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Jetty Planning Methodology - Rev01
Jetty Planning Methodology - Rev01
CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY
4.1. PREPARATION
The preparation stage includes a series of activities that are done before data
collection and data processing stages. The activities in this phase are done to ensure
efficiency in both time and work. These include:
Data is collected from the start of planning until the construction design
stage. The methods of data collection used are as follows:
4.2.2. Observation
4.2.3. Interview
Based on the methods above, the data that have been collected fall into the
category of secondary sources. Secondary sources are data obtained through
methods such as contacting agencies related to project planning. In the planning of
Jetty Construction in Brunei Darussalam, the secondary sources needed include:
▪ Project location data
▪ Topographical map data and situation
▪ Soil data
▪ Tidal, wind, and wave data
▪ The number and types of ships docked
In this stage, the data obtained through the secondary sources are processed
and sorted through. The processed data includes:
Wind data allows for the wind direction and speed to be identified.
Afterwards, the data is processed in order to obtain the percentages of wind
occurrence. A wind rose is then developed to describe wind speed, wind occurrence,
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and the direction of the dominant wind. Since there is more than one dominant wind
data obtained, the data with the most influence on planning will be used. The wind
data obtained can be used further to consider the placement of breakwaters, shipping
routes, and calculation of jetty construction.
Consists of wave and tidal data obtained from authorized agencies in Brunei
Darussalam.
The wave height can be used for planning the elevation of the jetty and in
calculating the construction of breakwaters.
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Soil data is needed for planning the foundation or the lower structures of the
jetty, particularly by looking at the conus value in soil test, which is used to
calculate the bearing capacity of the foundation against resistance and strength of the
material. This is so that loading, reinforcement, and the dimensions of the jetty’s
lower structures can be planned thoroughly.
This data is used to determine the length of the jetty and the need for
planning future jetty dimensions, in hopes that the use of the jetty can be optimized.
The topographic map is used for planning the layout of the jetty.
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After obtaining and analyzing the data, the next step is to make a jetty layout
at Brunei Darussalam Port in the form of a situation map and floor plan.
Layout planning is very important in order to know the exact locations of
constructions such as the breakwaters and supporting facilities that are needed in this
jetty planning. By knowing the locations of those constructions, the dimensions,
sizes, and shapes of the buildings can be planned accordingly to the existing land
and available budget.
Once the layout planning stage is complete, the next step is the planning
stage of the buildings at the jetty.
Building planning at this jetty includes planning the construction of jetty and
breakwaters.
4.5.1. Jetty
The following section describes the method of structural calculation for the jetty
and the trestle that will be constructed. The calculation includes problems related to:
▪ Foundation system
▪ Vertical load
▪ Horizontal load
4.5.1.1. General
For the jetty planning, the data used as a basis for determining alternatives for
construction systems is considered against factors like the most beneficial arrangement
for the cost of construction and the age or durability of the construction.
The loads that are acting on the constructions above the jetty are as follows:
▪ Load of jetty construction
▪ Live load above the jetty
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Design criteria.
▪ Ship weight
▪ Ship type
▪ Full load draft
▪ Ship length
▪ Ship width
▪ Depth Design
▪ Berthing velocity
Calculations of upper and lower structures of the jetty and trestle are carried out
using the SAP 2000 software program.
Horizontal loads that applies to the jetty is assumed to be planted by slanted and
upright piles (the upright piles are in accordance to the force capacity that is allowed
horizontally), and thus it is only calculated for the vertical loads.
β=
Ru = 30 Nap +
Where :
Ru = Pile bearing capacity (tonne)
Ap = Area of the end of the pile (cm2)
As = Luas keliling tiang (cm2)
N’ = Grade – N average of the pile planted in the soil
N = Grade - N Soil at the end of the pile
N=
Ru = 8CpAp + CaAs
Where,
Ru = Pile bearing capacity (tonne)
Ap = Area of the end of the pile (cm2)
As = circle area of the pile (cm2)
Cp = Cohesion at the pile ends (t/m2)
Ca = Average adhesion on the pile that is planted inside the soil (t/m 2)
Ca = Cp If Cp < 10 (t/m2)
Ca = 10 (t/m2) If Cp ≥ 10 (t/m2)
On sandy soil, bearing capacity of the pile is obtained by the following formula :
c. Safety factor
1) Normal conditions
- Bearing capacity due to axial loading, SF = 2,5
- Bearing capacity due to tension loading, SF = 3
2) Temporary conditions
- Bearing capacity due to axial loading, SF = 1,5
- Bearing capacity due to tension loading, SF = 2,5
Where,
Qult = Ultimate bearing strength (tonne)
Wr = Ram Mass (tonne)
Wp = Pile stake mass (tonne)
H = Ram fall distance (cm)
S = Final Set (cm)
K = Elastic Rebound (cm)
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1. Dead Load:
- Reinforced concrete = 2,40 t/m3
- Regular concrete = 2,30 t/m3
- Sand (saturated) = 1,80 t/m3
-Rubble/broken rocks (Effective mass under water) = 1,00 t/m3
- Steel = 7,85 t/m3
2. Live Load:
- Distributed Load = 2,00 t/m3
- Distributed Load (earthquake conditions) = 1,50 t/m3
- Distributed Load (dynamic) = 0,50 t/m3
- Distributed Load (dynamic, earthquake conditions) = 0,25 t/m3
- Radial Load = T-20
Ef = x Ce x Cm x Cs x Cc
Where :
Ef = impact energy by ship (tonne.m)
DT = displacement tonnage by ship (tonne)
V = docking velocity (m/s)
g = gravitational acceleration (9,8 m/dt2)
Ce = eccentricity factor (for jetty Ce = 0.5)
Cm = virtual mass factor
Cs = softness factor = 1,0
Cc = berth configuration factor = 1,0 (open pile structure)
● Displacement Tonnage from the cargo ship that is docking is calculated from the formula
→ log (GT) = 0.541 (DWT)
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Cm = 1 + x
Where:
Cb = coefficient block ( = Ws/LppxBxdxWo))
d = maximal draft of ship (m)
B = ship width (m)
Lpp = perpendicular length of ship (m)
Wo = specific mass (density) of sea water = 1,03 t/m3
Fender
Selecting a fender that is used in the jetty is determined by the type of ship that will be
docked. Ship mass will determine the horizontal energy that will be translated to the
jetty. An example calculation can be seen in Table C-06- 2, as follows.
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Fender that will be used is 2 x LMD 600H x 2000 L CL1 with the energy from deflection
being 52,5% the maximum energy that can be absorbed = 44.80 tm, reaction against the
jetty = 180.0 tonne.
Bollard
Tension force of the bollard is taken from the Standard Design criteria for Port in
Indonesia 1984, which is in accordance to Table C-06- 3 shown below.
Earthquake Factor
Earthquake coefficient refers to Uniform Building Code (UBC) 1985, which is as shown
in Table C-06- 4, as follows.
Based on the shear strength, it has to be calculated with the formula V=µ W, where m =
ZIKCS and W is the mass of the structure and the permanent tooling. Grade from Z for
zone 5 is 0.2, thus µ (for jetty and trestle) = 0.2 x 1.5 x 0.8 x 0.14 = 0.03.
Reduction factor from the distributed live load is taken as 50 %. Aside from that,
earthquake load is calculated from the equalities below.
Hg = µ × W
W = DL + 50 % LL
Wind Factor
Ha = ka x Va x Aw
Where :
Ha = Force from wind
ka = Coefficient dependent on the direction of wind
Va = Wind velocity
Aw = Projection area of the plane blown under the water surface
Wave factor
Pd = Ad x ks x 2,86 Va2
Pf = Af x kt x Va2
Where :
Pd = Dynamic force on a vertical direction
Pf = Friction force on the area of the ship submerged in water
Ad = Vertical projection area
Af = Surface area of the ship that is under the water surface
Ks.kt = Constant
Va = Current velocity
4.5.2. Breakwater
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The jetty planning also includes the planning of breakwater in terms of the
type of breakwater, the materials that will be used for its construction, and
calculating the proper dimensions of the breakwater.
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After the dimension, size, and shape of the buildings are determined, along
with the placements of said buildings and the materials that will be used, the next
stage is to develop the construction drawing. The objective of the drawing is to
facilitate the implementation of jetty construction as well as other buildings in the
project site. The drawings must be made as correctly and detailed as possible, and in
accordance with the determined locations, dimensions, sizes, and shapes of the
building. This is to ensure that the drawings can be easily understood by the builders
and other personnel as well.
After planning the constructions and obtaining the proper dimensions, sizes,
and shapes, as well as the materials needed for said constructions, the next stage is
to prepare the technical and administrative requirements. These are implemented as
rules in construction so that the building is constructed in accordance with the plan
that has been developed previously.
After making the technical and administrative requirements, the next stage is
to develop a budget plan to properly plan out the cost needed for the project.
After the budget plan is set, the next stage includes making Network
Planning (NP) and Time Schedule, as well as a workforce diagram to plan the
number of days and labor needed to complete the constructions on the jetty.
Start
Data Collection
Location map and Bathimetri
Soil data
Tidal, wind, and wave data
Amount and types of ship
N
o Data Analysis
Y
e
s
Analysis Results
Layout Planning
Planning
Jetty, Foundation, Fender & Bolder, Breakwater
Check Design N
o
Y
e
s
Construction Drawing
Finish