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Impact: Multi-Slice CT Scanners
Impact: Multi-Slice CT Scanners
Introduction
x-ray
The first edition of this leaflet was issued in May 1999, tube
when multi-slice CT was in its infancy. This second
edition has been produced to include new scanner
models and updated information on multi-slice scanner
operation.
GE
Philips Siemens Toshiba Toshiba
Feature Lightspeed S
Mx8000 Volume Zoom Aquilion Multi Asteion Multi
[LS Plus]
Min. slice width (mm) 0.63 (x2) 0.5 (x2) 0.5 (x2) 0.5 (x4) 0.5 (x4)
Min. tube rotation time (sec/rev) 0.8 [0.5] 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.75
Reconstruction matrix (max) 512 x 512 1024 x 1024 512 x 512 512 x 512 512 x 512
Multi-slice systems also have applications in CT Another aspect that must be considered is the efficiency
fluoroscopy. By simultaneous imaging of a number of of the various detector array designs. Due to gaps
slices, real time image display for up to 4 slices is between the detector banks, it could be predicted that a
possible, resulting in improved localisation for design employing a larger number of banks will be less
interventional procedures. efficient in terms of both dose and imaging. In practice,
however, the gaps are relatively small and so other
X-ray tube thermal loading for a given patient volume is factors, such as irradiation beyond the imaged length,
lower for multi-slice than for single-slice systems have a greater impact on performance.
because of the greater length covered per rotation.
Volume coverage for a single helical run can therefore Scanners with detector banks that have greater z-axis
be increased. coverage may potentially have problems with artefacts
due to the geometry of the greater cone angle employed.
Another clinical advantage of multi-slice systems is the
ability to reconstruct broad slices from a narrow GE Philips and Siemens Toshiba
acquisition width. This permits partial volume artefacts 2 x 0.7 2 x 0.5 4 x 0.5
to be reduced without the increase in noise that would 4 x 1.25 4x1 4x1
result from reconstructing narrow slices. 4 x 2.5 4 x 2.5 4x2
4 x 3.75 4x5 4x3
Detector Arrays and Slice Width 4x5 2x8 4x4
2 x 7.5 2 x 10 4x5
2 x 10 4x8
Although all the systems discussed in this brochure are
2 x 10
capable of producing four slices in one x-ray tube
rotation, the arrangement of detectors along the z-axis
and the available slice widths vary between systems. Table 2. Available slice widths in sequential mode
Fig. 2 shows the three different detector array designs
currently available. Helical Pitch Definitions
There is a large variation in the number and width of Currently, manufacturers of multi-slice systems are
detector banks between the different designs. This employing two different definitions of pitch. ImPACT
affects: use the terminology Pitchx (x-ray beam pitch) and
Pitchd (detector pitch) to differentiate between the two:
• Minimum slice width available
• Number of slices at minimum width table travel per rotation
Pitch x =
• Range of slice widths available x - ray beam collimation
• Maximum length imaged in one rotation
table travel per rotation
Table 2 shows the possible combinations of slice width Pitch d =
detector acquisition width
for each scanner, when scanning in sequential (standard
axial) mode. Detector acquisition width is defined at the isocentre.
2 ImPACT Technology Update, 2nd Edition: Multi-Slice CT Scanners
employ a z-filter interpolation method, where the
Therefore, interpolation is performed over a fixed z-axis distance.
The latter approach results in a constant z-sensitivity
Pitchd = Pitchx x No. of slices acquired simultaneously, over a range of pitches, but increased noise with pitch if
the tube current is not altered. In both cases, non-linear
and, on a single slice scanner, Pitchd = Pitchx weighting functions may be applied to the interpolated
data.
Pitchx is determined solely by the x-ray collimation and
table speed, whereas Pitchd will also depend on the Image Quality
number of slices acquired per rotation, as shown in the
following examples: In sequential mode, multi-slice systems should have
largely the same image quality as equivalent single slice
Example 1: Irradiated width: 20 mm, scanners. The efficiency of individual detector banks
Table speed: 20 mm/rot, may vary however, resulting in different noise levels
Detector acquisition width: 4 x 5 mm between the slices. The cone beam geometry may lead to
unequal z-axis sensitivities for different slices.
Results in: Pitchx = 1 Pitchd = 4
As explained in the previous section, the relationship of
noise and slice width with pitch is not always the same
Example 2: Irradiated width: 20 mm, on multi-slice as on single-slice scanners. For systems
Table speed: 20 mm/rot, that employ z-filter interpolation to keep slice width
Detector acquisition width: 2 x 10 mm constant with pitch, the image noise will increase with
increasing pitch if the tube current is held constant.
Results in: Pitchx = 1 Pitchd = 2 These systems will, however, automatically adjust the
mA as pitch is changed, resulting in constant dose, noise
On a single slice system, example 1 would be similar in and slice width.
terms of dose and image quality to a 5 mm nominal slice
with a table speed of 5 mm/rotation. This would result in The level of interpolation artefact in helical mode shows
a pitch value of 1, by either definition. Using Pitchd, the an overall increasing trend with increasing pitch.
number of slices acquired per rotation must be known However, the relationship is not as straightforward as on
before any inference can be made about image quality or single-slice systems, with certain pitch values
dose at the quoted pitch value. theoretically resulting in a reduced level of artefact.
Philips use the first definition, Pitchx, whilst the other There are differences of opinion between the
manufacturers are currently using the second definition, manufacturers on the subject of pitch optimisation.
Pitchd. Some manufacturers recommend specific pitch values
for “optimum image quality”, which in this context is
Philips have also introduced the nomenclature of Pitch thought to refer mainly to the level of helical
Quad, Pitch Dual and Pitch Single, to indicate the interpolation artefacts. Toshiba recommend Pitchd values
number of slices acquired per rotation. In the examples of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 or 4.5, with four slices per rotation, for
given above, pitch would be quoted as: Pitch Quad = 1 optimal image quality. Philips also recommends specific
for Example 1 and Pitch Dual = 1 for Example 2. It pitches, including Pitchx values of 0.875 and 1.25. On
should be noted that the value of pitch does not change, GE multi-slice systems, only two pitches are available.
because of their adoption of Pitchx. HQ (High Quality) and HS (High Speed) modes
correspond to Pitchd = 3 and 6 respectively on their four
Helical Interpolation Algorithms slice models. Siemens claim there are no preferred pitch
values on their multi-slice systems, with Pitchd settings
To reconstruct an axial image from a helical data set, of between 1 and 8 freely selectable.
single-slice scanners have commonly used 180° linear
interpolation algorithms. With this type of algorithm, the It is important to note that, in order to keep helical
z-sensitivity profile (imaged slice width) for a helical artefacts on a multi-slice scanner down to similar levels
scan with Pitchx = 1 is similar to that of an image as those produced on a single-slice CT system, it may be
acquired in sequential mode. necessary to use a Pitchx of less than 1. Thus, a four-slice
scanner with the same rotation time as a single-slice
Currently, on multi-slice scanners, the various scanner would not be able to obtain images of the same
manufacturers employ different approaches to helical quality at four times the speed, but more typically at
interpolation. Some favour the approach commonly used about three times the speed. It is possible, however, to
on single slice scanners of interpolating over a fixed use a lower tube current, so that, in spite of the partially
number of projection data points regardless of pitch. overlapping helices, there would be no increase in
With this approach, as pitch is increased, the noise average dose compared to a pitch of 1 for the same
remains constant but the z-sensitivity increases. Others amount of image noise.
ImPACT is the UK's national CT evaluation centre, providing publications, information and advice on all aspects of CT scanning. Funded by the
Medical Devices Agency, it is part of a comprehensive medical imaging device evaluation programme.
Crown Copyright, 2002