development in a parcel of land through use of threshold density value while others could
make this evaluation process more detailed by calculation of plot based potential. Thus, one way
to consider the potential of infill development could be accumulating all vacant plots within a case
study area while another way would be including even those parcels of land which would not be
utilized in optimum way. This way conversion of plots would also be considered in addition to the
parcels of land not developed.
Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resource (DIER), Tasmania published a report on

Developable Sites Analysis in which the methodology for assessment of the potential of high rise
infill development along main road transit corridor was explained in detail (Department of
Infrastructure, Energy & Resources, 2012). The methodology included development of a GIS
based Model which identified the potential yield for development on the basis of certain variables
like zoning or lot size. As the study was based on finding the potential along the main transit
corridor, the study included use of two buffers based on distance and identified the sites by lot size
and later subtracted the recreational use sites from shortlisted sites. The draft findings through this
model were later validated through Council Officers including the process of ‘Ground-Truthing’.
Final potential was calculated by accommodating the forecasted population burden of that area in
future.
Study from (Department of Infrastructure, Energy & Resources, 2012) implicates that potential of
developable sites or in other words relating this to the topic of this study, infill development, can
be measured and the unit used by the study for this potential was the number of sites or the total
area (in hectares) which could be categorized as developable.
The methodology adopted for the identification of priority areas for infill development in Ballarat,
Australia included a combination of aerial photography analysis, workshops with staff councils
and developable site analysis (Aurecon, 2009).
(McConnell & Wiley, 2010) review the arguments on infill development and summarize the
different approached to measuring infill. Variety of the approaches used by various researcher for
the identification of the measurement of infill development have been documented while the
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consensus has been found that the most of these based upon the case to case analysis of the area
parcels to determine if there is any potential for infill or not.
Figure 10: Analytic Hierarchy Process
Source: (Goepel, 2013)
For example while developing a model for the identification of infill development in Zapata
County, (Kamal, 2014) evaluated the potential of each parcel on the basis of the score system
assigned for each parcel and according to the criteria as cited in previous chapter. Similarly for the
evaluation of infill development potential in Zone 8 of Tarbiz, the value to each of the land parcel
was assigned on the basis of the indicators and final score was obtained by the weightage of each
of the indicators (obtained through implementation of Analytic Hierarchy Process-AHP) according
to their significance level (Razavian & Samadi, 2016).
Now it is worth consideration that though each of the developed indicators contribute to the
assessment of potential of infill development, not each of them impact with same significance.
Some of the indicators are certainly more significant with their impact with respect to others. In
this case, it is important to understand that the process of assigning weightage to each of the criteria
must be scientifically proven.
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Therefore in order to formulate a firm basis of the weighting criteria for the indicators developed
in above chapter, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been deemed fit. The importance of AHP
in the field of decision making has been proved by (Saaty, 2002). A brief introduction of AHP is
included in upcoming pages and afterwards, the framework has been developed through the
process.
ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)

When we combine individual performance indicators to one key performance indicator (KPI), we
can give each one a different weight. Now the question is: how to derive the weights? For this, a
mathematical model is available called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). As an input, one can
use actual measurements like price, weight etc. or subjective opinion like satisfaction feelings and
preferences. While as output, one can get ratio scales and a consistency index (Goepel, 2013). The
method is based on the solution of an Eigen value problem. The ratio scales result from Eigen
vectors and the consistency index from the Eigen value.
The complexity of dependence of one result over a number of variables in case of this study has
become a fact as shown in previous chapter. In this way, the predictability of the result certainly
is affected by the change in any of the above mentioned indicators. Given that the level of influence
of each of the indicators was equal to all others, the calculation of the impact of change would not
be a problem. However in case of those complex networks where the significance of impact
changes with the variables, the decision maker has to be far erudite to forecast the results.
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a theory and methodology for relative measurement (Brunelli,
2015). Therefore, AHP can be considered useful when actual measurements of the indicators are
not quantifiable but can be quantified relatively with respect to each other. In this kind of relative
measurement, usually the scope is confined to the proportion of each of the contributors with
respect to the whole sum.
The utility of AHP has usually been advocated to that kind of criterion which is mostly intangible
and has multi-perspective dependency on each other. Therefore, in such cases, AHP is helpful in
setting the significance level of one indicator with respect to the other in a series of pair wise
comparisons.
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STEPS INVOLVED IN ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) uses the approach of decomposing the research question in
different variables and then putting those variables in different type of hierarchies with respect to
their inter relations. The hierarchy is then used to formulate the measurements in form of ratio-
scale and the relative value of each of the variable is then used to calculate corresponding impact
on overall significance (Alexander, 2012).
Complete process involved in AHP is comprised of four steps as under:
1. Define the goal/ objective:

Starting the process has the base from defined goal/ objective which has to be gained
through AHP. For example, in one case there could be the goal to decide the best location
for setting a new industry of particular characteristics and then further steps would be
designed in the light of this goal.
In case of this research study, the goal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process is to identify the
potential sites for infill development. Therefore, this will be set as the top tier in the
hierarchy and all further steps will be taken accordingly.
2. Define the criteria or factors/ variables that impact the goal/ objective
Having the goal of the process defined, the contributing factors that influence the goal are
to be listed. These factors or indicators are indeed to be listed in the form of different groups
or clusters according to their characteristics. After the listing of the indicators, each of the
group is then used for further steps.
For the listing of variables in the form of groups for Analytic Hierarchy Process, most of
the experts recommend that the number of the indicators/ variables in each group must
range from 03 to 05. If the number is increasing, a new group or cluster is recommended
(Goepel, 2013).
3. Use of paired comparisons

Once the factors/ variables are listed in the form of groups of recommended size 03 to 05
variables each, next step is to carry out the paired comparisons of each factor/ variable in
69
each group with all other factors/ variables in the same group. This way the importance/
significance of each indicator with respect to other indicators in each group will be decided.
The result will be in the form of ratio scale wherein the value gained by each of the factor/
variable will be decided on the basis of its contribution to the cumulative sum of 1.00 for
combined value of all indicators in that particular group. The choices table for making
preferences has been suggested by (Alexander, 2012) as under:
Figure 11: AHP Scale
Source: (Alexander, 2012)
The similar process of assigning values to the factors/ variables in other groups will be
repeated and finally the value of each group will be finally decided for deriving overall
ratio scale for Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
4. Synthesize the ranks of alternatives

This final step of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) relates with the use of above listed
factors/ variables for making decision by choosing best option from a number of
alternatives. For this purpose, an arbitrary positive matrix is created as explained by (Saaty,
2002):
“The idea of a priority vector has much less validity for an arbitrary
positive reciprocal matrix A = (aij) than for a consistent and a near
consistent matrix. A positive n by n matrix is reciprocal if aji = 1/aij.
It is consistent if aijajk = aik; I, j, k = 1,. . . , n. From aij = aik/ajk we
have aji = ajk/aik = aij_1 and a consistent matrix is reciprocal. A
matrix is said to be near consistent if it is a small perturbation of a
70
consistent matrix. The custom is to look for a vector w = (w1, . . . ,
wn) such that the matrix W = (wi/wj) is ‘‘close’’ to A = (aij) by
minimizing a metric.”
Once the positive arbitrary matrix is created as explained above, the scoring is done for
each of the alternative as per the data gathered for the analysis. On entering the data, each
of the alternatives is assigned weightage. This helps user rank the alternatives and reach
final decision on the basis of the ranking.
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has also been explained by many other researchers in more or
less same way. For example, this process has also been explained in six steps by (Goepel, 2013)
as under:
Figure 12: Process of AHP
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JUSTIFICATION FOR USING ANALYTIC HIEARARCHY PROCESS
A pertinent concern for this research work is whether why Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is
being used and not any other. For this purpose, a number of logical reasons justify its use and some
of those
1. A very obvious advantage of the method is the hierarchical structuring of decision

problems. Structuring is very natural and easy and in real life problems, we are required to
break the complex issues in a number of smaller and easy questions.
2. The hierarchy describing the questions can easily be explained to the persons who provide
their inputs regarding the pair wise comparisons in the process.
3. Combining the inputs from various stakeholders is quite easy through AHP process as the
value assigned to each of the indicator by many inputs can be ascertained from the
geometric mean of all the inputs.
72
Figure 13: AHP Matrix
4. The results attained from the AHP are quite plausible to even those persons with limited
knowledge of the technical details of the issue under consideration. This way, the process
helps reach such a result which is conceivable to the whole team.
5. Calculations can be handled easily by common software, Microsoft Excel spreadsheets for
example, and thus do not require any special trainings or technical abilities for running.
There are, however, software developed and available in market which are specially
configured for the purpose of running AHP; Super Decisions Software is an example of
such software.
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RECOMMENDATION FOR USE OF ANALYTIC HIEARARCHY PROCESS (AHP)
Few of the generic suggestions for the use of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) have been provided summarized in the figure shown
below (Goepel, 2013):
74
Figure 14: Recommendations for AHP
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APPLICATION OF ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)
As Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been explained in above pages, it is to understand that
how this process can be implemented or applied in a case study. Though there a number of ways
to implement this process, few worth mentioning are as under:
 Manual application of the process by developing the matrix of calculations (Li, Ni, Dong,
& Zhu, 2017)
 Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) by use of Microsoft Excel Sheet
Template with option of multiple inputs (Goepel, 2013)
 Use of computer coding and programming by use of computer language. An example can
be found in the study titled “Decision-Making using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
and SAS/IML” (Alexander, 2012)
 Use of computer software specifically designed for the application of Analytic Hierarchy
Process (AHP) along with other approaches. For example, use of Expert Choice Software
to apply AHP (Ziari, Pourashmad, & Hamzehpour, 2017) and Super Decisions Software
(Razavian & Samadi, 2016) (Mu & Pereyra-Rojas, 2017)
Each of the above mentioned methods for the application of AHP have their pros and cons.
However, it is worth noting that each method is suitable for particular type of case study and goal
of the research work. Therefore, it is important to decide that which method may be used for this
research study. Thus with respect to the goal of the research and its relevancy, the approach used
by (Razavian & Samadi, 2016) and (Mu & Pereyra-Rojas, 2017) has been decided to be used.
An brief introduction of Super Decisions Software is first provided in coming pages and it is
followed by the development of the framework on this software.
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SUPER DECISIONS SOFTWARE
This software has been especially designed for the implementation of AHP and ANP. The
credibility of this software lies in the fact that it was developed by the same researchers who were
the creators of the process in the first place.
This software package is developed for the analysis and interpretations of complex real life
phenomenon where decision making has to be made. The approach of this software is to break the
complex problem in many clusters and elements in order to make it easier to comprehend and
operate before reaching a solution to it.
The reason why this software has been used and not any other method for the application of
Analytic Hierarchy Process is that the total number of criteria developed in previous chapter is
quite more than normal number of criteria used in AHP. Therefore, if an excel spreadsheet were
to be used for this number of criteria, the process would have become drastically difficult to
implement.
Similarly, if the programming through SAS/IML were decided to be used, extra labor to learn the
technique would have consumed significant time with limited outcome. However, when using
Super Decisions Software, the problem of complex calculations in creating matrices is avoided
because the software carries the calculations automatically.
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PROCESS USED BY SUPER DECISIONS SOFTWARE
As mentioned above, Super Decisions Software has been developed by the same researcher who
has originally developed AHP. Therefore, the process of the software is basically the same as of
the Analytic Hierarchy Process originally. This can be summarized as under:
Figure 15: Steps in AHP
Make Decision
Synthesize the
ranks
Pair Wise
Comparisons
Enlist
Alternatives
Enlist Indicators
Define the goal
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DEVELOPING FRAMEWORK IN SUPER DECISIONS SOFTWARE
As the process of AHP in Super Decisions Software has been explained above, now the framework
can be prepared in same pattern. Following indicators have been used in developing the
framework through Super Decisions Software:
Table 9: Indicator Groups
Goal:
Goal of the research Work
Potential of Infill Development
Indicators Group 01: Plot Attributes:
1.0 Characteristics of Land Parcel/Plot
1.1 Construction status of Land Parcel/Plot
1.2 Number of Accesses to the Land Parcel/Plot
1.3 R.O.W of Land Parcel/Plot Abutting Road
1.4 Size of Land Parcel/Plot
2.0 Indicators Group 02: Construction Attributes:

Characteristics of construction on the Land Parcel/Plot
2.1 Antiquity
2.2 Constructed No. of Floors
2.3 Construction Material
2.4 Occupancy
Indicators Group 03: Utiltiy Lines:
Clusters / 3.0 Characteristics of electricity, sewerage, drainage, water supply and Sui
Nodes Gas services
3.1 Capacity of Electricity/Sui Gas Lines
3.2 Capacity of Sewerage/Drainage Lines
3.3 Capacity of Water Supply Lines
Indicators Group 04: Civic Services:
4.0 Characteristics of Facilities including Education, Health, Security,
Mobility & Open Spaces
4.1 Education
4.2 Health
4.3 Mobility
4.4 Security
4.5 Open Spaces
5.0 Indicators Group 05: Constraints:

Characteristics of Natural and Legal Constraints
5.1 Legal Constraints
5.2 Natural Constraints
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Indicators Group 06: Pipeline Projects:
6.0 Prospective projects that may contribute to the Infill Development
Potential
6.1 Civic Services
6.2 Legal Framework
6.3 Utility Lines
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Accordingly, the process of building the framework is explained as below:
1. Creating Clusters:
In this step clusters have to be formulated through the design option in the upper left menue
of super decisions software as shown in the screenshot below:
Figure 16: Making Cluster

Once the new cluster option is selected from the design menu, a new cluster dialogue box is
appeared as below:
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Figure 17: New Cluster Dialog
In this dialog box, the cluster name is added. As for the first cluster, the name is added as
“Goal” and the description is added that it is the goal of this research work to be met.
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Figure 18: Cluster of Goal
After clicking the save button, the cluster is shown in the Super Decisions Software main
window as under:
83
Figure 19: Formation of Cluster
Similar procedure is adopted for the development of other clusters comprising of various
groups of criteria as developed in previous chapter. After creation of the clusters, the widow
of Super Decisions Sofware is as under:
Figure 20: All Clusters in the model
84
In this window, total seven groups of clusters are prepared among which first one is for the
Goal while six others are for the indicators. Detail of each of the clusters prepared for the
indicators is as under:
Indicators Group 01: Plot Attributes

This cluster is prepared for those indicators which directly relate to the characteristics of
the land parcel/plot. The indicators in this group are:
Figure 21: Indicators Group 01
1.1: Size of Land Parcel/Plot

1.2: Number of Accesses to the Land Parcel/Plot
1.3: R.O.W of Land Parcel/Plot abutting road
1.4: Construction Status of Land Parcel/Plot
85
Indicators Group 02: Construction Attributes
This cluster is prepared for those indicators which are germane to the construction on the
land parcel/plot, if any. The indicators in this group are:
2.1: No. of floors

2.2: Occupancy
2.3: Antiquity
2.4: Construction material
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Indicators Group 03: Utility Lines
This cluster encapsulates the quality of utility lines of the settlement. This cluster includes
macro-level details and thus indicators in this cluster shall have almost similar values for a
group of land parcels. The indicators in this group are:
3.1: Capacity of Water Supply Lines

3.2: Capacity of Sewerage/Drainage Lines
3.3: Capacity of Electricity/Sui Gas Lines
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Indicators Group 04: Civic Services
This cluster encapsulates the availability and quality of civic services. This cluster includes
macro-level details and thus indicators in this cluster shall have almost similar values for a
group of land parcels. The indicators in this group are:
4.1: Education
4.2: Health
4.3: Mobility
4.4: Security
4.5: Open Spaces
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Indicators Group 05: Constraints
This cluster includes the constraints to the infill development for given land parcels. First
indicator in this group is a macro-level data while the second indicator is parcel level data.
The indicators in this group are:
5.1: Natural Constraints

5.2: Legal Constraints
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Indicators Group 06: Pipeline Projects
This cluster comprises the prospective project details for the capacity enhancement of a
given area regarding infill development. The indicators in this group are macro-level
details. The indicators in this group are:
6.1: Utility Lines

6.2: Civic Services
6.3: Legal Framework
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2. Creating Nodes
Once the clusters have been created in Super Decisions Software, next step is to create nodes
for each of the indicators in those clusters. For creating nodes, drop down menu from right
clicking the clusters window provide the option as show in the figure:
Figure 27: Making Node Comparisons
Once the “Create node in cluster” command is cliked, a new node dialog box appears wherein
the name of the node, its description, font style and color of the node can be selected. The
dialog box is shown in the figure:
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Figure 28: Goal of the Research Study
When all the entries in the dialog box of the node have been entered, the “save” button creates
the node in the corresponding cluster as shown in the figure:
Figure 29: Goal of the study Cluster
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In the similar way, the nodes for all the indicators will be created in each of the clusters. The figure showing created nodes in each
cluster is as under:
Figure 30: Interconnected Clusters
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3. Connecting Nodes
This is an important step in building framework or model through Super Decisions Software
for Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as in this step the connections are made in such a way
that all the contributing factors or indicators to the goal are properly linked to it. For this
purpose, the cursor is positioned on the node of the gaol, “Potential of Infill Development” in
this case, and “Node connexions from” option is selected from the drop down appeared by
right clicking on it as shown in the figure:
Figure 31: Node Connections
This opens up a new window titled “Node Selector” as shown in the figure. From this
window, the indicators affecting the goal are all selected. This way the connetions are
defined.
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Figure 32: Selection of connected elements
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This way, the connections from the goal to each of the indicators are defined as shown in the figure.
Figure 33: Directly Connected Elements
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It is, however, worth noting that all indicator groups except Indicator Group 02 is connected with
the goal “Potential of Infill Development”. The reason is that the Indicators Group 02 has
connections with the node “Construction status of Land Parcel/Plot” from Indicators Group 01.
Thus, Indicators Group 02 is indirectly connected to the goal as shown in the figure below:
Figure 34: Indirectly connected elements
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4. Developing weights (according to priorities) for groups (of indicators):
Each group of variables has their own importance with respect to other groups that affect the potential of infill development.
Therefore, in order to ascertain the significance or weightage of each of the groups, the data gained through the Google Forms from
those experienced professionals who were previously interviewed was used. Following figures shows the comparison diagram and
the following table shows the weightage gained through this comparison.
Figure 35: Binary Comparisons 01
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Table 10: Group Weightage
Name Normalized
Indicators Group 01: Plot Attributes 0.604
Indicators Group 03: Utiltiy Lines 0.171
Indicators Group 04: Civic Services 0.078
Indicators Group 05: Constraints 0.046
Indicators Group 06: Pipeline
Projects 0.101
Inconsistency 0.07263
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5. Developing weights (according to priorities) for Indicators:
As there are a number of indicators developed in this research study as shown in the figure
above, it is important to comprehend that not each of the indicators affects the goal with same
significance level. Or in other words, not each indicator is equally important. Therefore,
priorities of the indicators must be set and each indicator must be assigned weightage with
respect to its significance. The process of assigning weights in Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) and consequently in Super Decisions Software is relative in nature as the weights of the
indicators are measured with respect to each other.
For this purpose, following procedure is followed:
i. The node namely “Potential of Infill Development” is selected with cursor and then
“node compare interface” is selected from the dropdown menu obtained by right click.
The figure explains the steps in visual:
Figure 36: Node comparison interface
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ii. This will open a node comparison window as shown in the figure below. From the figure, we can see that the left side of this
window is indicating the “Choose” pane wherein the relation or connection of the goal with respect to a particular group of
indicators can be selected. Similarly, in the middle pane, the option of comparing the indicators with respect to the goal is
available. On the basis of this comparison, the indicators will be assigned weightage. The right pane is indicating “Results”
where Inconsistency (normally allowed to the maximum value of 0.1) is shown.
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iii. Next the values are to be entered in the middle pane of the node comparison interface. These values were obtained by
commutative inputs of the experts through Google Forms from whom the researcher had previously conducted structured
interviews.
It is, however, to note that the maximum allowable value of Inconsistency is 0.1 for obtaining valid results of Analytic
Hierarchy Process (AHP) while running it through Super Decisions Software. Thus it has been carefully observed that this
allowable limit is not violated while giving value to the indicators.
Figures below shows the values entered in node comparison interface for all indicators groups.
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103
104
105
106
107
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RESULTS FROM SUPER DECISION SOFTWARE
As elaborated in earlier pages that the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) helps in decision making
through evaluation of comparative significance of all the indicators affecting the decision, it is also
important to note that the process helps decide among various alternatives. In this regard, Super
Decisions Software can definitely help when third tier of the alternatives in created.
However, in this research study, there are no defined alternatives. The reason why Analytic
Hierarchy Process (AHP) and consequently Super Decisions Software was used in this research
study was only that the weightage of the indicators according to their significance was required
and the rest can be taken care of.
The steps undertaken so far in Super Decisions Software, as elaborated in above pages, have met
the objective of using it by providing the weightage of the indicators in each group according to
their significance as per inputs from experts of the field. Therefore, the results of the weighted
indicators can be summarized as below:
1. WEIGHTAGE OF INDICATORS IN GROUP 01:

As evident from the binary comparisons made in Super Decisions Software, the indicators
in group 01 had different significance with Construction status of Land Parcel/Plot being
the most significant while Number of Accessed to the Land Parcel/Plot being the least
significant. The table below shows the weightage of indicators in group 01:
Table 11: Weightage of Indicators in Group 01
Weightage of Indicators in Group 01

Name Weight
Construction status of Land Parcel/Plot 0.569
Number of Accesses to the Land Parcel/Plot 0.042
R.O.W of Land Parcel/Plot Abutting Road 0.194
Size of Land Parcel/Plot 0.194
Inconsistency 0.093
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in group 02 also had different significance with Constructed Number of floors being the
most significant while Construction Material being the least significant. The table below
shows the weightage of indicators in group 02:

Name Weight
Antiquity 0.282
Constructed No. of Floors 0.578
Construction Material 0.046
Occupancy 0.094
Inconsistency 0.121

in group 03 also had different significance with Capacity of Water Supply Lines being the
most significant while Capacity of Electricity/Sui Gas Lines being the least significant. The
table below shows the weightage of indicators in group 03:
Name Weight
Capacity of Electricity/Sui Gas Lines 0.072
Capacity of Sewerage/Drainage Lines 0.279
Capacity of Water Supply Lines 0.649
Inconsistency 0.062
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in group 04 also had different significance with Mobility being the most significant while
Security being the least significant. The table below shows the weightage of indicators in
group 04:

Name Weight
Education 0.098
Health 0.306
Mobility 0.381
Security 0.047
Open Spaces 0.167
Inconsistency 0.029

in group 05 also had different significance with Natural Constraints being the more
significant as compared to Legal Constraints. The table below shows the weightage of
indicators in group 05:

Name Weight
Legal Constraints 0.333
Natural Constraints 0.667
Inconsistency 0.007
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in group 06 also had different significance with Utility Lines being the most significant
while Legal Framework being the least significant. The table below shows the weightage
of indicators in group 06:

Name Weight
Civic Services 0.094
Legal Framework 0.280
Utility Lines 0.627
Inconsistency 0.082
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS
Value of Inconsistency for each of the group has been mentioned in above tables and it has been
specified that this value depicts the accuracy of the results. However, it is worth noting that this
value is different for each table. Therefore in order to estimate cumulative accuracy for all results,
average inconsistency has been calculated as shown in table below:
Table 17: Commulative Inconsistency of Results
Results Inconsistency
Weightage of Indicators in Group 01 9.30%
Commulative 6.57%
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Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been briefly explained in this chapter starting with basic
concept of the process’s importance in decision making. The steps involved in this process have
also been explained because the same has to be implemented in this study. Though different case
studies have differently applied the process, overall generally the process is almost uniform.
Further, example of five researchers has been included in this chapter who have used different
techniques to apply Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Seeing different reason for method by each
of the researcher, the pros and cons have been understood and final decision has been made
whether how the process will be implemented in this research study.
Super Decisions Software has been used for the application of AHP for which the step by step
working on the software is explained. The model is built in the software and the connections of
the indicators have been made with respect to the research goal. On the basis of this model, the
indicators have been provided with the values as per their weightage and significance in deciding
the research goal.
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This chapter applies the developed
framework on two case studies: first one
is UC100, Ichara, Lahore which is an old
built up area of the city developed in an
unplanned manner. The other one is
CHAPTER 05 Rachna & Nargis Block, AIT, Lahore
which is a planned Housing Colony. The
APPLYING data for the indicators developed in
chapter 03 as gathered from field surveys
FRAMEWORK was put to use in the framework. The
framework provides output in the form
of the ranking of the area with respect to
the potential of Infill Development.
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APPLYING FRAMEWORK
Earlier chapters in this research study have harmoniously met first three objectives of this research
work starting with the localized understanding of infill development to the development of list of
indicators required for the assessment of potential of infill development to the development of the
framework requisite for the assessment of potential of infill development using Analytic Hierarchy
Process (AHP) through Super Decisions Software and obtaining the weightage of the indicators
according to their significance.
Having set the basis of the research work as well as development of the framework, the fourth and
last objective of this research study is to pragmatically apply the developed framework on selected
case study areas. This will not only provide an example of the application of the framework on
selected areas but also help understand how the framework would work in real world.
CASE STUDIES
SELECTION CRITERIA
Looking at the need of the application of the framework in selected areas of Lahore, it was requisite
that the example of the diverse areas of Lahore may be include. Now this leads to a bit of
complexity as well as challenging situation because Lahore is majorly being controlled by three
controlling bodies including Municipal Corporation Lahore, Lahore Development Authority and
Cantonment Board.
Due to this varying authoritative control over the planning, execution and maintenance in Lahore;
it was not easy to select only one area and provide the example for Lahore at general. Therefore,
more than one case studies needed to be included. In order to select case studies, a criteria was set
which could be majorly adopted for selecting the case studies for implication of the developed
framework. The detail of the set criteria is as under:
i. The selected case studies must relate to basic understanding of infill development that
these fall under the category of established built up areas no matter what location within
the city. For meeting this purpose, various built up areas of the city were selected
amongst which other criterion were later applied to select the final case study areas.
ii. Lahore has a diversity in housing provision with respect to the facilities as well as the
base of the housing facility. Keeping this in consideration, next set criteria was to
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include the case studies which may represent this diversity. Therefore, it was decided
that the case studies must represent a planned area and housing scheme as well as an
unplanned area which organically grew over time.
iii. Next criteria was from administrative point of view in the sense that the two major
government institutions wherein the authority of decision making vests are
Metropolitan Corporation Lahore (MCL) and Lahore Development Authority (LDA).
Therefore, it was decided that the selected case studies must represent the areas from
MCL as well as LDA.
iv. An important criteria set for the selection of case studies was the fact that the selected
case study must be available to the researcher for carrying out the surveys for data
collection without any hindrances from the authorities or institutions due to legal
bindings or formalities.
v. Next criteria was the practical understanding that the resources for this research work
were limited in terms of financial capability as well as human resource. Therefore,
selected case studies must be compact enough to be covered by an individual researcher
and in available resource. Therefore, a moderate size of case studies were shortlisted
wherein the surveys for the data collection could be carried by the researcher.
vi. The selected case study areas must have a legal identity so that these could be studied
as per original administrative boundaries marked by concerned authorities for the
study. These boundaries could be of a particular housing scheme, or specific block/s of
a housing scheme or the boundaries of administrative units like UC etc.
vii. Land Parcels and the constructed buildings must be of varying sizes in selected case
study areas so that the applicability of the framework on diversified land parcels with
respect to the area could be found.
viii. The selected case study area must not be monotonous in terms of landuse so that the
potential of infill development with respect to diversified landuses could be assessed
in a given case study area.
Considering above mentioned five criterion for the selection of case studies, following two case
studies have been selected for application of developed framework.
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CASE STUDY 01: UC 100, ICHRA, LAHORE
The first case study selected for this research work was UC 100 of Ichra area in Lahore. The
reasons for selection of this area were multiple but mainly these emerged from the criterion set for
the selection of the case studies. Thus this area was selected on following grounds:
i. Ichra is one of the oldest settlements of the city as this settlement dates back to the era
same as of Lahore Fort and Walled city or perhaps even before than as claimed by some
of the historians.
ii. This area has completely organically developed over a long time span without any
significant planning intervention. Therefore, study of this area and application of the
framework on this area will provide the opportunity to understand how this criteria may
be implemented in case of established built up yet unplanned communities in Lahore.
iii. This case study falls under the jurisdictional control of Metropolitan Corporation
Lahore (MCL) and taking this as one of the study areas for this research work would
help include the example of applying the framework on areas controlled by MCL.
iv. This area is local in nature and there seemed no, or at least minimum, hindrance while
surveying this area. Therefore, another reason for selection of this area as the case study
was the ease of doing surveys in this area by the researcher.
v. It was significantly considered while selection of this case study area that it may be big
enough to provide the data requisite for application of the framework and compact
enough to be covered by the researcher. This case study area was suitable in this aspect
because its total area was 568 Kanal with total 1,361 building units or land parcel
within.
vi. As per the criteria set for the selection of the case studies, this area was a jurisdictional
territory named as “UC 100” of Tehsil City, Lahore. Due to its legal importance as a
territory, it was suitable to selected this area as a case study for this research work.
vii. Land parcels in this case study are much diversified due to uncontrolled land
subdivisions with weak institutional control over a long period of time. This, however,
provides with the opportunity to understand the applicability of the framework on this
kind of case study.
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viii. This case study is quite sundry in terms of land use because of its organic growth over
time during which different uses have emerged according to the needs of local
community in the area.
As a matter of first importance, it was required that a guide for moving into selected contextual
analysis territory as it was a fundamental need. This prescribed to visit either the TMA office or
the Revenue Department for the accumulation of our contextual analysis territory outline. After a
great part of the endeavors, the guide of Ichra was manually developed through use of online
software including Google Earth as well as ArcGIS. Once counting the guide with the first field a
few missteps were discovered in the guide. These mix-ups can be credited to the accompanying
reasons:
Guide was exceptionally old. A few regions were completely changed like on outline
unmistakable streets were appeared yet in a zone entire part are changed over into private
and business regions.
Another issue was that exclusive some significant highlights of a territory or street arrange
were appeared because of which trouble was confronted to move in the area.
Ichra is situated on Ferozepur Road between Gulberg, Mozzang and the Old City. It is around 3
Km from Mozzang. Being an exceptionally old region some extremely old structures can be seen
in Ichhra. Shah Jamal Colony is situated in the East, Samnabad is in the West, Rehman Pura in the
South and Mozzang in the North.
Along these lines, this huge systems administration keeps the zone connected to numerous spots
of Lahore. It is a town in Lahore, comprising of numerous old structures and markets. Some new
houses and new development locales are being worked in the territory. Ichra is more seasoned than
Lahore and the nearness of Lahori Gate bolsters this claim as this Gate is towards Ichra.
Figure below shows the imagery of the case study area along with less focused surrounding areas
as well:
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Figure 44: Case Study 01 Imagery
CASE STUDY 02: RACHNA & NARGIS BLOCK, AIT, LAHORE

Second case study selected for this research work was the area under Rachna & Nargis Block,
AIT, Lahore. The reasons for selection of this area were multiple but mainly these emerged from
the criterion set for the selection of the case studies. Thus this area was selected on following
grounds:
i. Allama Iqbal Town is a public housing scheme initiated and developed in late 1970s.
Major portion of the large housing scheme has been established built up area by now.
Therefore, selection of a case study from this housing scheme would certainly be
attributed as an established built up area.
ii. As per the criteria set for the selection of case study areas, it was required that a planned
area must also become the part of the case studies so that the application of the
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framework in context of planned areas could be understood. As Allama Iqbal Town is
a planned housing scheme; therefore the selection of the case study from this area helps
achieve the purpose of the selection criteria.
iii. Allama Iqbal Town has been developed and is currently maintained by Lahore
Development Authority in terms of Building Permit system as well as provision of
other facilities including water supply etc. by LDA (WASA). This helped meet another
criteria of the case studies selection that the area controlled by LDA would become the
part of the case studies.
iv. There was no seemingly major difficulty in conducting surveys by the researcher from
this area because of its public nature. Therefore, this met another criteria for the
selection of the case study area.
v. The researcher considered the selection criteria that the selected case study may serve
the purpose of achieving the result through a moderate sized case study. This case study
area was suitable in this aspect because its total area was 959 Kanal with total 993
building units or land parcel within.
vi. The boundary of this case study has a legal importance as well which meets another
criteria of the selection of case study. This case study includes two Blocks namely
“Rachna” and “Nargis” from Allama Iqbal Town. Therefore, these have been selected
to be one of the selected case studies.
vii. Land parcels in selected case study range from as large as 52 Marla to the smaller size
as of 3Marla. Therefore, this meets another criteria set for the selection of case study
wherein the application of the framework on area with plots of varying size can be
understood.
viii. This case study area now holds importance of being one of the major hubs of the city
due to its diversity of the land uses. With this characteristic, this area met another
criteria of have varying uses of land in the case study area.
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Figure 45: Case study 02 Imagery
CREATING PARCEL LEVEL GIS DATA

The process adopted for the application of the framework with respect to the indicators developed
in earlier chapters, it was necessary that the parcel level GIS data or shapefile be created. For this
purpose, Google Imagery was put to use wherein the parcels were digitized and later these digitized
parcels were validated through field surveys in order to gain accuracy in the parcel level data.
Following figure shows the parcels level data of first case study. The figure shows how the housing
as well as other uses in this study area have been accumulated over time without any particular
planning intervention with evidence of inconsistent circulation pattern with narrow streets. Total
number of parcels in this study area are 1,361 which will be studied for the application of the
framework.
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Figure 46: Digitized case study 01
Similarly second study area was also digitized using the same method as used for the first one i.e.
the Google Imagery was first thought of a base for the digitization which was later verified through
field surveys and the necessary amendments were made in order to gain accuracy in the procedure
as well as the output. Following picture shows the parcel level data of the study area which points
towards the planning base of the area as well as its diversity in terms of size of the land parcel.
Total number of parcels in this study area are 933 and the framework will be applied on these land
parcels accordingly.
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Figure 47: Digitized case study 02
COLLECTING DATA FOR INDICATORS

The indicators requisite for the development and application of the framework for the assessment
of the potential for infill development have been decided in earlier chapter and have also been
segregated in different groups. Therefore at this stage, the data for the selected case studies will be
collected for each of the developed indicators. In this aspect, it is worth mentioning whether how
and on what level was the data for each indicator collected. Detail of the indicators and the method
for their data collection is as under:
Construction Status of Plot

Scale: Parcel Level Data collection
This variable is basically not a separate one indicator but has various elements
within. Broadly, this indicator is related with the fact if the given parcel of the land
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is constructed or not. If not constructed, that parcel is certainly available for infill
development provided that there are no legal or natural constraints to it. However
if the construction has been carried on the plot, then there is a need to assess
following indicators:
a) Antiquity: The age of the structure built on the parcel of the land
because after spending the specified age of the building, a structure is
liable to be demolished and redeveloped which thus has the opportunity
for the infill development in near future. This variable basically is
subjective in terms of its data collection as this was found through
observation of the field surveys. Following four possible answers have
been obtained for this indicator:
Table 18: Antiquity
Sr. No. Option Score

i. Good 0
ii. Moderate 1
iii. Poor 2
iv. Dangerous 3
b) Constructed Number of Floors: This indicator relates with the

optimum utilization of the land in the sense that if there is only one floor
constructed on a parcel of land, there certainly is potential for additional
floors provided that the structure has the stability for the same. Field
surveys were done for the collection of this data. The table below shows
the scoring criteria adopted for this indicator:
Table 19: Constructed no. of floors

i. Single Storey 3
ii. Double Storey 2
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iii. Triple Storey 1
iv. Four Storey & above 0
c) Construction Material: This variable holds importance with respect to

the understanding of whether how resistant a structure is. And if a given
structure is not made of good material, that may be required to be
demolished giving the potential for infill development. This data has
been gathered through field surveys and observation. Following
categories for possible answers and their scoring were made:
Table 20: Construction materials

i. RCC column structure 0
ii. Cemented Structure 1
iii. Brick Structure 2
d) Occupancy: In case of Lahore, this variable certainly needs importance

because if there is a structure constructed on a given parcel of land but
is not inhabited, there is an opportunity for its occupancy. This can thus
lead to a potential for infill development. The collection of this data is
done through field surveys.
Table 21: Occupancy

i. Completely Occupied 0
ii. Partially Occupied 1
iii. Unoccupied 2
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Number of Access to the Lot/ Land Parcel
Scale: Parcel Level
This indicator, though, will have almost same value for most of the land parcels
within a study area but there still are some other parcels with more than one number
of accesses. Such types of land parcels are indeed a potential for infill development
and therefore, data for this indicator has been collected through software use. For
this purpose, 0 score was assigned to land parcels with one access route, 1 score to
those with two sides of access and 2 score to the land parcels having more than 2
accesses.
R.O.W of Land Parcel/ Plot Abutting Road

Scale: Parcel Level
Infill development will certainly lead to densification of urban areas. With

increasing density, the need for urban mobility will also increase and so will the
need to provide the opportunities of permeability to such dandified urban areas.
Therefore, this indicator has been used with following scoring criteria:
Table 22: Right of Way

i. Less than 30ft wide 0
ii. 30-50ft wide 1
iii. 50-70ft wide 2
iv. 70-100ft wide 3
v. More than 100ft wide 4
Size of Land Parcel/ Plot

Scale: Parcel Level
Bigger the lot size; more is the potential for infill development as there are options
of construction of higher stories on such parcels. Therefore, this indicator was used
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for the framework and the data gathering for this indicator was through digitized
ArcGIS vector data. The scoring criterion used for the size of Land Parcel/ Plot was
as under:
Table 23: Parcel Size

i. Less than 5 Marla 0
ii. 5-15 Marla 1
iii. 15-25 Marla 2
iv. 25-40 Marla 3
v. Above 40 Marla 4
Capacity of Electricity/ Sui Gas Lines

Scale: Settlement Level
This indicator relates with the availability of Electricity/ Sui Gas Lines within the
study area because if these are already overburdened, there won’t be the potential
of infill development. However if there is the capacity of these lines to provide
additional population, the potential of infill development will certainly occur. In
this context, the residents were inquired whether these lines were adequate enough
and based on the responses, following scoring criteria was used:
Table 24: Capacity of Electricity/ Sui Gas Lines

i. Overburdened 0
ii. Completely utilized 0
iii. Under utilized 1
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Capacity of Sewerage/ Drainage Lines
The potential of infill development is affected by this indicator in terms of the

capacity to accommodate additional population with same services. In this context,
residents of the area were inquired about the current status of the capacity of
Sewerage/ Drainage Lines within a study area and the scoring of the responses was
done on following basis:
Table 25: Capacity of Sewerage/ Drainage Lines

i. Overburdened 0
Capacity of Water Supply Lines

Water, being the basic need of human life, hold prime importance while considering
an area for prospective development. Therefore, potential of infill development is
affected by the capacity of water supply lines within an area. People from both the
case studies were asked about the level of water supply lines in the area. Following
criteria was used:
Table 26: Capacity of Water Supply Lines

i. Overburdened 0
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Availability of Educational Facilities
The residents of the study area were also inquired about their satisfaction level
about the educational facilities available because their availability would provide
the attraction to more population while their absence will repel the inhabitant.
Following criteria was used for this purpose:
Table 27: Availability of Educational Facilities

i. Satisfactory 2
ii. Moderate 1
iii. Dissatisfactory 0
Availability of Health Facilities

Health, being one of the most important concerns of the inhabitants of a society,
needs to be ascertained in order to assess the potential of infill development. In this
context, the inhabitants of the case study areas were inquired about their level of
satisfaction with the health system and following scoring system, on whole, was
used:
Table 28: Availability of Health Facilities

i. Satisfactory 2
ii. Moderate 1
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Availability of Mobility Facilities
In metropolitan cities like Lahore, mobility has become one of the most significant
issues because of large city size and consequent long distances to travel. In this
context, inhabitants of the case study areas were queried if they were satisfied with
the level of mobility facilities available to them. Based on the responses, following
evaluation criteria was used:
Table 29: Availability of Mobility Facilities

i. Satisfactory 2
ii. Moderate 1
Availability of Security Facilities

People need security of their assets and their families and usually prefer living in
areas with minimum threats to any of these. Therefore, it becomes imperative to
ascertain the level of security facilities as per inhabitants of the case study area. In
this context, following scoring criteria was used:
Table 30: Availability of Security Facilities

i. Satisfactory 2
ii. Moderate 1
Availability of Open Spaces

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The need of open spaces in a community is very well realized by the residents.
Therefore, the residents were inquired about their satisfaction level regarding
availability of open spaces to their area. Following scoring criteria was used for this
purpose:
Table 31: Availability of open spaces

i. Satisfactory 2
ii. Moderate 1
Legal Constraints
Legal system can act both as a booster of the development as well as hindrance to
the same. If the rules support the natural development priorities and trends of the
community, these actually help boost it. However if legal system acts in a way to
root hindrances by causing litigations, it may hamper the development. In this
context, people in the study area were interrogated about the frequency of the legal
cases and constraints and the following scoring criteria were used for the same:
Table 32: Legal Constraints

i. Rare 2
ii. Moderate 1
iii. Frequent 0
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Natural Constraints
While deciding about the vision and goals of the development trend in areas, many
factors have to be considered. Amongst these, it is inevitable to consider natural
tendency of the area regarding accommodation of population. Though the fact that
the case study areas were already established built up and populated points that
these areas do not majorly have natural constraints but still it was probed from the
people in case study areas to mention if there were any natural constraints in the
development, infill mainly, of the area. Following scoring system was utilized in
this regard:
Table 33: Natural Constraints

i. Rare 2
ii. Moderate 1
iii. Frequent 0
Pipeline Projects regarding Civic Services

The need of the community civic services including the education, health, mobility
etc. is significant while considering that community as a focus of infill
development. Whenever the infill development is to occur the existing civic
services are to be burdened. Therefore, it is important to ask the residents if there
were any pipeline projects regarding civic services for the case study area.
Following scoring system was utilized in this regard:
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Table 34: Pipeline Projects regarding Civic Services

i. New projects 2
ii. Repair or reform projects 1
iii. None 0
Pipeline Projects regarding Utility Lines

Increasing the population in an area through use of technique of infill development,

the utility lines including those for sewerage, drainage, water supply and sui gas
etc. are to be burdened. If there are any pipeline projects that may help increase the
capacity of the utility lines in study area, that would add to the potential of infill
development. For this purpose, following criteria of scoring was used:
Table 35: Pipeline Projects regarding Utility Lines

i. New projects 2
ii. Repair or reform projects 1
iii. None 0
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Pipeline Projects regarding Legal Framework
This was one indicator whose data, instead of being gathered from field surveys,
was obtained through inputs from the structured interviews from the officers from
both regulatory bodies i.e. LDA, MCL. Based on the inputs, following scoring
criteria was used:
Table 36: : Pipeline Projects regarding Legal Framework

i. Reforms in building 2
requirements
ii. Reforms in permit 1
system in vogue
iii. None 0
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DATA INPUT IN ARCGIS
Parcel level vector data in ArcGIS was utilized for input of the data. For this purpose, first the fields regarding each of the above stated
indicators was added in the attribute table and thereafter hours long data entry was done for the corresponding scoring of the indicators.
Following two figures show the data entered in the shapefiles for both of the case study areas.
135
Figure 48: Data input in ArcGIS
136
Figure 49: Data Input
137
Thereafter, the most important step is to find the cumulative score for each of the parcel in vector data ArcGIS. This way the cumulative
score of each of the potential will show its potential for the infill development. For this purpose, first the highest value of each of the
variables is added to gain the maximum possible score for a land parcel. Following table shows the maximum possible score calculation.
Table 37: Scoring of the indicators
Sr. Maximum Sub-Indicator Indicator Group

No. Name of the Indicator Possible Score Weight Weight Weight Cumulative
1 Antiquity 3 0.569 0.282 0.604 0.291
2 Constructed Number of Floors 3 0.569 0.578 0.604 0.596
3 Construction material 2 0.569 0.046 0.604 0.032
4 Occupancy 2 0.569 0.094 0.604 0.065
5 Number of Access to the Lot/ Land Parcel 2 N/A 0.042 0.604 0.051
6 R.O.W of Land Parcel/ Plot Abutting Road 4 N/A 0.194 0.604 0.469
7 Size of Land Parcel/ Plot 4 N/A 0.194 0.604 0.469
8 Capacity of Electricity/ Sui Gas Lines 1 N/A 0.072 0.171 0.012
9 Capacity of Sewerage/ Drainage Lines 1 N/A 0.279 0.171 0.048
10 Capacity of Water Supply Lines 1 N/A 0.649 0.171 0.111
11 Availability of Educational Facilities 2 N/A 0.098 0.078 0.015
12 Availability of Health Facilities 2 N/A 0.306 0.078 0.048
13 Availability of Mobility Facilities 2 N/A 0.381 0.078 0.059
14 Availability of Security Facilities 2 N/A 0.047 0.078 0.007
15 Availability of Open Spaces 2 N/A 0.167 0.078 0.026
16 Legal Constraints 2 N/A 0.333 0.046 0.031
17 Natural Constraints 2 N/A 0.667 0.046 0.061
18 Pipeline projects regarding civic services 2 N/A 0.094 0.101 0.019
19 Pipeline projects regarding utility lines 2 N/A 0.627 0.101 0.127
Pipeline projects regarding Legal
20 Framework 2 N/A 0.28 0.101 0.057
Cumulative Score 2.592
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OUTPUT OF THE FRAMEWORK
The data entered in ArcGIS for each of the indicator was utilized to gain a cumulative score for
each of the parcel. The cumulative score was, however, obtained by following formula:
𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑛
= ∑[𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑙 × 𝑆𝑢𝑏 − 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

1
× 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡]
The score was thus calculated in ArcGIS as shown in figure below:
139
Figure 50: Formula in ArcGIS
Finally percentage of the obtained cumulative score for each parcel was calculated with respect
to maximum possible cumulative score. Thereafter, this percentage was utilized to show final
potential of infill development through following groups of quadruples:
Table 38: Ranking with respect to percentage
Sr. Range of Percentage Rank of Potential for Infill

No. Cumulative Score Development
1 0 to 25% No potential
2 25% to 50% Low potential
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3 50% to 75% Medium potential
4 75% to 100% High potential
Based on this calculation, following results have been obtained:
Table 39: Results for Case Study 01
Case Study 01: UC100, Ichra, Lahore

Sr. Rank of Potential Number of Area (SqFt) %age of
No. for Infill Parcels Total
Development Area
1 No potential 334 381454 14.91%
2 Low potential 1059 1473234 57.57%
3 Medium potential 11 22133 0.86%
4 High potential 0 0 0%
Note: The remaining area is for public uses including graveyard, school
and circulation etc. and not considerable for infill development
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Table 40: Results for Case Study 02
Case Study 02: Rachna & Nargis Block, AIT, Lahore

Sr. Rank of Potential Number of Area (SqFt) %age of
No. for Infill Parcels Total
Development Area
1 No potential 0 0 0%
2 Low potential 664 859024 21.87%
3 Medium potential 300 1549106 39.43%
4 High potential 26 157633 4.01%
Note: The remaining area is for public uses including parks, playgrounds,
circulation etc. and not considerable for infill development
142
Figure 51: Result of Case Study 01
143
Figure 52: Result of Case Study 02
144
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 01:
Would it not be surprising if large land parcels are identified within the city’s oldest settlements
which are lying totally unutilized? Surely it would be! To add to the amazement, it is added
here that a land parcel on a very prime location just near “Greater Iqbal Park” has been
identified which measures around 92 Kanal as shown in the figure below.
Figure 53: Location of Example 01
The site has lied unutilized since a couple of decades and this is evident from the situation of
the site as shown in the figure below where it is clearly evident that organically grown
plantation at site has remained there since quite long and there is no proper system of
maintenance at the site.
145
Figure 54: Site of Example 01
One point of particular concern for this case study would be if why such a large parcel of land
is lying unutilized on such a significant place in the city. The answer to this imperative question
would be found from a little history of the area.
As per field survey and the informal interviews with the local people around the site, it came
to the knowledge that the site was previously used as an Industry named BECO before it was
nationalized in the reign of Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
Thereafter, this industry was ended due to poor business and movement of the investor from
the country. Since then, the site has remained vacant and is thus a prospective potential site for
the projects related to infill development.
146
Figure 55: Application of Framework on Example 01
Application of the framework on this site again required the gathering of data requisite for the
implementation of the framework. Through input of the data, as shown in the figure and
through the obtaining of the cumulative scoring for the site, the result has shown that the
percentage of potential of infill development for this example area is 89% which certainly is a
very high potential rate for infill development.
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EXAMPLE 02:
Waris Road, Lahore connects to the Queens Road which leads to the city’s major points of
interest including Punjab Assembly, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital as well as Qurtaba Chowk of
Metrobus Lahore. Now it would be interesting to note that on such an iconic area lies a land
parcel as large as 11.2Kanal and it totally unutilized for decades. The picture below shows the
location of the said area.
To his astonish, the researcher visited the site personally in order to note whether how has the
site been utilized since last few decades and what are the reasons which have led to futileness
of land parcel of such a significant location. Upon reaching the site, it was noted that the site
usually lie unutilized for majority of the time except the hours in the afternoon when some local
children visit the land parcel to enjoy sports including cricket. The picture below shows the
current situation of the mentioned land parcel.
148
When inquired about the reasons due to which this site lied vacant, it came to the knowledge
that this site was under the control of Evacuee Trust Board as previously the land parcel
belonged to non-Muslims before partition. Thereafter, the ownership of the land parcel was
shifted to the Board for management purpose.
Further investigation into the land characteristics and the lawful possibilities of development
of this parcel revealed that the law does not allow the sale/purchase of this land parcel.
Therefore, this land may not be available for sale. However, one potential of this land parcel is
that it can be available for the rent-out purpose.
149
Figure 58 Application of Framework on Example 02
The framework developed in this research study was applied on this example area and the data
for each of the indicators was gathered an entered in ArcGIS as show in the figure. The data
for this land parcel showed that it had a potential of 82% for infill development.
150
EXAMPLE 03:
Qurtaba chowk is one of the major terminals of the Metrobus Lahore and due to the factor of
mobility as well as other factors including good level of services in the area make this area high
in demand for business. Finding a land parcel lying unutilized in this kind of significant area
would certainly be of amaze. It is here to mention that the researcher visited this area and found
a site lying vacant in this area. The figure below shows the location of the site with respect to
prominent land parcels.
Figure 59:Location of Example 03
In order to gain deeper knowledge about the current site condition of the above mentioned land
parcel measuring 9.52 Kanal, the researcher approached the site to investigate further.
Currently, the site was encapsulated with a boundary wall of 5ft height and inside the site were
natural bushes and the condition on site showed that nobody approached the site for
maintenance purpose since a number of years. Moreover, the site is PCBL property; The figure
below shows the condition of the area.
151
It is of importance to note from the site condition of the land parcel that this site is surrounded
by the area of opportunity as there are businesses running in proximity and adjacent to the site.
Moreover, the development around the site shows that there are no constraints in this area with
regard to the development as these buildings around the site are enjoying the services very well.
However, it is important to note that the site remained vacant since long because the property
remained in private ownership and due to the conflict of interests, the owners could not decide
how to use the site properly. This, in turn, has unfortunately resulted in the wastage of the prime
development land; thus providing a potential for infill development.
152
With aim to assess if there was any potential of infill development in this land parcel, the
framework developed in this research study was to be applied. The application of the
framework required the data collection for each of the indicator which the framework required.
Therefore, the data was gathered and entered in ArcGIS as shown in the figure. The result of
the framework showed that the land parcel had 81% potential for infill development.
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EXAMPLE 04:
Lahore is a city wherein even smaller land parcels are of worth millions because of higher
levels of opportunities of business in the city. This scenario become more prominent and
asserting when land parcels are found on major roads because higher accessibility ensures more
prosperous business and as well as development. A site measuring area 4 Kanal was identified
on main Jail Raod which currently lie unutilized. The figure below shows the location of the
mentioned site.
When approached the site for visit, it was found that the site was only one protected by a steel
fence which also now stands quite rusty and demolished. However, there was no entry gate or
other maintenance works found at the site. Rather, the site condition revealed that the land
parcel was not visited by anyone, even owners, since quite a number of years. The figure below
shows the condition of the site.
154
When inquired further about the reasons why this site lied vacant, it came to the knowledge
that the site was jointly owned by three owners who were also brothers. However, the conflict
of the opinions regarding the use of the land, it remained unutilized since a number of years.
Moreover, the owners did not even get chance to think about any interim use of the land
meanwhile which resulted in the land parcel lying vacant with only few naturally grown trees
on site. The interim use of the land would have, if not else, provided someone to develop a
business or any opportunity on this land parcel having location at such a prime area.
The reasons found for this land parcel’s futileness were evident of the fact that there must be
likewise examples in the city where the prime land is lying utilized due to legal issues or even
mismanagement. Due to such issues, the cumulative impact on the city is in the form of
uncontrolled expansion as such prime land parcels are not being utilized.
155
As this research is based upon the development of a framework which may be used for the
assessment of the potential of infill development in any case study. Likewise, for above
mentioned land parcel, the potential for infill development was calculated through the
application of the framework. As shown in the figure, the land parcel was found to have a
potential of 78% for infill development.
156
EXAMPLE 05:
Jail Road is amongst the major roads of Lahore and connects some of the significant areas in
the city. Moreover, there are a number of buildings of importance that lie on this road. In this
context, the land abutting this road holds crucial position. A land parcel measuring around 5.6
Kanal area is found lying vacant and abutting Jail Road as shown in the figure below.
The condition of the land parcel can certainly not be comprehended completely unless it is
visited. For this purpose, the above mentioned location was visited by the researcher and it was
found that this site was merely lying vacant and there was a boundary wall and a gate which
the owner of the land parcel had established in order to keep the property secure. The figure
below shows the condition of the site.
157
When investigated further in detail as if why this land parcel was lying unutilized at such a
crucial road and a prominent location, it came to the knowledge that the site was a private
property and the main reason of this site lying unutilized was lack of interest of the owners.
The owners were reportedly busy in some business abroad and visited the country rarely. The
lack of interest of the owners in this property kept it useless. There could be an option to rent
out the site for temporary use and the generation of the benefits on part of both the owner and
the tenant but unfortunately this was also not the case in this property.
However, one point worth mentioning regarding this property was that there was a boundary
wall and a gate of the site and the site was clean from inside and a gate keeper or peon was
hired by the owners to take care of the site. This showed somewhat interest of the owner but
unfortunately that was not enough and did not much to utilize the land parcel.
158
The framework for the assessment of potential of infill development as developed in this
research study was applied on this land parcel in order to ascertain if there was any potential in
this area or not. Upon application of the framework it was revealed that this land parcel
exhibited potential of 78% for infill development.
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EXAMPLE 06:
A land parcel adjacent to Tollinton Market, Lahore and measuring area 8 Kanal has been
identified to be lying completely unutilized. To add to astound, it is to mention that this land
parcel also abuts main Jail Road. Also this land parcel is in proximity of Ferozepur Road,
cardinal road of the city where the rapid bus transit system of the city has been established and
is in operation.
The perfect location of this land parcel makes it best option for a development project to be
initiated. The figure below shows the location of this land parcel as marked in context of
surrounding area.
Below are a few snapshots of the land parcel showing current situation of the site. It is quite
evident from the snapshots that the land parcel is surrounded by key important buildings thus
making the parcel itself with high potential. However, other things to notice are lack of any
type of management and the heaps of garbage currently lying at the site.
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The site previously used to be a multi-storey commercial building and was a private property
which was demolished previously due to a number of reasons amongst which the most
prominent was another prospective plan for the site. The prospective plan included the
development of a multi-storey plaza on site with aim to gain maximum possible benefit from
the site.
However, when inquired further about the current situation and plan regarding the site, it came
to the knowledge through discussion from local people that the owner who had plan to carry
the construction died after the demolishing of the earlier building. Since then the site has lied
in this form and currently there is nobody taking care of the site and legal heirs of the site are
busy getting their entitlement which has taken a number of years till now.
The pictures of the site also show that the site is currently being used by a number of carts
owners and the street vendors informally. When asked them about their legal status, they were
of opinion that they did not have any legal right to the land and they only used it for temporary
business purpose.
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The data regarding the indicators required for the application of the framework was gathered
for this land parcel. Upon entering the gathered data in the framework developed in ArcGIS, it
was found in the result that this land parcel possessed a potential of 78% for infill development.
162
The research study has brought us to
some logical conclusions as summarized
in this chapter. The conclusions potted
herein, thus, range from the
understanding of the infill development
to finding its potential for given case
study areas. The framework for the
CHAPTER 06
assessment of infill development has
CONCLUSIONS & been concluded to serve as a replicable
tool.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The recommendations with respect to
infill development in Lahore have been
provided in correspondence with the
findings. These are meant to act as think-
tank for the decision makers of the city.
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CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
The housing sector in Pakistani cities has been derived through organic growth over last few
decades. In this context, Lahore has been expanded with time and this has led to the concern with
respect to the urban mobility, control on the development and related phenomenon. In this context,
there is a need to identify if there is any potential of infill development in Lahore so that housing
needs could be fulfilled without expanding the city.
Research question of this study is whether how the potential of infill development can be assessed
in case of Lahore. In this context, the understanding of infill development has been developed
through structured interviews with the experienced professionals of urban planning. With this
context, it has been found that the concept of infill development is not an alien term to Lahore.
Rather, it has been found that earlier studies regarding the policy making of the development of
Lahore have each mentioned the need to implement the concept of infill development.
However, one gap found in local studies is that none of the studies seemed to offer a method to
assess the potential of infill development within a specified area. In order to meet this gap, this
research study endeavors to develop a framework which could be replicable for the assessment of
the potential of infill development in Lahore.
The infill development has been found to be have multi-perspective term which includes the
housing along with other uses. Therefore, it is not only important to consider whether a physical
structure has been provided or not but also that the structure is in optimum utilization. An important
issue discussed in the understanding of infill development is that whether infill development is a
term that can be assessed? And if yes, what should be the unit of assessment, because every
measurable term has to be measured in specific unit.
The literature review has suggested that different studies focused on finding the potential of infill
development have adopted methods. Therefore, four studies have been discussed in detail in order
to adopt the indicators for the assessment of infill development. Each of the indicator is these
studies has been discussed in detail and the researcher has made a decision whether the given
indicator can be adopted or not. If yes, the indicator has been taken for this study while the other
164
indicators which do not seem relevant to this research work has not been adopted for this research
study.
The developed list of indicators have been finalized and six different groups have been made
indicators. First group of indicators related with Plot Attribute which include indicators
namely ”Construction status of Land Parcel/ Plot”, ”Number of Accesses to the Land Parcel/
Plot”, “R.O.W of Land Parcel/ Plot Abutting Road”, “Size of Land Parce”. The weightage of this
group has been found to be 0.604.
Second group of indicators include “Antiquity”, “Constructed No. of Floors”, “Construction

Material”, “Occupancy”. An important point worth consideration regarding this group of
indicators is that it has not directly been related with the goal of the study. Rather, this group of
indicators actually serve as sub-indicators of the first indicator of the first group i.e. “Construction
Status of Land Parcel/ Plot”.
Similarly third group namely Utility Lines include three indicators, fourth group namely civic
services include four indicators, fifth group namely constraints include two indicators and sixth
group namely pipeline projects include three further indicators. In this regard, the weightage of
each of these groups are 0.171, 0.078, 0.046 and 0.101 respectively.
While developing the framework for assessment of the potential of infill development, it has been
found that the potential has to be found on settlement level instead of city level. The development
of the framework could be done is different ways but the most suitable way for this research study
was the use of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) because the indicators in this research study
were all affecting the goal of the study but the significance for the indicators was different.
Literature has suggested that different methods have been used by various researchers for the
application of Analytic Hierarch Process (AHP). Each of the used method has pros and cons. The
most suitable method deemed fit for this research study was the use of Super Decisions Software.
The reason to adopt this method was that it was easy to use, the backend working of the software
automatically provided the results and the software was developed by the same scholar who had
earlier developed AHP.
For application of AHP through Super Decisions software, seven different clusters were created
in the software. First cluster was made for the goal of this research study which other six were
165
developed for six groups of indicators. Thereafter, the nodes for each of the indicator were created
in the clusters and the connections were defined.
One facility provided by Super Decisions Software is its friendly way of binary comparisons.
Therefore, the binary comparisons were made in the software for the indicators. This comparison
was done on the basis of the inputs from contributors through Google Forms. It was, however,
made sure that the contributors were the same personals who were previously been visited for
structured interviews.
The binary comparisons in the software provided with the weightage, according to priorities, for
each of the indicator within their group. Similarly, the weightage among the groups was also found
through the same procedure. This way the inclusion of all of the indicators in decision making has
been ensured while considering the fact that not each indicator influence the decision with same
significance.
The developed framework has been testified through the application of the framework on two case
studies. A criteria was set for the selection of case studies and that was applied to decide whether
which areas in the selected zones of Lahore were to be selected for the application of the
framework.
In this regard, first case study was UC100, Ichra which was one of the oldest settlements of the
city and organically developed with time, in an unplanned manner. The other case study, contrary
to the first one, was a planned housing colony: Rachna & Nargis Block, AIT, and Lahore. The
benefit of selection of two case studies of completely different nature was that the application of
the framework on two different scenarios could be comprehended.
The selected case studies were first digitized to get parcel level vector data. This was followed by
a series of surveys from both the case study areas in order to collect data for each of the indicators
as developed in this study. It was, however, important that data for some indicators was gathered
on micro level of parcel/ plot while for others, the data was gathered on settlement level through
talks with the residents of the community.
The scoring was entered in ArcGIS against each variable according to the data collected from both
case studies. Cumulative scoring was gathered through the use of the formula involving the score
for each indicator along with the indicator’s weight as well as the weight of the group in which the
166
indicator lies. The cumulative score was used to gain the percentage score with respect to the
maximum possible score for a parcel/ plot. Four different ranks of potential of infill development
with respect to the percentage score were specified and the output was gained for both the case
studies.
The outcome of the framework on both of the case studies reveal that both areas have particular
scenario with respect to the potential of infill development. First case study of UC100, Ichra has
0% high potential of infill development and the most of the area 57.57% have Low Potential for
Infill Development. On other hand, the other case study has 39.43% medium while 4.01% High
Potential for infill development. It is also worth noting that 0% of the area in second case study
fall in the category of No Potential which implicates that this whole case study has the potential
for infill development.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The approach of infill development has far been realized in Lahore yet their still remained a gap
to materialize this vision. In this context, following are the recommendations from this research
study:
1) Absence of a strategy document for infill development which could be a

good source of funding and further research on practical application within
local government or development authorities/agencies need to be addressed.
Therefore, it is recommended that federal government may set the vision
of infill development.
2) Though a positive step for promotion of infill development in terms of
accessibility has been seen in Lahore in the shape of provision of Bus Rapid
Transit and Rail Transit services within urban area. Yet, many other services
are consistently being dedicated to the developments on the outskirts of the
city. This needs to be directed from government in form of policy to give
high priority for services to already developed urban areas instead of
areas outside urban boundaries.
3) It has been found that the most of the development occurs at the outskirts
of the city because it is far cheaper than investing in already developed
areas. Therefore, government level levies on development charges and tax
167
are recommended on the part of both the developers and residents who
promote and use infill development areas.
4) It has been found that no study has so far identified priority areas for infill
development of Lahore. Therefore, defining the priority areas for the
investment on infill development for example focusing on higher land use
intensities and densities within a half-mile of public transit service, and
along major commute corridors etc. or any other criteria is recommended.
5) Another factor that is found contributing to the urban sprawl is the lack of
the government to develop a marketing strategy for the investors in order to
convince them to invest in established built up areas. A marketing strategy
on the part of local government to promote infill development instead of
sub-urban development is suggested. This could be elaborated by such that
we see local government now allowing developers to advertise sub-urban
residential developments on promises to provide infrastructure and civil
services within few years ahead. This could be changed by local
government by marketing in public the value of already developed
infrastructure and provision of residential spaces in urban areas.
6) To take a fresh start for infill development, it is also suggested that
developers be required to spend a specified percentage of development
investment on already developed urban areas.
7) It is suggested to make the process easier for developers to invest in
already developed urban areas and by relieving the fee needed for such
areas.
8) Master Plan for Greater Lahore 1966 (Housing & Physical Planning
Department (HPPD), 1966) proposed maximum residential plot size within
Lahore as 2Kanal. However, even now in 2018 we can see a number of
examples which violate this proposal which is a fact evident from second
case study of this research. In this context, it is suggested that a ceiling
value for plot size be set in Lahore and people may not be allowed to live
in big houses within the city on the cost of the other majority of people.
168
9) Even the ceiling value for plot size within Lahore is recommended to be
revised. The maximum plot size suggested in Master Plan for Greater
Lahore 1966 was 2K and that was the proposal according to the studies of
that era. Now the situation of the city has drastically changed. Therefore, it
is suggested that ceiling value for plot size be revised. As per structured
interviews conducted in this study, a 10Marla ceiling value is suggested.
10) Rule 29(2)(b) of LDA, PHS Rules 2014 limits subdivision of plot to one
kanal in Private Housing Schemes and LDA Act 1975 limits subdivision of
plot to 2 kanal in public housing schemes. Due to this, the legal way for
smaller plots has been closed which implicates that our current strategies
indeed prefer larger plot sizes. It is, however, suggested that the size limit
for sub-division be revised.
11) Rule 10(b)(viii)(b) of LDA, PHS Rules 2014 bounds the
developers/sponsors of private housing schemes to provide ten percent of
plots within housing scheme in form of apartments. This, somehow, points
out towards the vision of dense development. However, as per findings of
this study, the percentage of apartment’s site in private housing schemes
is suggested to be revised to at least 20 percent for now.
PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE WORK

The research on the topic of assessment of infill development potential has gone far beyond its
calculation on merely the basis of current conditions. The prospects for future work in this domain
include the assessment of this potential in terms of future plans through which land will be
supplied for infill development. This process majorly may include the stages of site
identification, planning approval stage, planning conditions feasibility, development finances and
site development and construction phases. We can learn from the examples around the globe for
Lahore. Researchers can endeavor to produce studies which may shift the focus of planning
agencies from sub-urban development to infill development making them realize that they can
even act to supply the land for infill development in the future.
169
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Alexander, M. (2012). Decision-Making using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and
SAS/IML®, 12.
2. Aurecon, P. L. (2009). Ballarat Residential Infill Opportunities (p. 170). Melbourne: City
of Ballarat. Retrieved from
http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/3026939/ballarat_residential_opportunities_study.p
df
3. Bhatti, S. S., Tripathi, N. K., Nitivattananon, V., Rana, I. A., & Mozumder, C. (2015). A
multi-scale modeling approach for simulating urbanization in a metropolitan region.
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173
ANNEXURES
ANNEX-A
LIST OF TOWN PLANNERS (WORKING IN LAHORE)
Years of
Sr.
Name Designation Organization Professional
No.
Experience
1 Mr. Sheikh Abdul Rasheed Sr. Planning Advisor MMP Above 20
2 Mr. Ch Muhammad Saleem Municipal Officer (Planning), MCL LG&CD Above 20
3 Mr. Wajid Hassan Town Planner Model Housing Enclave Above 20
4 Mr. Iqbal Butt Town Planner Iqbal Associates Above 20
5 Mr. Izhar ul Haq Town Planner Izhar Consultants Above 20
6 Dr. Ghulam Abbas Anjum Professor (Dean) UET, Lhr Above 20
7 Mr. Amjad Nawaz Bhatti Chief Town Planner Bahria Town Above 20
8 Mr. Shabi Ul Hassan Zaidi Spatial Planning Expert MMP Above 20
174
Lahore Development
9 Mr. Waheed Ahmad Butt Chief Metropolitan Planner Above 20
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
10 Mr. Sheikh Khalid Chief Town Planner Above 20
Authority (LDA)
11 Mr. Imtiaz Town Planner Dimen Associate Above 20
12 Dr. Rizwan Hameed Professor(Chairman) UET, Lhr Above 20
13 Dr. Obaidullah Nadeem Professor UET, Lhr Above 20

Lahore Development
14 Mr. Nadeem Akhtar Zaidi Director Above 20
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
15 Mr. Shakeel Anjum Minhas Director Above 20
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
16 Mr. Naveed Ahmad Bhatti Deputy Director Above 20
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
17 Mr. Tariq Mehmood Director Above 20
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
18 Mr. Muhammad lftikhar Deputy Director Above 20
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
19 Mr. Mehmood Ali Deputy Director Above 20
Authority (LDA)
20 Dr. Shaker Mahmood Professor UET, Lhr Above 20
21 Mr. Abdul Hanan Sr. Town Planner SERAMCO Group Above 20

Lahore College for
22 Mr. M. Attiq ur Rahman Professor (HoD) Women University Above 20
(LCWU), Lahore
175
23 Dr. Ijaz Ahmad Professor UET, Lhr Above 20
24 Dr. Amer Aziz Associate Professor UET, Lhr Above 20

Zonal Officer (Planning), DGB Zone,
25 Mr. Shoukat Ali Azhar LG&CD Above 20
MCL
Zonal Officer (Planning), Nishter
26 Mr. Muzammal Ishtiaq LG&CD Above 20
Zone, MCL
Assistant Municipal Officer
27 Mr. Tahir Mehmood LG&CD Above 20
(Planning), MCL
28 Mr. Mian Wamiq Hussain Sr. Town Planner Dimen Associate Above 20
29 Mr. Saleem Deputy Director GEHA Above 20
30 Mr. Muhammad Saleem Principle Town Planner Al-Latif Associates Above 20
31 Mr. Qayyum Principle Town Planner NLC (Zaitoon Group) Above 20

Zonal Officer (Planning), Ravi Zone,
32 Ms. Nargis Zahid LG&CD 15-20
MCL
Zonal Officer (Planning), Samanabad
33 Mr. Rai Shahnawaz Hassan LG&CD 15-20
Zone, MCL
Zonal Officer (Planning), Gulberg
34 Ms. Shagufta Firdous LG&CD 15-20
Zone, MCL
Zonal Officer (Planning), Alama Iqbal
35 Mr. Rai Imtiaz Hassan LG&CD 15-20
Zone, MCL
36 Mr. Khurram Farid Managing Director Shehersaaz 15-20
Planning Tools and Applications
37 Mr. Fakhir Anwar Shehersaaz 15-20
Specialist
176
Osmani and Company
38 Mr. Mubushar Hussain General Manager (Urban Planning) 15-20
(Pvt.) Ltd
Innovative
39 Mr. Zafar Pervez Sabri Principle Town Planner Development 15-20
Consultants
Fourth Dimension
40 Mr. Nadeem Khursheed Principle Town Planner 15-20
Consulting
41 Mr. Ghazanfar Abbas Town Planner Trister International 15-20
42 Dr. Zareen Shahid Assistant Professor UET, Lhr 15-20
43 Dr. Muhammad Asim Assistant Professor UET, Lhr 15-20
44 Dr. Atif Bilal Aslam Assistant Professor UET, Lhr 15-20
45 Ms. Humaira Tabassum Assistant Professor UET, Lhr 15-20

University of
Management &
46 Ms. Rumana Khan Sherwani Assistant Professor 15-20
Technology (UMT)
Lahore
University of
Management &
47 Dr. Fariha Tariq Assistant Professor 15-20
Technology (UMT)
Lahore
48 Mr. Danish Riaz Sr. Town Planner MMP 15-20
Lahore Development
49 Mr. Faisal Masood Deputy Director 15-20
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
50 Mr. Shafqat Niaz Kung Deputy Director 15-20
Authority (LDA)
177
University of
Management &
51 Mr. Mutahir Awan Assistant Professor 10-15
Technology (UMT)
Lahore
52 Mr. Rizwan ur Rehman Urban Planning Expert HUD&PHE 10-15
53 Ms. Sadaf Saeed Assistant Professor UET, Lhr 10-15
54 Mr. Ahmad Mansoor Town Planner NESPAK 10-15

Zonal Officer (Planning), Shalamar
55 Ms. Sumaira Anjum LG&CD 10-15
Zone, MCL
Lahore Development
56 Mr. Asad-uz-Zaman Deputy Director 10-15
Authority (LDA)
Lahore College for
57 Ms. Attiya Haseev Assistant Professor Women University 5-10
(LCWU), Lahore
Lahore College for
58 Ms. Siddiqa Amin Assistant Professor Women University 5-10
(LCWU), Lahore
59 Ms. Saima Rafique Lecturer UET, Lhr 5-10
Zonal Officer (Planning), Wahga
60 Ms. Mudasra Waheed LG&CD 5-10
Zone, MCL
Lahore Development
61 Ms. Bushra Khalid Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
62 Ms Hummana Saeed Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
63 Ms. Saliha Shahid Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
178
Lahore Development
64 Mr. Tahir Ahmed Qureshi Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
65 Mr. Afraz Akhtar Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
66 Mr. Muhammad ljaz Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
67 Mr. Aqeel Suliman Town Planner Rescue1122 5-10
Lahore Development
68 Ms. Ayesha Mutahir Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
69 Mr. Azhar Ali Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
70 Mr. Ali Nusrat Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
71 Ms. Sidra Tabassum Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
72 Mr. Salman Mahfooz Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
73 Ms. Saniya Rashid Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
74 Mr. Muhammad Fahad Younis Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
75 Ms. Zubia Ashraf Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
76 Ms. Sabeen Mustafa Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
77 Ms. Rafia Majeed Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
179
Lahore College for
78 Ms. Maria Ali Lecturer Women University 5-10
(LCWU), Lahore
Zonal Officer (Planning), Aziz Bhatti
79 Ms. Nausheen Shabir LG&CD 5-10
Zone, MCL
Assistant Zonal Officer (Planning)
80 Ms. Amina Javed LG&CD 5-10
DGB Zone, MCL
Lahore Development
81 Mr. Syed Ali Abbas Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
82 Ms. Uzma Munir Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
83 Mr. Ahmad Saeed Sultan Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
84 Mr. Muhammad Umar Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
85 Mr. Muhammad Zubair Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
86 Ms. Naheed Batool Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
87 Ms. Sundas Haroon Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
88 Mr. Haris All Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
89 Mr. Rana Tahir Mehmood Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
90 Mr. Muhammad Shaker Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
91 Ms. Faiza Naz Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
180
Lahore Development
92 Ms. Rabia Khalid Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
93 Ms. Sundas lqbal Khan Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
94 Mr. Zahid Hussain Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
95 Mr. Muhammad Javaid Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
96 Mr. Umar Hanif Town Planner CAA 5-10
University of
Mr. Muhammad Ahmad Al- Management &
97 Lecturer 5-10
Rashid Technology (UMT)
Lahore
University of
Management &
98 Mr. Muhammad Umair Lecturer 5-10
Technology (UMT)
Lahore
Assistant Zonal Officer (Planning),
99 Ms. Masooma Akram LG&CD 5-10
Wahga Zone, MCL
Lahore Development
100 Mr. Muhammad Nafees Deputy Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
101 Mr. Umair Bin Saad Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
102 Mr. Sikandar Haroon Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
103 Mr. Muhammad Afzal Assistant Director 5-10
Authority (LDA)
104 Mr. Hassaam Ali Town Planner Central Park H/S 5-10
181
Lahore Development
105 Ms.Tayyaba Nazir Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
106 Mr. Raza Ali Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
107 Mr. Atiq-ur-Rehman Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
108 Mr. Muhammad Umar Majeed Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
109 Mr. Muhammad Mubeen Raza Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
110 Mr. Muhammad Usman Tahir Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
111 Mr. Nasir Maqbool Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
112 Ms. Anam Tariq Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
113 Ms. Fazlla Shahbaz Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
114 Mr. Muhammad Ihsan Nawaz Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
115 Mr. Tayyab All Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
116 Mr. Muhammad Umar Zulfiqar Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
117 Mr. Muhammad BIlal Akhram Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
118 Mr. Muhammad Nadeem Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
119 Mr. Hammad Ali Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
182
Mr. Muhammad Habib ur Lahore Development
120 Assistant Director Less than 5
Rehman Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
121 Ms. Sidra Perveen Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
122 Ms. Irsa Afzal Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
123 Ms. Humaira Arshad Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
124 Mr. Tariq Munir Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
125 Ms. lqra Yousaf Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
126 Mr. Imran Maqbool Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
127 Mr. Saglain Akbar Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
128 Mr. Ikram Town Planner Elite Town Less than 5
129 Mr. Rai Shahid Hussain AMO LWMC Less than 5
130 Mr. Syed Arif Hussain Shah Lecturer UET, Lhr Less than 5
University of
Management &
131 Ms. Areesha Gul Lecturer Less than 5
Technology (UMT)
Lahore
University of
Management &
132 Ms. Minahil Nawaz Lecturer Less than 5
Technology (UMT)
Lahore
183
133 Ms. Munaszzah Attiq Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
134 Ms. Kinza Nadeem Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
135 Mr. Ali Shah Town Planner MMP Less than 5
136 Mr. Raheel Zafar Town Planner MMP Less than 5

Lahore Development
137 Mr. Ammar Yasir Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
138 Mr. Muhammad Zohaib Anwar Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
139 Mr. Usman Bashir Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
140 Ms. Aqsa Jabeen Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
141 Ms. lqra Ismail Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
142 Mr. Shafiq ur Rehman Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
143 Ms. Afnan Mehfooz Khan Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
144 Ms. Sunia Nawaz Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
145 Ms. Maryam Javed Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
146 Ms. Seerat Farooq Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
147 Hafiz Muhammad Ikram Anwar Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
184
148 Mr. Mehtab Qasim Manager Planning Wing Shehersaaz Less than 5
149 Mr. Ghulam Mustafa AMO LWMC Less than 5
150 Mr. Waqas Assistant Director GEHA Less than 5
151 Mr. Kh Junaid Ahamed Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
152 Mr. Sarfraz Ahmed Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
153 Mr. Muhammad Qasim Ashraf Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
154 Mr. Usama Yousas Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
155 Mr. Suleman Khosa Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
Lahore Development
156 Mr. Muhammad Shafaat Nawaz Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
157 Mr. Shahroze Javaid Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Development
158 Mr. Muhammad Adil Assistant Director Less than 5
Authority (LDA)
159 Mr. Tayyab Ameen Jr. Town Planner Central Park H/S Less than 5
Asian Consulting
160 Ms. Naila Town Planner Less than 5
Associates
Punjab Journalist
161 Mr. Muhammad Farhan Zaheer Assistant Director Town Planning Housing Foundation, Less than 5
ICD,GoP
185
162 Mr. Hafiz Umar Town Planner NLC (Zaitoon Group) Less than 5
163 Ms. Mariyum Nawaz Town Planner Vesta Developers Less than 5
164 Mr. Affaq Amir Town Planner Vesta Developers Less than 5
165 Ms. Iqra Rafiq Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
166 Ms. Javeria Manzoor Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
167 Ms. Sana Naseer Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
168 Ms. Amna Zahid Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
169 Ms. Nida Akhter Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
170 Ms. Amam Hafeez Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
171 Ms. Farwa Shahbaz Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
172 Ms. Nimra Iqbal Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
173 Mr. Saqib Raza Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
174 Mr. Abdul Haseeb Dar Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
175 Mr. Hafiz Faran Saddique Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
176 Mr. Azam Ali Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
186
177 Mr. Shuja Ullah Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
178 Ms. Shanza Nsir Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
179 Ms. Safia Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
180 Mr. Hasaham Ali Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
181 Mr. Zia ul Hassan Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
182 Ms. Wardah Ashfaq Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
183 Ms. Aqsa Hayat Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
184 Ms. Iqra Ashraf Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
185 Ms. Mehr-un-Nisa Javed Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
186 Ms. Tehreem Faimah Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
187 Ms. Amna Sattar Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
188 Ms. Ghania Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
189 Ms. Hira Imran Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
190 Ms. Iqra Ismail Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
191 Ms. Muflhya Javed Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
187
192 Ms. Nimra Ijaz Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
193 Ms. Noor-ul-Huda Naveed Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
194 Ms. Ruhi Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
195 Ms. Ruhma Amir Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
196 Ms. Sana Rehman Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
197 Ms. Summaya Saleem Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
198 Mr. Qaiser Abbas Jr. Town Planner MMP Less than 5
199 Ms. Tayyaba Noor Jr. Urban Planner Shehersaaz Less than 5
200 Ms. Seerat Fatima Jr. Urban Planner Shehersaaz Less than 5
201 Mr. Fasih Asif Town Planner Lahore Motorway City Less than 5
202 Mr. Ghufran Ullah Town Planner Vesta Developers Less than 5
203 Mr. Waqar Ahmed Javed Town Planner Tech Zone Consultant Less than 5
Alpha Builders &
204 Mr. Muhammad Asif Town Planner Less than 5
Developers
205 Mr. Mohsin Ali Town Planner Bahria Town Less than 5
206 Ms. Iffrah Riaz Town Planner Bahria Town Less than 5
188
207 Mr. Zeeshan Hanif Town Planner SERAMCO Group Less than 5
EnEm Holdings
208 Mr. Awais Yaseen Town Planner Less than 5
(Ferozepur City H/S)
209 Ms. Sameem Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
210 Ms. Anam Ghafoor Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
211 Mr. Muhammad Nadeem Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
212 Mr. Muhammad Ahsan Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
213 Mr. Usman Bajwa Research Associate (Urban Planning) The Urban Unit Less than 5
Punjab Saaf Pani
214 Mr. Rubnawaz Android Developer Less than 5
Company
215 Mr. Mubashir Town Planner PMDFC Less than 5
216 Mr. Shahab Town Planner PMDFC Less than 5
217 Mr. Asad Town Planner JERS Pak Less than 5
189
ANNEX-B
STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
190
191
192
193
ANNEX-C
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
Title: Developing Framework to Assess the

Researcher:
Potential of Infill Development in Selected Muhammad Shafaat Nawaz
Zones of Lahore In Supervision of:

Dr. Amer Aziz
Purpose: This interview schedule is prepared for taking inputs of experienced professionals and academia serving in the field of Town
Planning regarding Infill Development in context of Lahore. This interview has three sections:
(A) First Section is prepared to define the characteristics of Infill Development in case of Lahore
(B) Second Section is prepared to enlist those variables which can be helpful in assessing the potential of Infill Development in Lahore
(C) Last Section seeks suggestions regarding possible amendments in current legal provisions. It is, however, ensured that this schedule
and the findings obtained through it will be solely used for educational purposes.
Permissions:
Permission to Quote ?
Permission to snap a picture and put in thesis Report?
194
Deciding Characteristics of Infill Development in local context of
Section (A)
Lahore
Sr.
Question Response
No.
While studying Infill Development for Lahore, C. Depends upon

D. Other,
1 what should be its scope with respect to Land A. Housing Only B. Every Land Use the nature of
Specify:________
Use? project
B. Under utilized
While studying Infill Development for Lahore, C. Depends upon
A. Vacant Plots Buildings in D. Other,
2 what should be its scope with respect to the nature of
only addition to vacant Specify:________
construction status project
plots
C. By comparing
If answer to question no. 2 is option B, how can it A. By Calculating B. By checking D. Other,
2(a) with max floor
be assessed that a building is partially utilized? its occupancy desired land use Specify:________
area limit
Should Infill Development remain focused on B. Ultimate C. Depends upon

A. Physical D. Other,
3 physical provision of buildings or it should focus Occupancy of the nature of
Provision only Specify:________
on ultimate occupancy of the buildings too? Building project
Do you think potential of Infill Development can D. Other,

4 A. Yes B. No C. Indifferent
be assessed/measured? Specify:________
If answer to question no. 4 is option A, every thing

that can be assessed or measured has a unit. What B. Population D. Other,
4(a) A. No of Plots C. Floor Area
do you suggest should be unit for potential of Density Specify:________
Infill Development in case of Lahore?
195
If answer to question no. 4 is option A, what
C. Single Plot D. Other,
4(b) should be scale of assessment of Infill A. City Level B. Area Specific
Level Specify:________
Development Potential in Lahore?
Is there any study which identified the Priority D. Other,

5 A. Yes B. No C. Indifferent
Areas for Infill Development in Lahore? Specify:________
In your opinion, what should be the method of A. Remote B. Ground C. Combination of D. Other,
6
assessment of Infill Development Potential Sensing Tools Truthing A&B Specify:________
196
Enlisting Variables for Assessment of Infill Development Potential in
Section (B)
Lahore
Note: In this section, interviewee will be asked whether a variable should be used for assessment of Infill Development Potential or not. In
case Yes, weightage in percentage is to be inquired for each of the variables.
If yes,
Sr.
Name of Variable Response Weightage in
No.
percentage?
i. Parcel/Lot/Plot size Yes No Indifferent
ii. Shape of Parcel/Lot/Plot Yes No Indifferent
iii. Age of Building Yes No Indifferent
iv. Building Capacity Yes No Indifferent
v. Building Occupancy Yes No Indifferent
vi. Number of Accesses to the Lot or Building Yes No Indifferent
vii. Legal Constraints to the Lot or Building Yes No Indifferent
viii. Current Infrastructural Capacity Yes No Indifferent
ix. Proposed Infrastructure projects Yes No Indifferent
x. Proximity to Civic Services Yes No Indifferent
197
Suggestions regarding possible amendments in current legal
Section (C)
provisions
Master Plan for Greater Lahore 1966 proposed
maximum residential plot size within Lahore as D. Other,
1 A. Highly Agreed B. Agreed C. Disagreed
2Kanal. Can this ceiling value be enforced Specify:________
strictly?
Master Plan for Greater Lahore 1966 proposed
maximum residential plot size within Lahore as D. Other,
2 A. Highly Agreed B. Agreed C. Disagreed
2Kanal. Should this ceiling value be further Specify:________
decreased now?
If answer to question no. 2 is option A or B, what
2(a)
should be this ceiling value now?
Rule 29(2)(b) of LDA, PHS Rules 2014 limit
subdivision of plot to one kanal. Do you agree that D. Other,
3 Highly Agreed Agreed Disagreed
plots smaller than a kanal should also be allowed Specify:________
to be subdivided?
Rule 10(b)(viii)(b) of LDA, PHS Rules 2014
bounds the developers/sponsors of private
housing schemes to provide ten percent of plots D. Other,
4 Highly Agreed Agreed Disagreed
within housing scheme in form of apartments. Do Specify:________
you agree that this minimum requirement should
be further enhanced?
If answer to question no. 4 is option A or B, what
4(a)
should be this minimum value now?
198

Developing Framewrok To Assess The Potential of Infill Development in Selected Zones of Lahore

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MS Thesis

DEVELOPING FRAMEWROK TO ASSESS THE

Department of City & Regional Planning

Muhammad Shafaat Nawaz

A thesis submitted to Department of City & Regional Planning, Unviersity of

Approval On: 06-JULY-2018

Internal Examiner: Sign: ________________________________

External Examiner: Sign: ________________________________

Chairman: Sign: ________________________________

Dean: Sign: ________________________________

Department of City & Regional Planning

DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................... III

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. VII

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... XI

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... XIV

LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................. XVI

PAKISTANI CITIES AND HOUSING ..................................................................................... 2

LAND SPECULATION AND ASSOCIATED DYNAMICS ................................................... 3

THE POTENTIAL ...................................................................................................................... 4

RESEARCH QUESTION ........................................................................................................... 6

STUDY RATIONALE ............................................................................................................... 7

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................... 7

PROSPECTIVE UTILIZATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS ............................................. 8

CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER ....................................................................................... 12

UDERSTANDING INFILL DEVELOPMENT IN CONTEXT OF LAHORE ........................... 14

LAHORE; THE CASE STUDY ............................................................................................... 14

INFILL DEVELOPMENT & LAHORE .................................................................................. 15

SELECTION OF RESPONDENTS ..................................................................................... 18

IS INFILL DEVELOPMENT A NEW CONCEPT FOR LAHORE? .................................. 19

DOES INFILL ONLY RELATE TO HOUSING? ............................................................... 23

DOES INFILL DEVELOPMENT ONLY CONSIDER VACANT PLOTS? ...................... 24

PHYSICAL PROVISION OF BUILDINGS VS THEIR ULTIMATE OCCUPANCY ...... 25

CAN POTENTIAL OF INFILL DEVELOPMENT BE ASSESSED? ................................ 26

WHICH UNIT SHOULD BE USED FOR MEASUREMENT OF POTENTIAL OF INFILL

OBSTACLES TO INFILL DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................... 31

CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER ....................................................................................... 32

FINDING DECISIVE VARIABLES ........................................................................................... 35

1. SUITABILITY FOR INFILL DEVELOPMENT: A MULTI-CRITERIA AND SPATIAL

2. DEVELOPABLE SITE ANALYSIS (Department of Infrastructure, Energy & Resources,

3. BALLARAT RESIDENTIAL INFILL OPPORTUNITIES (Aurecon, 2009) .................. 45

4. EVALUATION OF INFILL DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL IN ZONE 8 OF TABRIZ BY

VARIABLES ADOPTED FROM LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................. 56

DECISIVE VARIABLES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FRAMEWORK ................................ 57

CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER ....................................................................................... 63

DEVELOPING FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................. 65

ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) ........................................................................ 68

STEPS INVOLVED IN ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) ............................ 69

JUSTIFICATION FOR USING ANALYTIC HIEARARCHY PROCESS ........................ 72

RECOMMENDATION FOR USE OF ANALYTIC HIEARARCHY PROCESS (AHP) .. 74

APPLICATION OF ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) ...................................... 76

RESULTS FROM SUPER DECISION SOFTWARE ........................................................... 109

1. WEIGHTAGE OF INDICATORS IN GROUP 01: ................................................. 109

2. WEIGHTAGE OF INDICATORS IN GROUP 02: ................................................. 110

3. WEIGHTAGE OF INDICATORS IN GROUP 03: ................................................. 110

5. WEIGHTAGE OF INDICATORS IN GROUP 05: ................................................. 111

6. WEIGHTAGE OF INDICATORS IN GROUP 06: ................................................. 112

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS ............................................................................................ 112

CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER ..................................................................................... 113

APPLYING FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................................... 115

CASE STUDIES ..................................................................................................................... 115

SELECTION CRITERIA ................................................................................................... 115

CASE STUDY 01: UC 100, ICHRA, LAHORE ................................................................ 117

CREATING PARCEL LEVEL GIS DATA ........................................................................... 121