IMMANUEL JOHN ISAAC

X STD A
C.S. Academy
 Name: Sample: Approx. first
appearance:
Babylonian numerals 3100 BC

Chinese numerals, Unknown

Japanese numerals,
Korean numerals
Egyptian numerals 3000 BC

Roman numerals 1000 BC

 Name: Sample: Approx. first
appearance:
Greek numerals After 100 BC

Chinese rod numerals 1st century

Hindu-Arabic Numerals 1st century

John Napier's Location 1617

arithmetic
•The number system we have today, commonly called
Hindu-Arabic Numerals, has evolved so much and
come through a long route and mostly from some far
away lands, outside of Europe.
•It came about because human beings wanted to solve
problems and mainly, wanted to know the quantity of a
particular thing. So they started creating numbers to
solve these problems.
Counting through fingers
Counting through Symbols
Zero Dog(s) Two Dogs

Counting through Sticks

•Though humans have always understood the concept
of nothing or having nothing, the concept of zero is
relatively new.

•They wanted to find some number to represent a nil

value. So they found 0 to represent a nil value.

•Some people say that Zero was invented

independently by the Babylonians, Mayans and
Indians.
•Many mathematicians of different era has suggested
for symbolizing ‘NOTHING’. Then they introduced
the symbol “0” for symbolizing nothing, to the world
and made complicated things easier.

•Indian texts used a Sanskrit word Shunye or shunya to

refer to the concept of void. In mathematics texts this
word often refers to the number zero.

•But even now people are not sure whether zero was
discovered by Aryabhatta or Brahmagupta, an indian
mathematician.
NUMBER SYSTEM:
A number system is a writing system for
expressing numbers, that is, a mathematical notation for
representing numbers of a given set, using digits or other
symbols in a consistent manner.
 Natural numbers
•The natural numbers are those used for counting and
ordering.

•Natural numbers are represented by ℕ.

•Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Whole numbers
•Whole number is collection of positive numbers
and zero.

•Example: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Integers
•An integer is a number that can be written without a
fractional component.

•Integers are represented by ℤ, standing for the

German word Zahlen.

•Example: 21, -4, are integers, while 9.75, 5½, and √2

are not.
 Rational numbers:
•A rational number is any number that can be
expressed as the quotient or fraction p/q of two
integers, where p and q are integers and q ≠0.

•Since q may be equal to 1, every integer is a rational

number.

•Rational numbers are represented by ℚ. It was thus

denoted in 1895 by Peano.

•Example: ⅛, ⅔.
 Irrational numbers:
•An irrational number is any number that cannot be
expressed as a ratio of integers.

•Irrational numbers cannot be represented as

terminating or repeating decimals.

•Example: √5, √3, √6.

 Real numbers:
•A real number is a number which includes natural,
whole, integers, rational and irrational numbers.

•Real numbers are represented by .

•Example: 1, -4, ⅔, √3.

 Imaginary numbers:
•An imaginary number is a number that can be written
as a real number multiplied by the imaginary unit i,
which is defined by its property i2 = −1. The square
of an imaginary number bi is −b2.

•Example: 5i is an imaginary number, and its square is

−25.
 Complex numbers:
•A complex number is a number that can be
expressed in the form a + bi, where a and b are real
numbers and i is the imaginary unit, that satisfies
the equation x2 = −1, that is, i2 = −1. In this
expression, a is the real part and b is the imaginary
part of the complex number.

•Complex numbers are represented by ℂ.