Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 8

&KDSLWUH*pQpUDOLWpVVXUOHVRQ

HWOHVRQGHV

,2QGHVHQSK\VLTXH
'pILQLWLRQ
8QH RQGH HVW  OD  SURSDJDWLRQ  G
XQH  SHUWXUEDWLRQ  G
XQH  JUDQGHXU  SK\VLTXH
TXHOFRQTXH)DLUHERXJHUDYHFXQVHXOPRXYHPHQWVHFO
H[WUpPLWpG
XQHFRUGHYD
JpQpUHUXQHRQGHPpFDQLTXHVXUODFRUGHODGpIRUPDWLRQLQLWLDOHYDVHSURSDJHUOH
ORQJGHODFRUGH
/DSURSDJDWLRQVHIDLWGDQVXQPLOLHXPDWpULHO VROLGHOLTXLGHJD]SODVPD RX
GDQVOHYLGH RQGHVpOHFWURPDJQpWLTXHVRQGHVJUDYLWDWLRQQHOOHVSDUH[HPSOH 
/DSURSDJDWLRQG
XQHRQGHVHIDLWVDQVWUDQVSRUWGHPDWLqUH5HSUHQRQVO
H[HPSOH
GHO
RQGHVXUXQHFRUGH/HPRXYHPHQWGHODFRUGHVHSURSDJHPDLVOHVPRUFHDX[
GHFRUGHQHVHGpSODFHQWSDVOHORQJGHODFRUGH3DUFRQWUHODSURSDJDWLRQG
XQH
RQGHV
DFFRPSDJQHG
XQWUDQVSRUWG
pQHUJLH

)URQWG
RQGH
/
HQVHPEOHGHVSRLQWVDWWHLQWVHQXQWHPSVGRQQpGHSXLVODVRXUFHGHO
RQGHHVW
DSSHOpOHIURQWG
RQGH

&pOpULWpRXYLWHVVHGHSURSDJDWLRQ
/D FpOpULWp FRXYLWHVVHGHSURSDJDWLRQG
XQHRQGHHVWODYLWHVVHjODTXHOOHOD
SHUWXUEDWLRQVHGpSODFH&HWWHYLWHVVHQHGRLWSDVrWUHFRQIRQGXHDYHFODYLWHVVH
G
RVFLOODWLRQGXHDXSDVVDJHGHODSHUWXUEDWLRQ5HSUHQRQVHQFRUHO
H[HPSOHGHOD
FRUGH/DYLWHVVHjODTXHOOHODGpIRUPDWLRQGHODFRUGHVHGpSODFHOHORQJGHOD
FRUGH  Q
HVW  SDV  FHOOH  G
RVFLOODWLRQ  GHV  SRLQWV  GH  OD  FRUGH  DXWRXU  GH  OD  GLUHFWLRQ
PR\HQQHGHODFRUGH

4XHOTXHVW\SHVG
RQGHV

D2QGHORQJLWXGLQDOH
8QHRQGHHVWORQJLWXGLQDOHTXDQGODGLUHFWLRQGXGpSODFHPHQWGHODSHUWXUEDWLRQHVW
SDUDOOqOHjODGLUHFWLRQG
RVFLOODWLRQGHODJUDQGHXUSHUWXUEpH/
RQGHREWHQXHHQ
FRPSULPDQWXQHSDUWLHG
XQUHVVRUWjVSLUHVQRQMRLQWLYHVHVWORQJLWXGLQDOHOD]RQH

9782340-017849_001-240.indd 9 16/08/2017 15:54


 &KDSLWUH*pQpUDOLWpVVXUOHVRQHWOHVRQGHV

GHFRPSUHVVLRQVHGpSODFHOHORQJGXUHVVRUWHWOHVSRLQWVGXUHVVRUWRVFLOOHQWDYHF
XQPRXYHPHQWSDUDOOqOHDXUHVVRUWFRPPHLOOXVWUpVXUODILJXUH
LQVWDQWLQLWLDO LQVWDQWXOWpULHXU
]RQHGHFRPSUHVVLRQGHVVSLUHV ]RQHGHFRPSUHVVLRQGHVVSLUHV

GLUHFWLRQG
RVFLOODWLRQGHVVSLUHV GLUHFWLRQGHSURSDJDWLRQGHO
RQGH
)LJXUHXQH[HPSOHG
RQGHORQJLWXGLQDOHOHSLQFHPHQWG
XQUHVVRUW

E2QGHWUDQVYHUVH
8QHRQGHHVW WUDQVYHUVH TXDQGODGLUHFWLRQGXGpSODFHPHQWGHODSHUWXUEDWLRQHVW
SHUSHQGLFXODLUHjODGLUHFWLRQG
RVFLOODWLRQGHODJUDQGHXUSHUWXUEpH8QHRQGHVH
GpSODoDQWOHORQJG
XQHFRUGHHVWXQHRQGHWUDQVYHUVHFRPPHO
LOOXVWUHODILJXUH
LQVWDQWLQLWLDO LQVWDQWXOWpULHXU

GLUHFWLRQG
RVFLOODWLRQGHV GLUHFWLRQGHSURSDJDWLRQGHO
RQGH
SRLQWVGHODFRUGH
)LJXUHXQH[HPSOHG
RQGHWUDQVYHUVHXQHGpIRUPDWLRQVHSURSDJHDQWOHORQJ 
G
XQHFRUGH

F2QGHSODQHRQGHVSKpULTXH
8QHRQGHHVWGLWH SODQH ORUVTXHOHIURQWG
RQGHHVWXQSODQ/DVHXOHFRRUGRQQpH
G
HVSDFH  LQWHUYHQDQW  GDQV  OD  GHVFULSWLRQ  PDWKpPDWLTXH  GH  O
RQGH  HVW  FHOOH
SHUSHQGLFXODLUHDXIURQWG
RQGH
8QH  RQGH  HVW  GLWH VSKpULTXH ORUVTXH  OH  IURQW  G
RQGH  HVW  XQH  VSKqUH  /D  VHXOH
FRRUGRQQpHG
HVSDFHLQWHUYHQDQWGDQVODGHVFULSWLRQPDWKpPDWLTXHGHO
RQGHHVWOD
GLVWDQFHDXFHQWUHGHODVSKqUH

G2QGHSURJUHVVLYHRQGHVWDWLRQQDLUHRQGHpYDQHVFHQWH
2Q  DMRXWH  OH  TXDOLILFDWLI  GH  ©SURJUHVVLYHª  j  WRXWH  RQGH  TXL  FRUUHVSRQG  j  OD
SURSDJDWLRQHIIHFWLYHG
XQHSHUWXUEDWLRQ6LO
RQVHUpIqUHjODGpILQLWLRQG
XQHRQGH
GRQQpHSOXVKDXWFHTXDOLILFDWLIHVWUHGRQGDQW,OHVWVXUWRXWXWLOLVpSRXUPDUTXHUOD

9782340-017849_001-240.indd 10 16/08/2017 15:54


,2QGHVHQSK\VLTXH 

GLIIpUHQFH  DYHF  G
DXWUHV  W\SHV  G
RQGHV  TXH  QRXV  DOORQV  pYRTXHU  GDQV  OHV
SDUDJUDSKHVVXLYDQWV'DQVOHFDVG
XQHRQGHSODQHO
H[SUHVVLRQPDWKpPDWLTXHGH
O
RQGHGpSHQGXQLTXHPHQWGHODYDULDEOH X  FW ‚[ DYHF F ODFpOpULWp W OHWHPSVHW
[ ODFRRUGRQQpHSHUSHQGLFXODLUHDXIURQWG
RQGH SRXUOHVRQGHVVHSURSDJHDQWYHUV
OHV [ FURLVVDQWV  RX  GH X  FW[ SRXU  OHV  RQGHV  VH  SURSDJHDQW  YHUV  OHV [
GpFURLVVDQWV
8QHRQGHVWDWLRQQDLUHHVWXQHRQGHGDQVODTXHOOHODSURSDJDWLRQGHODSHUWXUEDWLRQ
DGLVSDUX FHODSRXUUDLWVHPEOHUFRQWUDGLFWRLUHDYHFODGpILQLWLRQG
XQHRQGHPDLV
O
XVDJHDFRQVDFUpFHWWHDSSHOODWLRQ /HVGpSHQGDQFHVWHPSRUHOOHHWVSDWLDOHVRQW
GpFRXSOpHVHWO
RQSHXWpFULUHO
RQGHVRXVODIRUPHG
XQSURGXLWG
XQHIRQFWLRQGX
WHPSVSDUXQHIRQFWLRQGHO
HVSDFHVRLW S [ W  I W  J [ HQSUHQDQWO
H[HPSOH
G
XQHRQGH GHSUHVVLRQjXQHGLPHQVLRQ 8QHPDQLqUHGHFRQVWUXLUHXQHRQGH
VWDWLRQQDLUHFRQVLVWHjVXSHUSRVHUGHX[RQGHVSURJUHVVLYHVGHPrPHIUpTXHQFHHW
GHPrPHDPSOLWXGHVHSURSDJHDQWHQVHQVLQYHUVH
8QHRQGH pYDQHVFHQWH HVW XQHRQGH TXL V
DWWpQXHVDQV VHSURSDJHU DWWpQXDWLRQ
H[SRQHQWLHOOHHQJpQpUDO 

H2QGHSpULRGLTXHQRQSpULRGLTXHDOpDWRLUH
8QHRQGHHVWSpULRGLTXH VRXVHQWHQGXHQWHPSV VLSRXUXQHQGURLWGRQQpHOOHVH
UpSqWHjO
LGHQWLTXHjXQLQWHUYDOOHGHWHPSVFRQVWDQW2QPRQWUH GpFRPSRVLWLRQHQ
VpULHGH)RXULHU TX
XQHRQGHSpULRGLTXHSHXWWRXMRXUVVHGpFRPSRVHUFRPPHOD
VRPPH HQJpQpUDOLQILQLH G
RQGHVVLQXVRwGDOHV
/HVRQGHVQRQSpULRGLTXHVHQDFRXVWLTXHVHVXEGLYLVHQWHQGHX[FDWpJRULHV
OHVVRQVGpWHUPLQLVWHVTXLVRQWGpFULWVHQXQHQGURLWGRQQpSDUXQHIRQFWLRQ
GpWHUPLQpHGXWHPSV
OHVEUXLWV EUXLWpWDQWFRPSULVDXVHQVGHODWKpRULHGXVLJQDO TXLDXFRQWUDLUHQH
SHXYHQWrWUHGpFULWVSDUXQHIRQFWLRQGXWHPSVPDLVRQWXQFDUDFWqUHDOpDWRLUH

*UDQGHXUVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHVRQGHVSODQHVSURJUHVVLYHV
SpULRGLTXHV

D3pULRGH7IUpTXHQFHISXOVDWLRQ π
/D SpULRGH 7 HVW  OD  GXUpH  PLQLPDOH  GH  UpSpWLWLRQ  j  O
LGHQWLTXH  GH  O
RQGH  HQ  XQ
HQGURLWGRQQp/DIUpTXHQFH I HVWOHQRPEUHGHFHVUpSpWLWLRQVSDUXQLWpGHWHPSV
'DQVOHV\VWqPHLQWHUQDWLRQDO 7 VHPHVXUHHQVHFRQGH V HW I HQ+HUW] +] 2Q
DOHVUHODWLRQV
 
I  o7  
7 I
/DILJXUHUHSUpVHQWHODQRWLRQGHSpULRGHG
XQHRQGH

9782340-017849_001-240.indd 11 16/08/2017 15:54


 &KDSLWUH*pQpUDOLWpVVXUOHVRQHWOHVRQGHV

DPSOLWXGH 7

7

 WHPSV
      
7


)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWLRQGHODSpULRGH7G
XQHRQGH

/DSXOVDWLRQ π HVWGpILQLHSDU

π η I   
7
π VHPHVXUHHQUDGLDQVSDUVHFRQGH UDGV‚ 0rPHVLO
RQSHXWIRUPHOOHPHQW
GpILQLUODSXOVDWLRQSRXUWRXWHRQGHSpULRGLTXHVRQXVDJHHQSUDWLTXHHVWUHVWUHLQW
DX[RQGHVVLQXVRwGDOHV

E/RQJXHXUG
RQGH β HWQRPEUHG
RQGH N
/DORQJXHXUG
RQGH β HVWODGLVWDQFHPLQLPDOHGHUpSpWLWLRQjO
LGHQWLTXHGHO
RQGH
SRXUXQLQVWDQWGRQQp F
HVWODSpULRGHVSDWLDOH  β HVWODGLVWDQFHSDUFRXUXHSDU
O
RQGHHQXQHSpULRGH'DQVOHV\VWqPHLQWHUQDWLRQDO β VHPHVXUHHQPqWUH  P 
/HQRPEUHG
RQGH N VHGpILQLWSDU

N  
β
N VHPHVXUHHQ P ‚0rPHVLO
RQSHXWGpILQLUOHQRPEUHG
RQGHSRXUWRXWHRQGH
SpULRGLTXHVRQXVDJHHQSUDWLTXHHVWUHVWUHLQWDX[RQGHVVLQXVRwGDOHV

5HPDUTXHHQVSHFWURVFRSLHOHQRPEUHG
RQGHDXQHDXWUHGpILQLWLRQ1RWp κLO 

HVWGpILQLFRPPHO
LQYHUVHGHODORQJXHXUG
RQGH κ β LOHVWGRQFO
pTXLYDOHQW 
VSDWLDOGHODIUpTXHQFH 2QSDUOHSDUIRLVGHQRPEUHG
RQGHVSHFWURVFRSLTXHSRXU
κ HWGHQRPEUHG
RQGHDQJXODLUHSRXU N

F/LHQHQWUHFHVJUDQGHXUV
/HV  JUDQGHXUV  WHPSRUHOOHV  7  I  π  HW  VSDWLDOHV  β  N  QH  VRQW  SDV
LQGpSHQGDQWHV2QPRQWUHTXHO
RQDOHVUHODWLRQV
Fβ I oβF7 o πN F  

9782340-017849_001-240.indd 12 16/08/2017 15:54


,2QGHVHQSK\VLTXH 

G6SHFWUH
/HVSHFWUHG
XQHRQGHSpULRGLTXHHVWGLVFUHW LHLOSHXWrWUHLQGH[pDYHFOHVHQWLHUV 
HWHVWIRUPpG
XQHIUpTXHQFHIRQGDPHQWDOHpJDOHjODIUpTXHQFHGHO
RQGHHWGH
WRXW  RX  SDUWLH  GHV  PXOWLSOHV  HQWLHUV  GH  FHWWH  IUpTXHQFH  &H  UpVXOWDW  GpFRXOH
GLUHFWHPHQW  GH  OD  GpFRPSRVLWLRQ  G
XQH  RQGH  SpULRGLTXH  HQ  XQH  VRPPH  G
RQGHV
VLQXVRwGDOHVGHIUpTXHQFHVPXOWLSOHVGHODIUpTXHQFHGHO
RQGH/
H[HPSOHG
XQH
IRQFWLRQSpULRGLTXHFDUUpHV\PpWULTXHDYHFVRQVSHFWUHHVWGRQQpVXUOHVILJXUHV
DHWEUHVSHFWLYHPHQW

V W



 W PV
          




DPSOLWXGH







 I N+]
            
)LJXUHV  DHWE KDXWHWEDV IRQFWLRQSpULRGLTXHFDUUpHV\PpWULTXHHWVRQ 
VSHFWUH OLPLWpjO
LQWHUYDOOHN+]LOV
pWHQGHQWRXWHULJXHXUjO
LQILQL 

5HPDUTXHLOH[LVWHXQHDPELJXwWpVXUODVLJQLILFDWLRQGXWHUPH©KDUPRQLTXHVª 
7DQW{WOHVKDUPRQLTXHVGpVLJQHQWWRXWHVOHVIUpTXHQFHVGXVSHFWUHjO
H[FHSWLRQGH 
OD  IUpTXHQFH  IRQGDPHQWDOH  WDQW{W  OD  IUpTXHQFH  IRQGDPHQWDOH  HVW  FRQVLGpUpH 
FRPPHO
KDUPRQLTXHGHUDQJ (QDFRXVWLTXHF
HVWODSUHPLqUHGpILQLWLRQTXL 
SUpYDXWHWTXHQRXVDGRSWHURQVGDQVODVXLWH

2QGHVVLQXVRwGDOHVRXPRQRFKURPDWLTXHVHWOHXULQWpUrW
8QHRQGHVLQXVRwGDOHRXPRQRFKURPDWLTXH OHVGHX[WHUPHVVRQWpTXLYDOHQWV HVW
XQHRQGH GRQWODJUDQGHXU FDUDFWpULVWLTXHHQXQHQGURLWGRQQp YDULHGHIDoRQ
VLQXVRwGDOHDYHFOHWHPSV6RQVSHFWUHQHFRPSRUWHTX
XQHVHXOHIUpTXHQFH

9782340-017849_001-240.indd 13 16/08/2017 15:54


 &KDSLWUH*pQpUDOLWpVVXUOHVRQHWOHVRQGHV

6LO
RQQRWHXODJUDQGHXUO
H[SUHVVLRQPDWKpPDWLTXHG
XQHWHOOHRQGHHQXQHQGURLW
GRQQpHVWGHODIRUPH

X W 8 VLQ π W σ 8 VLQ  η I Wσ 8 VLQ Wσ  
7
8HVWO
DPSOLWXGHHW σ ODSKDVHjO
RULJLQHGHVWHPSV
3RXUXQHRQGHSODQHSURJUHVVLYHVHSURSDJHDQWVXLYDQWOHV[FURLVVDQWVO
H[SUHVVLRQ
PDWKpPDWLTXHHVW
[
X [ W 8 VLQ N F W‚[ σ 8 VLQ πW ‚N[σ 8 VLQ π W‚ σ  
F
'DQVOHFDVIUpTXHQWROHVpTXDWLRQVGpFULYDQWXQSKpQRPqQHVRQWOLQpDLUHVLOHVW
LQWpUHVVDQW  G
pWXGLHU  OH  FRPSRUWHPHQW  GHV  RQGHV  VLQXVRwGDOHV  8QH  IRLV  FH
FRPSRUWHPHQWFRQQXRQFRQQDvWDORUVOHFRPSRUWHPHQWSRXUQ
LPSRUWHTXHOOHRQGH
SpULRGLTXH/HVpTXDWLRQVpWDQWOLQpDLUHVOHFRPSRUWHPHQWG
XQHVRPPHG
RQGHV
VLQXVRwGDOHV  HVW  OD  VRPPH  GHV  FRPSRUWHPHQWV  SRXU  FKDFXQH  GHV  RQGHV
VLQXVRwGDOHV

,,2QGHVDFRXVWLTXHV
1DWXUH
/HVRQGHVDFRXVWLTXHVVRQWGHVRQGHVGHSUHVVLRQ$XWUHPHQWGLWXQVRQHVWOD
SURSDJDWLRQG
XQHYDULDWLRQGHSUHVVLRQDSSHOpHSUHVVLRQDFRXVWLTXHDXWRXUGHOD
SUHVVLRQPR\HQQHGDQVXQPLOLHX3RXUFHWWHUDLVRQXQVRQQHVHSURSDJHSDVGDQV
OHYLGH FRQWUDLUHPHQWjODOXPLqUH PDLVDEHVRLQG
XQVXSSRUWPDWpULHO VROLGH
OLTXLGHRXJD]HX[ 
&HPLOLHXPDWpULHOHVWWRXMRXUVSOXVRXPRLQVpODVWLTXH pYLGHPPHQWXQJD]HVW
SOXVpODVWLTXHTX
XQVROLGH HWF
HVWFHODTXLSHUPHWODSURSDJDWLRQGHSURFKHHQ
SURFKHG
XQHRQGHVRQRUH¬O
LPDJHGHFHTX
LOVHSDVVHSRXUXQUHVVRUWXQH]RQH
FRPSULPpHGXPLOLHXPDWpULHOYDPHWWUHHQPRXYHPHQWOD]RQHFRQWLJXsTXLjVRQ
WRXUYDIDLUHERXJHUOD]RQHG
jF{WpHWF
8QHIRLVHQFRUHLQVLVWRQVVXUO
LPSRUWDQWHGLVWLQFWLRQjIDLUHHQWUHODFpOpULWpF
HVW
jGLUHODYLWHVVHjODTXHOOHODYDULDWLRQGHSUHVVLRQVHWUDQVPHWG
XQHFRXFKHGX
PLOLHXjXQHDXWUHHWODYLWHVVHjODTXHOOHFHVFRXFKHVRVFLOOHQWDXWRXUGHOHXU
SRVLWLRQPR\HQQH
'DQVOHFDVGHO
DLUTXLQRXVLQWpUHVVHUDLFLXQHYDULDWLRQGHSUHVVLRQVLJQLILHXQH 
YDULDWLRQGHODGHQVLWpXQHRQGHDFRXVWLTXHGDQVO
DLUV
DFFRPSDJQHDXVVLG
XQH
YDULDWLRQGHODGHQVLWpGHO
DLU
&RPPHLODpWpGLWSUpFpGHPPHQWXQHRQGHQHV
DFFRPSDJQHSDVG
XQWUDQVSRUWGH
PDWLqUH  /D  SURSDJDWLRQ  G
XQ  VRQ  GDQV  O
DLU  SDU  H[HPSOH  VH  IDLW  GRQF  VDQV
GpSODFHPHQWG
DLULOQ
\DSDVGHYHQWFUppSDUOHSDVVDJHG
XQHRQGHVRQRUH

9782340-017849_001-240.indd 14 16/08/2017 15:54


,,2QGHVDFRXVWLTXHV 

+\SRWKqVHVGHWUDYDLO
'DQVWRXVOHVFDVTXLVHURQWWUDLWpVGDQVFHWRXYUDJHOHVYDULDWLRQVGHSUHVVLRQ HW
GHGHQVLWp GXHVDXSDVVDJHG
XQHRQGHDFRXVWLTXHVHURQWIDLEOHVSDUUDSSRUWjOD
SUHVVLRQPR\HQQH ODSUHVVLRQDWPRVSKpULTXHGDQVQRWUHFDV 1RXVMXVWLILHURQV
SOXVORLQOD YDOLGLWpGHFHWWHK\SRWKqVH7RXWHV OHV RQGHV QHYpULILHQWSDVFHWWH
K\SRWKqVHHQSDUWLFXOLHUOHVRQGHVGHFKRFHWHOOHVQHVHURQWSDVWUDLWpHVGDQVFH
OLYUH
/HVYLWHVVHVG
RVFLOODWLRQGHVFRXFKHVGXPLOLHXVHURQWDXVVLIDLEOHVSDUUDSSRUWjOD
FpOpULWpGHO
RQGHDFRXVWLTXH FHQHVHUDLWSDVYUDLSRXUXQHRQGHGHFKRF 
/
DLUpWDQWXQWUqVPDXYDLVFRQGXFWHXUGHODFKDOHXUOHSDVVDJHG
XQHRQGHVRQRUH
HVWLVHQWURSLTXH SDVG
pFKDQJHGHFKDOHXUHQWUHOHVGLIIpUHQWHVFRXFKHVG
DLU VDXI
SRXU  GHV  FDV  WUqV  SDUWLFXOLHUV  TXL  QH  VHURQW  SDV  DERUGpV  GDQV  O
RXYUDJH  HQ
SDUWLFXOLHU  XOWUDVRQV  GH  WUqV  KDXWH  IUpTXHQFH  GH  O
RUGUH  GX  *+]  HW  SOXV  SRXU 
OHVTXHOVODGLIIXVLRQGHODFKDOHXUQ
HVWSOXVQpJOLJHDEOH 

7\SHG
RQGHVGDQVOHVGLIIpUHQWVPLOLHX[
'DQV  XQ  IOXLGH  OLTXLGH  RX  JD]   OHV  RQGHV  VRQRUHV  VRQW  ORQJLWXGLQDOHV  SDV  GH
WUDQVPLVVLRQ  SRVVLEOH  GHV  FLVDLOOHPHQWV   'DQV  XQ  VROLGH  HOOHV  SHXYHQW  rWUH
ORQJLWXGLQDOHVHWRXWUDQVYHUVHV
4XHOTXHVRLWOHPLOLHXOHVRQGHVDFRXVWLTXHVSHXYHQWDYRLUGHVIURQWVG
RQGHGH
IRUPH  TXHOFRQTXH  SODQ  VSKpULTXH  RX  DXWUH  HW  GHV  pYROXWLRQV  WHPSRUHOOHV
TXHOFRQTXHV SpULRGLTXHQRQSpULRGLTXHDOpDWRLUH 

9LWHVVHVGHSURSDJDWLRQ
'HIDoRQJpQpUDOHSOXVOHPLOLHXHVWULJLGHHWSOXVODWUDQVPLVVLRQGHVYDULDWLRQVGH
SUHVVLRQHVWUDSLGH/DYLWHVVHGHSURSDJDWLRQGXVRQGDQVXQVROLGHHVWSOXVJUDQGH
TXHFHOOHGDQVXQOLTXLGHTXLHVWHOOHPrPHSOXVJUDQGHTXHFHOOHGDQVXQJD]
'DQVGXIHUODYLWHVVHGHSURSDJDWLRQGXVRQHVWGHPV GDQVO
HDXHOOHHVW
G
HQYLURQPV FHWWHYDOHXUGpSHQGGHVVROXWpVpYHQWXHOVOHVHOGDQVO
HDXGH
PHUSDUH[HPSOHGHODSUHVVLRQGRQFGHODSURIRQGHXUSRXUOHVpWHQGXHVG
HDX
VXIILVDPPHQW  SURIRQGHV  HW  GH  OD  WHPSpUDWXUH  HW  GDQV  O
DLU  G
HQYLURQ    PV 
QRXVGpWDLOOHURQVOHFDVGHODYLWHVVHGXVRQGDQVO
DLUSOXVORLQGDQVFHOLYUH 

6RQVXOWUDVRQVLQIUDVRQV
/HV  RQGHV  DFRXVWLTXHV  SHUFHSWLEOHV  SDU  O
RUHLOOH  KXPDLQH  V
pWDJHQW  HQ  IUpTXHQFH
HQWUH    +]  HW    N+]  QRXV  YHUURQV  GDQV  XQ  DXWUH  FKDSLWUH  OHV  OLPLWHV  GH
SHUFHSWLRQHQLQWHQVLWp &HVERUQHVVRQWpYLGHPPHQWGHV PR\HQQHVYDULDEOHV
G
XQHSHUVRQQHjXQHDXWUHYDULDEOHVDYHFO
kJH XQHRUHLOOHMHXQH²GXPRLQVVL
HOOHQ
DSDVDEXVpGHVRQVWURSIRUWV ² SHUoRLWXQHJDPPHGHIUpTXHQFHVSOXV
pWHQGXHTX
XQHRUHLOOHkJpH /
pWHQGXHWUqVODUJHGHVIUpTXHQFHVSHUFHSWLEOHVSDU

9782340-017849_001-240.indd 15 16/08/2017 15:54


 &KDSLWUH*pQpUDOLWpVVXUOHVRQHWOHVRQGHV

O
RUHLOOHHVWjFRPSDUHUjFHOOHGHODYLVLRQLOQ
H[LVWHTX
XQIDFWHXUGHX[HQWUHOHV
IUpTXHQFHVH[WUrPHVGXVSHFWUHYLVLEOH
/HVRQGHVDFRXVWLTXHVGHIUpTXHQFHVWURSIDLEOHVSRXUrWUHSHUFHSWLEOHVSDUO
RUHLOOH
KXPDLQHHQGHVVRXVGH+]VRQWDSSHOpHV LQIUDVRQV GHODPrPHPDQLqUHOHV
LQIUDURXJHVVRQWGHVRQGHVpOHFWURPDJQpWLTXHVGRQWODIUpTXHQFHHVWVLWXpHMXVWHHQ
GHVVRXVGHFHOOHVGXVSHFWUHYLVLEOH /HVLQIUDVRQVSHXYHQWFHSHQGDQWrWUHUHVVHQWLV
SDU  G
DXWUHV  RUJDQHV  F°XU  YLVFqUHV   4XHOTXHV  DQLPDX[  pOpSKDQWV  EDOHLQHV 
SURGXLVHQW  HW  HQWHQGHQW  OHV  LQIUDVRQV  'HV  SKpQRPqQHV  QDWXUHOV  FRPPH  OHV
VpLVPHVOHVWXUEXOHQFHVDXGHVVXVGHUHOLHIVPRQWDJQHX[O
HQWUpHG
XQHPpWpRULWH
GDQVO
DWPRVSKqUHSURGXLVHQWGHVLQIUDVRQV
/HVRQGHVDFRXVWLTXHVGHIUpTXHQFHVWURSpOHYpHVSRXUrWUHSHUFHSWLEOHVSDUO
RUHLOOH
KXPDLQHDXGHVVXVGHN+]VRQWDSSHOpHV XOWUDVRQV GHODPrPHPDQLqUHOHV
XOWUDYLROHWVVRQWGHVRQGHVpOHFWURPDJQpWLTXHVGRQWODIUpTXHQFHHVWVLWXpHMXVWHDX
GHVVXVGHFHOOHVGXVSHFWUHYLVLEOH 'HQRPEUHX[DQLPDX[pPHWWHQWRXSHUoRLYHQW
GHVXOWUDVRQV FKLHQVFKDXYHVVRXULVTXLV
HQVHUYHQWSRXUO
pFKRORFDWLRQ 
5HWHQRQV  TXH  VRQV  XOWUDVRQV  HW  LQIUDVRQV  VRQW  GH  PrPH  QDWXUH  WRXV  VRQW  GHV
RQGHVGHSUHVVLRQ6HXOHVOHVOLPLWHVGHVVHQVKXPDLQVRQWFRQGXLWjOHVGLVWLQJXHU

3KpQRPqQHVDX[TXHOVGRQQHQWOLHXGHVRQGHVDFRXVWLTXHV

D'LVSHUVLRQ
/DGLVSHUVLRQHVWODYDULDWLRQGHODYLWHVVHGHSURSDJDWLRQDYHFODIUpTXHQFH/
DLU
RXOHVJD]HQJpQpUDOQHVRQWSDVGLVSHUVLIVODYLWHVVHGXVRQHVWLQGpSHQGDQWHGH
ODIUpTXHQFH/HVVRQVJUDYHVRXDLJXVOHVLQIUDVRQVHWOHVXOWUDVRQVVHSURSDJHQWj
ODPrPHYLWHVVHGDQVO
DLU

E5pIOH[LRQ
/RUVTX
XQHRQGHDFRXVWLTXHUHQFRQWUHXQREVWDFOHGHJUDQGHWDLOOHSDUUDSSRUWjOD
ORQJXHXUG
RQGH VLFHQ
HVWSDVOHFDVODGLIIUDFWLRQDERUGpHDXSDUDJUDSKH G
GHYLHQWSUpSRQGpUDQWH HOOHHVWUHQYR\pH HQSDUWLHRXHQWRWDOLWp DYHFXQDQJOHU
pJDOjFHOXLG
LQFLGHQFHLFRPPHOHPRQWUHODILJXUH
SHUSHQGLFXODLUHjO
REVWDFOH

RQGHLQFLGHQWH L
U
RQGHUpIOpFKLH

REVWDFOH

)LJXUHUpIOH[LRQG
XQHRQGHVRQRUHVXUXQREVWDFOH

9782340-017849_001-240.indd 16 16/08/2017 15:54

You might also like