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Chapter-3 Partial Fractions, Algebraic Relationships, Surds, Indices, Logarithms
Chapter-3 Partial Fractions, Algebraic Relationships, Surds, Indices, Logarithms
Unit 1
Chapter-3
Partial Fractions, Algebraic Relationships, Surds, Indices, Logarithms
x2 1
An improper fraction of the form may be written as
x2 1
x2 1 x2 1 2 2
2 2 1 2
x 1 x 1 x 1
2
x 1
This process is called expressing or decomposing a single fraction as a sum of two (or
several) separate fractions or Partial fractions.
Example1
2 x
Consider the rational expression 2 .
x 1 x 1
2 x 2 1 xx 1 3x 2 x 2
This expression can be expressed in the compact form as = .
x 1 x 2 1 x 1 x 2 1
Example 2
x3
Consider the expression .
x 2x 4
This expression can be expressed as the sum of two Partial fractions as
x3 A B
= .
x 2x 4 x 2 x 4
Here the values of A and B are to be determined in the following way,
x3 A B
= .
x 2x 4 x 2 x 4
x 3 Ax 4 Bx 2
1
2
5 1
Substituting x 2 gives A and substituting x 4 gives B . So
6 6
x3 5 1
= .
x 2x 4 6x 2 6x 4
3.1.1 Supplementary Problems
3 3 x 1
1) 2) 3)
( x 1)( x 1) ( x 4)( x 1) ( x 2)( x 2)
3 x3 2x 1
4) 5) 6)
(2 x 1)( x 2) ( x 1) x ( x 1)(3x 2)
3x x 2 2x 4 2x 1
7) 8) 9)
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) 2 x( x 3)( x 1) (3x 1)(2 x 1)
5x x 2 1 3x x( x 1)
10) 11) 12)
x( x 1)(2 x 1) (2 x 1)( x 2) ( x 1)( x 2)
x2 4
13)
x( x 1)( x 3)
Type 1
x p q 2
1) If , the value of p and q are:
( x 1)( x c) x 1 x 3
2
3
b c
Let x2 2 x 0
2a a
b b2 b2 c
x2 2 x 2 2 0
2a 4a 4a a
b
2
b2 c
x 2
2a 4a a
b b 2 4ac
x
2a 4a 2
b b 2 4ac
x .
2a 2a
b b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac
Hence the two values for x are x and x
2a 2a 2a 2a
Example:
Solve; x 2 16 0
x 2 16
x 16
x 42 1
x 4 1
Note:
The number 1 is not a real number. It is considered as an imaginary number and denoted
with the letter i. i.e. i 1 . So, in the above example the solutions of the given equation
are x 4i and x 4i .
3
4
1) 2x 2 6x 4 0 2) x 2 4 x 8 0 3) 2 x 2 7 x 3 0
4) x 2 2x a 0 5) x 2 2ax b 0 6) ax 2 bx c 0
Determine the nature of the roots of the following equation but do not solve the equations.
7) x 2 6 x 9 0 8) x 2 6 x 10 0 9) 2 x 2 5x 3 0
3.3 Surds
a b ab
For example:
i. 3 12 3 12 36 6
ii. 32 2 32 2 64 8
a
a b
b
For example:
4
5
72
i. 72 2 36 6
2
45
ii. 45 5 9 3
5
a b ab
a b a b
Example (1):
(a)
243 12 2 75
81 3 4 3 2 25 3
81 3 4 3 2 25 3
9 3 2 3 10 3
17 3
(b)
50 8 32
25 2 4 2 16 2
5 2 2 2 4 2
11 2
5
6
( 9 5 )( 9 5 ) ( 9 ) 2 ( 5 ) 2 9 5 4
For example: ( 7 3 )( 7 3 ) ( 7 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 7 3 4
( m n )( m n ) ( m ) 2 ( n ) 2 mn
Example (2):
5
Simplify
3
5 5 3 5 3
3 3 3 3
Example (3):
4
Simplify
7 3
4 4 7 3 4( 7 3 )
7 3
7 3 7 3 7 3 73
Example (4)
1 1
Find, without using tables or calculators, the value of
3 2 3 2
1 1 (3 2 ) (3 2 ) 3 2 3 2 6
3 2 3 2 (3 2 )(3 2 ) 92 7
i. 27 vi. 27 3 27
1 1
v. 5 125 8 ix.
3 7 3 7
6
7
i. (3 2 ) 2 3 22 3 72
iv. vi.
3 2 2 3 7 2
ii. (3 2 3 ) 2
iii. ( 3 1) 2 2 3 3 2
v.
2 33 2
1 2 1 2 14
i. iii.
5 3 5 3 7 2
7 32 5
ii.
3 52 3
1 1 1 1
i. iii.
3 5 3 5 (1 5 ) 2
(1 5 )2
50 18
ii.
32 8
7
8
3.4 Indices
If a positive integer a is multiplied by itself three times .We get a 3 , i.e. a a a a 3 .Here a
is called the base and 3, the index or power .Thus a 4 means the 4th power of a, In general,
a n means the power of a , where n is any positive index of the positive integer a.
There are several important rules to remember when dealing with indices.
m 4
a 5
(5) a m b m e.g. 54 34
b 3
(6) a0 1 e.g. 50 1
1 1
(7) a n e.g. 5 3
an 53
1 1
(8) a a
n n
e.g. 8 3 8
3
m 2
(9) a n (n a )m e.g. 8 3 (3 8 )2
Example 1
1 3 3
1 1
16 2
3
i. 23 iii. 16 4 4
3 3
8
23 8
3 3
1 1 1 1 1
ii. 8 82
3 3 iv. 25 2 3
3
2 25 5 125
25
8
9
Example 2
1 2 1 1
4
Evaluate: (i) a 3 a 5 a 2 (ii) a3b2 (iii) 3
a 5 a 2 a 1 2
1 2 1 1
a a a
3 5 2 3
a 5 a 2 a 1 2
1 2 1 1 2 1
a 3 5 2 a3 a5 a 2
i. iii.
10 12 15 1 2 1
a 30 a3 5 2
7 17
a 30 a 30
a b 3 2 4
Example 3
2 x 32 4 x 1 0.25
i. 2 x 25 4 x 1
1
x 5 4
ii. 4 4 1
x 1
x 1 1
x 2
Example 4 8 y2 8 y 1 y
1
2x
8
2 2 3
x
x 3
9
10
2 x 1(inadmissib le)
When y 1
1 1
2x 3 2 3
8 2
Hence x 3
Example 5
1
If 3x 92 y 27 and 2 x 4 y , calculate the value of x and y.
8
3x 92 y 27 1
.
2 x 4 y
1
2
8
From (1):
3x 32 33
2y
3x 34 y 33
3x 4 y 33
x 4 y 3 3
From (2):
2 x 22 y
1
23
2 x 2 2 y 2 3
2 x 2 y 2 3
x 2 y 3 4
6y 6
(3) – (4):
y 1
x43
x 1
x 1 and y 1
10
11
i. 7 1
4 2
1 3
xi. 8 3 4 1
vii.
ii. 17 0 27
1
1 4
3
1
2 xii. 4 3
iii. 49 2 viii. 625
4
2
3 1
iv. 8
1 2
ix.
3 576
5
v. 243
4
3
1 x. 512
4
vi. 81
a3 a 4 a 2
3
ii. ab 2
xii. 2 4
vii. 3
a a 9a b
iii. 12a 4 4a 6
viii. 8
a7 a
5
3 ix. 4
a3 a 3 a 2
iv. 16a 2
4a 2
15
x. 6
a x 2 9 a x 3
1 2
v. a b 3 5
i. 3x 81 iii. 32 x 8 v. 16 x
1
2
ii. 5x 125 iv. 2x
1
8
11
12
vi. 7x
1 ix. 4x 32 x 6 xii. 53 x 4 x 1
1
49 125
vii. 5x 1 x. 2x 4x 1 82 x 1
viii. 34 x 27 x 3
xi. 3x 92 x 272 x 1
i. 22 x 2x 2 12 v.
9 x 3 4 3x
1 5 2x 2 4x 2
ii. 32 t 3t 2 3 vi.
3
2 x 1 x2
vii.
9 x 1 28 3x 3 0
iii. 2 9 2 1 0
viii.
32 x 2 81 246 3x
iv. 32 x 1 9 3x 3 3x
5. Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations:
i. 7 x y 49, 7 x y 343
iii. 3x y 243, 22 x 5 y 8
1
iv. 52 x y 625, 2 4 x 2 y
16
1
v. 3 x 81y 27, 2x 8y
16
12
13
3.5 Logarithms
For any number y such that y a x (a>0 and a≠1), the logarithm of y to the base a is defined
to be x and is denoted by log a y .
Thus
y a x means that log a y =x
For example,
81 34 log 3 81 4
100 10 log 10 100 2
2
Example 1
1
Find the value of (i) log 2 64 (ii) log 9 3 (iii) log 3 (iv) log 8 0.25
9
i. Let log 2 64 x
64 2 x 1
iii. Let log 3 x
9
26 2 x
x 6 1
3x
9
ii. Let log 9 3 x
9 1 3 x
3 9x 3 2 3 x
x 2
31 32 x
2x 1 iv. Let log 8 0.25 x
1
x
2
13
14
0.25 8 x
1
23 x
4
2 2 23 x
3 x 2
2
x
3
Example 2
Find the logarithm of the following to the base indicated in brackets: (i) 27 (3) (ii) 64 (8)
(iii) 1000 (10) (iv) 0.25 (2)
27 33
i.
log 3 27 3
64 82
ii.
log 8 64 2
1000 103
iii.
log 10 1000 3
0.25 22
iv.
log 2 0.25 2
14
15
m
(2) log a log a m log a n
n
m a x and n a y
Multiply m by n: m n a x a y
mn a x y
log a mn x y log a m log a n
m a x and n a y
Divide m by n: m n a x a y
m
a x y
n
m
log a x y log a m log a n
n
m ax
m n a xn
log a m n xn n log a m
Example 3
41 41
Without using tables, evaluate log 10 log 10 70 - log 10 2 log 10 5 :
35 2
15
16
41 41
log 10 log 10 70 - log 10 2 log 10 5
35 2
41 2
log 10 70 52
35 41
log 10 100
log 10 10 2
2 log 10 10
2
Example 4
Given that log 10 4 2 log 10 p 2 , Calculate the value of p without using tables or
Calculators.
log 10 4 2 log 10 p 2
log 10 (4 p 2 ) =2
4 p 2 10 2
p 2 = 100
4
P= 5
1. 5 2 25 2. 120 1 3. 7 3 343
1 1 1
4. 3 5. 2 3 6. 216 6 3
3 8
1
7. log 2 8 3 8. log 5 625 4 9. log 2 1
2
16
17
1
10. log 9 1 0 11. log 6 2 12. log 10 1000 3
36
1
13. log 3 1 x 14. log 2 2 5 x 15. log 5 x
5
1
19. log 5
5 x 20. log 4 x 21. log 5 x 3
2
1
26. log 16 27. log 5 5 x 28. log 3 12 log 3 4 29. log 7 5 log 7 15
4
1 81 17 5 3
32. 2 log 3 5 log 3 10 3 log 3 4 33. log 10 log 10 2 log 10 log 10 17
2 17 4 3 2
If log 3 2 .6309 and log 3 5 1.456 , evaluate the following without the use of calculators or
logarithm tables:
1
37. log 3 5 38. log 3 2.5 39. log 3 3
3
1
40. log 3 41. log 3 100 42. log 3 12
8
17
18
2 3 1
(3) log 2 8 log 2 16 log 2 32
3 2 2
10 24 5
(4) log 4 log 4 3 log 4
9 25 6
4 32 9
(6) log 6 log 6 log 6 log 6 8
15 7 4 105
Example 1
3x 4.7
lg 3 x lg 4.7
x lg 3 lg 4.7
lg 4.7
x= = 1.409
lg 3
Example 2
2 x 3 x =18
6 x =18
lg 6 x = lg 18
x lg 6 lg 18
18
19
lg 18
x= = 1.61(correct to 2 decimal places).
lg 6
1. Solve the following equations, giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures , where
necessary :
(1) 7 53 3 x2 (2) 4 5 x 0.74 (3) 5 2 x 100 5 x2
(4) 7 2 x 7 7 x 12 0
lg 27 lg 8 lg 125
Simplify
lg 6 lg 5
1b
(1) Find the value of ( ) in terms of a.
3
2.4 Summary
Surds:
a
(1) a b ab (2) a b
b
(3) a b and a b are conjugate surds. The product of Conjugate surds is a rational
number.
Indices:
1 m
n
(4) a 1
0
(5) a 1 (6) a a
n n
(7) a n
n a m (n a ) m
an
Logarithms
19
20
m
(3) log a m log a n log a
n
(5) log a 1 0
(6) log a a 1
20