Arjun A

PSG College of Technology

Antilock Braking Systems

Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) are common on newer model cars. ABS
controls the braking ability of the car under select driving conditions that result in
a loss of traction. This system features a controller, valves, and speed sensor
that work in conjunction to determine the safe braking ability of your car. ABS
speed sensors monitor the rotation of each tire, making sure that each wheel is
rotating properly. Any slippage or difference between the wheels triggers the
ABS system.

Parts of the ABS

ABS begins with sensors deciding if the wheels are losing traction. Once
this decision is made, the controller (like a computer) engages a valve system in
the vehicle that controls available brake fluids in the lines. Since brakes work
based on the pressure generated by fluid compressed in the brake lines, a pump
engages in the braking system to rapidly apply the brakes. This application
occurs faster than any human can apply the brakes. Many drivers feel a pulsing
feeling in the brake pedal or hear grinding noise when the ABS engages on their
vehicle.

Location of Wheel Speed Sensor

The wheel speed sensor is usually located at the front wheel brake disc
and mounted on the hub of each wheel, but some cars are different. Some
rear-wheel-driven vehicles have only an electromagnetic induction speed sensor
in the main reducer or gearbox. The sensor is mounted on the main reducer
housing or transmission housing, and the gear ring is mounted on the main
reducer input shaft or transmission output shaft. It provides a signal to the ABS
system that controls the braking force.
 Arjun A
PSG College of Technology

Evaluating Speed

ABS speed sensors are located at the wheel hubs of the vehicle. These
sensors constantly monitor the rotation of each wheel to evaluate whether the
ABS system needs to override manual braking of the vehicle in slippery
conditions. The speed sensor calculates revolutions as well as evaluates
continuity between all wheels. Any detection of differences in rotation can result
in ABS engaging to control braking.

Generating the Speed Sensor Signal

Encoders can be used to measure the angular displacement of the wheel

of automobiles. An encoder is an electromechanical device that has an electrical
output in digital form proportional to the angular position of the input shaft.
Encoders enable an angular displacement to be converted directly into a digital
form. An Encoder is an angular position sensor. It has a shaft mechanically
coupled to an input driver which rotates a disc rigidly fixed to it. A succession of
opaque and clear segments are marked on the surface of the disc. Light from
infrared emitting diodes reaches the infrared receivers through the transparent
slits of the rotating disc. An analog signal is created. Then electronically, the
signal is amplified and converted into digital form. This signal is then transmitted
to the data processor.
 Arjun A
PSG College of Technology

Sending Messages to the ABS Controller

Speed sensors convert the pulses created by the encoder. This voltage is
passed along to the controller. The controller counts the number of pulses to
determine wheel speed and evaluates whether the ABS system should intercede
to control braking.
 Arjun A
PSG College of Technology

SIMULATION:

OUTPUT:
 Arjun A
PSG College of Technology

CONCLUSION:
Thus we have designed a Simulink model of the Wheel speed sensor and
derived the pulse output, which can be used to calculate the angular
displacement of the wheel. As we can see in the image above as the disc has
three concentric slits each separated by an equal distance. Three pulse signals
are obtained from the encoder which can be used to calculate the angular
displacement of the shaft. With the angular displacement obtained and time
taken for one rotation, angular velocity can also be calculated.