1.

When administering a systematic antifungal agent, the nurse incorporate

understanding that all systemic antifungal drugs function to
- Alter cell permeability of the fungus, leading to cell death

Rationale:
-Azole, Echinocandin and other antifungal agents can cause cell death. Azole
antifungals bind to sterols and can cause cell death (a fungicidal effect) or
interfere with cell replication (a fungistatic effect). The echinocandins antifungals
work by inhibiting glucan synthesis. Glucan is an enzyme that is present in the
fungal cell well but not in human cell walls. If this enzyme is inhibited, the fungal
cell wall cannot form, leading to death of the cell wall. Other antifungal agents
work to cause fungal cell death or to prevent fungal cell reproduction.
- Amphotericin B is a very potent drug that binds to the sterols in the fungus cell
wall, changing cell wall permeability. This change can lead to cell death
(fungicidal effect).
2. The saying “One rotten apple can spoil the whole barrel”, can be used to refer to
the cell-degrading properties of
- Lysosomes

Rationale:
Lysosome is a membrane bound organelles that contain digestive enzyme.
When a cell is damaged beyond repair, lysosome can help it to self destruct in a
process called programmed cell death or apoptosis.
3. Neurons communicate through neurotransmitters at the synapse
- True

Rationale:
Synapse is a junction between two neurons. Neurons communicate with each
other via action potentials and chemical neurotransmitters. It is in the synapse
where action potential causes neuron to release a chemical neurotransmitter.
4. Combination therapy is often used in treating infections. An important
consideration for using combination therapy would be that
- The combination of drugs can delay the emergence of resistant strains

Rationale:
Combination therapy delay the emergence of drug resistance since a pathogen is
less likely to have resistance to multiple drug simultaneously. This is important in
the treatment of tuberculosis, malaria, HIV infection, and some bacterial
infections.
5. A patient with a fungal infection asks the nurse why she cannot take antibiotics.
The nurse explains that the reason for this is that a fungus is resistant to
antibiotics because
- Antibiotics are developed to affect only bacterial cell walls.

Rationale:
Fungus has a rigid cell wall that is made up of chitin. Chitin is stable and
more stronger than peptidoglycan ( component of bacterial cell wall).
6. Selective toxicity is
- The ability of a drug to attack only those systems found in foreign or abnormal
cells.

7. Spinal nerve consists of motor nerve only

- False

Rationale:
Spinal nerve consists of motor nerve and sensory nerves.

8. A client is experiencing a reaction to the penicillin injection that the nurse

administered approximately ½ hour ago. The nurse is concerned that it might be
an anaphylactic reaction. What signs and symptoms would validate her
suspicion?
- Dyspnea

Rationale:
Dyspnea or shortness of breath.

9. Digoxin 0.125 mg is ordered for a patient who is having trouble swallowing. The
bottle of digoxin elixir reads 0.5 mg/2 mL. How much would you give?
- 0.5 ml

Rationale: 0.125 x 2ml/ 0.5 mg = 0.5 ml

0.5 mg/4= 0.125 mL

10. When describing the development of malaria caused by the Plasmodium

protozoan. The instructor would explain that the organism depends on
- A mosquito and a red blood cell for maturation
 Rationale:
Malaria is transmitted by the bite of female mosquito. Female anopheles
mosquito pick up the parasite from infected people when they bite to obtain blood
needed to nurture their eggs. Inside the mosquito the parasite reproduces and
develop.
11. Active immunity develops when a vaccine containing antibody is injected into a
person
- False

Rationale:
Dili sya through the vaccine nga na inject sa imo. Active immunity is naturally
acquired when a person becomes immune to live pathogen and disease.
Active immunity is a result of the body’s primary immune response. Xdxdxdxd

12. A bacteriostatic substance is one that

- Prevents the growth of any bacteria

Rationale:
“Na read nako sya ma’am sa chapter 8 ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS (sorry guys
huhuhu) ” the complete definition is substance that prevents the replication of
bacteria, usually by interfering with proteins or enzyme systems necessary
for reproduction of the bacteria.

13. When reviewing a drug to be given, the nurse notes that the drug is excreted in
the urine. Important points should be included in the nurse’s assessment of the
patient, except
- Patient bladder tone

Rationale:
Drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine so the factor that
is needed to assess by the nurse is the kidney and liver. For me, bladder
tone shouldn’t be assessed. Patient’s liver function test, renal function test
and fluid intake should be assessed except for the bladder tone. (Kay why
need nimo e assess ang bladder tone if mag hatag kag tambal?)
1. The cell membrane is composed of
- A phospholipid structure - The principal components of the plasma
(cell)membrane are lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins, and
 carbohydrate groups that are attached to some of the lipids and proteins. A
phospholipid is a lipid made of glycerol, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate-
linked head group. The lipid bilayer acts as a barrier to the passage of
molecules and ions into and out of the cell
2. D5LR 1 liter to run for 12 hours is given to client a client who will have abdominal
surgery. Compute for the numbe of drops per minute using dropfactor of 15
- 21 gtss/min = (1000ml÷12 x 15 ) ÷ 60÷1 = 20.8333333333... = 21 gtts/min
3. Autoimmune disease attacks a person’s own healthy cells
- True = An autoimmune disease is an illness that causes the immune system
to produce antibodies that attack normal body tissues. Autoimmune is when
your body attacks itself. It sees a part of your body or a process as a disease
and tries to combat it.
4. Amebiasis or amebic dysentery
- Is caused by a protozoan that can enter the body in the cyst stage in water or
food =Amebiasis is a parasitic infection of the intestines caused by the
protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, or E. histolytica. E. histolytica is a single-
celled protozoan that usually enters the human body when a person ingests
cysts through food or water. It can also enter the body through direct contact
with fecal matter
5. Much of the biotransformation that occurs when a drug is taken occurs as part of
- The first-pass effects through the liver = The first-pass metabolism or the first-
pass effect or presystemic metabolism is the phenomenon which occurs
whenever the drug is administered orally, enters the liver, and suffers
extensive biotransformation to such an extent that the bioavailability is
drastically reduced, thus showing subtherapeutic action
6. Receptor sites
- Are protein areas of cell membranes that react with specific chemicals =
Receptor sites are proteins typically found on the surface of cells, which are
capable of recognizing and bonding to specific molecules to be able to
function as a whole.
7. Anxiolytic is given to induce sleep
- false =anxiolytics are used to treat symptoms of anxiety disorders, including
generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia.
8. The storing, prescribing and distributing of controlled substances- drugs that are
more apt to be addictive- are monitored by
- the DEA = The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) is responsible for the
enforcement of these regulations. They regulate the manufacturing,
distribution, and dispensing of drugs that are known to have abuse potential.
 - FDA = federal agency responsible for the regulation and enforcement of drug
evaluation and
distribution policies
9. When trying to determine why the desired therapeutic eeffects is not being seen
with an oral drug, the nurse should consider
- Food altering the makeup of gastric juices = because the whatever we intake
orally will pass through the gastric jusices in our stomach.
10. The sodium-potassium pump maintain a negative change on the cell membrane
by
- Active transport = The sodium–potassium pump is found in many cell
(plasma) membranes. The pump moves sodium and potassium ions in
opposite directions, each against its concentration gradient so it needs ATP
or energy to take place.
11. Antibiotics that are used together to increase their effectiveness and limit the
associated adverse effects are said to be
- Synergistic = By definition, synergistic is relating to the interaction or
cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to
produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.
12. A heparin 800 unit is ordered for a patient. The heparin is supplied in a multidose
vial that is labelled 10,000 units/mL. How many millilitres of heparin would be
needed to treat this patient?
- 0.08 800÷10 000x1= 0.08

13. Biogenic amine theory of depression states that depression results from
deficiency of neurotransmitters acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin
False = Thus, the “biogenic amine hypothesis of depression” postulates that
de- pression is due to a reduced functional activity of one or more brain.
14. Patients receiving antineoplastic drugs that disrupt cell function often have
adverse effects involving cell that turn over rapidly in the body. These cells
include
- Bone marrow cells = Bone marrow cells multiply rapidly; they are said to be
rapidly turning over. Because they go through cell division and multiply so
often, they are highly susceptible to any agent that disrupts cell function.

29. A patient needs to take 0.75 g of tetracycline PO. The drug comes in 250-mg tablets. How many
tablets should the patient take?
- 3 tablets
Rationale:
- 3 250-mg tablets make up 750mg which is the equivalent of the patient’s required dosage
 30. A patient with a severe case of athlete’s foot is seen with lesions between the toes, which are
oozing blood and serum. After teaching the patient, the nurse determines that the instruction
was effective if the patient states which of the following?
- “I should wear white socks and keep my feet clean and dry. I shouldn’t use the antifungal
cream in areas where I have open lesion.”
Rationale:
- White socks are easier to see if there are signs of blood and pus and are comfortable to
wear, moisture promotes bacteria growth on the athlete’s foot. Using antifungal creams on
open wounds can cause discomfort and severe irritation on the foot.

31. A woman has had repeated bouts of bronchitis throughout the fall and has been taking
antibiotics. She calls the clinic with complaints of vaginal pain and itching. When she is seen, it is
discovered that she has developed a yeast infection. You could explain to her that
- She has developed a superinfection because antibiotics kill bacteria that normally provide
protection.
Rationale:
- The bacteria that manage to control the natural flora has begun to spread and multiply
there causing complications. This is usually seen with unproper use of antibiotics

32. An order is written for 700 mg of ampicillin PO. The drug is supplied in liquid form as 1 g/3.5 mL.
How much of the liquid should be given? Do not round off your answer.
- 2.45 ml
Rationale:
- Based on the computations, which is the needed dose over the stock dose multiplied by the
liquid amount. This is the answer that you will get.

33. Nursing interventions for the patient receiving antiviral drugs for the treatment of HIV probably
would include
- Monitoring renal and hepatic function periodically during therapy.
Rationale:
- Renal and Hepatic failure could cause severe symptoms or side effects as the way for
metabolism and excretion is obstructed therefore potentially causing an accumulation of
the medication.

34. Anaphylaxis can cause bronchospasm

True
Rationale:
-Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that affects the respiratory system, bronchospasm are
related to this as this leads to the narrowing of the bronchi therefore potentially choking the
client to death, a shot of epinephrine is required if the patient is suffering from anaphylaxis
35.Prevents peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine by dopa carboxylase
Carbidopa
Rationale:
-The dopa carboxylase enzyme found in Carbidopa decreases the amount of levodopa needed to
reach a therapeutic level therefore increasing the chance for the drug to cross the blood brain
barrier.

36. Gamma aminobutyric acid Communicates between nerves and muscles

True
Rationale:
-Gamma aminobutyric acid serves as the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central
nervous system.

37. In assessing a patient, a viral cause might be suspected if the patient was diagnosed with
the common cold
Rationale:
- A cold is usually caused by a virus; however, certain bacterial infections may mask their
symptoms as cold symptoms.

38. Neurotransmitter for arousal and sleep, promoting motivation is dopamine

False
Rationale:
-While dopamine is the neurotransmitter for arousal and motivation, it is not the case for
sleeping. As dopamine is the thing that our body requires to have a active state of mind.

39. The generic name of a drug is

The original name assigned to the drug at the beginning of the evaluation process
Rationale:
-This is a right given to the pharmacologist or scientist who created the drug.
41. B cells of immune system directly destroy antigens
-False
Rationale:
-The main role of the B cells when encountering viruses is to release antibodies against it to kill
it.
43. When anti-infective agents destroy the normal flora of the body, a secondary infection
develops. This is called:
superinfection
RATIONALE:
One of the body’s protective mechanisms is provided by the wide variety of bacteria that live
within or on the surface of the body. This bacterial growth is called the normal flora. The normal
flora protects the body from invasion by other bacteria, viruses, fungi, and so on. Several kinds
of drugs (especially antibiotics) destroy the normal flora, leading to the development of
superinfections, or infections caused by organisms that are usually controlled by the normal
flora.

44. Chemotherapeutic agents are drugs that

Interfere with foreign cell body functioning, such as invading microorganisms or
neoplasms
RATIONALE:
Chemotherapeutic drugs are used to destroy both organisms that invade the body (e.g., bacteria,
viruses, parasites, protozoa, fungi) and abnormal cells within the body (e.g., neoplasms, cancers).
These drugs affect cells by altering cellular function or disrupting cellular integrity, causing cell
death, or by preventing cellular reproduction, eventually leading to cell death.
Because most chemotherapeutic agents do not possess complete selective toxicity, they also, to
some extent, affect the normal cells of patients.

45. Naturally occurring substances that are released in the body in response to viral invasion are
called:
Interferons
RATIONALE:
Interferons are released by the host in response to viral invasion of a cell and act to prevent the
replication of that particular virus.
or
Interferons are chemicals that are secreted by cells that have been invaded by viruses and
possibly by other stimuli. The interferons prevent viral replication and also suppress malignant
cell replication and tumor growth.

46. Compute for a drug order if the ordered is: 0.35 mg. Available: 1.2 mg/2 mL. Proper dose is:
_ mL.
Note: Write the number only. Round your final answer to the nearest tenths.
0.6
RATIONALE:
Formula:
amount of drug available = amount of drug prescribed
one tablet or capsule number of tablets or capsules to give

1.2mg = 0.35mg
2 mL x
(1.2mg)x = (0.35mg)(2mL)
x = 0.7 (mg)(mL)
1.2 mg
x = 0.58333333333333
x = 0.6
47. The ribosomes are important sites for
Production of proteins
RATIONALE:
Ribosomes are known as the protein factory of the cell. As they synthesize the proteins by
gathering and assembling amino acids into protein chains.

48. Compute for a drug order if the ordered is: 150, 000 units. Available: 400,000 units/5 mL.
Proper dose is: _mL.
Note: Write the number only. Do not round off your answer
1.875
RATIONALE:
Formula:
amount of drug available = amount of drug prescribed
one tablet or capsule number of tablets or capsules to give

400,000 units = 150,000 units

5 mL x
400,000 units (x) = (150,000 units) (5mL)
x = (150,000 units) (5mL)
400,000 units
x = 1.875 mL
49. A human cell placed a salty seawater will
shrivel and die from water leaving the cell
RATIONALE:
If a human red blood cell, which has a cytoplasm that is isotonic with human plasma, is placed
into a hypertonic solution, it shrinks and shrivels because the water inside the cell diffuses out of
the cell into the solution.
This is because of the so called osmosis, a special form of diffusion, is the movement of water
across a semipermeable membrane from an area that is low in dissolved solutes to one that is
high in dissolved solutes.

50. Sensitivity testing of culture shows

Drugs that are capable of controlling that particular microorganism
RATIONALE:
Sensitivity testing is the evaluation of pathogens obtained in a culture to determine the anti-
infective to which the organisms are sensitive and which agent would be appropriate for
treatment of a particular infection

51. The goal of antibiotic therapy is

To reduce the number of invading bacteria so that the immune system can deal with the
infection
RATIONALE:
Antibiotics, also known as antibacterial, are medications that destroy or slow down the growth of
bacteria.

52. An example of an anti-infective used as a means of prophylaxis would be

an antibiotic used before dental surgery.
RATIONALE:
Anti-infective agents are used to treat systemic infections and sometimes as a means of
prophylaxis to prevent infections before they occur.
When these patients are at high risk for developing infections they may use prophylactic
antibiotic therapy as a precaution when undergoing certain invasive procedures, including dental
work.

53. A broad-spectrum antibiotic would be the drug of choice when

One is waiting for a culture and sensitivity results
RATIONALE:
Broad-spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide range of bacteria
In many situations, health care providers use a broad-spectrum anti-infective agent that has been
shown likely to be most effective in treating an infection with certain presenting signs and
symptoms. To prevent possible toxicity.

54. Clinical pharmacology is the study of

Drugs used to treat, prevent or diagnose disease
RATIONALE:
clinical pharmacology—the branch of pharmacology that deals with drugs; chemicals that are
used in medicine for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of disease in humans

55. Aminophylline is spoiled in a 500mg/2.5 mL solution. How much would be given if an order
were written for 100 mg of aminophylline IV?
0.5 ml
RATIONALE:
Formula:
amount of drug available = amount of drug prescribed
one tablet or capsule number of tablets or capsules to give

500 mg = 100 mg
2.5 mL x
500mg (x) = (100mg)(2.5mL)
x = (100mg)(2.5mL)
500mg
x = 0.5 mL

56. Gram-negative bacteria

Are mostly found in the GI and GU tracts
RATIONALE:
Gram-negative: bacteria that accept a negative stain and are frequently associated with infections
of the genitourinary or GI tract.
This is because the gram-negative bacterium is able to tolerate the acidic environment of the
human stomach.

57. Virus infected cells release interferons protecting other cells

True
-Virally infected cells produce and release small proteins called interferons, which play a
role in immune protection against viruses. Interferons prevents replication of viruses, by
directly interfering with their ability to replicate within an infected cell

58. A patient who is receiving a combination drug to treat malaria asks the nurse why. The nurse
responds to the patient based on the understanding that combination drugs are
Effective at various stages in the life cycle of the protozoan
-The different agents generally have different modes of action to attack the bacteria in
different ways and in different stages of the life cycle of the bacteria. These drugs give
better antimicrobial action. Having more than one agent in one pill increases compliance
ad may prevent drug resistant strains of bacteria from emrging..

59. An example of a drug allergy is

Breathing difficulty after an injection of penicillin
-You could notice some of these signs of an allergic reaction within an hour of taking
penicillin: Coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath, Fever Hives

60. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 enzyme.

False atong answer dire dapat True
-The main mechanism of action of NSAIDs is the inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase
(COX). Cyclooxygenase is required to convert arachidonic acid into thromboxanes,
prostaglandins and prostacyclin. The therapeutic effects of NSAIDs are attributed to the
lack of these eicosanoids.
61. Compute for a drug order if the ordered is 6.5 mg. Available: 10 mg/mL. Proper dose is: _
mL.
Note: Write the number only. Do not round off your answer
0.65
- 6.5/ 10 = 0.65 mL

63. Antitoxin provides passive immunity to specific antigens

True
- Passive immunity is due to antibodies that are produced in a body other than your own.
Antitotoxin, an antibody, formed in the body by the introduction of a bacterial poison or
toxin and capable of neutralizing the toxin.

64. Alkylating agent and interferon are antineoplastic

False atong answer dire dapat True
-Alkylating agents were one of the first forms of antineoplastic theraphy and have
remained in use because of their undisputed effectiveness in the palliation of certain types
of cancer. Interferon are best known of biological antineoplastic agents, natural interferons
enhance immune system in many ways so can be used to treat different conditions
involving the immune system. Antineoplastic interferons are interferons (alpha) that are
manufactured using recombinant DNA technology and used therapeutically to treat certain
types of cancers and viral infections.

65. Virus interferons have proved difficult to treat because they

Inject themselves into human cells to survive and to reproduce
- Which makes difficult to treat without serious toxic effects for the host

67. The nurse is describing fungi that cause infections of the skin and mucous membranes,
appropriately calling these which of the following?
Dermatophytes
- Dermatophytes are fungi that require keratin for growth. These fungi can cause
superficial infections of the skin, hair and nails.

68. The penicillin

are bactericidal, interfering with bacteria cell walls
-Used to treat a wide range of bacterial infection.
-Penicillin kills bacteria by inhibiting the proteins which cross-link peptidoglycans in the
cell wall.
Matching type 15/15
Interfere with cell wall building ability of bacteria Antibiotic
and inhibits Protein synthesis

Affects mycolic acid coating of bacterium INH

Prevents HIV from replicating by blocking reverse Reverse Transcriptase

transcription of RNA to DNA

Binds or impair synthesis of ergosterol allowing Antifungal

increase cell permeability and leakage of cell
component

Interrupts plasmodial reproduction of protein Antiprotozoal

synthesis in RBC stage, as well as heapatic and
gametocyte stage

Inhibits reproduction of abnormally growing cells Antineoplastics

by affecting DNA synthesis

Inhibits prostaglandin, blocks the effects of Salicylates

pyrogens at hypothalamus, and decreases platelet
adhesiveness

Prevent anxiety by potentiating the effects of Anxiolytics

GABA in the limbic system and RAS

Inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and Tricyclic antidepressant

serotonin, increasing their levels in the synapse

Inhibit Monoamine oxidase to break down MAOIs

norepinephrine and serotonin

Blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors; depress Antipsychotic Drugs

the RAS

The altered state of reaction wherein the body Hypersensitivity reaction

forms antibodies to a drug

“Lock and Key” Receptor site

Substance that catalyze Enzymes

Produce antibody Humoral immunity

 Membrane transport does not require energy Passive transport
to carry out the process

A process by which drugs are changed into Biotransformation

new, less active chemicals.

Percentage of active substance in a drug that Bioavailability

becomes available to target tissues

Is the time it takes for the amount of drug in Half life

the body to decrease to one-half of the peak
level it is previously achieved

Sites of drug’s binding for accumulation to Receptor Sites

sustain pharmacologic effect

Free drug enters plasma to bind with protein Plasma CHON binding

Lipid soluble drug have increased affinity for Fat tissue binding
adipose tissue

The result of a drug other therapy in addition Side effect

to or in extension of the therapeutic effect

Process whereby drugs are eliminated from Excretion

the body

Portion of drug that gets through the first pass Distribution

effect is delivered to the to the circulatory
system for transport
62. 10/10

It is where oral drugs are absorbed and Liver

detoxified

Competes with agonist Antagonist

A protein on human cell membrane Human leukocyte antigen

recognized by the body as self-cells

Neoplasm Cancer

Drugs affecting development of fetus Teratogenic

Found in bacterial cell wall only Peptidoglycan layer

Enzyme produced by organisms that destroy Beta lactamase

antimicrobial drugs

Medications given to prevent infections Prophylaxis

before they occur

Antibiotics that interfere with a biochemical Broad-spectrum

reaction common to many Organisms

Enzyme use by HIV to produce DNA from Reverse transcriptase

RNA

10/10