MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SCIENCES

LECTURER: MISS.NAMUJJUZI SYLIVIA
BRM: 3103: PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION
GROUP COURSE WORK
NAME: REG:NO STUD:NO

JAALA JOSEPH 17/U/4210/EVE 217004819

AFOYOMUNGU PATRICIA 18/U/27094/EVE 180072094

NAMAYITO JANET 17/U/8135/EVE 21701370

NAMUTEBI FARIDAH 17/U/8430/EVE 217013906

NAMUJJUZI SHIFRAH 17/U/8343/EVE 21701343

ARINDWAMUKAMA ROBINSON 17/U/2939/EVE 217012398

SSEKAALATA JULIUS 17/U/10119/EVE 217015174

KATO LAURENCE 17/U/4817/EVE 217009392

NAMULEME JULIET 17/U/8363/EVE 217006542

LUTTAMAGUZI EZRA 17/U/5802/EVE 217017503

NAMMUSANGA CHRISTINE 17/U/8402/EVE 217016884

ACHERO JOSEPHINE 17/U/2034/EVE 217002690

NAKAFFERO PROSSY 17/U/15186/EVE 217005063

KAVUMA ISAAC ZACCHEAUS 17/U/13268/EVE 217008070

NAMUKWAYA CHRISTINE 17/U/8355/EVE 21701014

QN. (1).Identify pollutants that could affect the quality of the air in or around your archival
institution, library information centers or records offices. What steps could you take to reduce the
effect of each of these five pollutants?

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Air pollution, this refers to the release into the atmosphere of various gases, finely divided
solids, or finely dispersed liquid aerosols at rates that exceed the natural capacity of the
environment to dissipate and dilute or absorb them.

This occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including the gases (CO2, CO,
SO2, NO, CH4, CFC, Radon, etc.), particles (both organic and inorganic), and biological
molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. These substances may reach concentrations in
the air that cause undesirable health, economic, or aesthetic effects and to the side records and
archives management, it causes a lot of harm to both the records and the officers.

The following are some of the pollutants that could affect the quality of the air in or around
your archival institution, library information centers or records offices.

Volcanic eruptions; these release sulfur gases, ashes, dust and a lot of heat, these
gases combine with the water vapor released by the eruption and the water vapor in the
atmosphere to form sulfurous and sulfuric acid. This form a vog a toxic mixture of water and
acid that is very harmful to paper records and people who breath the mixture and can put work at
stand still if not total destruction of records. A massive volcanic eruption has the potential of
discharging huge swathe of dust into the atmosphere to an extent of obstructing sunlight from
reaching the earth surface.

Soot and fumes; these are a byproduct of burning fossil fuels, particularly coal. It
is emitted by a variety of sources, including burning coal for electricity or industrial fuel,
manufacturing, oil refining, and motor vehicles. These are later released into the air as either
extremely small particles or liquid droplets.

Some solid particles are emitted directly into the air while others are formed when gases form
particles as they are carried thousands of miles from pollution sources. Soot poses tremendous
harms to public health, particularly because of its size. Particulate matter is so small that it can
easily enter your lungs and bloodstream, potentially causing damage in a number of ways which
are not good for the records and the officers.

Emissions From Industrial Plants and Manufacturing Activities; with the

current rate of industrialization and increased manufacturing activities, high levels of smoke,

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sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter are emitted into the air. In a typical industrial plant, for
instance, it is easy to notice the long chimneys or smokestacks erected into the air, emitting large
amounts of fumes and smoke from it.

Industrial plants, factories, and power plants release high amounts of organic compounds,
chemicals, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide into the air. Industrial plants that refine
petroleum, manufacture cement, produce metals such as steel and aluminum, process plastics, or
manufacture chemical products are among the industries and manufacturing activities that
release lots of foreign harmful materials into the air.

Natural Causes of Air Pollution; examples of natural events that lead to air
pollution include volcanic eruptions, whirlwinds, forest fires, and gaseous releases from
decaying plants and animals or radioactive decay of rocks. Forest fires often begin naturally and
can release huge amounts of smoke and dust particles that float in the air. The smoke and dust
can be carried for miles within a short time leading to widespread air pollution. Some of the
biggest wildfires have emitted smoke that drifted several miles across bordering cities and
countries.

Combustion From Fossil Fuels; in the modern world, fossil fuel combustion is
the biggest contributor to air pollution. The leading culprit today is traffic, but factories and
power plants also continue to contribute to some extent. Conventional power plants that combust
fossil fuels to produce energy emits hazardous gases such as oxides of nitrogen, Carbon
Monoxide, particulates, and hydrocarbons into the air.

The number of cars on our roads are overwhelming and increasing, with an estimated number of
more than half a billion cars on the road. Heavy duty trucks, shipping vessels, trains, and
airplanes also combust lots of fossil fuels to function. All these transportation utilities are power-
driven by diesel and gasoline engines that combust petroleum to produce energy.

Wastes; in some regions, waste is incinerated instead of being land-filled or recycled and as
such, it substantially contributes to air pollution. Some agricultural practices like burning
agricultural land after harvest or burning as a mechanism for clearing land cover is also a
significant cause of air pollution and may turn out not to be good for the records and archival
institutions or offices.

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But although there are a lot of issues with air pollution the following are some of the
steps/solutions that can be taken to try to resolve the issue of air pollution.

Renewable fuel and clean energy production addressing Combustion From Fossil Fuels

The most basic solution for air pollution is to move away from fossil fuels, replacing them with
alternative energies like solar, wind and geothermal this can reduce on the amounts of hazardous
gases such as oxides of nitrogen, Carbon Monoxide, particulates, and hydrocarbons that are
released into the air.

Reduction in the emission addressing Emissions From Industrial Plants and Manufacturing
Activities;

Of pollutants by changing to cleaner fuels and processes . Pollutants not eliminated in this way
must be collected or trapped by appropriate air-cleaning devices as they are generated and before
they can escape into the atmosphere. Some of the devices are as follow; scrubbers, cyclones,
electronic precipitators, bag house filters and so on these improve on the quality of air released
by the factories.

Enacting of strong law, policies and regulations addressing Combustion From Fossil Fuels

More especially to the factories and the industries that release large amounts of fumes into the a
tmosphere , at list these factories and industries should filter or sieve the fumes before they are
released to the environment.

Treatment of industrial wastes addressing Wastes, heavy metal wastes like lead, mercury, and
heavy oils should not be directly released to the environment due to their negative effects to the
atmosphere and the human wastes and other sewage products should not be released before
treatment or they should be recycled.

Gas absorption addressing Natural Causes of Air Pollution ; this is one of the most
commonly used methods, especially for controlling emissions from small sources. It can be
physical adsorption or chemisorption’s. The latter is rarely used for the VOC emission control
because, it involves a less-reversible chemical bonding of the adsorb ate (pollutant) and the
adsorbing solid (packing) and is relatively expensive. Physical adsorption uses the Van der
Waals force, giving the advantage of reversibility and regeneration due to the weaker bonding of
the gas and adsorbent material. The adsorbed material can be either recovered or incinerated.
Regeneration is usually accomplished by heating or extraction/displacement. Activated carbon is
a commonly used adsorbent.

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Finally records institutions and libraries should be located in strategic location that are as
free from industries as possible, and just in case this is inevitable working gears should be
provided to the staff and extra care should be given to the records.

CONCLUSION

From this it is clear that we have numerous ways of controlling air pollution. The only thing
require is to use it inappropriate form. This paper represents the different technologies that are
employed in various industry and the use of different fuels that are immanent for the solution of
air pollution. Air pollution involves spate of pollutants which creates a lot of chronic and acute
diseases in human being so we have to put the foreign particles within the constraint of standard
limit. So we have come under a conclusion that the best technologies given for controlling NOX,
VOC, SO2, Mercury are given in the above .

References

"18.1 Maximizing the Net Benefits of Pollution | Principles of Economics". open.lib.umn.edu.

Retrieved 2018-03-07.

William), Pearce, David W. (David (1990). Economics of natural resources and the
environment.Turner, R. Kerry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-
3987-0. OCLC 20170416.

R., Krugman, Paul (2013). Microeconomics. Wells, Robin. (3rd ed.). New York: Worth
Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4292-8342-7. OCLC 796082268.

Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 1972

Environmental Performance Report 2001 Archived 2007-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
(Transport, Canada website page)

State of the Environment, Issue: Air Quality (Australian Government website page)
"Pollution". 11 April 2007. Archived from the original on 11 April 2007. Retrieved 1 December
2017.

Laboratory, Oak Ridge National. "Top 20 Emitting Countries by Total Fossil-Fuel CO2
Emissions for 2009". Cdiac.ornl.gov. Retrieved 1 December 2017.