1.

Anxiety reduction techniques are skills that are taught by a therapist to help an individual overcome
anxiety, stress, and tension. Anxiety can be experienced in a variety of ways including tension, worry,
and nervousness, and can occur in thoughts or experienced as bodily senations. The techniques to
reduce anxiety can include relaxation, visualization and imagery, diaphragmatic breathing, stress
inoculation, and meditation. The goal of learning and implementing anxiety reduction techniques is to
help reduce the intensity of anxiety that a person feels. These techniques are also helpful in teaching
people how to relax and manage stress. Many of the techniques are used in combination with each
other. For example, a person may be taught diaphragmatic breathing while also engaging in relaxation
techniques, a visualization and imagery exercise, and/or meditation. 3. According to the needs of the
society, the flexibility in curriculum is its adaptation. Curriculum tailoring is the adaptation of a
curriculum according to the academic standard and stage of maturation of the pupils. With learning
content more appropriate to their levels of attainment, pupils may be better motivated to learn.
Curriculum tailoring may be an extension or a cutting-down of the core learning area of a subject.
Therefore it is essential to demarcate the core learning area for each stage of learning before any
tailoring can be conducted. 5. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation & Dance
(AAHPERD) Functional Fitness Test was designed for adults over the age of 60 years. The test items are
designed to measure the fitness capacity of the low fitness elderly who are not yet frail, and described in
a test manual

by Osness (1996). The tests measure body composition, flexibility, agility, coordination, upper body
strength and aerobic endurance. The tests were designed so that they could be administered by
professionals and clinicians in the field who lack specialized measurement equipment, training and
resources. 6. Micro scheduling essentially means planning out your day in tiny blocks of time. In a
constantly connected world, it can seem hard to get anything done. A never-ending stream of emails,
notifications, and messages mean there are endless demands on our attention and time, and it's
increasingly hard to focus on one specific task. This has led people to come up with creative approaches
to structuring their day in a bid to increase productivity. One of the concepts currently gaining
momentum is known as "micro scheduling." As the name would suggest, it involves planning your day so
painstakingly that nearly every minute is spoken for. Some micro schedulers break their routine down so
intricately that there are three-minute slots set aside for bathroom breaks, whereas others prefer to
keep things slightly more vague and break things down by the hour. The concept appears to be
particularly popular amongst successful bloggers, vloggers, and internet personalities. 8. Maslow first
introduced his concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" and
his subsequent book Motivation and Personality. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to
fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. As a humanist, Maslow believed
that people have an inborn desire to be self-actualized, that is,

to be all they can be. In order to achieve these ultimate goals, however, a number of more basic needs
must be met such as the need for food, safety, love, and self-esteem. There are five different levels of
Maslow's hierarchy of needs. These needs are classified into a sequential hierarchy from the lower to
higher order Physiological needs, Security and Safety needs, Social Needs, Esteem Needs, Self-
Actualization Needs. 9. According to Albert Bandura, learning of behaviour takes place in four stages.
They are as follows- (i) Attention: The extent to which we are exposed/notice the behaviour. For a
behaviour to be limited, it has to grab our attention. We observe many behaviours on a daily basis, and
many of these are not noteworthy. Attention is therefore extremely important in whether a behaviour
influences others imitating it. (ii) Retention: How well the behaviour is remembered. The behaviour may
be noticed but is not always remembered which obviously prevents imitation. It is important therefore
that a memory of the behaviour is formed to be performed later by the observer. Much of social
learning is not immediate, so this process is especially vital in those cases. Even if the behaviour is
reproduced shortly after seeing it, there needs to be a memory to refer to. (iii) Reproduction: This is the
ability to perform the behaviour that the model has just demonstrated. We see much behaviour on a
daily basis that we would like to be able to imitate but that this not always possible. We are limited by
our physical ability and for that reason, even is we wish to reproduce the behaviour, we cannot. (iv)
Motivation: The will to perform the behaviour. The rewards and punishment

that follow a behaviour will be considered by the observer. If the perceived rewards outweigh the
perceived costs (if they are any), then the behaviour will be more likely to be imitated by the observer. Jf
the vicarious reinforcement is not seen to be important enough to the observer, then they will not
imitate the behaviour. 12. Classical test theory (CTT) is a body of related psychometric theory that
predicts outcomes of psychological testing such as the difficulty of items or the ability of test-takers. It is
a theory of testing based on the idea that a person's observed or obtained score on a test is the sum of a
true score (error-free score) and an error score. Generally speaking, the aim of classical test theory is to
understand and improve the reliability of psychological tests. Classical test theory may be regarded as
roughly synonymous with true score theory. The term "classical" refers not only to the chronology of
these models but also contrasts with the more recent psychometric theories, generally referred to
collectively as item response theory, which sometimes bear the appellation "modern" as in "modern
latent trait theory". Classical test theory assumes that each person has a true score,T, that would be
obtained if there were no errors in measurement. A person's true score is defined as the expected
number-correct score over an infinite number of independent administrations of the test.
Unfortunately, test users never observe a person's true score, only an observed score, X. It is assumed
that observed score = true score plus some error: T observed score true score 13. For decades,
leadership theories have been the source of numerous studies. In reality as error well as in practice,
many have tried to define what allows authentic leaders to stand apart

15 from the mass! Hence, there as many theories on leadership as there are philosophers, researchers
and professors that have studied and ultimately published their leadership theory. Theories are
commonly categorized by which aspect is believed to define the leader the most. The most widespread
one's are: Great Man Theory, Trait Theory, Behavioural Theories, Contingency Theories, Transac- tional
Theories and Transformational Theories. 15. Sensory motor integration refers to a relationship between
the sensory system (nerves) and the motor system (muscles). Also, it refers to the process by which
these two systems (sensory and motor) communicate and coordinate with each other. Sensory motor
integration skills are developed during the period of growth from birth to about age 7. During these
years, the child mainly senses things and then moves his body in relation to those sensations. His growth
in all other mental and social functions will be based upon this foundation of sensory- motor integration.
In the process of developing sensory motor integration a child first learns to move and then he learns
through movement. Learning to move involves continuous development in a child's ability to use the
body with more and more skillful purposeful movement. Then, through this movement, the child learns
more about himself as he explores his environment. The process has three parts: (1) a sense organ
receives a stimulus, (2) the nerves carry the information to the brain where the information is
interpreted. (3) The brain then determines what response to make and transmits its instructions to the
appropriate group of muscle fibers that carry out the response. These two systems work together as a
team, and if the sending nerve impulses are problematic, the brain will not receive the message, and if
the breakdown is in the motor

nerves, the muscles will not get a clear message and will not be able to give the correct motor response.
Academic abilities as well as behaviour and emotional growth rest upon the full integration of these two
factors during maturation as sensory motor integration is occurring. 16. Periodization is a systematic
way to plan your training for the entire year. The 3 phases of preparatory, competitive, and transition
divide the goals of training into seasons. By using the guidelines you and your coach can create an
individual program that addresses strength, conditioning, and sport specific training goals. Active rest is
always the most important part of this routine to maintain continuous mental and physical recovery
throughout the year. Overall, remain consistent with using your periodization for all parts of your phases
and success is in your reach. 19. A test designed to measure 'native neuro- muscular skill capacity' is
Metheny-Johnson test. Each participant was subjected to preliminary exercise testing to familiarize
them with the exercise model. The test battery consists of the following four motor stunts: Front roll,
Back roll, Jumping half-turns and Jumping full-turns. Subjects performed a warm up lasting 5-min. before
the specific test, to promote specific physiologic and motor adaptation. 20. In interval scale, distance
between any two consecutive numbers on the scale is uniform. An interval scale has ordered with
meaningful divisions, the magnitude between the consecutive intervals are equal. Interval scales do not
have a true zero i.e In Celsius 0 degrees does not mean the absence of heat. Interval scales have the
properties of: Identity Magnitude Equal distance

For example, temperature on Fahrenheit/ Celsius thermometer i.e. 90° are hotter than 45° and the
difference between 10° and 30° are the same as the difference between 60° and 80°. 23. If mean,
median, mode and standard deviation are known for a given data set, the Pearson's first skewness
coefficient is equal to 3(Mean – Mode) In probability theory and statistics, skewness is a measure of the
asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable about its mean. The
skewness value can be positive or negative, or undefined. 24. Harrold M. Barrow examined the General
Motor Ability Test for men and declared the norms for grading the individual. The three test item
included are: (i) Standing broad jump (ii) Zig-zag run (iii) Medicine-ball put. 25. It has been seen that the
concentration of ATP and PC in muscles is same for males and females. In the ATP-PC set, the runner is
doing 100-m sprints. Each repetition is to be run at 3 sec slower than her best time. A total of cight
repetitions are to be completed with 0:54 of rest recovery between each repetition. The amount of time
required to restore half of the ATP-PC that has been used-that is, the half-life restoration period for ATP-
PC-is approximately 30 sec, with full restoration occurring by 2 min. Thus, this individual will restore
over half her ATP- PC, During the same recovery time myoglobin 0, replenishment is also taking place.
The amounts replenished and restored are influenced by the activity of the participant during the
recovery phase, with the greatest restoration occurring with rest or light activity such as stretching and
walking. Because the ATP-PC stores recover so quickly, they can be called upon repeatedly to provide
energy.

16 Repeatedly stimulating the ATP-PC system should bring about an increase in the capacity of that
system. Any major involvement of the LA system is avoided by keeping the work intervals short so that
little lactate accumulation occurs. 27. Two events are said to be mutually exclusive events when both
cannot occur at the same time. In probability, the outcomes of an experiment are what we call the
events. Some of these events have relations with other events. In other words, we say that some events
affect the occurrence of other events. For example, if the coin toss gives you a "Head" it won't give you a
"Tail". These are mutually exclusive events. 28. Our modern use of the word "wellness" dates to the
1950s and a seminal – but little known - work by physician Halbert L. Dunn, called High-Level Wellness
(published 1961). Although Dunn's work received little attention initially, his ideas were later embraced
in the 1970s by an informal network of individuals in the U.S., including Dr. John Travis, Don Ardell, Dr.
Bill Hettler, and others. These "fathers of the wellness movement" created their own comprehensive
models of wellness, developed new wellness assessment tools, and wrote and spoke actively on the
concept. Travis, Ardell, Hettler and their associates were responsible for creating the world's first
weliness center, developing the first university campus wellness center, and establishing the National
Wellness Institute and National Wellness Conference in the U.S. 30. HIV is a virus that attacks the
immune system. If HIV infection isn't treated, a person can develop AIDS, which is a prolonged and often
fatal condition. HIV is spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact. It's also spread through blood,
blood factor products. injection drug use, and breast milk. The Western blot and ELISA tests are two
blood antibody tests that may be used (o detect HIV.