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Review of Literature: Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Review of Literature: Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter presented the conceptual literature and studies reviewed by the
researchers which provided insights and information related to the present study. The
collated research literature serves also as background of the study as well as the
ourselves to act upon another or to communicate with our inner self in terms of
communicating.
grammar, vocabulary, etc. It should be thought in any language learning to make the
some speaking aspects to have a good speaking skill. As proposed by Brown (2001:
hinders and affect the Oral Language Proficiency among the Grade 12 students in
Hibunawan National High School for the School Year 2017-2018. In real scenario,
communication does not always play a successful role during interaction; it has been a
common setting when the meaning of the message alters during the process of
communication.
The theoretical bases of this study are the Communication Model by Shannon
Model of Shannon and Weaver show the communication process and factors which
affect the process. Calaude Shannon and Warren Weaver (1949) developed a formal
information source, which encodes the messages into signals; a channel, to which
functions to either the right or left hemisphere. After the brain becomes less flexible and
sounds, the difficulty in seeing the differences between sounds is also a reason why
learners might have problems with speaking. He also stated that the capacity to learn a
language is indeed innate, and, like many such inborn mechanisms, it is circumscribed
in time. If a child does not learn a language before the onset of puberty, the child will
never master language at all. This is known as the critical period hypothesis.
expose to language. In order to meet the fluency and accuracy in speaking, a child must
practice to use the target language in meaningful way and making conversation. From
a term, that suggests variability, and it has traditionally been related to measurement
and testing in Second Language Teaching and Learning (Llurda, E., 1999).
The paradigm reveals the correlation that Speaking Difficulties and the Oral
Burauen, Leyte. The study will identify the Speaking Difficulties of the Garde 12
students which will vary and depend on the profile characteristics sex and the Language
such as the Age, Sex and the Language Exposure of the respondents.
The concept of the study is made clearer and more understandable through a
Related Literature
Past literature is the mirror of present and future, which helps to develop a
thorough understanding and insight into previous research works that relates to the
present study. It is the tool, which provides a proper guideline and idea to the
researchers in many studies hence, literature related to the research topic, has been
quoted here. It will make the study authentic, stronger and finds the foundation for the
Jonson and Morrow (1981: 70) say that the speaker which is popular with term
‘oral communication’, is an activity involving two or more people in which hearers and
speakers have to react to what they hear and make their contributions at a speed of a
high level.
Richards (2008:19) states that the mastery of speaking skills in English is priority
for many second language or foreign language learners. Consequently, learners often
evaluate their success in language learning as well as the effectiveness of their English
course based on how much they feel they have improved in their spoken language
proficiency
Comeron (2001: 40) says that speaking is the active use of language to express
meaning so that other people can make senses of them. Moreover, it is recognized as
Related Studies
The studies stated below shows relatively to this Research study ‘Speaking
High School’. The certain studies cite evidences which prove of the facts and naure of
communication exchange are the sender and the receiver. The sender initiates the
communication. In a school, the sender is a person who has a need or desire to convey
an idea or concept to others. The receiver is the individual to whom the message is
sent. The sender encodes the idea by selecting words, symbols, or gestures with which
to compose a message. The message is the outcome of the encoding, which takes the
form of verbal. The message is sent through a medium or channel, which is the carrier
e-mail, or written report. The receiver decodes the received message into meaningful
information, Noise is anything that distorts the message. Differently perceptions of the
noise. Finally, feedback occurs when the receiver responds to the sender’s message and
returns the message to sender. Feedback allows the sender to determine whether the
Secondary Stage Students’ as one of the four language skills (reading, writing, listening,
and speaking). It is means through which learners can communicate with others to
achieve certain goals or to express their opinions, intention, hopes and viewpoints. In
addition, people who know a language are referred as to ‘speakers’ of the language.
English Language Learning (2004), they determined the five language proficiency levels
state academic contest standards. The language proficiency levels delineate expected
performance and describe what English language learners can do within each domain of
the standards.
Therefore, the cited studies had given explained facts about the English
Language, the use of Language for communication, the Language Proficiency and the
Speaking domain for the usage of language which measured by proficiency and the
studies verify that there exists the certain issue around the locality especially in the field