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    (1991) - On The Capacity of CDMA Cellular Systems

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    (1991) - On The Capacity of CDMA Cellular Systems

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    [1991] - On the Capacity of CDMA Cellular Systems

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    (1991) - On The Capacity of CDMA Cellular Systems

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    On the Capacity of a Cellular CDMA System Klein S. Githousen, Senior Member, IEEE, Irwin M. Jacobs, Fellow, IEEE, Roberto Padovani, Senior Member, IEEE, Andrew J. Viterbi, Fellow, IEEE, Lindsay A. Weaver, Jr., and Charles E, Wheatley Il, Senior Member, IEEE Absiract—The use of spread specium oF code division tech niques Tor multiple access (CDMA) has long been debated (Certain advantages, such ‘and Interfe. articulaely for terrestial callular telephony, the interference suppression featere of CDMA can resul faa many-fold increase im capacity over analog and even over competing digital techniques. 1. Iwropuerion PREAD-SPECTRUM techniques, long established for Jantjam and multipath rejection applications as well as for accurate ranging and tracking, have also been proposed for cade division multiple access (CDMA) to support simul- ‘taneous digital communication among a large community of relatively uncoordinated users. Yet, as recently as 1985 a straightforward comparison [1] of the eapacity of CDMA to that of conventional time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA) for satelite applications suggested a reasonable edge in capacity for the larter two more conventional techniques. This edge was shown to be illusory shorly thereafter [2] when it was recognized that since CDMA capacity is only interference limited (unlike FDMA and TDMA capacities which are primarily bandwidth limited), any reduction in interference converts directly and linearly into an inerease in capacity ‘Thus, since voice signals are intermittent with a duty factor of approximately 3/8 [3], capacity can be increased by an amount inversely proportional to ths factor by suppressing (or squelching) transmission during the quiet periods of each speaker. Similarly, any spatial isolation through use of multibeamed or multsectored antennas, which reduces in- terference, also provides a proportional increase in capacity These two factors, voice activity and spatial isolation, were shown 10 be sufficient to render CDMA capacity at least double that of FDMA and TDMA under similar assumptions for a mobile satellite application (2) ‘While previous comparisons primarily applied to satellite systems, CDMA exhibits its greatest advantage over TDMA, and FDMA in terrestrial digital cellular systems, for here isolation among cells is provided by path loss, which in terrestrial UHF propagation typically increases with the fourth power of the distance. Consequently, while conventional techniques must provide for diferent frequency allocation for Manuscript received May 1, 1990; revised Seteer 4, 1990. This fuper nas presente atthe 1990 IEEE GLORECOM ‘Concent, Sat Bago, cA, “Te stor ate with QUALCOMM, Sun Diego, CA 921607 TEEE Log Nemter 944470, 10385 Sones Valley Road cnr8 9889/0900 o%ms01.0 © ‘contiguous cells (only reusing the same channel in one of ‘every 7 cells in present systems), CDMA can reuse the same (entire spectrum for al ells, thereby increasing capacity by a large percentage of the normal frequency reuse factor. The net improvement in capacity, due to all the above features, of CDMA over digital TDMA or FDMA is on the order of 4 0 6 and over current analog FM/FDMA it is nearly a factor of| 20, ‘The next section deals with a single cell system, such as @ Ihubbed satellite network, and develops the basic expression for capacity. The subsequent two sections derive the corre- sponding expressions for a multiple cell system and deter mine the distribution on the number of users supportable per cell. The lat section presents conclusions and system com- parisons." TH, Sivate Cet. CDMA Caracrry ‘The network to be considered throughout consists of mu- ‘merous mobile (or personal) subseribers communicating with ‘one oF multiple cell sites (or base stations) which are inter connected with a mobile telephony switching office (MTSO), which also serves as a gateway to the public switched tele- phone network. We begin by considering a single cell sys tem, which can also serve as a model fora satellite system whose “cell site" is a single hub, Each user of a CDMA system occupies the entire allocated spectrum, employing a direct sequence spread. spectrum waveform. Without elaborating on the modulation and spreading waveform, we assume generic CDMA modems at both subscriber wnits and the cell ste with digital baseband processing units as shown in Fig, 1 for the tansmiter sides of each. These consist of (digital) forward-error correction (FEC), modulation and (direct sequence) spreading func tions, preceding the (analog) amplification and transmission functions. Fach of the digital functions can be performed using binary sequences in the subseriber modulator. At the cellsite transmiter, the spread signals directed to the individual subscribers are added linearly and phase ran ddomness is assured by modulating each signal with indepen dent pseudorandom sequences on each of the two quadrature phases. The weighting factors Z,, Zy,-*+, Zy can be taken to be equal forthe time being. but for the multiple cell case they will provide power control based on considerations to be Yes be nt tha our purpose ent easte or optimize mem restrmance forthe humel under conseron. Rather suing an Ear odie snd PEC age fore ven chasse tl eb nao under which the mes wil achieve an erp level of Srforance parculary me of the maxima amir of aes apps 1991 ERE Ta | Fig. 1. Collar syst sini ck dagram. (a) Reverse tk sab ‘Soe proceso mse” () Forward Ik cll Ste pressor described later. The receiver processors in both subscriber and cells receivers provide the inverse baseband fune- tions, which are of course considerably more complex than the transmitter baseband functions. ‘One other key feature of the cell-site transmitter is the inclusion of a pilot signal in the forward (cellsiteto-sub- scriber) direction. This provides for acquisition by the mobile including initial power control by the mobile, which adjusts its output power inversely to the total signal power it receives. Power control is & basic requirement in CDMA and will be expanded on in later section, ‘We note also that the pilot signal is used by the subseriber ‘demodulator to provide a coberent reference which is effec tive even in a fading environment since the desire signal and the plot fade together. Inthe subscrber-to-cel-site (reverse) direction, no pilot is used for power efficiency considers tions, since unlike the forward case, an independent pilot would be needed for each signal. A’ modulation consistent ‘with, and relatively efficient for, noncoherent reception is, ‘therefore, used forthe reverse direction. Without elaborating further on the system implementation details, we note that fora single cell site with power control all reverse link signals (subscribers-to-cel site) are received at the same power level. For N users, each cell-site demodu- lator processes a composite received waveform containing the desied signal having power S and (N — 1) interfering signals each also of power S. Thus the signal-to-noise (inter ference) power is SE" = 1S” Ff greater importance for reliable system operation isthe bit energy-to-noise density ratio, whose numerator is obtained by dividing the desired signal power by the information bit rate, R, and dividing the noise (or interference) by the total ‘bandwidth, W. This results in S/R WIR yyw ~ N= FelNom ONE a ‘This paper does not explicitly address modulation techniques and their performance. Rather, an E, /Ny level is assumed which ensures operation atthe level of bit error performance required for digital voice transmission. Among the factors to bbe considered in establishing the modulation and the resulting required E, /’Ny level are phase coherence, amplitude fading characteristics and power control techniques and their effec= tiveness, particulary for the reverse link. One of the lesser considerations, albeit one ofthe most cited, isthe probability distribution of the interfering signals. While Gaussian noise is offen assumed, tis is not stritly necessary to establish the E,/Ny requirements. Nonetheless, the assumption is quite reasonable when powerful forward errr-correcting codes are ‘employed, panicularly at low code rates, because in such ‘cases decisions are based on long code sequence lengths over Which the interfering signal sequence contributions are effee- tively the sums of a large number of binomial variables, Which closely approximate Gaussian random variables. Equation (1) ignores background noise, 9, due to spurious imerference as well a thermal noise contained in the total spread bandwidth, 1. Including this additive term in the denominator of (1) results in a required WIR (W~1) + G/S) ‘This implies that the capacity in terms of number of users supported is Ey/No= e Wik» * BINS ® where W/R is generally referred to as the “processing ‘gain and E,,/Ny isthe value required for adequate perfor mance of the modem and decoder, which for digital voice transmission implies a BER of 10~} or better. In words, the number of users is reduced by the inverse of the per user signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) inthe total system spread band: width, W. Ina terrestrial system, the per user SNR is limited only by the transmiter’s power level. As will be justified below, we shall assume SNR just below unity corresponding to a reduction in capacity equivalent to removing one user. The background noise, therefore establishes the required received signal power atthe cell ste, which in turn fixes the subscriber's power or the cell radius for @ given maximum ‘wansmiter power. For the reverse (subscriber-to-cell-site) direction, nonco- Derent reception and independent fading of all users is as- sumed. With dual antenna diversity, the required E, / Ny = 7 4B for a relatively powerful (constraint length 9, rate 1/3) ‘convolutional code. Since the forward link employs coherent ‘demodulation by the pilot carrier which is being tracked, and since its multiple transmitted signals are synchronously com: bined, its performance in a single cell system will be mach Superior fo that ofthe reverse link. For @ multiple cell system however, other cell interference will tend to equalize perfor- ‘mance in the two directions, as will be described below. All this leaves us atthe point of our previous conclusions [1], only worse because of the Rayleigh fading encountered in terrestrial mobile applications. Inthe next section we begin to remedy the situation. I, AvoMenrep PrxroRMANc® Throuci SeerontzaTion ax Voice-AcHviry MOSITORING Shor of reducing E,/N, through improved coding or possibly modulation, which rapidly reaches the point of 90 he {ppronmating Gaus iin i cry Zero formate le. Fe 2 Copy aon anti) Rene Hak some.) from (2) with the recognition that the N, ~ 1 same sector normalized power users, instead of being unity all the time, row are random variables x, with distribution 1, with probability 2 X= 10, with probability 1 ~ & ‘The additional term represents the other (rnultpl) cell user interference for which we have evalusted mean and variance, E(I/S) $0.289N, and var(1/S) = 0.078N, (14) ‘and have justified taking it to be a Gaussian random variable. ‘The remaining terms in (12), W’/R and S/n, are constants. ’As previously stated, with an efficient modem and a power ful convolutional code and two-antenna diversity, adequate performance (BER < 10) is achievable on the reverse link with E,/Ny = 5 (7 4B). Consequently the requited perfor ‘mance is achieved with probability P = PrBER < 10") Pr(E,/Np = 5). We may lower bound the probability of achieving this level of performance for any desired fraction of users at any given time (e.g., P = 0.99) by obtaining an ‘upper bound on its complement, which according to (12), ‘depends on the distribution of x, and J, a follows (3) 1 panioa> we)=m Scans} 69 where By/Ny Since the random variable x, has the binomial distribution Fg. 3._ Revers ink capaci str. ( ‘ety sven by (13) and 1/S is x Gaussian variable with mean and Yariance given by (14) and all variables are mutually inde- pen, (15) is easily calulted tobe 1-P= E Pr(1/S > 5 — |S x,= k)Pr(S x= 8) bk -0200N, d VOuRN, ) ue This expression is ploted for 5 = 30 (a value chosen as discussed in the conclusion) and c= 3/8, as the leftmost ccuve of Fig. 3. The rightmost curve applies toa single cel ‘without other cell interference (J = 0), while the other inter ‘mediate curves assume that all cells other than the desired user's cells are on the average loaded less heavily (with averages of 1/2 and 1/4 of the desired users cel) We shall discuss these results further in the concluding section, and now concer ourselves with forward link perfor: ‘VI. Mutritt-Crut FoRwano Link Caractry wir Power ALLOCATION ‘As noted earlier, although with & single cell no power contro is required, with multiple eels it becomes important, ‘because near the boundaries of cells considerable interference can be received from other cell-ste transmitters fading inde- pendent, FFor the forward link, power control takes the form of power allocation at the cel-site transmitter according to the ‘needs of individual subscribers in the given cell. This re- quires measurement by the mobile ofits relative SNR, de- fined asthe ratio ofthe power from its own eel site transmit ter to the total power received. Practically, this is done by acquiring (correlating to) the highest power pilot and measur- ing its energy, and also measuring the total energy received by the mobile’s omnidirectional antenna from all cell site transmiters. Both measurements ean be transmitted to the 25M, R= 8/5, ve om. selected (argest power) cell site when the mobile stars 10 transmit. Suppose then that based on these two measure ‘ments, the cell site has reasonably accurate estimates of 5, and EF Sy, where Sp>5),> 05 > 5,20 ay are the powers received by the given mobile from the call site sector facing it, assuming all but (Cota) received powers are negligible. (We shall assume hereafter that all sites beyond the second ring around a cell contribute negligible received power, so that K = 19.) Note that the ranking Indicated in (17) i not required of the mobile—just the ‘determination of which cell sit is largest and hence which is to be designated 7, ‘The ith subseriber served by a particular cell site will receive a fraction of 5 the total power transmited by its cell site, which by choice and defnition (17) is the greatest of all the cell site powers it receives, and all the remainder of ‘Sy, a8 well as the other cel site powers are received as noise. ‘Thus its received E/N can be lower bounded by BOSr,/R (Ss,) +a] ‘where S,, is defined in (17), isthe fraction ofthe total cell site power devoted to subscribers (1 — 8 is devoted to the pilot) and 2 isthe fraction of this devoted to subscriber i Because of the importance of the pilot in acquisition and tracking, we shall take = 0.8. It is clear that the greater the sum of other cel-site powers relative to S;,, the larger the fraction @, which must be allocated tothe ith subscriber to achieve its required £, /Nj. In fact, from (18) we obtain (18) (Ey /No)e BWIR where Best (20) since AS;, is the maximum total power allocted to the Sector containing the given subsriber and N, is the total ‘umber of subscribers he sector. IF we define the relative received eell-site power measurements as +N, (21) then from (19) and (20) it follows that their sum over all subscribers ofthe given cell ste sector is constrained by % AWIR Ma, epee ys BINS, (22) Generally, the background noise is well below the total largest received cell ste signal power, so the second sum is almost negligible. Note the similarity 10 & in (15) for the reverse link, We shall take $= 0.8 as noted above to provide 20 % of the transmited power in the sector to the pilot signal, and the required E,/Ny = dB to ensure BER < 10->. This reduction of 2-4B relative to the reverse Tink is justiied by the coherent reception using the pilot as reference, as compared to the noncoberent modem in the reverse link. Note that this is pary offset by the 1-fB los of power due tothe pilot. Since the desired performance (BER < 10°) can be achieved with Ni subscribers per sector provided (22) is satisfied with E,/Np = 5 dB, capacity is again a random variable whose distribution is obtained from the distribution ‘of variable f,. That is, the BER can not be achieved for all NN, users/sector if the’ N, subscribers combined exceed the total allocation constraint of (22). Then following (15), a Date te oa ak bn a ef wih Sn ofa doa aan Ss lr orn areas ere ene Me Cu suns oes Te ht of ey sudo te we ssn nig 20) sense ae ic Sterne i ccc a et srney ws auton ae Scr ar oe te me ely Svc ert 10% 18. Note that by symmetry, the relative positon of users and cel sites isthe same throughout as forthe triangle of Fig. 2(). For each sample, the 19 values were ranked to determine the maximum (5;,), after which the ratio of the sum ofall other 18 values to the maximum was computed to obtain J, = 1. This was repeated 10000 times pet point for each of 65 x ti 3 (23) k= O12+ ‘equally spaced points on the triangle of Fig. 2(6). From this, the histogram of J; ~ 1 was constructed, a shown in Fig. 4. From this histogram the Chernoff upper bound on (23) is obtained as ~ P=< mip Bexp sa «| = mpl) + #5 rewi]“e es) where Pa is the probability (histogram value) that f; falls in the th interval. The result ofthe minimization over s based ‘onthe histogram of Fig. 4, is shown in Fig. 5 VIL. Conctusioss ano Comparisons Figs. 3 and 5 summarize performance of reverse and forward links. Both are theoretically pessimistic (upper bounds on probability). Practically, both models assume only moderately accurate power contol ‘The parameters for both links were chosen for the follow ing reasons. The allocated total spread bandwidth W'= 1.25 Mie represents ten percent of the total spectral allocation, 12.5 MHz, for cellular telephone service of each service provider. which as will be discussed below, is a reasonable fraction of the band to devote initially to CDMA and also for gradual incremental transition from analog FM/FDMA to digital CDMA. The bit rate R= kb/s is that of an acceptable nearly toll quality vocoder. The voice activity factor, 3/8, and the standard sectorization factor of 3 are twsed. For the reverse channel, the received SNR per user S/n = ~1 dB reflects a reasonable subscriber transmitter Power level. In the forward link, 20 % of each site's power is devoted tothe pilot signal for a reduction of | dB (8 = 0.8) in the effective processing guin. This ensures each pilot signal (per sector) is atleast § dB above the maximum subscriber signal power. The role ofthe pilot, as noted above, i eitical {0 acquisition, power control in both directions and phase tracking as well as for power allocation in the forward link. Hence, the investment of 20 % of total cell site power is well justified. These choices of parameters imply the choices 8 = 30 and 6° = 38 in (16) and (24) for reverse and forward links, respectively With these parameters, according to Fig. 3, the reverse link can support over 36 users/sector or 108 users/cell, with 107? bit error rates better than 99 % of the time.” This number becomes 44 users/sector or 132 users/cell if the neighboring cells are kept to half of this loading. The for- ward link according to Fig, 5, can do the same or better for 38 users/sector or 114 users/cell Clearly, if the entire cellular allocation is devoted to CDMA. these numbers are increased tenfold, Similarly, if a lower bit rate vocoder algorithm is developed, or if narrower sectors are employed, the number of users may be increased Tunher, ‘Remaining with the parameters assumed, interesting com- parisons can be drawn to existing analog FM/FDMA cellular systems as well as other proposed digital systems, First, the former employs 30-KHz channel allocation, and assuming 3 Fg. 4. Misogram of forward power lc See eee Forward tink copay sear. (W’= 1.28 Mle, R = 8 b/s, ice acy = 3/8 pl povee = 20). sectors/cell, requires each of the six contiguous cells in the first ring about a given cell to use a different frequency band, This results in a “frequency reuse facior” of 1/7. Hence, given the above parameters, the number of channels in & 1.25-MHz band is slightly less than 42, and with a frequency reuse factor of 1/7, this results in slightly less than 6 users eel for a 1.25-MHz band. Thus, CDMA offers atleast an eighteenfold increase in capacity. Note further that use of CDMA over just ten percent of the band supports over 108 tsers/cell whereas analog FM/FDMA supports only 60 users cell using the enire 12.5 MHz band. Thus by convert ing only 10 % of the band from analog FDMA to digital CDMA, overall capacity is inreased almost threefold. Comparisons of CDMA with other digital systems are more speculative. However, straightforward approaches such as narrower frequency channelization with FDMA cor multi- ple time slotting with TDMA can be readily compared to the analog system. The proposed TDMA standatd for the U.S. is based on the current 30-KH2 channelization but with sharing of channels by three users each of whom is provided one of thee TDMA slots. Obviously, this triples the analog capacity but falls over a factor of 6 short of CDMA capacity. In summary, properly augmented and power-controlled ‘multiple-cell CDMA promises a quantum increase in current cellular capacity. No other proposed scheme appears to even approach this performance. Other advantages of CDMA not treated here include inherent privacy, flexibility in supporting muliple services and multiple voice and data rates, lower average transmit power requirements and soft limit on capac- ity, since ifthe bit errr rate requirement i relaxed more users can be supported. Wit all these inherent advantages, CDMA appears to be the logical choice henceforth forall celular telephone applications. Appenoux I Reverse Lox OUrEs-CHLL INTERPERENCE Ovter-cell normalized interference, 1/', is «random vari- able defined by (7), (8), and (9), and upper bounded by replacing (8) by (8). Then the upper bound on its first ‘moment, taking into account also the voice activity factor of| the outer-ell subscribers, ©, becomes aus) = [f (2)e0 10* B(x, F9/rm)) 0 aA wheter dened by (8) for every point in the ser, Y='1 si probably” and 0 with probaly (I~ =), fl x= fy = bis a Gaui random variable of 2679 tnean and variance 20° with Cx, f/m) defined by ©). rein) = {te 10x 40108 (ro/¢0) Oteirad= [Oy St “The expectation is readily evaluated as os Z) 8 EC E(e%™™BCx.%0/r0) ono fovea exp =1(2/V39" —V3s" mi0p10)} ‘y2m1@0") 40108 (Fon) | Which yields (10), “To evaluate var(J/S), assuming the “spatial whiteness"” ofthe blockage variable, we have actus) [f (2) var (¥ = 10°" Q(x. 9 /fm))@dA Rewriting the variance in he integral as E(W?) E1078 7(x. 40 /%m)] {ECW E[O" BU. to!) =fe)-r(3) where (rq 74) Was derived above and, =+(2] = E(¥?) El er" B (x, 60! md] neon - fetes ) vie? into =) which yields (11), Acxnowtanenten ‘The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Dr. ‘Audrey Viterbi and Dr. Jack Wolf, Rerenences 11 ALJ Viet, “When nt 10 spend gectum™—A sega" IEEE Communion: Mag. wa 33, 12-17. xp 198 (2) Ke'5" Gllwutn, 1M, Jaebs, R Padovan and L.A. Weave, Sigcrened. capaci sing CDMA for” mobile” satelite 503-514, May 190, : La] PLT Bray A saclay of on-off puters in 16 comers ta el Sar. Techs el 4 73-3, Dn, 18S. 4) GR. Cooper and W, Neon, A spe pect cig fo fighcanciyouilecimuncins,” EE Toone, Pek Technol tal VED. pp 24-278, Nv. 17 icin $. Githowsn (4'86-SME91) was bo in ‘Coa, Of, 1982. He reeted te BS. Seren scl engineing om he Unies Sy of Cito, Lo Angels i 1963 Te 98, e fea a ctande ahd Vice Pre “eat for Systems Entering Toe QUALCOMM, Trey Ser Deg CA. he profesional terest Inlet commits, cellar phone spans, sen pect mses. conan Micon pny omimestons eer, deo Trammclan syne comeing cies ahd over esen He hots te thse sere wah Sve me oll Fer Pa joing QUALCOMM, be as Vice Preset fr Afvanced Tectnlgy st M/A OOM LINRABIT Sun Deg, CA, fom 1070 1988 "Sen Engineer aganon Advan Praace Divison, Tore, ER fm 940 1970 ein M, Jacobs (185-00 -F74) received he BEE epee n 956 fom Coral Unie Is, NY. and te AUS and SoD. clgrecs Ih ‘ ‘ete ngnering frm he Masachse Ins of Tenney. Cameo 1ST and 199, 5 rapes Bony 1 1985, he Neame a founder ante (Cian sil ree of QUALCONM, te ‘rom 19590 186 he nu a6 Ana Asher Proexce of ll Engineering t M1 Tad ‘Mu mcnber ofthe Rach aortory of Eee tronics, Ding the academe ear 1964-196, fe wan NASA Rese every Fellw ate et Poptson Labor 180, he joie te teu formed Departs of Apis! Beep, now the Departet Here Engncerng and Computer Scene. at tbe Unive of Cao, San Diego (UCSD). INIOT2. be seemed as Press of Infrnaticn and Copter Secs ee fl eno LINKABIT Corpo faiue Woe a MIT he combored» hse eth in tal comin Sons,” Prnipier of Communication Engineering. bed fst 0 Tet nd sl mane we Me ets sae es tg members ‘the Corll iver Engineering conch visting sammie of LCT. Latenny fortran sad Devon Sys eden) Set thie ember oft Tstoninerstional Roar of Governor a 8 ‘Beard Member of the UCSD Green Feunton for Each Senco. He's ft Charman of he Ste Advisory Crop forte Defense Communi {ons Apeny, an of he Engineering Aer Cou for te User ot ‘Clforar Hes served on te povemiog barf te IEEE Commune fiom Sok, te IEEE Group on Information Theory. apd Gene nian of PETE. In 1D al Br A Vets wee sy ona bite Areca nti of Aeron and Astronauts (AAA) wih he anal ema "fr ab uttanging cnibuton to serenace conan tha bt, he eseied the Duingubed Community Serie Avant Torte AneDefanation Leaie of Bs Bh The oa Amon Ble [ab e199 for etcelence cto an his “deen an move ‘ns nh hve sth pw tnt in he lal eestones inlay member of he Naor Academy of Engineering trian fo conmunto her an praca ene Dptieekopy proc developmen" Hes Peter of Sign iP ‘pp Ph ia Kappa No, and Be Asie for Coreg ine (ath. Iaiy.'and eM. and x epee he Unto of Mace Ammer m3 1983, and 1885, reps an lec Tot nonce QUALCONM, Ins and is {ting epee Ara me of teenies Sheva a steps ant ep of ‘SUVLatVac dooce, He uconeny neled he dvpmen of the CDM igi! car cepone tem, 196 je WACOM Lina, Son Dg wre he wa ved nh Sngh an evap ache semicon tye, sored ys ad ere swing cong ope Andon J, Yr (S°S4-M58-$669-F7) re fhed'the SB apd SM. deges lei seineting trom the Misch Insite of ‘Tehoaogy, Cambri, in ST ma be PAD. ders in eel engioing fom te Une ‘Ky tSeucrn Caos or Anges i ich seve apron) cg sens of tis carerfo sede revue tiv tows and eamepreneual sien. 1985, Re See's fom ant Vie Charman ant Chit ‘Femcal Oder of QUALCOMM, Ine om ny concvring on mebi ci commanetn oth comme {nue spitaoa In 1968, be counsd LINKABIT Comoran ite ne Exonive Vee Preset of LINKABIT fom 1878 4 1982 1b {ede tok onc av Pos of M/ACOM LINKABIT, In Fom 1064 to ies, he was apne Chet ‘Sete and Sem Vice Pron acco XS png te AT henner te

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