LLB–Par

t2
LawofEqui
ty(
Paper-
II
)
Compil
edbyUmairShaf
ique
Pr
eface
LawofEqui
ty
Q#1Maxi
m“Equi
tyActi
nPer
sonam”
2

Q#2Equi t
ywil
lnotsuf
ferawrongt
obewi
thoutr
emedyorexpl
aint
hemaxi
m oft
he
equi
tyUbiJusi
biramedium 5

Q#3Del
aydef
eat
sEqui
ty9

Q#4Equi
tywi
llnotl
oseequal
it
y12

Q#5Maxi
m“Whocomest
oequi
tymustcomewi
thcl
eanhands”15

Speci
alRel
iefActPar
t2

Q#1equi
tabl
eremedi
esandhowt
heyar
egr
ant
ed18

Q#2Pr
ocedur
efort
her
ecover
yofi
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty21

Q#3speci
fi
cper
for
manceofcont
ractal
sodi
scusst
hecont
ract
swhi
chmaybe
enf
orcedspeci
fi
cal
ly24

Q#4Pr
inci
pleandpr
ocedur
eforResci
ssi
on(
Cancel
)ofCont
ract27

Q#5decl
arat
ionofr
ight
sandi
tsr
emedi
es30

Q#6caseswher
ecour
tmayr
efuset
ogr
antofanI
njunct
ion33

Tr
ustActPar
t3

Q#1Ri
ght
savai
labl
etobenef
ici
ari
es36

Q#2Tr
ustandi
tski
ndsandwhenobj
ectoft
rusti
slawf
ul39

Q#3Wayswhenat
rust
eemaybedi
schar
gedwi
thorwi
thoutt
hei
nter
vent
ion
oft
hecour
t43

Q#4Waqfandmut
awal
li
.46

Page1of1
 Pr
inci
plesofEqui
ty
Q1.Di
scusst
hemaxi
m“Equi
tyActi
nPer
sonam”
.
1.I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Therewasadiff
erencebet weenthejuri
sdi
ctionofthecourt
sof
l
aw and the chancery court.Courts ofequit
y have power
over 
per
sonswhohavebi ndthemselvesincontract
swhichare
enfor
ceabl
ebythelaw.Thi sdist
inct
ionhelpedtoseparati
onof
powersbet
weent hetwocour t
s

 Thecour tofequit
yalwaysenforcesi
tsorderi
npersonam.The
courtgives ordersto defendantto obey t
he courtbutif
defendantfail
stoobeytheordersofcour
tofequi
tyinthi
scase
heisarrestedandimpri
soned.

2.Def
ini
ti
onofI
nPer
sonam

“I
nper sonam”isa Lati
n phrasewhichmeans" di
rect
edtoward
aspeci f
icperson".I
na  lawsuit
 whencasei sfi
ledagainsta
speci
ficpersonwher esuchper sonisservedwit
ha summons
and the j
udgment 
appli
est o a person and t
hisjudgmentis
cal
led"inpersonam "

3.Meani
ng

 Equitybi ndstheconsci enceofaper sondowhi chisrequi

red
byt hecour t
.thecour tofchancer yalwaysenf orcedi t
sdecree
i
nper sonam.i tentert
aincer t
ainsuitsrespectingi mmoveable
proper t
y,thought hepr opert
ymi ghtbesi tuatedabr oadifthe
rel
iefsoughtcoul dbeobt ainedthroughtheper sonalobedience
canonl ybesecur ed.ifhecomesundert hejurisdict
ionofthe
cour t

4.Obj
ect
ives

 The term “
equity actis per
sonam”i si n a gener
alsense,
associat
edwit
hconcept soffair
ness,morali
tyandjusti
ce.I
tis
anethicalj
uri
sdicti
on.However,“equi
ty”isthebranchoflaw
thatwasadminister
edintheCour tofChancery.I
tiscomeinto
Page2of2
 exist
encetoobtai
njusti
ceandt oovercomethedef
ici
enci
esof
thecommon- l
aw.TheCour tofChancerytodowhatwasfairi
n
thesett
lementofadisput
e.

5.I
mpor
tance

 Thi
smaxi m hasavi tali
mportance.Itdescr
ibest
heprocedure
i
n equit
yt he judgments oft he courtofequit
y oper
atei n
per
sonem againstdefendant
.Especiall
yincasesofl
andfall
ing
out
sidethejur
isdict
ionofthecourt.

6.Expl
anat
ion

 Thismaxim stat
est hatequi
tyrelat
est oaper sonratherthan
thei
rproperty.I
tappl i
es to proper
ty outside a j
uri
sdicti
on
provi
dedthatadefendantiswit
hinthejuri
sdicti
on.

 Casel
aw

 I
twashel dthatjudi
cialof
fi
cerhastodecidematterbef
orehim
i
n accor dance wi t
ht he evi
dence produced r
egardi
ng that
matter.Therightsofparti
esshallbedeter
minedinaccordance
wit
ht heapplicablerul
eoflaw.

7.Appl
icat
ion

Thi
smaxi
m appl
iesi
nthef
oll
owi
ngmat
ter
.

 Fort
her
ecover
yandf
orecl
osur
e.

 Forspeci
fi
cper
for
manceofacont
ractt
ocr
eat
eamor
tgage.

 Fort
hedeedofsal
e

 Foraccountofr
entandpr
ofi
t.

 Fort
heappoi
ntmentofr
ecei
ver
.

8.Condi
ti
ons:

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethecondi
ti
onsf
orappl
icat
ionoft
hemaxi
m.

Page3of3
  Ther
emedysoughtmustbeequi
tabl
eremedy.

 Ther
eshoul
dnopr
oceedi
ngsst
art
edi
ntheappr
opr
iat
efor
eign
cour
t.

 Thedi
sput
emustbeofconsci
ences.

 Di
sput
emustnoti
nvol
veabr
eachoff
orei
gnl
aw.

9.Except
ions

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheexcept
ions.

 I
twi
llnotappl
ytoanact
ionf
orl
ocalt
ransf
erofl
andi
ntheabr
oad.

 Ithasnoappl
icati
onwher
ether
eisnocont
ractandthedi
sput
e
betweent
hepar t
iesi
sonl
yaquesti
onoft
it
leoffor
eignl
and

10.
Limi
tat
ion

Fol
lowi
ngaret
heli
mit
ati
onsont
heappl
icat
ionoft
hisr
uleormaxi
m.
Detai
lsar
easudder
.

 Thi
smaximisnotappl
iedi
fther
eisnocont
ractt
her
eisno
j
uri
sdi
cti
on.

 Thi
smaximisnotappl
iedi
fthedef
endanti
snotwi
thi
nthe
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecourt.

 Thi
smaxi
misnotappl
iedt
oal
ocalt
resspass.

 Thismaxi
misnotappli
edift
hecour
tor
deri
svi
olat
ingt
hel
egal
rul
esofanot
hercount
ry.

 Thismaximisnotappli
edi
ftheordergi
venbythecour
tisnot
capableofbei
ngexecut
edwithoutt
heint
erf
erenceoff
orei
gn
court
.

 Thi
smaxi
mi snotappl
iedi
flegalpr
oceedi
ngshavebeenst
art
ed
i
nanot
hercour
t.

 Thi
smaxi
misnotappl
iedi
far
ighti
snotexi
standt
hatr
ighti
s
Page4of4
 notr
ecogni
zedbyl
aw

 Thi
smaxi
misnotappl
iedi
fawr
onghasnotbeendone

 Thismaximisnotappl
iedi
flawpr
ovi
desanyr
eli
efr
egar
ding
breachofcont
ract
.

11. Posi
ti
oni
nPaki
stan

 Highcour t
sinPaki stanhaveal lpowersofacour tofequi ty.
Highcourtcanenf orcei t
sorder sinpersonam.pr ovisot oSec.
16oft hecodei sanappl i
cati
oni nthemodi fi
edf orm oft he
abovemaxi m accordingt oit,whereasui ttoobtainar eli
efin
respectofimmoveabl epr opertycanbeobt ai
nedt hrought he
personalobedi
enceoft hedefendant,thecanbef i
ledwi t
hinthe
l
ocallimit
softhecour twheret hepropert
yissituated, orinthe
courtwheretheproper tyi
ssituated,orinthecourt

12. Concl
usi
on

 ToconcludeIcansayt hat,t
heequi t
yact sinpersonam was
adoptedbyt heear l
ychancel l
ors,inor dertoavoi dadi r
ect
cl
ashwi ththecour tofl aw.Theownj udgmentofcour tof
equit
yoperatesinper sonam againstthedefendant.Thecourt
of equit
y has j uri
sdicti
on to entertai
n cases r el
ated to
i
mmovabl epr oper
ty,howevert hepropertymaybesi t
uatedin
abroad.

Page5of5
Q2.Equi
tywil
lnotsuf
ferawrongtobewi
thoutr
emedyorexpl
ain
t
hemaxim oft
heequit
yUbiJusi
bir
amedium?

1.I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Equit
ycour t
sar ethecour t
sofnat uraljusti
ce.Wheneverar i
ghtis
i
nfri
nged,ar emedyi savai lable.Therei sal waysar emedyf ora
wrong.Onlyrightsrecognizedbyl awcanbeenf orcedbythecourt,
UbiJusibiRemedi um isthecr uxoft hewhol ejuri
sdicti
onofequit
y.
I
texpressesthatever yri
ghtwi llbeenf orcedbycour tofequi
tyand
wrongwillber edr
essedbyt hecour tofequity.

2.Meani
ng

 Wherethereisarightther
eisar emedy.Thisi
deaisexpr essedin
theLati
nMaxi m ubijusibiremedium.Itmeanst hatnowr ong
shoul
dbewi t
houtr emedyifitiscapableofbeingr emediedby
court
s.Thismaxim saysthatwherethecommonl awgi vesar i
ght
,
i
talsogivesaremedyorr i
ghtofacti
onforthewrongdoer .

3.Expl
anat
ionofmaxi
m

 UbiJus i biRemedium covers entir

e equi
tabl
ej ur
isdi
cti
on.I
t
expl
ainsthatwheretherei
sar ighttherei
sar emedy.Right
sand
remediesco-exi
stonecan’
tnotexistwit
houtt
heother.

4.Def
ini
ti
onofEqui
ty

 UbiJusIbiRemedi um i saLatinlegalmaxi m whichmeans" where

ther
eisar ightt herei saremedy" .Thebasi cpr i
nci
pleplannedin
themaximi st hat,whenaper son'srightisviolat
edthevicti
m will
haveanequi tabler emedyunderl aw againstthewrongdoer .The
maxim alsost atest hatthepersonwhoser i
ghtisbeinginfri
nged
hasarighttoenf or
cet heinf
ri
ngedr ightthroughanyactionbef or
e
acourt
.

5.I
mpor
tanceofmaxi
m UbiJusI
biRemedi
um

 Themaxi
m ubiJusibir
emedium dir
ectesthej
udgetointerf
erein
theadmi
nist
rat
ionofj
usti
ceinordertogivearel
ieftopl
ainti
ffby
common law and to hel
pt he plai
nti
ffby offer
ing di
ffer
ent

Page6of6
 r
emedi
es

 Casel
aw

o Whenlawcl ot
hesamanwi t
har i
ght,ital
sogi
vesways
toamant ohavehisright
sandr emediesco-exi
stand
onl
y exi
stence ofl
egalright
s withouta remedy is
meani
ngless.

6.Li
mit
ati
ons

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethel
imi
tat
ionsont
heappl
icat
ionoft
hismaxi
m.

o Thismaxi
m willnotappl
yifapart
yhaswai
vedhi
sri
ght
toanequi
tabl
er emedybyhisownwil
l,

o I
twi
llnotappl
yift
her
eisabr
eachofamor
alr
ightonl
y.

o Courtcan’tappl
ythismaxim onthecaseswhichare
recogni
zedandapr operremedyi
sgivenincaseofi
ts
breachundercommonl aw.

o Itwil
lnotappl
yift
hereareact
sofstat
e,becauset
he
court
sarenotauthor
izedtoquest
ionontheactsof
stat
e.

 Exampl
e:

o Ifapersonfi
lesacaseagainstsoverei
gnordipl
omat,he
cannotbegivenrel
iefbecausediplomatshavepri
vil
ege
from suchpr
oceedi
ng.

7.Appl
icat
ionoft
heMaxi
m

Fol
lowi
ngaret
hecaseswher
ethi
smaxi
m canbeappl
ied.Det
ail
sar
e
asunder

Page7of7
 o Thismaxim canbeappl
iedonlywher
ear
ightexi
stsand
thatr
ighti
srecogni
zedbylaw

o Thi
smaxim canbeappli
edwherewronghasbeendone
andri
ghthasbeenvi
olat
edcl
ear
ly.

o Thi
smaxi m canbeappli
edwherelaw doesnotpr
ovi
de
anyrel
ieforf
orthebr
eachofr
ight
.

8.Nonappl
icat
ionoft
heMaxi
m

Maxi
m wi
llnotappl
yint
hef
oll
owi
ngcase.

o (Wher
ether
eisabreachofmoralri
ghtbecauseequi
ty
hel
psonl
ywheret
hereisbr
eachofl
egalr
ight
.

o Wher
ether
eisj
uri
sdi
cti
onofcommonl
awcour
ts.

o Wher
ether
eisnegl
igenceofpl
aint
if
f.

9.Posi
ti
oni
nPaki
stan

 Themaxi m ubiJusi biremedium isappl i

cabl
ei nPakist
an.The
speci
ficperfor
manceoft hecont r
act,rati
fi
cati
onofi nst
rument,
resci
ssi
onofcont ract,cancel
lat
ionofi nstr
umentar eexamples.
Thecivilpr
ocedurecodeent i
tl
esaci vi
lcourttoenter
tai
nallki
nds
ofsuit
sunlesstheyareprohibi
ted.

10.Remedi
esi
nshapeofdamages

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheki
ndsofdamages.Det
ail
sofal
lki
ndsar
ebei
ng
gi
venbel
ow

I
.Gener
aldamages

o Generaldamagesar et hosedamageswhi
chcannotbe
calcul
ated wit
ht he value ofmoney,such as pain,
enjoymentofl i
fe,generaldamagesar
ecompensation
forpast,pr
esentandfuturel
osses.
Page8of8
 o Inthiscase,t
hecompensat
ioni
nt heform ofmoneyi s
paid by wrong doertothe i
njured per
son against
viol
ati
onofhisri
ghtswhi
chl
egal
lyhasbeenr ecogni
zed

I
I.Speci
aldamages

o Specialdamages ar ethose damages which can be

calcul
atedwi t
hthevalueofmoney,suchasmedi cine
bil
ls,orr epaircostetc.and specialdamages ar e
compensat i
onforpast
,presentorf
utur
elosses

o Inthiscase,t
hecompensat
ioni
nt heform ofmoneyi s
paid by wrong doertothe i
njured per
son against
viol
ati
onofhisri
ghtswhi
chl
egal
lyhasbeenr ecogni
zed

I
II
.Exempl
arydamages

o Exemplarydamagesar et hosedamageswheni njur ed

personisnotcompensat edforhislossbecauseobj ect
oft hi
sdamagei st o punish t
hewr ong doerforhi s
wrongfulactagainsti
njuredpersonaswel laskeephi m
away f r
om commi t
ting f utur
e wr ongs. Sexual
harassmentorfraudschemescomeundert hi
scategor y

I
V.Realdamages

o Realdamagesar ethosedamageswhi chact

uall
yhave
occurr
edasar esul
tofwrongf
ulactandthosedamages
canbeeasi lymeasuredwiththevalueofmoneyar e
cal
ledrealdamages

o Inthiscase,t
hecompensat
ioni
nt heform ofmoneyi s
paid by wrong doertothe i
njured per
son against
viol
ati
onofhisri
ghtswhi
chl
egal
lyhasbeenr ecogni
zed

o Forexampl
e,lossofi ncomebecauseofi
njur
yint
he
shapeofmedi
calexpenseset
c.

Page9of9
 V.Nomi
naldamages

o Nomi naldamagesar ethosedamageswhent herei

sno
act
uali nj
ur yormoneyl oss.Butcourtt akesa legal
act
ion agai nstviol
ati
on ofl egalri
ght
s because t he
obj
ectoft hesedamagesi st oprovi
deprot ecti
ontoa
personf r
om r epeat
edviolat
ionofhisrightsbywr ong
doer.

VI
.Cont
empt
uousdamages

o Contemptuousdamagesar et hosedamageswhi chare

verysmallinval uesuchasonecentoroner upeethat
occurr
edaf terthewr ongfulactofwr ongdoer .I
nthis
case when i nj
ured per son sue i n t he courtfor
compensation ofhi sl oss and i tis notpossibl
et o
convertt
hedamagesi nsi gnif
icantsum ofmoneyi s
cal
ledcontempt uousdamages

o Butindif
ferentcount
ri
esavariousr
uleshavebeenset
upforcontemptuousdamages

11.Concl
usi
on

 ToconcludeIcansayt hatthebasi cideaubijusibir

emedium i
s
thatnowr ongshouldbewi thoutar emedyifi
tiscapableofbei
ng
remediedbyt hecourt.Wher eacommonl aw givesarighti
tal
so
givesar emedyorr ightofact i
on.buti thassomel i
mi t
ati
onsit
doesnotpr ovi
deremedyf orallwrongs.

Page10of10
Q3.Del
aydef
eat
sequi
ty,
discuss?
1.I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Equityal waysassiststhosewhoar eact i

veinr espectoftheir
ri
ghts.I tdoesnotassistt hosewhoar ecarelessinrespectof
theirrights.Oncet hepar tyknowstheyhavebeenwr onged,
theymustactr el
ati
velyswi f
tl
ytopreservetheirri
ghtsbecause
delay def eats equit
y. The maxi m means t hat a par t
y
who  delays 
inenfor
cingrightswil
lnotbeablet oseekequitabl
e
rel
ief.

2.Meani
ng

 Itmeanst hatifaper
sonislazytoclai
m aremedyforthe
wrongcommi tt
edagai
nsthi
mt hencourtwi
llr
efuset
ogrant
him anyr
eli
ef.

 Casel
aw

 Whereaninjuredpart
yhasbeenslowtodemandar emedyfor
thewrongf oralongt imewit
happarenti
ndi
ff
erence,i
nthis
casethecourtwil
lrefusetopr
ovi
detheremedytohim ont
he
groundofpubli
cpoli
cy.

3.Basi
soft
hemaxi
m

 ItisbasedonLatinmaxi
m“ Vigi
lanti
busnonder i
emti
busjur
a
subveri
ent
”itmeansequityaidst hevigi
lantnotthosewho
sleeponviol
ati
onoft
hei
rri
ghts.

4.Doct
ri
neofLaches(
Ghaf
lat
)
Page11of11
  Delaywhichissuff
ici
entt
opr eventapartyfr
om obtai
ningan
equit
abl
er el
iefi
scalledlaches.A pl
ainti
ffwhoi sguilt
yof
l
achesorunreasonabl
edel
ayi snotent
it
ledtoequi
tabl
ereli
ef.

1. Acqui
escence(
consent
)

 Acqui escencemeansawar enessofthepl ai

nti
ff
ont hevi ol
ati
onofhisri
ght.Andisnotr eadyto
takel egalact
ioni
nthisregardorhehaswai ved
hisrightital
socanbecomecauseoflaches.

2. Posi
ti
onofdef
endant

 Acour tofequit
ywil
lnotal
lowal at
entclai
mt obe
setupbecausebyt helapsoftimet hedefendant
hasmayl ostthenecessar
yevidenceforresisti
ng
theclaimi nthi
scaseequi t
ywi l
lnotsetupt he
case

5.Whendel
ayi
sfat
al

Foll
owingar
ethecaseswheredelayi
sfat
alf
orapar
tywhoi
s
desir
ousofenf
orci
nghisr
ights.

1.Lossofevi
dence

 Whentheavai
lableevi
dencei
slostordest
royed
asaresul
tofdelay

2.Wai
verofr
ight
s

 Whenpar
tyhaswai
vedhi
sri
ghtt
hendel
ayi
s
f
atal
.

3.Deat
hofWi
tness

 Lossofwi
tnessescoul
dbeoccur
redi
ncaseof
Page12of12
 deat
h

6.Ci
rcumst
anceswhendel
aycanbei
gnor
edbyt
hecour
t

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheci
rcumst
ancewhencour
tcani
gnor
ethedel
ay

 Whenpl
aint
if
fwasnotawar
eofhi
sri
ght

 Whenpl
aint
if
fwasnotawar
eofhi
slegalposi
ti
on

 Pl
aint
if
fwasmi
nor

 Pl
aint
if
fwasi
nsane

 Duet
oanyf
raudwhi
chi
scausedofdel
ay

 Anynat
uralactwhi
chi
scausedofdel
ay

 I
ll
nesswhi
chi
scausedofdel
ay

 Unduei
nfl
uencewhi
chi
scauseofdel
ay

 Pr
epr
ocessoft
hecasewhi
chi
scausedofdel
ay

7.Appl
icat
ionoft
heMaxi
m

Foll
owi
ngarethecaseswher
ethi
smaxi
m canbeappl
ied.Det
ail
s
areasunder

o Thismaxim canbeappl
iedonlywher
ear
ightexi
stsand
thatr
ighti
srecogni
zedbylaw

o Thi
smaxim canbeappli
edwherewronghasbeendone
andri
ghthasbeenvi
olat
edcl
ear
ly.

o Thi
smaxi m canbeappli
edwherelaw doesnotpr
ovi
de
anyrel
ieforf
orthebr
eachofr
ight
.

8.Li
mit
ati
onofAct
ions

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethel
imi
tat
ionsofact
ioni
nthi
smaxi
m.

 I
fthecauseofact
ioni
sthecont
ractandt
hedef
endanti
s
Page13of13
 notthegovernmentthenthatcauseofact
ion 
 mustbe
broughtbef
orethecourtwithi
n6yearsifi
t’
sthe
governmentitmustbebroughtwithi
n3years

 I
fther
e i
satortt
heact
ionmustbetakenwit
hin3year
s.I
f
t
hedefendanti
sgover
nmenti
nthiscaseacti
onmustbe
t
akenwithi
n1year

 I
fthecauseofact
ioni
slandi
tmustbebr
oughtt
othecour
t
wit
hin12year
s

 Tortofdef
amat
ion 
 mustbebr
oughtt
othecour
twi
thi
n1
year

 Equi
tabl
eint
erest
sorr
ightwi
thi
n6year
s

9.Posi
ti
oni
nPaki
stan

 TheEngl i
shdoctri
neofdel ayandlachesshowi
ngnegl i
gencein
seekingreli
efint hecour tofequitycannotbeappl i
cablein
Pakistaninview ofart
icl
e113ofl imit
ati
onactwhi chfi
xesa
peri
od of t hree year
s wi t
hin which a suit of specif
ic
perf
or manceshouldbef i
led.Soithasnogeneralappli
cat
ionin
Pakistan.

 PLD2000

 It was held that cour

ts al
ways keep t
he vi
gil
ant who
approachescourtintimebutdonothelptheper
sonwhoi s
i
ndolentinpur
suinghismatt
er.

10. Concl
usi
on

 Toconcl udeIcansayt hatwher eaper sonhasnegl igentl

y
sleptoverhisright
,courtwi l
lrefusetopr ovidehimr emedy
becauseequityaidsthevigil
antnottheindolent.Howevert hi
s
maxim hasnoappl icat
ionwhenal egalr
emedyi savai
lableto
thepar t
yaswel last i
mel i
mitat
ionhasal sobeensetf orthe
enforcementofri
ghtsviol
ated.

Page14of14
Q4.Equi
tywi
llnotl
oseequal
it
ydi
scuss?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Equit
ywi l
lnotpl
ayfavori
tes.I
ft her
eisadisputeoverproperty
i
nwhi chmor et
hanonepar t
yhasabenef ici
alint
erest,that
proper
tywi l
lbedivi
dedequally.Thismaxim doesnotapplyi f
ther
eisevidencethatt
hepr opertyshoul
dbedi vi
dedamongst
thepart
iesinsomeothermanner .

2)Def
ini
ti
on

 Equalityisanobj ectwher eeveryoneistr

eatedint hesameway,
withoutgivinganyi mpor tancetoanyone’srequirement s.Itisa
sit
uation wher eeach and ever yindivi
dualisgr ant
ed same
ri
ghtsandr esponsibil
it
iesont hebasisofequal it
y,equal it
y
betweenr ichandpoor ,menandwomen, andarenott reatedon
thebasi sofr ace,sex,caste,rel
igi
on,nati
onali
ty,disabili
ty,age
etc.

 Exampl
e

 This maxi
m means t hatequi
ty wil
lnotl ose equal
it
y.For
example,t
hreeadultchil
drenofadi ffer
entwomenwhoar e
ki
ll
edi nanaccidentandwomenr eceivemoneyf orWrongful
Death act
ion i
nt hi
s case money recei
ved wi
llbe divi
ded
equal
ly.

3)Appl
icat
ionofMaxi
m
Page15of15
Thi
smaxi
m hasappl
icat
ionont
hef
oll
owi
ngmat
ter
s.

1.Joi
ntt
enancy

 Thismaxi m wi l
lapplyinest atel aw;jointtenancyi sa
specialform ofownershipbyt woormor epersonsoft he
same pr operty.The indivi
dual s,who ar e cal l
ed joint
tenants have equalowner ship oft he pr operty and
undividedrighttokeepordi sposeoft heproper ty.Joint
tenancy creates a RightofSur vi
vorshi
p.Thi sr i
ght
providesthatifanyoneoft hej ointtenantsdi es,
t herest
ofthepr opert
yistr
ansferredtot heot hersurvivors.

2.Equaldi
str
ibut
ion

 Thismaxim wil
lapplyifthedi
str
ibut
ionoftheproper
ty
i
sneededbet weent hetwoormor epart
iesduetoany
reason i
nthis case courtwil
lequall
y di
str
ibut
et he
proper
tyonthebasisofthismaxi
m.

3.EqualCont
ri
but
ion

 Thismaxi m wi
llapplyi
fequalcontr
ibut
ionisneeded,i
n
thi
ssi t
uati
onifthepersonsmadeanyl ossint hi
scase
theyallwil
lhavet oshar
ethelossbyusi ngthemethod
ofequalcont r
ibuti
onamongal lthepersonsandcour t
willusethi
smaxi m

4.Abat
ement(
ref
usal
)ofLegaci
es

 Thismaxi m wil
lapplywhenaper sonwhohasbeendi ed
andl eftapropert
ybehi ndhimint hi
scasehisheirsare
enti
tl
ed t oreceive the proper
ty ofdeceased person
equallyinthi
scasei nor dertoavoidanydiscr
iminati
on
courtdi st
ri
butesthepr oper
tyequall
yamongt hehei r
according tothewi l
lofdeceased per son which was
writ
tenbyhi mi nhi
slife

Page16of16
 5.Powerofappoi
ntment

 A power of appoi ntment i

s a t erm used i n
the 
law of
 wil
ls 
to descr ibe t he aut hori
ty of
the 
testat
or 
(t
he person wr i
ti
ng the will
)to selecta
personwhowi l
lbegi vent heaut hori
tytodisposeof
certai
npropertyunderthewi ll
.Al
thoughanyper soncan
exerci
set hi
spoweratanyt imedur ingthei
rli
fe,under
thi
smaxi m cour tgi
vesr i
ghtt opersonont hebasisof
equali
tyisequity.

4)Basi
sofMaxi
m

 Equit
y can be def
ined as the qual
it
y of tr
eati
ng
i
ndivi
dual
sfai
rl
ybasedonthei
r 
needs 
andrequi
rements

 Equali
ty can be def
ined as t
reati
ng each and ever
y
i
ndivi
dualinthesamemanneri rrespect
iveofneedsand
requi
rements.

5)KeyDi
ff
erencesBet
weenEqui
tyandEqual
it
y

Thedif
fer
encesbet
weenequi
tyandequal
it
ycanbedr
awncl
ear
lyont
he
f
oll
owinggrounds

 Fai
rnessint
hemanneroftr
eat
ingindi
vidual
siscall
edequi
ty.
Equal
it
yisanobj
ectwher
eever
yoneisatthesamelevel
.

 Equi
tyi
sapr
ocesswhi
leequal
it
yist
heout
come

 Whi
leequit
yrepresent
simpart
iali
ty,
i.
e.thedist
ri
buti
onismade
i
nsuchawayt oevenopport
uniti
esf oral
lthepeopl
e.Equal
it
y
i
ndi
cates uni
for
mi t
y,where everyt
hing i
s evenl
y dist
ri
but
ed
amongpeople.

 Inequity,thedif
ferencesarerecognizedandeffort
sar emade
torespondt hemanneri nwhichindivi
dualoppor
tuni
tiesar
enot
equal.Ont hecontrary,
equal
ityrecognizessamenessandsoit
aimsatt reat
ingeveryoneasequal.

 Inequity,
allt
hepeoplecanhaveaccesstowhattheyneed.The
equali
ty,i
ncontr
ast,allt
hepeopl
egetthesamething,
i.
e.ri
ghts,
resour
cesandoppor tuni
ties.
Page17of17
6)Posi
ti
oni
nPaki
stan

Thedoctri
neofequal
it
yisequi
tybasbeenr
ecogni
zedi
nPaki
stan
undervar
iousenact
ments

 CaseLaw2003MLD

 Itwasheldt hatinlegalcaseequalit
yofallpersons
befor
ethecourtsoflawisthesymbolofadmi ni
str
ati
on
andprovi
sionofjust
icewhichcannotbesecr
if
iedatany
cost.

7)Concl
usi
on

 ToconcludeIcansayt hatequi tyalwaystr

iestokeep
theparti
esatsameposi tion.A part
ycannotgetany
undue advant
age overt he other
s.The doctrine of
equali
tyisoperatedinthecour tofequitythani nthe
courtoflaw.I
nt hedist
ributionofproper
tythehighest
equit
yistomakeequal i
tybet weentheparti
esstandi
ng
i
nt hesamerel
ation.

Page18of18
Q5.Di
scuss“
Whocomest
oequi
tymustcomewi
thcl
eanhands.
1.I
ntr
oduct
ion:

 Theper sonwhoi sseeki ngr el

iefmustnothi mselfguiltyof
i
llegalorimmor alconductagai nstdefendantinordert otake
revengebyhi sownhandsbecausepl ai
nti
ff’
ssuchconduct
maydi s-t
it
lehimtor eceiveanyassistancefrom t
hecour t.The
courtofequi t
ywi l
lt aket hi
sconducti ntoconsiderat
ion,the
personalconductoft hepl ai
ntif
findi
sputewi t
houtthehel pof
court;i
nthiscasecour twillr
efusetogranthi
mr el
ief.

2.Def
ini
ti
onofcl
eanhands

 Thecleanhandsdoct r
ineisaruleoflawt hatsomeonef i
lesa
caseforequit
abler eli
efinthecourtofl aw;hemustbef r
ee
fr
om unfai
rconductr elat
ingtothesubjectmat t
erofhiscl
aim.
Becauseitisaf avorabledefenseforthedef endantwhocan
cl
aimthattheplai
ntiffhas"uncl
eanhands"

3.Basi
soft
hemaxi
m

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethebasi
soft
hisMaxi
m.

 Apersonisnotcompet
entt
osueasapl aint
if
fwhohi
msel
f
isguil
tyoff
raudint
hesubj
ectmat
teroft
hesuit.

 Onani
mmor
alconsi
der
ati
onnoact
ioncanbef
ounded.

 Nobodywi
llbeal
lowedt
ofoundanact
iononhi
sownhands.

 Nobodycant
akebenef
itofhi
sownhands.

4.Essent
ialel
ementofmaxi
m:

Whil
eappl
yt hi
smaximt
hecour
twi
llseet
hef
oll
owi
ngessent
ial
el
ementofthismaxi
m:

(
i)Conductoft
hepl
aint
if
f.

Page19of19
 (
ii
)Depr
avi
tyoft
hepl
aint
if
f

(
ii
i)St
upi
dit
yoft
hepl
aint
if
f

 CaseLaw2003

 Itwashel
dthatinordertoseekj
ust
icet
hepl
aint
if
fmustbef
air
andshoul
ddoj ust
icehimself
.

6.Appl
icat
ionofMaxi
m

Thi
smaxi
m hasappl
icat
ionont
hef
oll
owi
ngcases.

1)Speci
fi
cper
for
mance

 Ift
heplai
nti
ffi
sguil
tyofundueadvant
ageint
hissit
uati
onthe
courtofequit
y wil
lr ef
use t
o give or
derf
ort he speci
fi
c
perf
ormanceofacontr
act.

2)I
ll
egal
it
y

 InHi ghwaymencase,twor obber swerepartnersi

nt heirown
business.Duetoadisagreementi nsharesoneoft hem fil
eda
case againstanot
herf orpr opershar i
ng oft he profi
ts of
robbery.Court
sofequit
ydogr antrel
iefi
ncaseofpar t
nership
buther ewasacasewher et hecauseofact ioni
sani ll
egal
acti
on.So, t
hecour
tref
usedt ogr antr
eli
eftoanyone.

3)Fr
aud

 Incaseoff
raud,cour
tofequit
ywi
llnotgr
antanyr
eli
eft
oa
par
tywhohascommi t
tedf
raud.

4)BenamiTr
ansact
ion:
Page20of20
  Theactdef i
nesa' benami't
ransact
ionasanyt r
ansacti
onin
whichpropert
yistransf
err
edtooneper sonforaconsider
ati
on
paidbyanotherpersonint
hiscaserealownerisnotal
lowedto
recovert
hepropert
y.

5)I
nfant
'smi
srepr
esent
ati
on:

 Whereami norfr
audul
entl
yconceali
nghisageandobt ai
neda
sum f
rom hi
sagentwhichhewasnotentit
ledbefor
etheageof
major
it
y.Inthiscaset
hecourtwillnotgrantanyrel
ieft
othe
i
nfant
.

7.Except
iont
omaxi
m

Fol
lowi
ngar
eexcept
ionst
othemaxi
m.

1.Agai
nstpubl
icpol
icy:

 I
fatransact
ionisagainstthepubl
icpol
icyi
nthi
scaset
his
maxi
mum willnotbeappl
ied.

2.Unj
ustpl
an

 Whereapartywit
huncleanhandsfil
esacaseagai
nsttheother
part
yinordert
ogetr el
ieff
rom t
hecourti
nthi
scasecour twil
l
notgrantany rel
iefunderthis maxi
m because pl
aint
iffis
uncl
eanhanded.

8)Li
mit
ati
ons

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethel
imi
tat
ionsont
heappl
icat
ionoft
hismaxi
m.

o Thismaxi
m willnotappl
yifapart
yhaswai
vedhi
sri
ght
toanequi
tabl
er emedybyhisownwil
l,

o I
twi
llnotappl
yift
her
eisabr
eachofamor
alr
ightonl
y.

o Courtcan’
tappl
ythismaxim onthecaseswhichare
recogni
zedandaproperr
emedyisgivenincaseofi
ts
Page21of21
 br
eachundercommonl
aw.

o Itwil
lnotappl
yift
hereareact
sofstat
e,becauset
he
court
sarenotauthor
izedtoquest
ionontheactsof
stat
e.

 Exampl
e:

o Ifapersonfi
lesacaseagainstsoverei
gnordipl
omat,he
cannotbegivenrel
iefbecausediplomatshavepri
vil
ege
from suchpr
oceedi
ng.

Posi
ti
oni
nPaki
stan

 Themaxim whocomest oequi

tymustcomewit
hcl
eanhands
i
sappl
icabl
einthecour
tsoflawinPaki
stan.

 Tr
ansf
erofpr
oper
tyact

 Qanon-
e-Shahadat1984

 Cont
ractAct

 Tr
ustact

 Speci
fi
cRel
iefAct

8.Concl
usi
on:

 ToconcludeIcansayt hat,hewhocommi ttedwr ongwil

lnot
avai
lequit
y.Acourtofequit
ydecli
nestograntrel
ieftopl
aint
if
f
wheretheconductofpl
ainti
ffi
nregardt
othesubjectmat t
erof
thecaseiswrong.Aper sonwhowant stheequi tyhishands
shoul
dnotbespot t
edwithinj
usti
ce.

Page22of22
 Speci
fi
crel
iefAct
Q 1.Whati
sspeci
fi
crel
ief
?Whatdoyouunder
standbyequi
tabl
e
r
emedi
esandhowtheyar
egr
ant
ed?

1) I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Speci
fi
cr el
iefisaform ofjudi
cialcompensat
ion.Compensation
mustbepr ovidedtoeverypersonwhohasbeeni nj
uredi
nt he
soci
alprocess.Basical
ly,t
heobj ect
iveoft
heSpecifi
crel
iefisto
assur
ethati fther
eisawr ongtheremustbea  r
emedy.

 Inthi
skindofreli
efiti
scompl i
anceofacont r
actandcompel sthe
bothparti
estodoornott odocertainactswhichhavebeen
ment i
onedinthecontract
.Andviolati
onoftheseactsmakest he
otherpart
yabletoreceivecompensationfr
om theotherpar
ty.

2)Rel
evantpr
ovi
sion

 Sec5t
o35ar
eforSpeci
fi
crel
ief

3)Def
ini
ti
onofr
eli
ef

 Specif
icrel
iefi
sar
emedybywhicheachpar
tyofthecontr
acti
s
compelledt
odoornott
odoveryactsasdef
inedunderthe
contr
act.

4)Meani
ngofRel
ief

 Thewor
drel
iefmeansr
emovalofanxi
etyorpai
n.

5)Obj
ect
iveofspeci
fi
crel
ief

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheobj
ect
ivesofspeci
fi
crel
ief
.

 Possessi
onmustbel
awf
ulaswhocomesf
orj
ust
icemustcome
Page23of23
 wi
thcl
eanhandsbecausei
tinvi
tescl
aim agai
nstunl
awf
ulej
ect
ion.

 Nounlawfulmeanstobeusedf oreject
mentofpossessoreven
possessi
onistakenunl
awful
ly.Onlycour t
sarecompetent
author
it
ytograntspeci
fi
crel
ieftotheaffectedpar
ty.

 Personwhocomesforspecif
icr
eli
efmustdoequi
tyandcease
fr
om theuseofunl
awfulf
orce.

 Specifi
creli
efaimsthatl
awshouldnotbetakeni
ntohandsofan
i
ndividualandjustSt
ateshoul
dremainsol
eauthori
tyi
ngrant
ing
thereli
eftotheaggri
evedpart
y.

 Expl
anat
ion

 Anypersonwhoser i
ght shavebeenviol
atedcangot othe
courtoflawf orar
eliefinordert
oseekar emedy.I
nt hi
s
casethecour tofl
awwi l
lcompelthedef
endanttogive
compensat i
ont ot
heper sonagainstt
hoseitemswhichhave
beenwr ongfull
yobtainedbyhim

 Casel
awPLD1971Lah.
199

 Thejur
isdi
cti
onvestedinthecourtfort
hegrantofdecr
eefor
speci
fi
cperfor
mancei sdiscr
eti
onaryandthecourti
snot
boundtograntsuchrel
iefeveniti
slawfult
odo.

 Exampl
e

 Ifapersonagreestosellahouset oanot herper

sonandt he
personpayssomeamountt otheownerundert he
agreementmadeupbutt heowneroft hehousedoesnot
salethehouselatt
er.I
nt hiscaseaggrievedpersoncansue
forthedamagesandr eturnoft heamountpai dorhealso
canaskt hecourtt
ocompelt heownert osalehishousenow.
Inthissi
tuat
ionownerwi llhavetosalethehouseashe
agreedforgivi
ngspecif
icr el
ieftoaggri
evedperson.

6)Feat
uresofspeci
fi
crel
ief

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethef
eat
uresofspeci
fi
crel
ief
.
Page24of24
  Speci
fi
crel
iefi
sgr
ant
edundert
hepr
inci
plesofequi
ty.

 It
sbasicpur
posei
stogi
veaver
ythi
ngt
oaper
sonwhoi
s
enti
tl
edfori
t.

 Thedef
aul
ti
ngpartyi
scompel
ledt
odoornott
odot
hever
y
actwhi
chhasbeendeci
dedt
odoornott
odo.

 Speci
fi
crel
iefi
sanadj
ect
ivel
aw.

7)Modesofspeci
fi
cper
for
manceorKi
ndsofequi
tabl
eremedi
es

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheequi
tabl
eremedi
es

I
. Speci
fi
cper
for
mance

 Underthelawaccordi
ngtothi
sremedy,
thecour
tofl
awgivesan
ordert
odirect
ingapartyt
odoanactwhichwasdeci
dedbetween
thepart
iesandunderanobli
gati
ont
odo.

I
I. I
njunct
ions

 An inj
uncti
on i
sthesecondtypeofequi
tabl
eremedyavail
abl
ein
contract
.Thecourtofl
awgivesordertodir
ect
ingapart
ytostop
doingthatactwhichheshouldnott
odo.

I
II
. Recessi
on(
Col
lapse)

 Rescission 
happenswhenapreviousl
yexi
sti
ngcont r
actwas
wit
hdr awnbecauseitwasbr
eached.Thecontractcanbere-
wri
tteninadi f
fer
entwaysothatbothpar
ti
esar esati
sfi
edwi
tht
he
t
erms.

I
V. Rect
if
icat
ion(
Amend)

Page25of25
  Underthelawaccordingtothi
sr emedy,t
hecour tofl
awi ssuesan
orderontherequestofanypartyforr
ectif
icationofthecont r
act
whenacont r
actiswritt
enwithfraudoramut ualmistakeofthe
parti
eswhichdoesnott r
ulyexpressthei
rintenti
on.

V. Cancel
lat
ion

Underthelawaccor
dingtot
hisremedy, apersoncancancelt
he
cont
ractbyaski
ngtothecourtoflawifcontr
actisvoi
dorvoidabl
e
andapprehensi
onofthi
scontractiscausi
ngseriousi
njur
ytohim.

VI
. Del
iver
yofpossessi
on

 Undert
helawaccordi
ngtothi
sremedy,
inthi
ssit
uat
iont
hecer
tai
n
pr
opert
yistakeni
npossessi
onbythecl
aimant.

VI
I. Decl
arat
ionofr
ight
s

 Underthelawaccordi
ngt
othisremedy,i
nordertodecl
arat
ionof
ri
ghts,compensat
ioni
sawardedtotheaggr
ievedpart
yagainstt
he
breachofcontr
act
.

VI
II
. Appoi
ntment
sofr
ecei
ver

 Iti
salsoaki
ndofequi
tabl
eremedy,overadisputebet
weenthe
twoparti
est
hecour
tappoint
sareceiverwholooksaft
erthe
aff
air
sthedi
sput
eunti
lthecasei
sdeci dedbythecourt
.

8)Basi
sofspeci
fi
crel
ief

Basi
sofspeci
fi
crel
iefar
easunder
:

1.Hewhocomest
oequi
tymustcomewi
thcl
eanhands

2.Hewhoseeksequi
tymustdoequi
ty

3.Del
aydef
eat
sequi
ty.

Page26of26
 9)Concl
usi
on

 Toconcl udeIcansayt hatspecif

icrel
iefisar el
iefinitsnature.I
t
objecti
veisexactfulfi
ll
mentofanobl i
gat i
onandt hething
obtainedbyunl awfulmeanswi l
lhavetor etur
ntocl aimant.Al ot
remedi esforspeci
ficreli
efhavebeenpr esent
edbyt helawi n
ordertomai ntai
njusti
ceandt orunapr operbusi nessofthe
parti
es

Q2.Discusstheprocedur
ef ort
her
ecover
yofi
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty
undertheSpeci
fi
cReliefAct
?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Noonecanbedepr ivedfrom hisimmovabl epr opert

ywithout
l
awf ulr
eason.Ifaper sonwhoi sdepr i
vedf r
om hi simmovabl e
propert
ywi t
houtlawfulreasonint hiscase,hecanf i
leasuitfor
recover
yofpossessi onsuchi mmoveabl epr oper t
y.BecauseSec8
and9r elat
esto t
herecovery ofpossessionofi mmoveabl e
propert
y.Personwhohasbeeni l
legall
ydepr ivedfrom hisproper
ty,
hehasr eli
efunderSec.9ofSpeci fi
cReliefAct .

2)Rel
evantpr
ovi
sion

 Section8,9ofSpeci
fi
cRel
iefAct1877provi
dest
her
emedyof
recoveri
ngpossessi
onofi
mmoveabl epr
opert
y.

3)Def
ini
ti
onofI
mmoveabl
epr
oper
ty

 Immovableproper
ty 
isan i
mmovable t
hingorproperty 
which
cannotbemovedf r
om oneplacetoanotherpl
acewi thout
destr
oyingorshi
ft
ingitsuchas 
proper
ty whi
chisfixedtothe
eart
h,suchaslandorahouse.

4)Def
ini
ti
onofpossessi
on

 Apersonwhoi spossessorofanyt
hing,
hehascomplet
econtrol
overthet
hingandhast heri
ghtofexcl
usionofot
her
siscal
led
possessi
on

5)Evi
denceofPossessi
on
Page27of27
 Fol
lowi
nghavebeenhel
dpr
imef
aci
eevi
denceofpossessi
on

 Ent
ryi
nkhewat

 Exist
enceofpossessi
onbef
oredi
spl
acementbyactofGode.
g
ear
thquake.

 Gr
antofl
ease.

 Appr
ehensi
onofr
ent
.

 Handi
ngoverkeyoft
hepr
omi
ses.

 Regi
str
ati
onofowner
shi
pofpr
oper
ty.

6)Pr
ocedur
eofr
ecover
ingpossessi
onofi
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty

1.Regul
arpr
ocedur
e

 Ifanypersoni
sdepri
vedofffr
om hi
simmovabl
epr
opert
ywi
thout
hisconsenti
nthi
scasehecanf i
let
hecaseont
hebasi
soft
it
le
underSec.8ofspeci
fi
crel
iefact
.

 '
Apersonent
it
ledt
othepossessionofi
mmovablepropert
ycan
r
ecoveri
tint
hemannerprescr
ibedbythecodeofci
vilpr
ocedur
e.

I
. Essent
ialofSec.8

 St
rengt
hofpossessor
yti
tl
e.

 Exi
stenceofpr
oofofpr
iorpossessi
on.

 Di
spossessi
onshoul
dbef
orcef
ul.

2.Summar
ypr
ocedur
e

 Summar
yprocedur
eforr
ecover
yofthepossessi
onof
i
mmoveabl
eproper
tyi
sprovi
dedunderSec.9ofthespeci
fi
crel
ief
act
.

 '
Ifanypersonisdeprivedofffr
om hisimmovableproper
tywit
hout
hisconsentandwithoutlawfulreason,hecanfi
lecasei
nthecour
t
oflawinordertor
ecovert hepossessionther
eof.

Page28of28
I
.Essent
ialofsummar
ypr
ocedur
e

 Thepl
aint
if
fmusthavepossessi
onofi
mmovabl
epr
oper
ty.

 Hemusthavebeenenj
oyi
ngthepossessi
onf
rom t
hel
ast6
mont
hs,bef
orefor
cef
uldi
spossessi
on.

 Hemusthavebeenf
orcef
ull
ydi
spossessedwi
thoutanyl
awf
ul
r
eason.

 Di
spossessi
onmustbewi
thoutt
heconsentofper
son.
)

I
I.Except
ions

Fol
lowi
ngar
eexcept
ionst
oSec.9

 Nolegalact
ioncanbet
akenagai
nstcent
ralorpr
ovi
nci
al
gover
nment.

 Nol
egalact
ioncanbet
akenagai
nstdecr
eeoft
hecour
t.

 Norevieworappealshal
lli
eagai
nstsuchanor
derofr
est
orat
ion
ofpossessi
on.

 Noonecanberest
rai
nedf
rom est
abl
ishi
nghi
sti
tl
eofpossessi
on
i
nthecour
tofl
aw.

I
II
.Essent
ial
sofSec.9

 It
sobjecti
stodiscour
agepeopl
efrom t
aki
ngt
hel
awi
ntot
hei
r
ownhands,howevergoodt
heirt
it
lemaybe.

I
V.Nat
ure

 Summar yprocedur
eunderSec.9pr
ovi
desaspeedyr
emedyunder
speci
fi
creli
efact.

 Casel
aw2004YRL105

 I
twashel
dthatsummar
ypr
ocedur
ehavebeenpr
ovi
dedunderno
Page29of29
 Sec.9t opersondeprivedof ff
rom i
mmoveabl eproper
tywithout
hisconsent.Personcomi ngunderthisSec.i
srequi
redtoshow
thathehadact ualphysicalpossessionofimmoveablepropert
y
from whichhewasdepr ivedoffwit
houthisconsentbydefendant
wi t
hinsixmonths

7)Di
ff
erencebet
weensect
ion8andsect
ion9

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethedi
ff
erencebet
weensec8andsect
ion9oft
heSpeci
fi
c
Reli
efAct
.

V. Ast
onat
ure:

 Sec8i
snotsummar
ypr
oceedi
ng.

 Sec.9i
ssummar
ypr
oceedi
ng.

1.Ast
oti
tl
e

 Ti
tl
eofpr
oper
tymustbeprovedforr
ecover
yofpossessi
onof
i
mmovablepr
oper
tyundersect
ion8.

 Ti
tl
eofpr
oper
tyundersec.9i
snotr
equi
redt
opr
ove.

2.Ast
oli
mit
ati
on

 Ti
mel
imi
tat
ionf
orf
il
ingt
hecaseu/
s8i
s12year
s.

 Timel
imi
tat
ionforf
il
ingt
hecaseu/
s9i
s6mont
hsaf
tert
he
ti
meofdi
spossessi
on.

3.Ast
oremedy

 Sec8pr
ovi
desgener
alr
emedy.

 Sec.9provi
desqui
ckr
emedyf
orpossessi
onofi
mmovabl
e
proper
ty.

8)Concl
usi
on

 ToconcludeIcansaythatSec.8andSec.9ofspeci
fi
creli
efact
pr
ovidedalt
ernat
iver
emediesandtheyaremutual
lyexcl
usive.A
Page30of30
 plaint
if
fcannotcombinesui
t.UnderSec.8clai
misbasedont
he
ti
tlewhil
eclai
mi sbasedonpossessioninSec.9.

Q 3. Whatdo you mean byspeci

fi
c per
formance ofcontract
?
Di
scusst
hecont
ract
swhichmaybeenforcedspeci
fi
cal
ly?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Speci
fi
cperformance isanorderoft hecourtwhichr
equir
esfrom
apartyto perfor
m aspeci f
ic act,usuall
ywhich wasst at
ed i
n
a 
contr
actbetweent hepar
ti
es.Itisanalter
natetoawarddamages
oraremedywhi chisusedintheform ofinj
uncti
verel
ief

 Specif
ic per
formance i s an actualperformance ofa cont
ract
becausetheplaintif
fisenti
tledtoavailt
hespecifi
cthi
ngwhichhe
hascontract
ed.Ther earesomeci r
cumst anceswhenacontract
cannotbespecifical
lyenforced.

 Basi
cal
lyspecif
icper
formanceofcontr
actisexactf
ulf
il
lmentof
theobl
igat
ionuponei
therpart
ywhichtheyhavedeci
dedtodoor
nott
odoatt het
imeofformati
onofcont
ract
.

2)Rel
evantPr
ovi
sions

 Sec.12ofspeci
fi
crel
iefactdeal
swi
thspeci
fi
cper
for
manceoft
he
contr
act

3)Def
ini
ti
onofspeci
fi
cper
for
mance
Page31of31
  Specif
icperf
ormanceisacontractualremedyinwhi chthecour
t
gi
vesor dert
oapar t
ytoactual
lyperform hi
spromi seassoonas
possi
bleasi twasdecidedatthet i
meoff ormationofcontr
act
,
becausemonetarydamagesareinsuff
ici
enttof
ixtheharm. 

4)Doct
ri
neofspeci
fi
cper
for
manceofcont
ract

 Thespecif
icperformanceofacont ractonl
yrequir
esexecuti
onof
thecont
ractaccordingtoi
tstermsandcondi t
ionsanditr
eject
sto
recei
vet
hecompensat i
onagainstnoexecuti
onofthecontr
act.

5)Whenspeci
fi
cper
for
mancei
sor
der
ed?

 Courtswil
lenfor
cespecif
icperf
ormanceonlyifthecontracti
s
val
id.Whenonepar tyhasref
usedtoperf
orm hi
sobligat
ionsas
decidedi
nthecontr
actatt
heti
meofformati
onofcontr
act.

 Fail
uretoobeythecourt
’sorderf
orspeci
ficperf
ormanceisavery
seri
ousmat t
er. 
Adefendantwhoi snotobeyingcourt
’sorderf
or
specif
icper
formanceisfoundguil
tyofcontemptofcourtandcan
befinedori
mpr i
soned

 Casel
aw2005YLR1905

 Itwashel dthatr
eli
efi
nsui tf
orspeci
fi
cper
for
manceis
discreti
onaryandcanalsobegrantedtoapar
tywhohas
fil
edt hecaseonrecor
dt oshowhisbonafi
deinthe
performanceofthecontract

6)Essent
ial
sofenf
orceabl
econt
ract

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheessent
ial
sofenf
orceabl
econt
ract

 Ther
eshoul
dbeacont
ract
.

 Thecont
ractshoul
dbei
nwr
it
ten

 Thecont
ractshoul
dbel
awf
ul

 Thecont
ractmustcr
eat
eal
egalr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hepar
ti
es

 Thecont
ractmusthavel
awf
ulobj
ect

 Par
ti
esoft
hecont
ractmustbecompet
entt
oent
eri
ntot
hecont
ract
Page32of32
  Thecontr
actshoul
dbecl
ari
fi
edaccor
dingt
oit
ster
msand
condi
ti
ons

 Thecont
ractshoul
dbepossi
blet
oper
for
m

 Whenmonetarycompensati
oni snotenoughagai
nst
nonper
for
manceoftheactagreedtobedone.

7)Casesi
nwhi
chspeci
fi
cper
for
manceenf
orceabl
e

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethecaseswher
especi
fi
cper
for
mancei
senf
orceabl
e.

I
. Cont
ract
soft
rust

 Speci
fi
cperf
ormancei
sappli
cabl
ewhent heactagr
eedt
obedone
butbr
eachedwhol
lyorpar
ti
all
ybytheeachpart
y.

 Exampl
e:

 Aholdscer
tai
nst
ocksintrustforB.Awr ongful
lydisposesofthe
st
ock.A i
sunderanobligati
ont orest
oret hesamequant i
tyof
st
ocktoB.Bcanenf
orcespecif
icperf
ormanceoft hecontract
.

I
I. Whennost
andar
dexi
stf
orest
abl
ishi
ngdamage

 Itisthesit
uat
ioninwhichtheplai
nti
ffi
sunabletodeter
mine
theamountofl osssuf
feredbyhim.Wher ethedamage
causedbyt hebreachofcontr
actisnotfoundthent
he
remedyofspeci f
icper
for
mancei snotavail
abletot
he
plainti
ff
.

 Exampl
e

 Forexampl e,apersonenter
sint
oacont r
actf
orthe
purchaseofapai nti
ngofdeadpainterwhi
chisonl
yonein
themar ketandit
svalueisnotavai
lablei
nthi
scaseheis
enti
tl
edr ecei
vethepaint
ing.

I
II
. Whenmonet
arycompensat
ionnotsuf
fi
cientr
eli
ef:

I
nfoll
owingcasescompensat
ionofmoneywoul
dnotpr
ovi
de
adequaterel
ief
:

Page33of33
  Wherethesubj
ectmat
teroft
hecont
racti
sani
mmovabl
e
pr
opert
y.

 Wherethesubjectmatteroft
hecont
racti
smovableproper
ty
andSuchpropertyorgoodsarenotanordi
naryar
ti
cleof
commer cei
.e.whichcouldbesol
dorpurchasedi
nthemarket.

 Theart
icl
eisofsuchnat
uret
hati
snoteasi
lyavai
labl
eint
he
market
.

 Exampl
e:

 Anagreementf orsaleofagr i
cult
urall
andwasmade&buyer
hadpaidfullsal
econsi derat
iontothesell
er,butt
heseller
ref
usestoexecut esaledeedaspert heagreement .The
buyerbroughtanactioncour tfort
hespecifi
cperformance
ofcontr
actandi twashel dbyt hecompensationofmoney
wouldnotaf f
ordadequat ereli
efandsell
erwasdi r
ectedto
execut
esaledeedi nfavorofbuyer .

I
V. Wher
epecuni
arycompensat
ioncannotbegot
:

 Iti
sthesit
uat
ionwheremonet
arycompensati
oncannotbe
gotfort
henon-per
for
manceofthecont
ractasfor
medbythe
part
ies.

8)Cont
ract
swhi
chcannotbespeci
fi
cal
lyenf
orced

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethecont
ract
swhi
chcannotbespeci
fi
cal
lyenf
orced

 Wher
ecompensat
ioni
nmoneyi
sansuf
fi
cientr
eli
ef

 Wher
eacont
ractr
unsi
ntomi
nut
esornumer
ousdet
ail

 Cont
ract
sofdet
ermi
nabl
enat
ure

 Contr
actswhi
chinvolvet
heperf
ormanceofcont
inuousdut
y
whichcour
tcannotsuper
vise

 Cont
ractofar
bit
rat
ion

Page34of34
 9)Concl
usi
on

 Toconcl udeIcansaythatspecifi
cper f
ormanceoft hecontr
acti
s
reasonableremedy.Speci
fi
cper formanceoft hecont r
actmaybe
enforci
ngbyt hecourtbyexercisingitsdiscr
etionarypower
.The
doctri
neofspecifi
cperformanceoft hecont r
actbasedupont he
princi
plesofequitybecausethepl ainti
ffisentit
ledtohavethe
specifi
cthingf
orwhichhehasf ormedt hecontract.

Q4.Whatarethepr
inci
pleandpr
ocedur
eforResci
ssi
on(
Cancel
)of
Contr
act?Expl
ain.
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Ifapartytoacontractcommi tsabreacht
heaggri
evedpart
yhasa
remedyofResci ssion.Hecancancelt hecont
ract
.Itmeansthat
partycanwithdrawt hecontr
act.I
nthiswaypar
tycanfreehimsel
f
from al
ltheobli
gati
onsoft hecontr
act.

 Themai naim ofresci

ssionofcontractistoputanendoft he
cont
ractandbri
ngbackt hepart
iestothei
rori
ginalposi
ti
on.Ift
he
Cour
thasnotal l
owedthespecificperf
ormanceoft hecont
ract
,it
mayallowthepart
ytowithdrawfrom t
hecontr
act

2)Rel
evantPr
ovi
sions

 Secti
on25to38ofspeci
fi
crel
iefactdeal
swi
tht
her
esci
ssi
onof
thecont
ract
.

3)Meani
ngofResci
ssi
on

 Resci
ssi
onmeanst
oavoi
d,wi
thdr
awalorcancel
lat
ion.
Page35of35
4)Def
ini
ti
onofr
esci
ssi
on

 Ther
eareanumberofr easonswhencontracti
scancel
ledbythe
cour
tor
deranditisdonetobringbacktheparti
estot
heposit
ion
i
nwhichtheywer
ebeforeformati
onofthecontr
act

5)Appl
icat
ionofResci
ssi
on

 Resci
ssion i
s notappli
cabl
et ot he contr
acts whi
ch ar
e not
enf
orceabl
ebythelawbutisappl
icabl
et othecontr
act
swhichare
enf
orceabl
ebythelaw.

6)Gr
oundsf
orr
esci
ssi
on

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethegr
oundsofr
esci
ssi
onoft
hecont
ract
.Det
ail
sar
eas
under
.

I
. Mi
stakeofLaw

 Amistakeoflaw occur
swhenapart
ytothecont
ractknowst
he
f
actsbutignoresthemi st
akei
nthi
scasethecontr
actcanbe
r
esci
nded.

I
I. Unl
awf
ulcont
ract

 Ifcontr
acti
sagainstthelaw i
twi
llbeunl
awf
uli
nthi
scaset
he
contr
actcanber
escinded

I
II
. Agai
nstPubl
ici
nter
est

 I
fcont
racti
sagainstpubl
ici
nter
esti
twi
llbeunl
awf
uli
nthi
scase
t
hecontr
actcanberesci
nded

Page36of36
 I
V. Fr
audorunduei
nfl
uence

 I
facont
racti
sformedbyfr
audorbyundueinfl
uenceint
hiscase
t
hei
nnocentpar
tycanr
esci
ndthecont
ractwi
ththehel
pofcourt

V. Fai
lur
eofconsi
der
ati
on

 Apar tytoacont ractcanal sorescindacont r

actont hefai
lur
eof
theot herpart
yt opr ovide“considerat
ion"fortheiragreement.A
ref
usalorf ai
lure ofa par t
yt o perf
or m hi
s obligati
on oft he
contract,oraclearintenti
ont ovi
olateit,gi
vesrighttootherparty
torescind.

7)Caseswhenr
esci
ssi
oncanbedecl
ared

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethecaseswhenr
esci
ssi
oni
sdecl
ared.

I
. Whent
hecont
ract
sisvoi
dabl
ebyt
hepar
ty.

 Wherethecont
racti
svoidabl
ebytheplai
nti
ff
,theresci
ssi
oncan
bedecl
aredbyt
hecourtoflawont
herequestofpar
ty.

 Exampl
e

 Asellsafi
eldt
oB.Thereisari
ghtofwayoverthef
ieldbutA
conceal
sthefact
sfrom Bandhaveaknowledgeofthisf
act
,
i
nt hi
scaseBcanresci
ndthecont
ract

I
I. Whent
hecont
racti
sunl
awf
ul

 Whenanyunlawfulnessar
iseswi
thi
nthecont
racti
nthi
scaset
he
par
tycanr
escindthecontr
act.

 Exampl
e

 A,anatt
orneyconvinceshi
scli
entBthatisaHinduwi
dowto
tr
ansf
erpropertytohimforpurposeofdefr
audi
ngher
.i
nthi
s
caseBcanr esci
ndofthecont
ract.

Page37of37
 I
II
. Def
aul
tint
hepayment

 Whenpur chaserdoesnotpaythemoneytot
hevendorandmakes
defaulti
nthepaymentofpurchasei
nthi
scaset
hevendorcansue
fortheresci
ssi
onofthecontr
act

I
V. Al
ter
nat
ivepr
ayerf
orr
esci
ssi
on

 Apl aint
if
fsuitsforthespeci
fi
cperfor
manceofacont ractbutt
he
contractisnotspecifi
cal
lyenfor
ced,i
nthi
scasecont r
actmaybe
rescinded,i
fitref
usestoenfor
cethecont
ractspeci
fi
cal
ly,

8)Cour
tmayr
equi
repar
tyr
esci
ndi
ngt
odoequi
ty:

 Onadjudgi
ngtheresci
ssionofacontract
,thecourtmayrequi
re
the par
ty to whom such r el
ief i
s granted to make any
compensat
iont
otheotherwhichj
usti
cemayr equi
re.

9)WhenResci
ssi
oni
sNotAvai
labl
e

Therearesi
tuat
ionswher
eresci
ssi
onisnotavai
labl
easaremedy,
becausethedecisi
oni
satthedi
scr
eti
onofthecourt.Aj
udgemay
denyresci
ssi
onbasedonfoll
owi
ngcert
ainfact
s.

 Whenonepar
tyhasf
ulf
il
ledt
hei
robl
igat
ionoft
hecont
ract

 WhenAthirdpar
tyhasal
readyr
ecei
vedsomebenef
it
sfr
om
thecont
ract

 Therequesti
ngpar
tyhascommi
tt
edsomewr
ongr
elat
ingt
o
t
hecontract

 Ther
equest
ingpar
tyhasunnecessar
il
ydel
ayedt
her
equest
f
orr
esci
ssi
on,

Page38of38
  Therequesti
ngpar t
yhasalr
eadyaskedformoneydamages.
Acontractr
escissi
oncannotbeobtai
nedaft
errequest
inga
monetaryaward.

10.Ef
fectofr
esci
ssi
on

 Theef f
ectofr esci
ssi
oni sr
est
orat
ionoftheplai
nti
fftohisori
ginal
positionast hecontracthadnotbeenmadeever .I nsec35t he
procedur ef orr esci
ssion ofcontracthas been described for
writt
encont ractsitappliesonbothvendorandvendee.Anyoneof
suchpar ti
escangot hecourtinor dert
oavailt heremedyof
rescissionoft hecontract.

11.Concl
usi
on

 Toconcludeicansayt hattheremedyofr esci

ssionoft hecontract
i
s avail
ablef oralloft hose who ar e enteri
ng into a contract
betweenthem.Ther eareal otofreasonswhi chgi vesarisetot he
resci
ssi
onoft hecontractandoneoft hepar ti
escancont acttot he
courti
nordert ocancelthecontr
actandsuchor derofcour tbri
ngs
thepart
iestobackont hepositi
onwher et heywer ebeforeenteri
ng
i
ntothecontract.

Q5.Whatdoyoumeanbydeclarati
onofr
ight
sdi
scusst
her
emedy
asl
aiddownbyspeci
fi
crel
iefact
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Declarat
ionisal egalorderofthecourtwhi
chrelat
estoperson's
ri
ghttopr opert
yorhisst at
us.Decl
arat
ionunderspeci
fi
creli
efact
i
spar ti
culartypeofreli
efwherethereisnospecif
icperf
ormance,
noawar dofcompensat ionbutmerel
yadeclarat
ionofri
ghtsofthe
part
ies.

2)Rel
evantPr
ovi
sions

 Sec.42,43speci
fi
crel
iefactdeal
swi
thdecl
arat
ionofr
ight
sor
st
atus.

Page39of39
3)Di
scr
eti
onofcour
tast
odecl
arat
ionofr
ight
s

 Anyper sonent itl

edt oanyl egalart
icl
e,ort oanyr ightofany
propertycanf il
et hecaseagainstanypersondenyingorinterest
ed
to deny,and t he courtwi t
h his own discreti
on can make a
declarati
ont hathei ssoentit
led,andtheplai
ntif
fneednoti nsuch
suitaskf oranyf urt
herrel
ief
.

 Exampl
e

 Alawfull
yhasapossessi on ofcert
ainland.Thepeopl eofa
nei
ghbori
ngvil
lageclai
m ari
ghtofwayacrosstheland.Acanfi
le
acasefordecl
arati
onofri
ghtthatt
heyarenotenti
tl
edtotheri
ght
ofway.

4)Obj
ectofdecl
arat
ion:

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheobj
ect
iveoft
hedecl
arat
ionofr
ight
s.Det
ail
sar
easunder
:

 Topr otectthelegalri
ghtandl egalcharacteroftheowner
from t
hei l
legalatt
ack
 Toenj oyt helegalcharacterandlegalrightpeacefullyby
peacefulowner ,
 Topr otectthel aw &peacewher eadversepossessi onis
noti
ced.
 To def i
ne a per son'
sl egalcharacterand pr ovi
sion of
remedyi ncaseofanyvi olat
ion

5)Whocansuef
ordecl
arat
ionofr
ight
s?

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheper
sonwhocanf
il
ethecasef
ordecl
arat
ionofr
ight
s.

 Per
sonshavi
nganyl
egal
char
act
er

 Per
sonhavi
nganyr
ightuponanypr
oper
ty.

VI
)Whocanbesuedf
ordecl
arat
ionofr
ight
s?

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheper
sonwhocanbesuedf
ordecl
arat
ionofr
ight
s.

Page40of40
  Anyper
sonwhoi
sdenyi
ngar
ight
.

 Anyper
sonwhoi
sInt
erest
edt
odenyhi
sti
tl
eofsuchchar
act
erof
ri
ght
.

 7.Casel
aw2004MLD227

 Itwasheldthatanyper
sonenti
tl
edtoanyri
ghtofanypropert
y
canfil
ethecaseagai
nstanyper
sonwhoisdenyi
ngori
nterest
ed
todenyhisr
ight
.

7)Essent
ial
sfordecl
arat
orysui
t

Fol
lowi
ngar
eessent
ial
sfordecl
arat
orysui
t.

I
. Legalchar
act
er:

 Theplai
nti
ffshoul
dbeent
it
ledt
oanyl
egalchar
act
eratt
het
imeof
sui
t.

I
I. Ri
ghtt
opr
oper
ty:

 Theplai
nti
ffshoul
dbeent
it
ledt
oar
ightofpr
oper
tyf
ordecl
arat
ory
sui
t.

I
II
. Deni
albydef
endant
:

 Defendantshoul
d havedenied ori
nter
ested t
o denyt
hel
egal
charact
erorri
ghtofpr
oper
tyofthepl
aint
if
f.

I
V. Noot
herext
rar
eli
ef:

 I
fthepl
aint
if
fnothavenoot
herext
rar
eli
ef.

8)Nat
ureofdecl
arat
oryr
eli
ef

 Decl
arat
oryr
eli
efis equi
tabl
eremedythat’
s whyi tcannotbe
cl
aimedasmatt
erofright
.Iti
sarel
iefwher
ethelegalposi
ti
onof
Page41of41
 t
hepl
aint
if
fisdecl
aredbyt
hecour
t.

9)Whenext
rar
eli
efi
snotr
equest
ed:

 Ext
rar el
iefis notr
equest
ed by t
he pl
aint
if
fwhen t
he cour
t
di
smissesthesuit

10)
Whendecl
arat
ioni
sref
usedbyt
hecour
t

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethecasewhendecl
arat
ioni
sref
usedbyt
hecour
t.

I
. Vexat
ious(
Dist
ressi
ng)l
it
igat
ion:

 I
nvexat
iousl
it
igat
iondecl
arat
ioni
sref
usedbyt
hecour
t.

I
I. Evasi
onofcour
tfee:

 Incaseofevasi
onofcour
tfeedecl
arat
ionwoul
dber
efusedbyt
he
court
.

I
II
. Mul
ti
pli
cit
yofsui
t

 I
ncaseofmul
ti
pli
cit
yofsui
tdecl
arat
ioni
sref
usedbyt
hecour
t.

11)
Scope:

 Anypersonenti
tl
edtoanyl egalchar
acterort
oanyrightofany
pr
opert
ycanfilethecaseagainstanypersonwhoisdenyi
ngthe
l
egalri
ghtoftheowneri nthiscasecourtbyhisowndiscr
eti
on
makesadeci
sionforfur
therrel
ief

12)
Eff
ectofdecl
arat
ion

 Adeclarat
orydecreeisonewhichresolvesthel
egaluncer
tai
ntyof
the ri
ghts and st
atus ofthe part
ies.However ,passi
ng ofa
decl
arator
ydecreeisamat t
erofdiscretionofcourtandi
tcannot
beclaimedasar i
ght.

Page42of42
 13)
Concl
usi
on

 Toconcludeicansayt hatcour tgrant

sdeclarat
ionofr i
ghtsi n
ordertoensur
eandpr ot
ectt heinter
estsofpeopleatlarge.The
courtcannotgrantdeclarati
on on questi
on ofl aw.A suitf or
declar
ati
oncanbef il
edbyanyper sonwhoisent i
tl
edtoanyl egal
charact
eroranyrightofpropertybutwhererightofhisownl egal
charact
erorpr
opertyisnotinvolvedthesui
tisnotmaintai
nable

Q 6.Whataret
hecaseswher
ecour
tmayr
efuset
ogr
antofan
I
njunct
ion?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Ani nj
uncti
onisanequit
abler
emedyi ntheshapeofacourtor der
thatrequi
resapart
ytodo,ort
or ef
rai
nfr
om doingdi
ff
erentacts.A
partythatfai
lstoobeytheinjunct
ionofthecourti
tmayf aces

Page43of43
 criminalorci vi
lpenal
ti
esandmayhavet opaydamages.I
nsome
cases,br eachesofi njunct
ionsareconsider
edseri
ouscriminal
offensest hatcanbecomecauseofar restandpossi
blepri
son
sentences.Gr ant
ing ofan i nj
unct
ion i
s a matt
erofj udi
cial
discret
ionf orthecour
t.

2)Rel
evantPr
ovi
sion

 Sect
ion56Speci
fi
cRel
iefActdeal
swi
thani
njunct
ion

3)Def
ini
ti
onofI
njunct
ion

 Aninjunct
ion 
isa 
judi
cial
 pr
ocess 
wher
e apar
tyi
s r
equi
red 
todo,
or
 nottodoanyparti
cul
aract.

4)Meani
ngofI
njunct
ion

 Thewor
dinj
unct
ionhasbeenderi
vedfr
om aLat
inwor
d“i
ngoi
ng”
whi
chmeansto“
CommandorOr der”

5)Caseswheni
njunct
ioni
sref
used

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethecasewher
ecour
tcannotgr
antani
njunct
ion.

i
.Cont
inui
ngbr
each:

 Thecour
tcanr efusetogranti
njuncti
onifthepl
aint
if
fby
agr
eementhasdisent
it
ledhi
msel
ft osuchr
eli
ef

i
i.St
ayofpendi
ngj
udi
cialpr
oceedi
ng

 Undert
hespeci
fi
cr el
iefactnoinjunct
ioncanbegr
ant
edbythe
cour
tinor
dertostopj udi
cialpr
oceedi
ngpendi
ngonthecour
t’
s
end.

i
ii
. St
ayofpr
oceedi
ngpendi
ngi
ncour
t&subor
dinat
e

Page44of44
  Noinjunct
ioncanbegr ant
edi nor
dert
ost
oppr
oceedi
ngsi
na
cour
tandnotforanot
hercourt
.

 Casel
aw2003MLD201

 I
twasheldthatci
vilcour
tcannoti
ssueaninj
uncti
ontost
ay
j
udi
cialpr
oceedi
ngsorproceedi
ngsinasuper
iorcour
t.

i
v.St
ayi
ncr
imi
nalmat
ter
s

 Aci
vilcourtcannotgr
antani
njunct
iont
ost
aypr
oceedi
ngi
n
acr
iminalcourt.

v.Pr
event
ionofper
sonst
ofi
leacase

 Noinj
unct
ioncanbegrantedinordertopreventthepersons
tof
il
ethecaseint
hecourtagainstvi
olat
ionoftheirr
ight
s.

vi
.Pr
event
ionofbr
eachofcont
ract
:

 An i
njunct
ion cannotbe issued to pr
eventa br
each of
cont
ractwhichcannotbespecif
ical
lyenf
orced.

vi
i.Pr
event
ionofnui
sance:

 Noinjuncti
oncanbegrant
edwheret
her
eisnonui
sanceor
i
nter
ferencewit
hri
ght
sorappr
ehensi
ont
her
eof
.

vi
ii
.Int
erf
erencei
nGover
nment

 Noi njunct
ioncanbegr ant
edtoi nt
erferewit
ht hepubli
c
duti
esofanydepar tmentofthecentralgovernment
,ora
provi
ncialgover
nmentorwit
hthesovereignact
sofaforei
gn
government .

Page45of45
 i
x.Anyot
herr
eli
ef:

 Noinjunct
ioncanbegr antedtoapersonwhoisseeki
nga
speci
alrel
ieff
rom acourtagai
nstt
heplai
nti
ff
.

x.Wher
epl
aint
if
f'
sconductdi
sent
it
leshi
m:

 Whentheconductoftheplai
nti
fforhisagent
shasbeen
suchast
odisent
it
lehi
mtotheassist
anceoft
hecour
t.

xi
. Noi
nter
estoft
hepl
aint
if
f:

 Noi njuncti
oncanbegr
ant
edi nspeci
alfavorofplai
nti
ff
becausenoonehasanyper sonali
nter
estinthejudici
al
proceedings.

6)For
msofi
njunct
ion

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethet
wof
ormsofi
njunct
ions.Det
ail
sar
easunder
.

I
. Pr
ohi
bit
ory

 Aninj
unct
ionisanorderofthecourtwhichisr
equiri
ngfrom
apart
ytostopdoingsomething(aprohi
bit
oryi
njunct
ion)ifa
per
sonfai
lstoobeyofaninjunct
io

 norder
,int
hiscasehemaywi
llbesuedf
orcont
emptof
cour
t

I
I. Mandat
ory

 Aninjuncti
onisanorderoft
hecourtwhi
chisrequir
ingf
rom
apartytodosomet hi
ng(amandator
yinj
unct
ion)
.Ifaper
son
fai
lstoobeytheinj
uncti
onorderi
nthi
scasehemaybesued
forcontemptofcourt
.

7)Ki
ndsofi
njunct
ions

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheki
ndsofi
njunct
ions
Page46of46
 i
. Pr
eli
minar
yinj
unct
ion

 Itis an i
nit
ialinj
uncti
on by t
he cour
ti n or
derto
rest
rainapartyf
ordoingsomethi
ngunti
lthecasehas
beendecided

i
i. Tempor
aryi
njunct
ion

 Iti
sat empor
aryinjunct
ionbythecour
tinordert
o
r
est
rai
napartyfordoingsomet
hingf
orashor
tperi
od

i
ii
. Per
manenti
njunct
ions(
per
pet
ual
)

 Iti
saf i
nalorderbythecourti
nordert
orest
rai
na
par
tyf
ordoingsomethi
ngpermanent
ly

7.Concl
usi
on

 Toconcl udeIcansayt hatinjuncti

oni sanorderordecree
bywhi chapar t
yt oanactionisrequiredtodoorrefr
ainfr
om
doingapar ti
cularthi
ng.Ther ightofani nj
uncti
ongoverned
bypr ovisi
ons oft he specif
icr el
iefact11887.When an
i
njunctionorderhasbeeni ssued, i
tmustbeobeyed, andthe
onlyremedyf ortheaggr i
evedpar t
yist ocomeupi nappeal
tot hesuperiorcourttohaveanor dervacated.Thecourt
mayr efusetogr anti
njuncti
onunderSec.56oft hespecifi
c
rel
iefact

Page47of47
 Tr
ustAct
Q1.Di
scusst
her
ight
savai
labl
etobenef
ici
ari
esundert
rustact
.
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Undert rustact1882 ever y per

son is capable ofhol
ding
propertyasabenef i
ciary.Heisthepersonf orwhosebenefi
t
thetrusteeaccept
sthepr opert
yfrom gr
antor.Eachandevery
Benefici
aryisenti
tl
edt oavailt
heallbenefi
tsspecifi
edbythe
grantorofthetr
ust
.

2)Def
ini
ti
onofBenef
ici
ary

 Abenefi
ciar
yisaper
sonwhor
ecei
vesdi
ff
erentbenef
it
sfr
om a
t
rustundert
hewil
l

3)Def
ini
ti
onoft
rust

 In 
law a t
rust 
isar el
ati
onship,wherepr oper
tyi sheldbyone
personf orthebenefitofanotherperson.A trust
 i
scr eat
edby
theowner ,alsocall
eda" gr
antor"whot r
ansfershispropertyto
at r
ustee ( r
ecei
ver)
.The t rustee hol
ds t hatpr opert
yf or
benefici
aries.

4)Ri
ght
sofbenef
ici
aryundert
rust
sact

Fol
lowi
ngar
ether
ight
sofbenef
ici
ari
esundert
het
rustact
.

I
. Ri
ghtt
orentandpr
ofi
t

 Underthepr ovisi
onsoftrustactt
hebenefi
ciar
yhasar i
ghtto
rent
sandr eceivesthepr
ofitf
rom t
het
rustpropert
ywi
thoutany
l
egalrest
ri
ction.

I
I. Ri
ghtt
ospeci
fi
cexecut
ion
Page48of48
  Underthepr ovi
sionoftr
ustactthebeneficiaryhasar i
ghtfor
speci
fi
c execut i
on for examplet he grantor of t
he trust
announcedsomespeci fi
cbenefi
tsforbenefi
ciari
esinthi
scase
benefi
ciar
iesareenti
tl
edforspeci
fi
cexecut i
on

I
II
. Ri
ghtt
osuef
orexecut
ionoft
rust

 Undert heprovisi
onoftrustactwhennot rusteei
sappoi nt
edor
onewhoi sdiedordischar gedfrom hisoff
iceandduet othi
s
theexecut i
onofthetrustbecomesi mpracti
cableinthi
scasea
beneficiar
ycanf i
leacasef orexecut
ionofthetrustandcourt
wil
lexecut et he pr
actice oft he tr
ustuntilnew t r
ustee i
s
appointed

I
V. Ri
ghtt
otakel
egalact
ionagai
nstt
rust
ee

 Undert heprovi
sionoftrustactthebenefici
aryhasar i
ghtto
t
akel egalacti
onagainstthetrusteeinthecourtoflaw i
fthe
t
rusteewr ongf
ull
yobtai
ningprofi
tsfrom t
hepropert
yoftr
ust

V. Ri
ghtt
ohaveconver
sion

 Undertheprovi
sionoft
rustactthebenefi
ciaryhasarightto
havethetr
ustpr
opert
ybackwhenat r
usteewr ongf
ull
ysel
lsthe
trustpr
opert
ytosomeoneandl at
erbecomesoft heownerof
theproper
ty.

VI
. Ri
ghtofi
nspect
ion

 Underthepr ovisi
onoftr
ustactthebenef
ici
aryhasar i
ghtto
i
nspectandt akecopiesofinst
rumentsoftrustwhichi sa
documenthavi ngter
msandconditi
onsofthetrustandhavi
ng
otherdet
ail
ssuchas:

 Document
srel
ati
ngt
othet
rustpr
oper
ty

 Thevoucher
s

 Det
ail
sofcasesi
funderpr
oceedi
ngsoft
hecour
ts

Page49of49
VI
I. Ri
ghtt
oinspectaccount
s

 Undertheprovi
sionoft
hetrustactthebenefi
ciar
yhasf ul
lri
ght
toinspectt
heaccountsofthetrustproper
tyandi fbenef
ici
ary
fi
ndsanydi scr
epancyinthi
scasehecanf i
lethecaseint he
court

VI
II
. Ri
ghtofpr
opert
rust
ee

 Undertheprovisionoftr
ustactthebenefici
aryhasari
ghtt
hat
thetr
ustshallbeadmi ni
ster
edbyapr opertrust
eeort
rust
ees
who maypr otectand admi ni
sterthebusi nessof tr
ustin
heal
thywayf orthebenefi
tsofbenef
ici
aries

Fol
lowi
ngar
enotpr
opert
rust
ee:

 Aper
sondomi
cil
edabr
oadorf
orei
gner

 Anal
ienenemy

 Aper
sonwhoi
sconf
li
cti
ngwi
tht
hebenef
ici
ary

 Abankr
upt

 Ami
nor

 Amar
ri
edwoman

I
X. Ri
ghtt
ocompelf
orpar
ti
cul
aract

 Underthepr
ovisionoftrustactthebeneficiar
yhasarightto
compelhist
rusteetoperfor
m anyparticul
aractofhi
sdut yas
heisunderobli
gationtoper f
ormt hi
sactandhasar ightto
rest
rai
nfr
om commi tt
inganybreachofinstrument
softr
ust.

X. Ri
ghtt
orecei
vei
nfor
mat
ion

 Undertheprovi
sionoftrustactt
hebenefici
aryhasari
ghtt
obe
provi
dedenoughi nfor
mat i
onaboutt hebusinessofthet
rust
and about its admini
strat
ion that t
heirright
s ar
e being
tr
ansfer
redornot.

Page50of50
 XI
. Ri
ghtt
oremovet
het
rust
ee

 Under the pr ovisi

on of t r
ustactCur rentand remai nder
benefi
ciarieshavether i
ghttopeti
ti
onthecourtf
ortheremoval
ofthetr usteeiftheybel i
evethatthetr
usteeisnotactingi n
thei
rbesti nter
est.Trusteeshaveanobligati
ontobalancet he
needsoft hecurrentbenefici
ary

XI
I. Endt
het
rust

 Undertheprovi
sionoftrustactinsomeci rcumstances,i
fall
thecurr
entandremai
nderbenefici
ari
esagree,theycanpeti
ti
on
thecourttoendt hetrust.St
atelawsvar yonwhent hi
sis
all
owed.Usuall
y,thepur poseoft hetr
ustmusthavebeen
ful
fi
ll
edorbeimpossi
ble.

5)Concl
usi
on

 Toconcl udeIcansayt hatthebenef ici

aryi sthepersonf or
whosebenef itt
hegr antoroft het r
ustoff
ersdi ff
erentbenef i
ts
as wel las t he t
rustactal so provi
des mul tipl
er i
ghtst o
beneficiari
es for protecti
on of t heirrightsf rom trustee’s
wrongf ulacti
onsorf r
om ot hers.Thebenef ici
aryisimpor tant
personbecauseat rustiscont rol
lednotonlybyt heinstrument
oftrustandt hecourt,butalsobyt hebenef i
ciar
ies.

Page51of51
Q2.Whatist r
ust
?Di
scussi
tsdi
ff
erentki
ndsandwhenobj
ectof
t
rusti
slawful
?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Ther ul
esr elati
ngtotr
ustar econtainedbythetrustsact1882.
Inlawat rusti safor
m ofr elat
ionshipcreat
edont hedirecti
on
ofanyi ndividual
,in which a person holds t
he indi
vidual’
s
propert
yundersomedut iestousei tfort
hebenefitofothers.

I
nt r
ustthetit
leofownershi
pofthepropert
yofatrust
eeisnot
alegalorrealwhileiti
sobl
igat
oryi
nnat ur
ewhichisusedfor
t
hebenef i
tsofothers.

2)Def
ini
ti
onoft
rust

 In 
law a t
rust 
isar el
ati
onship,wherepr oper
tyi sheldbyone
personf orthebenefitofanotherperson.A trust
 i
scr eat
edby
theowner ,alsocall
eda" gr
antor"whot r
ansfershispropertyto
at r
ustee ( r
ecei
ver)
.The t rustee hol
ds t hatpr opert
yf or
benefici
aries.

3)Ki
ndsofTr
ust

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheki
ndsoft
rust
s.Det
ail
sar
easunder
.

I
.Revocabl
etr
ust

o Revocabl
etrusti
ssucht r
ustwhereagrantorisal
lowed
tokeepcont
rolofal
ltheassetsi
nthetr
ust,andgrantors
hasar i
ghtt
ocancelorchangethetermsoft hetrustat
anyti
mewi t
houttheconsentoft
hebenefi
ciari
es.

I
I.I
rr
evocabl
etr
ust

o Revocablet r
usti
ssuch trustwhereagr antorisnot
all
owedt okeepcontr
olofallt
heassetsint
hetrust,
and
grant
orshasnor ighttocancelorchangethetermsof
the t
rustatany t i
me withoutthe consentof t he
benefi
ciar
ies.

Page52of52
I
II
.Execut
edt
rust

o Executedt r
ust
sar esucht r
ustswhereinter
estsoft he
tr
ustar e completel
ylimi
ted and def
ined by grant
or.
Executedtrust
sar ecomplet
etrust
sandnof ur
theracts
arer equir
ed to be done by the gr
antororby t he
benefici
ari
estogiveiti
tsf
ullef
fect
s

I
V.Execut
oryt
rust

o Executor
yt rusti
ssucht r
ustwher esomef ur
theract
s
arerequi
redt obedonebyt hegrantoroft
hetr
ustorby
thebenefi
ciari
es,
togivei
tit
sfullef
fect.

V.Expr
esst
rust

o Expresstrustissuchtr
ustwher eagr ant
ortransfershis
propert
ytot rust
eeforthebenef itofother
si nexpr ess
terms which can be i
n wr it
ing ormaybe or al.And
trust
eeinunderanobligationtodist
ri
butesuchpr operty
forthebenefi
tsofbenefi
ciari
es.

VI
.Impl
iedt
rust

o Impli
edt rusti
ssucht rustwhereagr antorhasshown
his intenti
on to provide cert
ain propert
y for the
constructi
on of mosque and peopl e have made a
mosque t here wit
houtany obj ect
ion rai
sed by the
grant
oroft heproper
tyiscall
edimpli
edtrustwhi
lei
thas
notbeeni nwrit
tenorevenoralstat
ementbutitwasjust
anintenti
onofthegrantor.

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheki
ndsofi
mpl
iedt
rust
.

A.Resul
ti
ngt
rust

 A r
esul
tingt r
ust 
issucht r
ustwhi chcomes
i
nto existence by t he operat
ion of 
law,
wherepr opert
yi stransf
erredtosomeone
whopaysnot hi
ngf oritandi sunderan
obl
igat
iont ouseitforthebenefi
tofothers.
Page53of53
 B.Const
ruct
ivet
rust

 Const r
uctivet r
ustissuch t rustwhich i
s
createdbygr antorhimsel
fduet ooldage
forexampl ewher ehusbandandwi f
emake
trustbytheirownwi lli
scalledconstr
ucti
ve
trust.Afterdeat hofonepar tneranot
her
partnersucceeds.Andi ncaseofdeat hof
both,pr operty oft he tr
ustshal lgo to
specifi
cper son.

VI
I.Publ
ict
rust

o Publi
ct rustis such trustwhich i
s cr
eated f
orthe
benefi
cialuse f
ort he publi
c atlar
ge and notfora
specif
icgroupofper sonssuchaspublicpl
aces,par
ks
etc.

VI
II
.Pr
ivat
etr
ust
s

o Privat
et rusti
s such tr
ustwhich i
s created fort
he
benefici
aluseforthespeci
fi
cgroupofper sonandnot
forthepromoti
onorwelfar
eofthepubl
icatlarge

I
X.Vol
unt
aryt
rust

o Voluntaryt r
ustsuch t r
ustwhi ch is created by t
he
grantordur i
ng hisl i
fet
ime,In a voluntar
yt rust,t
he
grantorholds 
legal
 t
it
leofthepropert
yt r
ansferr
edt ot
he
benefici
ary,even thebenefici
aryhasact ualtit
leand
possession.

X.Test
ament
aryt
rust

o  
Testamentar
ytrustissuchtrustwhichtakeseff
ectaf
ter
thedeath ofthegr antoraccordi
ng tot heter
msand
condi
ti
onsofthetrustforthebenefi
tsofother
.

Page54of54
 XI
.Secr
ett
rust

o SecretTrustissucht r
ustwheregr antorleaves
hi
spr opert
yaf t
erhi
sdeathunderawi l
lthatthey
wil
lholdthepr oper
tyasatrust
eef orthebenef i
t
ofbenefi
ciari
eswhoarenotmentionedint hewill

4)unl
awf
ulObj
ect
sofat
rust

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethecausesofunl
awf
ult
rust
s.Det
ail
sar
easunder
:

I
.  
Fraudul
ent

o Anyt rustbasedonfraudulentpur
posei
sunlawf
ul.
For example,at r
ustcr eatedforthet
rai
ningof
prostit
uti
onisvoid.

I
I. Agai
nstt
hepubl
icpol
icy

o Anyt rust,whichisagai nstthepubl icpoli

cy,i
s
unlawf ul.ForexampleTr ustpr
opertytoempl oyi
n
carryingsmuggl ingbusinessandut il
izat
ionofit
s
profitforthebenefitofchil
drenisunlawful.

I
II
. For
bidden:
 

o Anytr
ust
,whichi
sexpressl
yfor
biddenbyl
awon
anygr
ound,
isunl
awful
.

I
V.  
 Causi
ngi
njur
y

o Any t
rustwhi
ch is causi
ng any i
njur
ytot
he
per
sonorpr
opert
yofanotheri
sunlawful
.

V. I
mmor
al

o Anytrustwhichisi
nvol
vedi
nimmoralact
ivi
ti
es
oragai
nstpubli
cpol
icyi
sunl
awf
ul.

Page55of55
 VI
. Par
ti
all
yunl
awf
ul

o Anytrustwhichispart
ial
lyl
awf
ulandpart
ial
ly
unl
awful,
itwil
lbeconsi
der
edasunl
awf
ult
rusti
n
i
tsver
ynat ur
e.

5)Concl
usi
on

 To concl
udeIcan sayt hattr
ustisan equitabl
eobli
gati
on
whichistakeneitherexpressl
yorimpli
edlyandisadmini
ster
ed
i
nt hecourtofequity.Buttherearedi
ff
erentki
ndsoftr
ustsand
causesoftheirunlawfulness

Page56of56
Q#03.Whentheoff
iceofatr
ust
eemaybevacat
edorwhatar
ethe
wayswhenatrusteemaybedi
schar
gedwit
horwi
thoutt
he
i
nter
vent
ionofthecour
t?
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Thet rustsactpr ovidesthequal i

fi
cati
onofappoi ntmentand
reasons ofdi schar ge oftrustee.A per son who is being
appointedasat rusteemayacceptt heappoi nt
mentormaynot .
Because accept ance t otal
ly depends upon his own willto
acceptt he appoi ntmentornotbecause no one can be
compel l
edt obeat r
usteebutoncet rustshipisacceptedbya
person int his case he i s bound t o perfor
m hi s duti
es
accordingly.At rusteecanal sobedi schar
gedf rom hi
sdut i
es
andhisof ficemaybevacat ed.

2)Def
ini
ti
onoft
rust

 In 
law a t
rust 
isar el
ati
onship,wherepr oper
tyi sheldbyone
personf orthebenefitofanotherperson.A trust
 i
scr eat
edby
theowner ,alsocall
eda" gr
antor"whot r
ansfershispropertyto
at r
ustee ( r
ecei
ver)
.The t rustee hol
ds t hatpr opert
yf or
benefici
aries.

3)Def
ini
ti
onoft
rust
ee

 A tr
ustee 
is a person who holds and admini
sters property
recei
vedbygr antorforthebenefi
tofothers.A 
tr
ustee maybe
appointedinthecaseofbankr uptcy,f
orachar i
ty,forat rust
fundetc.

4)Vacat
ionofof
fi
ceoft
rust
ee

Fol
lowingar
ethegroundswhi
chbecomecauset
hevacat
ionof
t
heoffi
ceoftr
ustee.

I
. Deat
hoft
rust
ee
Page57of57
  I
ncaseofdeat
hoft
rust
ee,
theof
fi
ceoft
rust
eef
all
svacant
.

I
I. Ment
aldi
sor
der

 Ift
rust
eeisdecl
aredbyacompet entcourtt
obeincapabl
eof
managinghi
sdutiesunderment
aldisorderi
nthi
scaseoffice
oft
rust
eewil
lbevacant

I
II
. Bankr
upt
cy

 Ift
rust
eebecomesbankr
upt
,int
hiscaseof
fi
ceoft
rust
eewi
ll
bevacant
.

I
V. Convi
cti
onbycour
t

 Ifthetrusteeisconvi
cted byt
hecour tofl
aw againstany
cri
minalviol
ati
on,
inthi
scaseoff
iceoft
rust
eewil
lbevacant

5)ModesofDi
schar
geoft
rust
ee

Fol
lowi
ngaret
hewayswhenat
rust
eecanbedi
schar
gedf
rom hi
s
of
fi
ce.Det
ail
sar
easunder
.

i
. Consent

 Ifthe t
rustee himsel
fwantst oleave ornotinter
ested t
o
per
form hisdutiesasat r
ust
eef oratrust
,int
hiscase,t
rust
ee
wil
lbedischargedfrom hi
soff
ice.

i
i. Ext
inct
ionoft
rust

Foll
owi
ngarether
easonsofexti
nct
ionoftr
ust.I
ncaseof
ext
inct
ionoft
rust
,tr
ust
eewil
lbedischar
gedfrom hi
soff
ice

 whenpur
poseoft
het
rusti
scompl
etel
yful
fi
ll
ed

 whenpur
poseoft
het
rustbecomesunl
awf
ul

 whentheful
fil
lmentofit
spur posebecomesi
mpossi
ble
bydest
ructi
onofthetrust-
propert
yetc
Page58of58
  Whent
her
evocabl
etr
ustexpr
essl
yext
inct
.

i
ii
. Compl
eti
onofdut
ies

 Iftr
ust
eehascomplet
edhisdut
iesi
nconnect
ionwiththet
rust
proper
ty,
int
hiscaset
rust
eewil
lbedi
schar
gedfrom hi
soff
ice.

i
v. I
ncapabi
li
tyoft
rust
ee

 Ifthet rust
eei snotcapableoff
ulf
il
li
ngt he 
rolebecauseof
sicknessori nj
uryorhehascommitt
edser i
ousmi sconducti
n
the admi ni
strat
ion of t
rust
,inthis case trust
ee willbe
dischargedfrom hi
soff
ice

v. Appoi
ntmentofnewt
rust
ee

 Ifanew t
rust
eehasbeenappoi
ntedbythecour
t,i
nthi
scase
ex-
tr
ust
eewi l
lbedi
schar
gedf
rom hi
sof
fi
ce

 Power
sofnewt
rust
ee

Ever
ynewlyappointedtrust
eebyt hecourtshal
lhavet
he
samepowers,authori
ti
esanddi scret
ionsifhehasbeen
nominat
edatrust
eebyt hegrant
oroftrust.

vi
. Deedoft
rust

 Thet
rust
eewi l
lbedischargedfr
om hi
soffi
cebymeansofas
maybeprescr
ibedbytheinstr
umentoft
rust
.

6)Pet
it
iont
obedi
schar
gedf
rom t
rust

 Pet
it
iontobedi
schar
gedfrom t
rust
.Ever
ytrusteecanapplyby
pet
it
iontoapri
nci
palCivi
lCourtofor
igi
naljuri
sdi
ctionforhi
s
di
schargefr
om hi
soffi
ce;andiftheCourtfindsthatther
eis
Page59of59
 suffi
cientr
easonforsuchdischarge,courtmaydischargehim
accordingl
ybutifther
eisnosuchr eason,theCourtshallnot
dischargehim,unt
ilaproperpersoncanbef oundtotakehi s
place

7)Concl
usi
on

 Toconcl udeIcansayt hatoncetrustshipi saccept

edbyt he
tr
ust ee,hei
sboundt ocar r
youthisdutiesbecauseat r
ustis
obligator
y.Aswel lasthereareal otofr easonswhi chcan
causeofdi schargeoft rust
eefrom hisof f
iceormodesof
dischargeoftrustee?Eachandever yper soncanbecomea
tr
ust eewhoiscapabl et
ohol dorownpr opertywhetherhei s
mi norornot
.

Page60of60
Q4.Def
ineanddi
scusswaqfandmut
awal
li
.
1)I
ntr
oduct
ion

 Waqfi sani mportanti

nst
it
uti
onofI sl
am.Iti
saper manent
dedicat
ionofsomespecifi
cpropert
ybyaMusl imforrel
i
gious
and pious purpose.Every MJusli
m of sound mind may
dedicat
ehi spr
opertybywayofwaqf .Itmaybemadeverball
y
orinwriti
ng.

 Mutawall
iissuperint
endentormanagerofthewaqfpropert
y.
Hehasnol egalr
ightinwaqfproper
ty.Helooksthemat
ter
sof
waqfproperty.He has same ri
ghts ofmanagementas an
i
ndivi
dual
.Theofficetrust
eei
snottr
ansfer
able.

2)Def
ini
ti
onofwaqf

 Waqfi saper manentdedicationbyaper sonsuppor t

ingIslam
by gi ving any moveable ori mmoveabl e propert
yf orany
purpose whi ch i
sr ecognized byt he Musli
m l aw as pious,
rel
igiousorchar i
tabl
eandt hepropert
yitsel
fcannotbesol dor
ber eplacediscal
ledwaqf.

3)Qual
if
icat
ionsofwaqi
f

Thepersonwhocreateswaqfi
scal
ledwaqi
f.Heshoul
dhavet
he
f
oll
owingqual
if
icat
ions.

 Waqi
fshoul
dpr
ofessI
slam

 Waqi
fcanbebot
hamal
eorf
emal
e

 Waqi
fshoul
dbesoundmi
nd

 Waqi
fshoul
dbet
heowneroft
hepr
oper
ty

 Waqi
fmust
aat
tai
ntheageofmaj
ori
ty

4)Modesofcr
eat
ionofwaqf

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethemodesofcr
eat
ionofwaqf
.

Page61of61
  Bywayofdedi
cat
ionbyt
heowneroft
hepr
oper
ty

 Bymeansofwi
llbyt
heowneroft
hepr
oper
ty

 Byowneroft
hepr
oper
tydur
inghi
sil
lness

 Bywi
ll

5)I
nwhosef
avorwaqfcanbemade

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheper
soni
nwhosef
avorpr
oper
tyofwaqfcanbe
made.

 Thewaqi
fhi
msel
f

 Thedescendant
sofwaqi
f

 Thef
ami
lyofwaqi
f

 Publ
ic

6)Def
ini
ti
onofMut
awal
li

 Mutawal
lii
stheper
sonwhomanagestheproper
tyofwaqfand
r
esponsi
blefort
hedist
ri
but
ionoft
hepr
oper
ty.

7)Qual
if
icat
ionofmut
awal
li

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethequal
if
icat
ionsofamut
awal
li
.

 Mut
awal
limaybeaMusl
im

 Mut
awal
limaybenon-
musl
im

 Mut
awal
lishoul
dbeofsoundmi
nd

 Mut
awal
lishoul
dbeamaj
or

8)Whocanappoi
ntmut
awal
li

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheper
sonswhocanappoi
ntt
hemut
awal
li
.

 Byt
hewaqi
f

Page62of62
  Byt
heexecut
or

 Byt
hemut
awal
li

 Byt
heor
derofcour
t

9)Whocanbeappoi
ntedasmut
awal
li

Fol
lowi
ngar
etheper
sonswhocanbeappoi
ntedasmut
awal
li
.

 Thewaqi
fhi
msel
f

 Femal
e

 Non-
musl
im

 Sunnii
nashi
awaqfandshi
ainasunniwaqf

10)Reasonsf
orr
emovalofmut
awal
li

Fol
lowi
ngar
ether
easonsofr
emovalofmut
awal
li
.

I
. Bankr
upt
cy

o I
fthemutawal
libecomesbankr
upt
,int
hiscasehe
wil
lber
emovedfr
om hist
it
le

I
I. Cor
rupt
ion

o Ift
hemut awal
limakescor
rupti
onwit
htheproper
ty
ofwaqf
,inthi
scasehewil
lberemovedfr
om hi
sti
tl
e

I
II
. Ment
eldi
sor
der

o I
fthemutawallibecomesment al
lyunf
itduet
oany
r
eason,si
cknessordi sease,i
nthi
scasehewillbe
r
emovedfrom hist
itl
e

Page63of63
 I
V. Deat
hofmut
awal
li

o Incaseofdeat
hofmutawall
i,heaut
omatical
lywil
l
beremovedandnewmutawal
liwil
lbeappoint
edfor
hisr
epl
acement

V. Convi
cti
onbycour
t

o Ifthemutawall
iisconvict
edbyt hecourtoflaw i
n
chargeofanyviol
ati
onoranyoffensecommi t
tedby
him,int
hiscasehewillber
emovedfrom hi
sti
tl
e

11)Dut
iesofmut
awal
li

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethedut
iesofmut
awal
li
.

 I
tisdut
yofmut
awal
l
itot
akecar
ewaqfpr
oper
ty

 Mutawal
lii
sboundnottosel
lwaqfpr
oper
tywi
thoutt
he
per
missi
onofthecour
t

 Mutawall
iisboundnottoleaset
hewaqfproper
tynot
exceedi
ngthethreeyear
sincaseofagr
icul
tur
eproper
ty
andoneyearincaseofdomest i
cpr
opert
y

 Mutawal
lii
sboundnott
oincr
easet
heal
lowancesof
of
fi
cersandser
vant
s

 Mutawal
lii
sboundnott
otr
ansf
ert
hewaqfpr
oper
tyt
o
anot
her.

12)Ri
ght
sofmut
awal
li

Fol
lowi
ngar
ether
ight
sofmut
awal
li

 Mutawall
icanappoi
nthi
ssuccessori
fwaqi
fandhi
s
execut
orarebot
hdead

 Mutawal
licanappointhissuccessoratt
heti
meofhis
deat
hbedi fsuccessorhasalr
eadynotbeenappoi
nted

 Mut
awal
lihasar
ightt
orecei
vesal
ary

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  Hehasri
ghttodoanyt
hingthatisreasonabl
efort
he
admi
nist
rat
ionandbet
termentofthewaqf

 Hehasr
ightt
omanaget
hepr
oper
tyofwaqf
.

13)Concl
usi
on

 ToconcludeIcansayt hatwaqfi ssuchpr opertywhi

chis
tr
ansfer
redfr
om amusli
mf ortherecogni
zedpurposeofpi
ous
orrel
igi
ousandi
tisnott
ransferpr
opertyt
oanyper soni
nst
ead
ofwaqf.

 Mutawall
iisapersonwhomanagest hepr
opertyofwaqfand
off
iceofmutawalliisnother
edi
tar
yandnont r
ansferabl
e.He
hasright
sanddut iesunderl
aw.Hecanber emovedbyt he
court
. On the grounds of br
each of t
rust,mi sconduct
,
bankrupt
cyet
c.

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