RIZAL: WORKS AND WRITINGS

AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM

An Instructional Module for Rizal

Prepared by:
ROWENA V. ISIDRO, LPT, Ph.D.
PREMEL JEAN B. FARILLON, LPT, M.Ed., RGC
MA. THERESA B. APEPE, LPT, M.A.Ed.
JEFFREY G. QUILANTANG, LPT, M.A.

First Semester, A. Y. 2020-2021

 Preface of the Course:

To give better picture of the rationale/reasons beyond the offering

of one course, one must move back from the realm of biography to the
ambit of social history. We all have to see social-historical forces at work.
Today, this recent crisis brought about by Covid 19 or pandemic
that made our lives more difficult, complicated and full of uncertainties –
the old question of why Rizal is still part of the General Education courses
adds up to controversies.
The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) thru a memorandum
in 2013 emphasizing a “paradigm shift to learning-based standards in
Philippine Higher Education (CHED, General Education Curriculum)
should provide holistic understanding, intellectual and Civic
Competencies for young students.” (Accessed on July 13, 2017 from
http://www.ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads 2013/17/CMO-No. 20-
2013.pdf.) And as emphasized in R. A. 1425, we should see a wider
picture beyond the personal life of Rizal and that would work for the
development of Filipino nationalism.
One important aspect of this module is the inclusion of the primary
sources/reading materials and recent research findings such as those on
the criteria of heroism.
Exercises were included that are intended to develop positive
values that would become part and parcel of the character of our youth
whom Rizal called “The hope of the Motherland”. The experiences and
examples of Rizal embedded in his life story and in his different works
that put Rizal in pedestal, context of history as well as what he means to
us in the present time. This module will also help sought answers on
issues regarding Rizal’s heroism and his place in the pantheon of heroes.
The goal of the course through this module is not merely to know
about Rizal but to imbibe the various principles that he espoused. These
principles will prove to be essential in the 21st century.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism ii

 Important Things to Remember

Before you begin learning what the module is about, please be familiar
with some icons to guide you through this instructional tool.

The portion in this module is where the reasons

Rationale
for having this learning kit is being presented
Introduction A part in the chapter or lesson where the topics
are being introduced.

Activate prior In here, you will do an activity that you already

knowledge know and is related to the lesson

Acquire new This is where the lesson is presented. It may

knowledge have several topics as stipulated in the
objectives.
Applying new In this part, you will practice what you have
Knowledge learned.
You will be tested here and you will be able to
know the gaps in your understanding of the
Assessment lesson. If you are not satisfied with your
achievement, you may go back to some points
that you may have missed.
References This is where the source of the materials is listed.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism iii
 UNIVERSITY VISION, MISSION, GOALS

VISION
ISAT U as a leading science and technology university in Southeast Asia
by 2030.

MISSION
The University is committed to provide quality and relevant advanced
education, higher technological, professional instruction and training in
arts, sciences, education, architecture, engineering, agriculture, forestry,
and other fields of study, thereby producing locally oriented, globally
competitive, and globally eco-friendly human resources. It shall promote
research and development programs to advance science and technology
and undertake sustainable extension and production activities.

CORE VALUES
Integrity
Commitment
Accountability
Responsiveness
Excellence

INSTITUTIONAL GOALS

1. To provide a nurturing environment where academic freedom is

guaranteed and respected for the optimum development of human
potential.
2. To produce highly competent and eco-friendly graduates, who will
become leaders and experts in their fields of specialization.
3. To conduct research towards the advancement of science and
technology.
4. To provide extension and production activities for the improvement of
the quality of life in the community.
5. To provide effective and efficient delivery of services through
responsive management of human, physical, financial and information
resources.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism iv

Rationale

As a mandatory course of your study on

the life and works of Jose Rizal, our study would
begin in the understanding of the reason beyond this
mandatory teaching. Republic Act 1425, otherwise
known as the Rizal Law should be reviewed because
since then, debates and contestations or the usual
unofficial protests are still here. This chapter will allow
you to look into the major issues and debates
surrounding the Rizal Bill and its passage into a law.
Analysis of the role of literature in society will also be
emphasized in here. You will also be introduced to the
kind of hero and human person Rizal is. Further, this
chapter will shed light as to the criteria set for heroes.

Module Outcomes
At the end of the module, the learners must have:
1. determined the issues and interests at stake in
the debate over the Rizal Bill and the Rizal Law;
2. explained the relationship between literature and
society; and
3. evaluated the criteria set for heroes.
 Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the learners must have:
1. determined the issues and interests at stake in the debate
over Rizal Bill;
2. identified at least three salient provisions of Rizal Law;
3. evaluated the issues stated by the supporters and those
against the Rizal Law; and
4. assessed controversies of R. A. 1425.

Introduction
The teaching of Rizal Course in College was made mandatory by law.
This teaching would seek to further develop in the youth the sense of
nationalism and patriotism that Rizal believed in deeply. Today, the challenge is
to make the course as relevant as possible to the diverse fields that students are
pursuing. It is important that the youth embrace Rizal as part of their national
identity.
Ignorance of the relevance of Rizal Course would likely make the journey
of studying it difficult. It is on this contention that teaching this course should be
made interesting and meaningful by relating it to the students’ experiences and to
their realities. Rizal’s works must be reflected on not simply because it is a
solemn duty but mainly because they are relevant to our time and situation at
present.

Activate

Have you ever asked yourself why are you having this course or subject?
Why Rizal and not Bonifacio or the other Philippine heroes is the national
hero? What ideas come to your mind? Write your immediate answer below.

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Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 2

 Acquire
RIZAL BILL AND RIZAL LAW

A. Rizal Bill
The Philippines during early post war period was in an unstable condition
brought by damages of war both in properties and lives of people.
The country was in deep problem with various challenges that call for
nation building. Hence, getting up to stand and deliver again was an important
concern of both the government and the people. And it was on this time, that
prominent Filipinos who championed nationalism came into action. Claro M.
Recto submitted his bill, calling for the return of patriotic values exemplified by
Filipino heroes such as Jose Rizal.
The issuance of the Rizal bill was not welcomed by all. The Catholic
Church assailed it as an anti-church because it forces the students to read
Rizal’s works like the obligatory reading of the novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo.
The intentions/reasons of persons who pushed for the
approval of Rizal Bill are as follows:
There is a need for a rededication to the ideals of freedom and
nationalism from which our heroes lived and died. There is a need to
remember with special fondness and devotion the lives and works of our heroes
who shaped our national character. The life, works, and writings of Dr. Jose Rizal
particularly, his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo are constant and
inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the youth, especially during
their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused. There is a need
to develop moral character, personal discipline, and civic conscience and to
teach the duties of citizenship. There is a need for a rededication to the ideals of
freedom and nationalism from which our heroes lived and died. There is a need
to develop moral character, personal discipline, and civic consciousness.
On the other hand, the intentions or reasons of persons who blocked
the approval of Rizal Bill were stated as the novels, Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, written by Dr. Jose Rizal are:

1. Very damaging to the clerics.

2. Estrange from Catholic faith and religion and contradict many of the
Christian beliefs.

Further, the critics of the Rizal Bill argued that to compel Catholic students
to read a book which contains passages that contradict their faith constitutes a
violation of a Philippine constitutional provision (Art. 3, Sec. 1, and Par. 7).

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 3

 Apply

Activity 1
After reading about the Rizal Bill and the statements of its supporters as
well as its critics, let us now check what have you learned so far. Are you ready?
Of course, you are! Here we go.
Read the following excerpts from the statements of the legislators who
supported and opposed the passage of the Rizal Law in 1956. You are expected
to answer the questions that follow in worksheets.

FOR
“Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo must be read by all
Filipinos. They must be taken to heart,
for in their pages we see ourselves as
a mirror, our defects as well as or
strength, our virtues as well as our
vices. Only then would we become
conscious as a people and so learn to
prepare ourselves for painful
sacrifices that ultimately lead to self-
reliance, self-respect, and freedom.”
- Senator Jose P. Laurel
AGAINST
“A vast majority of our people are,
Catholic and Filipino citizens, at the
same time. As such, they have two
great loves: their country and their
faith. These two loves are not
conflicting foes. They are harmonious
affections, like the love for his father
and for his mother.
This is the basis of my stand. Let us
not create a conflict between
nationalism and religion, between
government and the church.”

“Rizal did not pretend to teach religion -Senator Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo
when he wrote those books. He
aimed at inculcating civic
consciousness in the Filipinos,
national dignity, personal and racial
pride, and patriotism. In the course of
his narration and faithful portrayal of
the situations in the Philippines as it
then existed, Rizal wrote some
religious practices in the Philippines
during those days about the conduct
and behavior of erring ministers of the
church.”
- Senator Claro M. Recto

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 4

 Processing Questions:

Direction: Answer the following questions and please limit your answer to 2-3
sentences only.

1. What was the major argument raised by Senator Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo
against the passage of the Rizal Bill?

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2. What was the major argument raised by Senator Jose P. Laurel and Senator
Claro M. Recto in support of the passage of the Rizal Bill?

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3. Are there points of convergence between the supporters and opposers of the
Rizal Bill based on these statements?
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4. What is your personal criticism of the Rizal Bill?

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Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 5

 A. Rizal Law
Please read the provisions of Rizal Law for clearer understanding of why
Rizal as a 3 unit course is a mandatory course/subject for all college students in
all Colleges and universities in the Philippines.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND
PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE
LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS
NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE
PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES .
WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a
need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our
heroes lived and died;
WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero
and patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their
lives and works that have shaped the national character; WHEREAS, the life,
works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the
minds of the youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school,
should be suffused;
WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and
subject to regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral
character, personal discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of
citizenship; Now, therefore,
SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal,
particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in
the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private: Provided,
That in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as
basic texts. The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to
adopt forthwith measures to implement and carry out the provisions of this
Section, including the writing and printing of appropriate primers, readers and
textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act,
promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to carry
out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and
regulations providing for the exemption of students for reasons of religious belief
stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the provision
contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from
taking the course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 6

 regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after their publication in the Official
Gazette.
SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities
to keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of
Rizal’s other works and biography. The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well as other
writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books for required
reading in all public or private schools, colleges and universities. The Board of
National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books,
depending upon the enrolment of the school, college or university.
SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation
of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose
Rizal into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be
printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of
charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations and
Barrio Councils throughout the country.
SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or
repealing section nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code,
prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines by public school teachers and
other person engaged in any public school.
SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby
authorized to be appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the
National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.
SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Approved: June 12, 1956
Published in the: Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in June 1956.

R. A. 1425 in Bitesize
Authored and fought for by Senator Claro M. Recto and
Senator Jose P. Laurel

Signed into law by President Ramon Magsaysay

When: June 12, 1956

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 7

 B. Three (3) Main/Salient Points of the Rizal Law

1. Mandates all educational institutions (DepEd for Basic Education;

CHED for HEIs)
2. Obliges all school should have enough copies of the materials
for the readings (especially the Noli and Fili)
3. Directs the translations, production and distribution of the
Reading materials (from Spanish to English and Filipino)
C. Relevance of the Rizal Law

The supporters for the approval of the Rizal Bill into the Law reflected that
the Filipino youth in general and to youth in particular need something that would
directly or indirectly guides them to live according to Rizal’s examples by knowing
and by reading his works. Accordingly, intentions/reasons of persons who
pushed for the approval of Rizal Law:
1. There is a need for a rededication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism
from which our heroes lived and died.
2. There is a need to remember with special fondness and devotion to the
lives and works of our heroes who shaped the national character.
3. The life, works and writings of Dr. Jose Rizal particularly, his novels Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo are constant and inspiring source of
patriotism with which the minds of the youth, especially during their
formative and decisive years in school, should be infused.
4. There is a need to develop moral character, personal discipline, and civic
conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship. There is a need to
develop moral character, personal discipline, and civic conscience and to
teach the duties of citizenship.
5. Further, according to these supporters, the law should be necessary
because more than any other time in our history, there is a need for a
rededication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism – which our heroes
have lived and died for.
6. It is in honoring them, particularly Jose Rizal, that we remember with
fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped our national
character.
7. Life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal particularly his novels are a
constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the
youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school
should be inculcated.

D. Controversies/Flaws of R. A. 1425
1. Absence of (IRR) Implementing Rules and Regulations.
2. The dissemination issue of its content – open for different
interpretations.
3. The exemption issue – “joke” – because until now, no student, so has
ever wrote a letter to be exempted from reading the novels.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 8

 Congratulations! You have emerged yourself successfully on the rationale
behind the mandatory course on the life and works of Jose Rizal, the debates
over Rizal Bill and the different reasons expressed by both distractors and
supporters of R. A. 1425.

Now, are you ready for a short evaluation? Of course, you are!

Notes to ponder before you go further!

“I would prefer even to fail with honor than to win by cheating.”

- Sophocles

Assessment

Name: Date:
Program, Year and Section: Score:

Worksheet 1: On the space provided before each number, write the word or
group of words that is being described or asked. (30 points)
________________1. The legitimate reason why you are taking this course.

_______________2. This is otherwise known as Rizal Law.

_______________3-4. Notable persons who fought for the Rizal Bill.

_______________

_______________5. He signed the Rizal Bill, hence, made it into a law.

_______________6. He made issuances for the full implementation of the

R. A. 1425.

_______________7. Date of the promulgation of R. A. 1425.

_______________8. Immediate and full implementation of R. A. 1425.

_______________9-11. Supporters of Rizal Bill.

_______________

_______________

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 9

 12-14. Salient points of R. A. 1425 (3 points each)

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15. What do you think is the importance of Rizal Law to you as a student and as
a Filipino? (10 points)

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Worksheet 2: After going through deep emersion with readings of R. A. 1425,

you are now ready to plunge deeper. (10 points each)

1. With your good background of our history. Illustrate the relevance of the Rizal
Law to you in particular and in your field of specialization - considering you’re
being techno-savvy. (Please limit your answer to 5-7 sentences only).

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Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 10

 2. Do these issues remain pertinent in the present day? Support your answer.
(Your answer should not be more than 50 words).

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Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 11

 Lesson Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners must have:
1. identified the purpose of literature and its subject matter; and
2. explained the influence and functions of literature on society.

Introduction
This lesson will show and present different functions of literature, its role in
shaping society and how fiction would reflect the real events that are happening
in our society. In addition, in here, your eyes will be opened on how literature had
influenced important events that made big changes on lives and activities of the
world society as a whole.

Activate

Have you watched the teleserye “Ang Probinsyano” starring Coco Martin
as Cardo Dalisay?

If you say yes! Very Good! If not, it’s okay…Surely, you’ve heard about it,
right? As one of the longest prime time teleserye, it still gets the highest audience
share because the different episodes/series revolves around the heroic exploits
of the incorruptible cop, Cardo Dalisay played by Coco Martin, who finds himself
a new nemesis in a situation that has all the elements worthy of another
provocative episode. The series make an unprecedented impact as it unfolds
different, soci0-economic-political issues in our society as reflected on the
different stories of both the main and supporting characters. It is both an
entertainment and society’s reflection of the many facets of socio-economic-
political life of the Filipinos.

Literature entertains us through our youth. We learn to enjoy certain works

of literature as we mature. We learn to hate other works of literature as we
approach higher education. Having said that, literature had always been viewed
as means of entertainment, yet we seldom thought of the actual effect which
literature has on us as individuals, and as a society.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 12

 Does society shape literature? Does literature shape society? These are
some of the questions that we will try to answer at the end of this lesson on
literature and society. In here, you will also see how people learn the value of
nationalism and patriotism in literature.

Acquire
LITERATURE AND SOCIETY
A. Connection between Literature and Society

Literature reflects the society, its good values and its ills. In its corrective
function, literature mirrors the ills of the society with a view to making the society
realize its mistakes and make amends. It also projects the virtues or good values
in the society for people to emulate.

Literature records the thoughts and feelings of great minds. It attracts in

two ways, through its matter and through its manner. The matter must be such
that those who read it are interested in some way. The manner must be such as
will be pleasing to the reader and adds to his fund of knowledge.

In a society we live, people live interdependently. Feelings, thoughts, likes

and dislikes, dreams, and aspirations are being shared and learned from each
other. The subject matter of literature is society. The poet expresses his feeling
and the readers who read the poetry are interested and fell with the writer.
Literature influence on our mind and attitude as society reacts to it in a
living way. An inspiring poem creates general influence on society. It arouses
our feelings and enthusiasm for welfare. Poets are referred to as the
unacknowledged legislators of mankind. The function of a legislator is to lay
down the law. Novels are known to have changed the direction of the human
mind and set in motion movements that have altered our ways of life.

The influence of literature on society is felt directly or indirectly. For

example:
1. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) was directly responsible for a
movement against slavery in literature and life in USA of those days
(books.google.com).
2. The novels of Charles Dickens such as Oliver Twist, A Christmas
Carol, and Bleak house, had an indirect influence in creating a feeling
for regulating and removing social wrongs, calling for necessary
reforms.
3. Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel like Choritrohin, have gone a
long way in breaking conservatism as regards women in our society.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 13

 Society creates literature. It may be described as the mirror of the
society. But the quality and nature of the reflection depends upon the writer's
attitude of mind, whether he is progressive in his outlook or reactionary.

There are two kinds of writers:

1. A conservative-minded writer will stress those aspects of social life,

which put the traditional ways of life in the best possible way. For
example, he will set a high value on reverence for age-old ideals,
respect for religion, chastity of woman and so on.
2. A progressive writer will tend to show how old ideals act as restraints
on the natural freedom of the human mind, cripple the free movement
of ma9n and women in an unrestricted atmosphere, set for liberating
new ideals, and moving society that looks forward to newer ways of
life.

Society experiences constant changes, whether politically, socially, or

morally. By viewing society in the eyes of others, we further educate ourselves,
and magnify our understanding of how the world works. Fiction shows us what
can happen, and not what has happened. This is obviously different than history,
or non-fiction, which labels what has happened. Fiction guides society into the
direction of what has not yet been accomplished. Without exploring the
unexplored, how can the world advance?

B. The High Culture/Popular Culture Divide

Traditionally, in modern countries of the west, society left the study of high
culture to specialists in literature, art, and music. This attitude was partially a
product of sociologists’ discomfort with aesthetic evaluation.

The popular culture, on the other hand, was seen as simply unworthy of
attention or that sociologists study. They view literature as an area that focus on
high-culture. Because early Marxist sociologists of literature defines literature as
part of the ideological superstructure within which the literatures of elites or ruling
class is expressed.

Moreover, literature works both as a reflection of changing social patterns

and as a force shaping those patterns. Culture as a resource for the powerful is
also manifested in many works of literature that in turn influenced the movements
in society.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 14

 Apply
After learning in the previous lesson about R.A. 1425 and learning in this
lesson what can literature do, you are now ready to apply what you have learned
from both topics. Are you ready? Of course you are! So here we go, prepare a
short summary of your discussion points to be presented as one of the
deliverables of this course. (Prepare a thought paper – with the following rubrics
for correcting)

Thought Paper 1:

1. Based on what you have gained from the topics previously learned,
write a paper on the topic: Is Republic Act 1425 realistic? Why or why
not?” Answer this question from your perspective as students of the
Rizal course. The paper must not be less than 300 words and not be
more than 6,000 words.

2. Prepare a simple oral report or your output. (If there’s a synchronous

meeting or else the output should be passed as part of course’s
deliverables)

Rubrics for Thought Paper 1:

20% Clarity in the discussion of the characteristics of literature

20% Application of these characteristics to a discussion of merits of
the Rizal Law
20% Clarity in the discussion of the hazards of translation
10% Application of these hazards to a discussion of the merits of the
Rizal Law
20% Strength of overall argument or thesis
10% Quality of writing and composition

For Presentation: 2-3 minute presentation of oral report

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 15

 Assessment

Name: Date:
Program, Year and Section: Score:

1. Name three (3) classic literary works that have influenced events in society.

2. Give at least three (3) roles of literature in society.

3. Differentiate conservative from creative writers in shaping minds of people in

society.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 16

 Lesson Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the students must have:
1. reflected your own hero in your life;
2. gave at least three reasons why a person/s be considered
a hero;
3. evaluated the criteria set for heroes by the NHI; and
4. cited and assessed at least three controversial issues or
questions as to Rizal’s being a national hero.

Introduction
As a mandatory course of your study on the life and works of Jose Rizal’s
life, our study started with the understanding of the reason beyond this
mandatory teaching through Republic Act 1425, otherwise known as Rizal Law.
But since then, debates and contestations or unofficial protests were never been
done. In this lesson, you will be introduced to the kind of hero and human person
Rizal is. Further, this chapter will shed light as to the criteria set for heroes.
In the past, NO law, Executive Order or any proclamation has been
enacted or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national
hero. However, because of their significant roles in the process of nation building
and contributions to history – there were laws, enactment and proclamations
issued honoring them.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 17

 Activate

When you hear the word hero, who comes to your mind? Why? Please
give at least 2 reasons. Please use the box here.

My Hero is… Put your reason here.

Acquire

RIZAL ON BEING THE NATIONAL HERO

A. Criteria of a Hero by the National Historical Institute (NHI)
Even, Rizal was not explicitly proclaimed. The position he has now holds
in Philippine History is a tribute to the continued veneration or acclamation of the
people in recognition to the significant social transformations that took place in
our country. Aside from Rizal (every December 30) only Andres Bonifacio is
given an implied recognition as his birth on November 30 has been made a
national holiday.
Different definitions of a hero were discussed and presented in the book of
De Viana, Jose Rizal in Our Times. In there, he cited the criteria considered by
the historical committee of the National heroes Commission on the
characteristics of the national hero.
1. A prominent or central personage taking an admirable part in any
remarkable action or event;

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 18

 2. A person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in
suffering;

3. A man honored after death by public worship because of exceptional

service to mankind.
He further said that they didn’t have any idea that one day they will be
measured up, they just acted upon their principles.

It was only in 1900s when the Philippine Commission (composed of

Pardo de Tavera, Legarda, Luzurriaga as Filipino members) headed by William
Howard Taft approved Act No. 137 - combining districts of Morong and Manila
to be named as “Province of Rizal” in honor of the most illustrious Filipino. The
act was disputed by many but the basis of the Commission was so strong that is
surpassed the public’s question.
During Marcos’s presidency, he tasked the National Heroes Commission
to come up with the criteria for national hero. On March 28, 1993, President
Fidel V. Ramos issued an Executive Order No.75 – Creating the National
Heroes Committee under the Office of the President. The committee was tasked
to study, evaluate, and recommend historical figures to be declared as national
heroes and the said committee come up with the following criteria:
1. Extent of the person’s sacrifices for the welfare of the country.
2. The motives and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal (i.e.
welfare of the country). In the attainment of that ideal, did the person
concerned sacrificed purely and exclusively for the welfare of the
country or was there any selfish or ulterior motive in the making of
such sacrifice? Were the methods employed in the attainment of the
ideal morally valid?
3. The moral character of the person concerned (no morality issue that
affected his ideal)
4. The influence of the person both on his age and on the future;
5. Those that have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle
for the nation’s freedom (especially on the threat of invasion in any
form)
6. Those who define and contribute to a system of life of freedom and
order for a nation (the one who helps in the betterment and
orderliness of the country)
7. Those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of the nation
8. Those who are part of the people’s expression (the citizens must have
recognized and acknowledged them as heroes)
9. Must think of the future generation (the future generations must be
seen in his ideals and decisions)
10. Must not only base on the recounting of history or events in the past
but of the entire process that made this particular person a hero (De
Viana, 2014).

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 19

 Apply

1. At this point, please go back to your previously chosen hero and your
justifications as to why you have chosen him, her or them. Were your
reasons related to the criteria identified in the previous page? If yes,
to where they become similar? If not, why?

2. Among the Philippine identified national and local heroes, apart from Jose
Rizal, name two (2) that you think fit in to at least three (3) of the
characteristics that a hero must have based on the criteria cited by the
commission. Show this in a matrix form.

On National Level On Local Level or in your own

community

The National hero that I chose The local hero that I chose is…
is…

The characteristics in the The characteristics in the criteria

criteria that fit in my chosen that fit in my chosen hero are:
hero are:

B. Rizal on being the Philippine National Hero: Questions and Explanations

As mentioned earlier, even Rizal was not explicitly proclaimed a national
hero despite myriad acclamations of him being one. There are even a lot of
controversial questions of his being placed in a pedestal of Philippine heroism.
Here are some of those controversial questions that have been asked and
maybe are still lingering in the minds of many like you.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 20

 1. Essential or Controversial Questions:

a. Was Rizal an “American-made hero?”

b. Was Rizal against the revolution for Philippine independence?
c. Is Rizal worthy to be chosen as our national hero?

Before we proceed to the questions, let us take a look first of what

books and our knowledge of history, taken from various sources, tell us
about the kind of Rizal that we know. These are as follows:

2. The Rizal that we know …Rizal is, among others, a:

a. Literary genius e. A loving son
b. An illustrious doctor f. An observant traveler
c. An effective teacher g. A martyr
d. A playboy

3. What the Youth Know about Rizal…

To continue with our digging on the controversies about Rizal being

the Philippine National hero, let us take a look at the discussions of the
youth, cited by Balsomo (2009), a museum curator of Valenzuela city and
historian. Here are some of what the Filipino youths have to say about
Rizal (htpps://ph.linkedin.com):

Keener (Jul 16, 2006): “If there’s something that I learned from my
Rizal class now in college, it is that Rizal NEVER asked for freedom from
the Spaniards. He was asking for ASSIMILATION. He wanted the
Philippines to be a PROVINCE OF SPAIN, NOT establish an independent
state.”

Flimmeryrose741 (Jul 16, 2006): “oh… so that means..ayaw niya

pala maging free ang Philippines? So gusto niya pala na maging parte ng
Spain ang Philippines? What a hypocrite! xxx Bonifacio should be the
hero… Rizal is a jerk.,”

Rev4maite (Jul 18, 2006): ^^correct… hindi dpat c Rizal ang

pambansang bayani dahil 1.) Babaero 2.) Did he really fought for
Philippine freedom 3.) As far as I know, ang gusto lang niya ay maging
pantay ang filipino sa mga spanish, what if mahirap c Rizal at nde
nakapag-aral? Will he still be the National Hero? I guess not…”

Kensamor (Jul 26, 2006): “Sabi ng teacher ko dati, naging national

hero si Rizal dahil sa mga Kano. Medyo malabo nga sa akin kung ano nga
ba talaga ang nagawa niya para sa Pinas.
http://www.pinoyexchange.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-247161.html. Cited in
Balsomo, 2009

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 21

 Quick Stop Over!
After reading the discussions of the youth, cited by Balsomo (2009), do
you have other issues in mind or personal questions? Write them down in the
box below.

To continue, lets us now look at the other issues that have been raised.
Are you still okay? Of course you are!

4. Common Misconceptions about Jose Rizal

a. Rizal became the national hero because of the Americans.

b. Rizal never supported the independence movement of the Philippines.
c. Andres Bonifacio should be the national hero not Rizal.

5. Explanations to the Misconceptions about Rizal

a. Explanations to the Question of Rizal being an “American-made

Hero”

Some Filipinos believe that the Americans, particularly William H.

Taft was responsible for the veneration of Rizal as the national hero. It
was done allegedly in the following manner:

“….and now gentlemen, you must have a national hero”. These

were supposedly to be the words addressed by Governor William Taft to
… the Filipino members of the Philippine Commission… the final choice
was Rizal. And so history was made.” ( Zaide, 1999)
However, it should be noted that even the Revolutionary
Governments of Andres Bonifacio as well as of Emilio Aguinaldo gave
tribute to Rizal to show their appreciation for his contributions to the
country. In his opening address at the Congress Assembly in Malolos,
Bulacan on Sept. 15, 1898, President Aguinaldo said:

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 22

 “Illustrious spirits of Rizal, Lopez Jaena, of Marcelo del Pilar! Arise
a moment from your graves!” Then on December 20, 1898 at the
revolutionary capital at Malolos, President Aguinaldo issued the first
official proclamation making December 30 of the year as “Rizal Day”.
(Ibid.)
Thus, Rizal was proclaimed a National Hero by the First Philippine
Republic six years before the alleged proclamation of Taft.

b. Explanations to the Question of Rizal having not supported the

Independent Movement of the Philippines
The words of Mr. Constantino are an understatement (emphasis
mine). Pio Valenzuela’s Memoirs of the KKK and the Philippine
Revolution, presents the radical and revolutionary concepts of Rizal thus
disapproving the view that he is against the revolution. Valenzuela
recounted the private meeting with Rizal in Dapitan on June 21, 1896:
“After his introduction about the secret organization, I discussed
with Rizal the resolutions of the Katipunan. Rizal did not oppose the
resolutions. In fact, he approved these resolutions and even suggested
that they be complied with as soon as possible.”
However, when Valenzuela told Rizal that “the revolution will break
out even without having arms”, Rizal opposes this resolution stating that
“the Spaniards … will annihilate the Filipinos”. (Valenzuela in De la Cruz,
2008).
Rizal opposed the immediate start of the revolution, not the
movement itself. To help the Katipunan, he advised that they must first
have sufficient arms and to invite rich and influential persons to join the
secret organization (Ibid.).
Further confirmation of Rizal’s support for the Philippine revolution
can be traced in the second stanza of his poem “Mi Ultimo Adios”.
On the field of battle, ‘mid the frenzy of fight,
Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed;
The place matters not -- cypress or laurel or lily white;
Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom’s plight,
‘Tis ever the same, to serve home and country’s need

In this part of his poem, Rizal is encouraging the Filipinos who are
suffering for the country to fight. He implies that dying in the battlefield,
being executed as a martyr and getting wounded in combat is equally
honorable.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 23

 c. Andres Bonifacio, not Rizal, should be the National hero

Foremost national heroes of other countries are soldier- generals,

like George Washington of the U.S. Andres Bonifacio did lead the Filipinos
in the armed struggle for Philippine independence. Then why did we not
follow the examples of other nations in selecting a military leader for the
national hero? The case of Rizal versus Bonifacio in these words:
“Whereas generally the heroes of occidental nations are warriors
and generals who serve their cause with the sword, the hero of the
Filipinos served his cause with the pen, demonstrating that the pen is
mighty as the sword to redeem a people from their political slavery.”
According to Ocampo (in Zaide,1999), the revolution prepared by
Bonifacio was only the effect, the consequence of spiritual redemption
wrought by the pen of Rizal. In point of importance the previous work of
Rizal seems to us superior to that of Bonifacio.”
“There are only two powers in the world, the sword and the pen;
and in the end the former is always conquered by the latter”.
- Napoleon I

To Sum It Up!
1. Q: Was Rizal an “American-made hero?”
A: NO. Rizal was proclaimed as our National Hero by the First Philippine
Republic.

2. Q: Was Rizal against the revolution for Philippine independence?

A: NO. Rizal supported the revolution but opposed the immediate start of it
due to lack of arms.

3. Q: Is Rizal worthy to be our national hero?

A: YES. His life served as the inspiration of our nation to be free and cherish
freedom. The teachings of Rizal are as valid today as they were
yesterday.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 24

 Assessment

Name: Date:
Program, Year and Section: Score:

Direction: Write the word or group of words that is being asked or described.
Write your answer on the space provided before each number.

________________1. Combining districts of Morong and Manila to be named as

“Province of Rizal” in honor of the most illustrious Filipino.

________________2. He issued an Executive Order No.75, creating the

National Heroes Committee to formulate criteria for the
selection of Philippine national hero.

________________3. He was charged to be the American responsible for the

whole idea that the country needs a national hero.

________________4. The world renowned military leader who said, “There are
only two powers in the world, the sword and the pen; in
the end the former is always conquered by the latter”.

________________5. The official date of “Rizal Day”.

________________6. Law that is responsible for the public holiday in the

provinces of Aklan, Antique and Iloilo every February 11
of the year.

________________7-10. Controversial issues or essential questions as to the

title of Rizal being the Philippine National hero.
________________

________________

________________

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 25

 References

Balsamo, J. (2009). Unti-Unti Akong Nagbago: Ang Buhay-Estudyante ni Rizal

sa Ateneo. Philippine Historical Society Bulletin, 13, 120-125.

Dela Cruz, A. R., (2009). Rizal Meets Pio Valenzuela: The Conference of Jose
Rizal and Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan. Philippine Historical Society Bulletin,
13, 155-165.

De Viana, A. V., Cabrera, H. M. F., Samala, E.P., De Vera, M. M., & Atutubo, J.
C. (2018). Jose Rizal: Reformer and patriot. A study of his life and times.
Rex Book Store.

De Viana, A. V., Cabrera, H. M. F., Samala, E.P., De Vera, M. M., & Atutubo, J.
C. (2014). Jose Rizal in our times: A guide for better understanding of the
Philippines’ foremost national hero (3rd ed.). Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.

Garcia, C., De Viana, A. V., & Cruz, C. (2011). Rizal and the development of
Filipino nationalism (Revised Edition). Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.

Hau, Caroline, (2000). Necessary Fictions. Philippines Literature and the Nation,
1946 to 1980. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Hau, C. (2004). On the subject of the nation: Filipino writings from the margins
1981 to 2004. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Obias, R., A. & Mallari, J. E. (2018). The Life And Works of Jose Rizal. C & E
Publishing, Inc.

Quibuyen, F. C. (2008). A Nation Aborted. Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Schumacher, J. N. (1997). The propaganda movement 1880-1885. The

rreation of a Filipino consciousness. The making of the
revolution. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Zaide, G. and Zaide, S. M. (1999). Rizal life, works, and writings of a genius,
writer, scientist, and national hero (2nd ed.). All Nations Publishing Co.,
Inc.

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 26

 Internet Sources

https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=rlDaAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
uncle+tom%27s+cabin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwidnOPU1MXrAhVPw
osBHdFZACMQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=uncle%20tom's%20c
abin&f=false

https://www.google.com/search?q=relationship+between+literature+and+society
&oq=connection+between+literature+and+society&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0l
7.13775j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/204263/ang-pobinsyano-a-social-
commentary#ixzz6SD377MgH.

The links between literature and society. (2019, October 4).

https://blogs.ubc.ca/ryanleggett/2013/10/04/the-links-between-literature-
and-society/

Rizal: Works and Writings and the Development of Philippine Nationalism 27