What is Hall Effect

When a current carrying conductor when placed at right angles to the magnetic field, a potential
difference develops between the opposite edges of the conductor at right angles to both the
magnetic field and the conductor. This is termed as HALL EFFECT
Although in metals, the potential difference developed due to hall effect is too small to be measured
even with a highly sensitive moving coil voltmeter, the potential difference is of considerable
magnitude in semi conductors especially Germanium.
Some magnetic measuring instruments have their operation based on Hall Effect. Thus flux and flux
density are measured by means of probes in some instruments, using this principle. Such
instruments find extensive use in exploration of magnetic fields in confined regions

Fuse Advantages Disadvantages in a Electrical Circuit

 Fuse is the cheapest protection device in electrical circuit against short circuits and
overloading of circuits. Fuse is a metal wire or thin metal strip which has the property of
low melting point which is inserted into the electrical circuit as protective device. Fuse
provides protection against excessive currents which can flow in circuit during short
circuits. Under normal working condition the current flowing through the circuit is within
safe limits but when fault occurs such as short circuit occurs or when load more than
circuit capacity is connected to it, current exceeds the limiting value results in fuse wire
gets heated up, melts and break the current. Thus fuse protects the machine or
electrical equipment against the excessive currents.
Time for blowing out of fuse depends on the magnitude of the excessive current. Larger
the current more rapidly the fuse blown off. Thus fuse have inverse time characteristics.
Such characteristics is desirable for protective gear. 

Fuses are used on low and high voltage circuits of moderate to high capacity where
frequent operation is not not expected. Fuse is employed for protection of distribution
transformers, small and medium size motors, lighting circuits, branch circuits of
distribution lines, in industrial plants and commercial buildings. 
Advantages:

 Fuse is cheapest type of protection in an electrical circuit

 Fuse needs zero maintenance
 Operation of fuse is simple and no complexity is involved
 Fuse has the ability to interrupt enormous short circuit current without producing
noise, flame, gas or smoke
 The operation time of fuse can be made much smaller than operation of circuit
breaker. It is the primary protection device against short circuits
 It affords current limiting effect under short-circuit conditions
 Fuse inverse time current characteristic has the ability to use for over-load
protection

Disadvantage:
  During short circuit or overload once fuse blows off replacing of fuse takes time.
During this period the circuit lost power
 When fuses are connected in series it is difficult to discriminate the fuse unless
the fuse has significant size difference

Why Sine Waveform Chosen for Alternating Voltage and

Current
Commercial alternators produce sinusoidal alternating voltage. A sinusoidal alternating
voltage is produced by rotating a coil with a constant angular velocity in a uniform
magnetic field. Sinusoidal voltage always produce sinusoidal current unless the circuit is
non linear.
Why Sine Wave is chosen rather than a simple curve such as a square or triangular
wave. Some of the reasons are given below:

 In alternating current (a.c) machines such as induction machines, synchronous

machines, transformers.., sinusoidal voltages and currents respectively produce the least
iron and copper losses for a given output. The efficiency of the machine therefore is better
 Sinusoidal voltages and currents produce less interference (noise) on telephone
lines
 The sine waveform produces the least disturbance in the electrical circuit and is
smoothest and efficient waveform

Due to above advantages, electrical supply is generate sinusoidal alternating voltage

and currents.