Tom studies every day. Tom in siii4ying right now.

PASTPROGRESSWT
FRESENTFbRFRCT PRESENT PERF'•ECT PROGRESSIVE

Tom bus already s bridled Chapter One. Tom her &eer ctwdyfngfor rwo hours.

PAST PERFECT Pn T PERFTsCT PRO G RFSSIVE

Tom font already str ffi•f Chapter One before he Tom had tween cn•d;'iny t’or i:we hours before his
began studying Chapter Two. friends came.

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Tom mill already A•it•r sit•6icif Chapter Four betore Tom ii'i/f tint e fiecn .stiiJyiriji for two hours by the
he studies Chapter Five. time his rnommate gets home.

Overview ci verb Tenses 7

 2-7 IRREGULAR VERBS: As ALrHaaETICnr use
Note: Verbs followed by a bullet (•) are defined at the end of the list.
SI MPLE SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST
FORM PAST PARTICIPLE FO RM PAST PARTI CIPLE
arise arose arise forbid forbade forbidden
be waS,wCre been forecast• forecast forecast
bear bore borne/born forget forgot torgoticn
beat beat beatert/beai forgive forgave forgiven
become becamr beccme forsake• forsook forsaken
begin began begun freeze froze frozen
bend bent bend 8° got gotten/gut*
bet• bet bet
give gave given
bid• bid bid weu‹ gone
B°
bind• bourtd bound
grind• ground ground
bite bit bitten
grow grew grown
t›lccd bled bled
hang** hung hung
blow blew blpwp
brC;tk brGk€ broken have had had
breed• bred bred hear heard heard
bring brought brought hide mid hidden
broadcast• broadcast broad rast hlt hit hit
build built built hold held held
bum burned/burnt burned/burnt hurt hurt hurt
burst• burst burst keep kept kept
buy bought bought kneel labeled/knelt meeted/knelt
C8S1’ CitSt C i2St know knew known
Cillch C8Ught cnught lay laid laid
choose chose chosen lead lcd )ed
L]frlg• ClUfl g ',l tjfjg l98ft leanedfleant
leaned/leant
C0me came come leap leaped/leaps
leaped/leapt
COS I COSt C OS I
learn learned/ learned/
creep• crept crept
learnt learnt
cut cut cur
H8V£! left left
deai• de.alt dealt
lend lent lent
dig dug dug
do did done ct let let
dr6W df€W drawn lie lay lain
dream dreamed/ dreamed/ light lighied/lit lighted/lit
dreamt dreamt lose lost lost
cat ate eaten m ke rriade made
fail fell fallen mean meant meant
feed ted fed meet met met
feel telt felt mislay mislaid mislaid
figh foughl fought mistake mistook mistaken
t found found P•i’ paid paid
find fivntted rivetted put put put
fit fled fled quit**’ quit quit
tJee• read tead read
M ggg ltd rid rid
fl y Fide rode ridden
rang rung
• ln Briosh English: yr-got-pot. my American English: g+i—for—gcrrcn/per.
‘ *K• ,g fs a regular Verb when it Orleans IO hi11 SOrrleOne with 8 rOp e a rOtmd hisfher neck. COSIPA RE: / fzffng rite rñiffief f›I /Ijy
closet. Thuy Mnged ihr mar& rer 6v Ohr neck unnl hv was lead.
• ••Also possible in British English: Muir—guns uin‹d.

22 CHAPTER 2
SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST
FORM PAST PARTICIPLE FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
rise tose spring• sprang/sprung sprung
run r8n run stand siood stood
say said *aid steal stole stolen
see saw seen stick stuck stuck
seek• sought sought sting• Stultg srung
sell sold sold Srunk
stink• stank/stunk
send sen i sent
strike• struck sirucWstricken
set set set
strive• snove/seised siriven/strived
shake shook shaken
sring strung sorting
shed• shed shed
shine Phone/shined shone/shined swear swore sworn
shoot shot shot sweep swept swept
show showed shown/showed swim swam SWUt¥T
shrink• shrank/shrunk shrunk swing• swung swung
shut shut shut take took taken
sing sang sung teach taught taught
sink• sank sunk tear tore torn
sit sat sat real told told
sleep slept slept think thought bought
slidc• slid slid throw threw thrown
s1it• slit slit thrust• thrust thrust
smell smelled/smelt smelled/smelt understand understood understood
speak spoke spoken
undertake undertook undertaken
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded
upset upset upset
spell spelled/speit spelled/spelt
wake woke/waked woken/waked
spend speni spent
spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt wear wore worn
spin• spun spun weave• wove woven
spit spin/spat spic*spat weep• cept wept
split• split spltt win won won
spoil spoile‹1/spuili spoiled/spoilt wind• wound wound
spread• spread spread withdraw withdrew
write wrote written
•Definitions of some of the less frequently used irregular verbs:
Jai . . . . . . wager: ofl’er to pay money /orrmr . . . predict a fururc occurrence Mtg . iump tar rise suddenly from
if one loses /orrale . . . abandon or desert a stll] poSlt3On
hld . . . . m9ke an offer of muney, grt’nd...........crush, reduce to small bring , . . cause pain with a shatp
usually at a public sale pieces object (e.g., pin) or bite
fasten or secure s+:«A................look for (e.g., by an msecij
bring animals vogetner tc odel............drop off or get rid of .‹ii'né . . . have a bad or foul smell
produce young shrlnb........bec‹ame smaller srtsiu' . . 6 it something wiih furce
brondcun . . send information by radio rixb............move downward, ohcn rrtcc . . wy hard to achiei•e a goel
waves: announce under water r«n'rig . . rriove back and forth
bum . . . explode; break suddenly slide...........glide smoothly, slip or ihnusc . . push forcibly; shove
skid not . . form by passing pieces of
rusf .. . . . throw i/iI . .. , . . cut z narrow opening material over and undet
c/›'y . . . . hold on tigb try spin............rurn rapidly around a each other (as in making
civr y . . . . , crawl cloxe to the ground; ctniral point b#sksts, c)othj
move slowly and quietly ip/ir ,............divide into rwo or more +,p„. cry
&'J . . . . distribute playing cards to paris mind . . . tsounds like find) rum
each person; give rpread , . . push out in all directions amund and around
attention to (deal with) (e.g., butter on breed,
usr . . . . . . escape; run away news)
fling.............th row with force

Presenf and Post, Simple anO Progressive 23