LITERATURE
To be an “educated person” –
• Writings having excellence of form or
expression and expressing ideas of
permanent or universal interest. (Merriam
Webster 11th ed.)
• Imaginative works of poetry and prose
distinguished by the intentions of their
authors and the perceived aesthetic
excellence of their execution. (Rexroth,
2020)
• n. Written works, especially those
considered of superior or lasting artistic
merit.
Literature is any written works with artistic merit
that express the author’s opinion, ideas, feeling and
his way of life. It also represents his culture and
tradition, and condition of life.
▪ Artistic merit – approved by famous people
or passed the standard; published.
o Novel prices
o Mostly fictional type
▪ Literary critique – assessing literary works
▪ Universal feelings/interest – example will be
how human acts (human nature); love
▪ Experience other than what you practice
▪ Imaginative works of poetry & prose –
fictional
▪ Aesthetic value –
o Non-fiction – beautiful as long as
you follow the format/standard
o Fiction – the sense of beauty
▪ Not everything you write is literature
o Because there should be process.
CATEGORIES
1. Language – You read because you want to:
a. learn other language;
b. improve your communication skills
c. People initially prefer to read
literature in their own language.
d. Reading is established during
primary level
RNL / BSMT
i.
which will limit anybody that
can cause you harm
2. Nature of origin – important to preserved
cultural integrity of the author
a. Different authors in different
countries have their own way of
presenting their works
b. Cultural integrity – how they would
preserve their cultures, traditions
3. Historical Period – important if you want to
know how the author think
a. Ex. Before: Misogynistic mindset
was considered normal in the archaic
era.
b. To know how literature was made
4. Genre – type
5. Topics and Themes – a book has moral
values.
a. There are different topics embedded
in a book – which are categorized
b. Themes are also for thesis
c. Themes and subthemes are very
useful in qualitative research.
i. Description/narration
ii. In depth interviews or focus
group
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING LITERATURE
1. Better reading comprehension
a. Identifies symbols/signs
b. Evaluate characters psychologically,
economically, etc.
c. Improves understanding
2. Improved Vocabulary
a. As you read, you’ll encounter
unfamiliar words – search for it.
b. Avoids redundancy on writing
c. Removes fillers
3. Better writing skills
a. Needed in professional field
4. Application of critical thinking skills
a. Ability to find correlation and
causation
b. However, not everything that
correlates is causation
 c. Formulate conclusion; from all the
gathered facts
5. Application of problem-solving skills
a. Process of doing research or learning
independently
6. Expand horizons
a. You become more
curious/inquisitive
b. You develop new perspective in life
7. Develop Empathy
a. Immerse yourself in the mind of
other people
b. You become more sociable and
collaborative
c. Develop your “morals”
8. Escapism and Possibilities
a. When you read, you go to another
place
b. Possibilities – alter ego
9. Addressing humanity
a. Literature as practical solution to
your worries and frustrations
b. Reading distracts you and helps you
concentrate your energy
10. Greater connection to humanity
a. You’re not alone
LITERARY GENRES
Historical – Involves a careful balance of
research and creative writing that involves
historical figure, events, settings.
o Some theme: Real human fighting a
fictional character
o writers express their appreciation,
respect, and obsession on the
characters in the past
o Modern writers: Introduce historical
figure in a wider perspective
Thriller - any type of material that is dark in
theme, mysterious and suspenseful
o Plot twists
o Red Hemings – misleading clues
o Cliffhanger – unsatisfactory ending;
makes you form your own ending
Mystery - deals with the use of clues and
problem solving.
RNL / BSMT
o Characters are law enforcers
o Ex. Nancy drew, Detective Conan
Horror - a type of fictional work that is meant
to scare, startle, shock or even repulse readers.
o Characters are sometimes from
traditional/mythical folklores
Western - Written works that specifically
involves the old west.
o White centric
o Villain: minority (ex. Natives)
o Stereotyping
Bildungsroman - Describes the growing
psychological and moral development of a
character.
o “childhood”
o Coming of age
o Novel of education
Comedy - Those which involves humor.
o Light hearted situation
o Ex. Adventures of Tom Sawyers
Romance - Love stories between 2 characters.
Speculative Fiction - literature that deals with
possibilities in a society which have not yet
been enacted but are latent.
Dystopian – a world destroyed due to some
reasons
o No political and economic structure
o Character’s life: fighting for sources;
survive challenges
Science Fiction – Earth of farthest galaxies
KINDS OF LITERATURE
➢ Fiction - Fabricated and based on the author’s
imagination.
➢ Nonfiction - Factual and reports on REAL
events, people and places.
➢ Drama - A kind of written work specifically
created for Stage Plays and Performance.
➢ Poetry - Imaginative awareness of experience
or a specific emotional response through
language
➢ Folktale/ Parable - Meant to pass on a particular
moral lesson
➢ Short Stories, Novels and Novella - A narration
of human experiences, the only difference is their
length.
 HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF LITERATURE Sophocles – Oedipus King

• He married his mother

• Sigmund Freud – Oedipus and Electra Complex
ANTIQUITY – “archaic”
• Trojan Horse from Iliad and Odyssey
• Orally passed down
• Earliest Egypt (Cuneiform), Mesopotamia, MIDDLE AGES
China (Calligraphy), Greek/Rome (Alphabet)
• European countries
Epic of Gilgamesh –Fear of death
• Literature is becoming available to the mass
Book of Death – clay tablets • Vernacular – becoming common
• Alighieri's Inferno
Iliad and Odyssey – available only for elites
• One Thousand and One nights
Out of War – military strategized book; Sun Tzu • Paradiso
• Purgatona
• Used in business, self-help book, military
• War = self-sacrifice; expensive Italian Vernacular
o Today, war can be in a psychological
form • “Maybe it’s good to educate the people”
o Timing is important • Stones are ways to preserve laws, traditions,
o Have a good plan (unique) family tree
o Know yourself, Know your enemy
o It’s okay to be deceptive RENAISSANCE
o Celebrate little success (step by step • “Rebirth” / “Awakening”
processes) • “Science”
o Know when and when not to fight • Gargantua and Pantagruel
o Written by Francois Rabelais – Inspired
Old Testament – for literary reading
many comedy writers
• Anthology collection of stories (love, marriage, o Comedy; giants that make fun of people
faith) • Decameron
• Realism – study of the flaws of characters o Giovanni Bocassio
• Bible is easy; available to everyone o telling each other their stories for 10
• Correction; Ethics days
o Human view point; not based on
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY supernatural
City of God – Augustus of Hippo (Algeria)
EARLY MODERN
City of Men – mandate city, org. political, economic and
social org, hierarchy
• Separation of monarchy and church
Sappho – used herself as a character
• “Fall of monarchy”
• Lyrical poet • Transition to the Modern Times
• Able to produce a lot of classical piece with • Use of English became popular
woman as a main character • Faerie Queen
• Tithonus poem o Edmund Spencer
o Younger woman – beauty, gaze
• Don Quixote
o Old woman – loses beauty
o Don Quixote of La Mancha
• Sapphic stanza – 4 lines
o Miguel de Cervantes
o 3 lines = 11 syllables
o Last tine = 5 syllables o “psychotic” man
RNL / BSMT
 o Want to relieve the chivalry,
romances
GOTHIC GOTHIC
• More of a character era
• Specific themes
• “evil” “flaws” of human beings
• Heavy use of metonymy
o Substitute something to depict or
show feelings
o Ex. Cemeteries, old caste, gloomy
weather or rain can mean “darkness”
• Heavy use of black, red, violet
The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Hyde
• Transform into a new being
• Split/Multiple personality
Dracula
• Romantic era (letters)
• Representation of what ego can do to you
Frankenstein
• Creation of scientists
• Science & Technology – what they can do
can sometimes endanger humanity
MODERN LITERATURE
MODERN LITERATURE
• Colonization
• Slavery
• Sexual liberty – During this era, there was
lesser restriction of what you write about
• Anarchy – political idealism (Laissez-Faire,
Capitalism)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Written by Harriet Stone
• Eliza escaping her landlords
Franz Kakfa – Metamorphosis
CONTEMPORARY
Anybody can be an author now.
RNL / BSMT
NON-FICTION
Any document/media platform that reports
only the TRUTH
HOW DO YOU CREATE NON-FICTION?
o Ways of process of maintaining the
truth and facts
1. Accuracy – quality of being correct and
precise
a. Narrates, describes, and reports
b. Ex. Interview the person directly
2. Reliability – consistency of results
a. Assessment tools: survey forms, tests
b. Standardized tests: tests with follow
standard and policies
3. Validity – logical and factual composition
a. Academic research
b. Logical – “sound”
i. Criterion – tests for outcome
measure; grade or score; tells you
how much you’ve learned
ii. Construct – important variables to
consider in testing outcomes
iii. Content – appropriate questions
c. Variables
i. Physical – neatness and
organization
ii. Abstract – confidence and
patience
4. No symbols
5. Simple language
a. Important to define technical terms
6. Correct use of punctuation mark
7. Uses citations (in text) and
references/bibliography
SPECIFIC TYPES:
1. Academic Paper; Academic Publishing;
Textbooks;
➢ Intended for school/academic
institutions
➢ Instructional
2. Biography – third person
➢ Autobiography – first person
3. Journalism
➢ Reports on detailed facts/events only
➢ Can be done online or offline
4. Diary/Journal
 ➢ Regular or daily accounds of a
person; routines, list, and feelings
5. Handbook
➢ Policies and regulation of
institutions, companies, and bureau
6. History
7. Scientific Paper
➢ documents as a result of
experimentation, theory testing,
innovation
8. Technical Writing
➢ Correspondence
➢ Way of communication

THE RESEARCH STUDY

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
D. SCOPE AND LIMITATION
E. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
F. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
G. HYPOTHESIS
H. DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE
A. THEMATIC ORGANIZATION OF
SOURCES
B. SYNTHESIS OF THE RRL

CHAPTER 3 - METHODOLOGY
A. RESEARCH DESIGN
B. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
C. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
D. STATISTICAL TREATMENTS

CHAPTER 4- PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

CHAPTER 5 - SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPEDINX

RNL / BSMT