GEWORLD Anti-globalization – the activists’ term for movement in
The Contemporary World 1990s resisting trade deals among countries facilitated
LESSON 1
What is Globalization?
RELEVANCE IF THIS COURSE
1. A cure to parochialism.
 An outlook is limited to one’s immediate
community.
 Close-minded
2. It can teach you more about yourself.
• The experience of communities outside our own
may provide solutions to many of our
problems…or provide warnings.
• Knowledge of other societies’ economic growth
can be a model in policy making. (NZ’s dealing
with COVID 19)
3. You need to study the world because you will
be interacting with it.
 2009 - 4,018 - Filipinos per day left to become
OFW/OCW
 2015 – 6,092 – OFW left the country / day to
work abroad.
 This is the reality that an aspiring OFW should
be oriented with
 But those who choose to stay in Philippines,
must always be confronted with the
phenomenon of globalization, i.e. become
employee of foreign companies; will use
internet; will use foreign products and
technologies, etc.
4. The phenomenon of globalization occurs
subjectively.
 We think about the world (#PrayforPhils.)
 We associate ourselves with global trends (fan
of K-Pop)
 Hopefully, we feel some sense of responsibility
(i.e., climate change, Covid 19 cases)
What is Globalization?
A working Definition
Mostly, globalization is viewed as
 primarily an “economic process.”
 “the integration of the national markets to a
wider global market signified by the increased
free trade.”
by global organizations like WTO.
• Globalization scholars (or the academics) do not
disagree with the Anti’s perspective, they are
sympathetic because they see it in a broader
term. They view the process through various
lenses that consider multiple theories and
perspectives.
• Academics call this an Interdisciplinary
Approach - the approach used in the context of
general education (GE) courses. And so, the best
“scholarly” description of globalization is
provided by the scholar Manfred Steger.
Manfred Steger described
Globalization as:
 “an expansion and
intensification of social
relations and consciousness
across world-time and
world-space.”
• expansion: means both the creation of new
social networks and the multiplication of
existing connections that cut across traditional
political, economic, cultural and geographic
boundaries.
• intensification: refers to expansion, stretching,
and acceleration of these networks. *
Manfred Steger differentiated “globalization” with
the term “globalism.”
• globalization: the many processes that allow for
the expansion and intensification of global
connections.
• globalism: is a widespread belief among
powerful people that the global integration of
economic market is beneficial for everyone,
since it spreads freedom and democracy across
the world.
*Intensification and Acceleration of Social
Exchanges and Activities
 From snail mail to Facebook
 Live television broadcast
 Increased travel (cheap flights)
For the economist, globalization means:
 Increased free trade
 Speed of trade (milliseconds to trade shares)
 Formation of global economic organizations
 Setting up of regional economic blocs

Drivers of Globalization Processes
“driver”
• the one that makes it possible for a thing to run.
• in computing, a device driver is a computer
program that operates or controls a particular type of
device in a PC   transnational spread of capital
1. Politics – e.g. laws, regulations – visa free
countries etc.
2. Economics – interconnectedness of trades;
stocks, $, etc.
The 5 Scapes of Globalization
Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai
-there are different kinds of
globalization that occur on multiple
and intersecting dimensions of
integration that he calls SCAPES
1. Ethnoscape – refers to the global movement of
people.
2. Mediascape – flow of culture.
3. Technoscape – circulation of mechanical goods
and software.
4. Financescape – global circulation of money.
5. Ideoscape – realm where political ideas move
around.
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Key Concepts of Globalization
Globalization is not new in the modern context.
 Cuturela (2012) - cited a published work,
Towards New Education, which used the term
“globalization” in 1930.
 Globalization - to designate an overview of the
human experience in education.
 After the Cold War the term was already used to
define an interdependent world when it comes to its
economical and informational dimensions.
 As it is defined by Webster, globalization is the
development of an increasingly integrated global
economy marked by free trade, free flow of capital,
and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets.
 Roland Robertson (1992) – described
globalization as the compression of the world and the
intensification of the perception of the world as a
whole.”
Note: Roland Robertson – professor of Sociology at the
University of Aberdeen.
 Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King (1990) -
Globalization is “all those processes by which the
people of the world are incorporated into a single
world society (borderless community).”
Globalization has exerted a tremendously serious impact
on each sovereign state.
 formation of the global markets
Note: Global markets mean the disintegration of economies of
various countries).
Anthony Giddens (1991)
-globalization as the intensification of worldwide social
relations which link distant localities in such a way that
local happenings are shaped by events occurring many
miles away and vice-versa.
Note: Anthony Giddens – author of The Consequence of
Modernity.
Rapid interconnection worldwide that links people
 local
 national
 regional context.
This interconnectedness is created because of the ff:
 social
 economic relationships
 networks which are relevant in the global
interactions.
Steger (2005)
-globalization should be confined to a set of
complex, social processes that are changing
our current social condition derived from
the modern independence of nation-states.
 multidimensional set of social processes that
create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide
social interdependencies and exchanges while at the
same time fostering in people a growing awareness
of deepening connections between the local and the
distant.
 International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified
some overviews of various areas of globalization.
Globalization ‘offers extensive opportunities for
truly worldwide development, but it is not
progressing evenly (why?)’.
 IMF conveyed that there are some countries that
have been able to integrate into the global market
rapidly, yet there are also some that have not yet
integrated. Those countries that were able to
integrate in the global market grow fast and able to
reduce problems of poverty.
  Globalization is not a recent phenomenon and
there is nothing mystifying about it.
 In the 1980’s, the term “globalization” has
become a common word manifesting advances in
modern technologies that have made international
transactions, in both trade and finances, convenient,
accessible, and easy.
IMF (2000) noted that globalization refers to an
extension beyond national borders of the same
market forces that have operated for centuries at all
levels of human economic activity which includes
village markets, urban industries, or financial
centers.
Will Hutton & Anthony Giddens, as cited by
Cuturela (2009) - emphasized that globalization is
the interplay of extraordinary technological
innovation mixed with influence of the world that
gives today’s changing complexity.
 the balance between science or knowledge and
resources has changed in such a way that science
and knowledge have become perhaps the most
significant factor in the determination of the
country’s standard of living.
 The countries with the most advanced
economies are the countries with the most
modern technology based on science and
knowledge.
5 Core Claims of Market Globalism
Steger (2014)
- the mid-1990’s, more population in the global
north and south had accepted globalism’s core
claims, thus internalizing large parts of its
overarching neo-liberal framework that advocated
the deregulation of markets, the liberalization of
trade, the privatization of state-owned enterprises,
and, after 9/11, the qualified support of the global
‘War on Terror’ under US leadership.
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and
global integration of market. This is absolutely
anchored in the neo—liberal ideal of self-
regulating market as the normative basis for a
future global order.
 This perspective explains the relevant functions
of free market – its rationality and efficiency, as
well as its alleged ability to bring about greater
social integration and material progress-can only
be realized in a democratic society that values
and protects individual freedom.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible. The
market-globalist perspective sees globalization
as the spread of irreversible market forces driven
by technological innovations that make the
global integration of national economies
inevitable. As a matter of fact, market globalism
is always interlaced with a belief that markets
have the capacity to use new technologies to
solve social problems.
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization. This
claim highlights the semantic link between
‘globalization-market’ and the adjacent idea of
‘leaderlessness’. Robert Hormats (1998) opined
that ‘
 The great beauty of globalization is that no
one is in control.’ This only means that no
individual, no government, or no institution
has the control over globalization.
 Similarly, Thomas Friedman (1999:112-3)
emphasized that the most basic truth about
globalization is this: ‘No one is in charge…
But the global marketplace today is an
Electronic Herd of often anonymous stock,
bond, and currency traders and multinational
investors, connected by screens and
networks.’
4. Globalization benefits everyone. This lies at the
heart of market globalism and represents a
‘good’ phenomenon. AT the 1996 G-7 Summit
in Lyons, France, the heads of state and
government of the world’s seven most powerful
industrialized nations issued a joint Economic
Communique (1996) that exemplifies the
principal meaning of this claim:
 Economic growth and progress in today’s
interdependent world is bound up with the
process of globalization. Globalization
provides great opportunities for the future,
not only for our countries, but for all
others, too.
 Its many positive aspects include an
unprecedented expansion of investment and
trade; the opening up to international trade
of the world’s most populous regions and
opportunities for more developing
countries to improve their standards of
living; the increasingly rapid dissemination
of information, technological innovation,
and the proliferation of skilled jobs.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy
in the world.
Francis Fukuyama (2000) stressed that there exists a
‘clear correlation’ between the country’s level of
economic development and successful democracy.
 There is a correlation between a country's level
of economic development and successful
democracy. Recently, a study was done that
examined the transitions to democracy of several
nations. Once equivalent GDP per capita in 1992
purchasing power parity dollars reached $6,000,
there's no country in history that has become a
democracy and then lapsed back into
authoritarianism.

 While globalization and capital development do

not automatically produce democracies, ‘the
level of economic development resulting from
globalization is conducive to the creation of
complex civil societies with a powerful middle
class. It is this class and societal structure that
facilitates democracy’.

The former First Lady

Hillary Rodham Clinton
(1999) praised the Eastern
Europe’s economic
transition towards
capitalism by saying,
“The emergence of new businesses and
shopping centers in former communist countries
should be seen as the ‘backbone of democracy.’