Dr.

Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

THE CAD/CAM ERA IN

PROSTHODONTICS
Dr. Pooja Ubhare*, Dr. Naisargi Shah**, Dr. Praveen Badwaik***,
Dr. Sangeeta Yadav****, Dr. Ashutosh Pai*****, Dr. Prashant
Patil*****

*PG Student, **Professor & Head, ***Professor, ****Reader,

*****Lecturer
Dept. of Prosthodontics and Crown &Bridge, Terna Dental College, Nerul, Navi
Mumbai.

Abstract

In prosthodontics conventional fabricating oral and facial

methods for fabrication of oral
and facial prosthetics have been
considered the gold standard for
many years. The development of
CAD/CAM technology have
provided an alternative way of
prosthesis. This article highlights
advantages of CAD/CAM and its
applications in various treatment
modalities in which CAD/CAM
will be used is of benefit,
allowing for prosthodontically

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 254
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics
driven implant placement and
ideal substructure design for
optimal esthetics and
biomechanics.
Introduction:1-4
Dentistry has fully embraced the
digital age, the technological
changes taking place over the
years are truly revolutionizing
the way dentistry is practiced. To
add to the list of remarkable
advancements is Computer
Aided Design (CAD) and
Computer Aided Manufacturing
(CAM) technology which allows
the dentists to provide better care
to the patients, it not only
reduces the human efforts but
also eradicates many
manufacturing errors induced in
conventional methods.
Recent dental CAD/CAM
systems are able to fabricate the
prostheses directly from the data
obtained from the patient’s
mouth. Three dimensional (3D)
technologies can allow the user
www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020
Key words: CAD/CAM, scanners,
scan bodies, healing abutment,
surgical template
to design a prosthesis using
CAD/CAM software and then
fabricate a complex restoration,
such as inlays, onlays, veneers,
crowns, fixed partial dentures,
implant abutments, even full
mouth restorations and complete
dentures. CAD/CAM is also
being used in orthodontics in the
form of invisalign aligners.
CAD/CAM technology was
developed to overcome several
drawbacks associated with the
conventional lost wax
techniques. The first was to
eliminate shrinkage and
expansions associated with wax
and models. The second was to
eliminate shrinkage and
porosities associated with casting
procedure. The third was to
make restoration of tooth easier,
Page 255
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

faster, and more accurate in critical insight into the various

terms of precision and fit. In CAD/CAM technologies which
most cases CAD/CAM are being used to fabricate highly
technology can be used to aesthetic and biocompatible
provide restorations to patients restorations for restorative
within the same day. dentistry.
This review article gives a

Historical background:2-4

Computer aided- part of his thesis at MIT in the

designandmanufacturing(CAD/C early 1960s. However the first
AM)evolvedfromtheengineering commercial CAM software
demands of aerospace and system, a numerical control
automotive industries. It was programming tool named Pronto
more than 2,300 years after had already been developed in
Euclid that the first true CAD 1957 by Dr. Patrick J Hanratty
software, a very innovative and thus he is often referred to as
system called “sketchpad” was “the father ofCAD/CAM”.
developed by Ivan Sutherland as

Evolution of CAD/CAM systems:

• 1971: Duret’s experimental started developing the CEREC

research. system.
• 1979: Heitlinger Rodder’ • 1984: Fujita concerned with
sexperiment. transferring the manufacturing
• 1980: Mormann & Brandestini processes to the dental care

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 256
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

industry. Ceram (Wol Dent Gmb H,

Ludwigshafen, D).
• 1985: Siemens Dental, today
SIRONA, creates the CEREC
• 2002: Creation of Bego Med
system(Germany).
difacturing (Medical Bego,
• 1989: CDS Dental (Switzerland)
Bremen).
creates DCS President and Nobel
Biocare AB creates PROCERA.
• 2003: Creation of Perfactory
• 1990: Creation of Digident
(envisiontec, Gladbeck, D);
(Girrbach Dental GmbH,
creation of the Xawex Dental
Pforzheim,Germany).
System (ZrN process, I-Mes,
• 1991: Creation of Celay
Eiterfield).
(Mikrona Technologies,
• 2005: Creation of Dental
Spreitenbach,CH).
Designer 3Shape (3Shape A/S,
• 1993: Creation of Cicero
Copenhagen, DK); Creation of
(CiceronDental Systems,Hoorn,
ADG - SW General Subdirector
NL).
- Software for Automated
• 1995:Creation of Cercon Smart.
Prosthesis Generation, Dental
• 2001:Creation of Etkon (etkon
GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany).
AG, Gräfelfing, D), Creation of
• 2007: Cadent iTero system.
Everest (KaVo, Leutkirch,
• 2008:E4D Dentist system.
Germany), Creation of Lava (3M
• 2008: Lava chair side oral
ESPE AG, Germany), Creation
scanner (COS).
of EDC (Wieland Dental,
• 2004: 3M True definition
Germany)Creation of Wol-
scanner “WAND”

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 257
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

Dental CAD/CAM process and the dental market:

its components:4, 5, 6 ● Lava scan st (3m espe,white

light projections).

The contemporary CAD/CAM ● Everest scan (kavo, white

systems consist of three light).

components: ● Es1 (etkon, laserbeam)

a) Scanner: a digitalization tool 2) Mechanical scanner:

that transform the present In this scanner variant, the

geometry into digital data that master cast is read mechanically

can reprocessed by the computer. line-by-line by means of a ruby

Basically there are two different ball and the three-dimensional

scanning possibilities: structure measured.

 Optical scanners. Eg.

1) Procera Scanners Piccolo.
 Mechanical scanners.
2) Forte (Nobel Biocare).

1) Optical scanners:The basis ofthis

type of scanner is the collection Commercially available

of three-dimensional structures scanners

in a so-called ‘triangulation 1. Cerec® – by Sirona Dental

procedure’. Here, the source of
light (e.g. laser) and the receptor
unit are in a definite angle in
their relationship to one another.
System Gmbh (De)
2. Itero – by Cadent Ltd (Il)
3. E4d – by D4d Technologies,

Either white light projections or Llc (US)

a laser beam can serve as a
4. Lava™C.O.S. – By 3m Espe
source of illumination.
(US)
The following can be named as
5. IOS fast scan – by IOS
examples of optical scanners on
www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 258
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

technologies, inc.(US) 8. 3 D progress – by Mht (it) and

mhtoptic research ag (Ch)

6. Densys 3d – by densys ltd. (il)

9. Direct scan – by Hint - Els

7. Dpi-3d – by Dimensional
Gmbh (De)
Photonics international,inc. (US)
10. Trios – by 3shape A/S (Dk)

b) CAD unit:
A software unit that reconstructs scanning process and confirms
the 3d geometry and morphology the features of the preparation.
of the restoration or create tool These data are stored in a special
path for fabrication of format called standard
restoration. The operator enters transformation language (STL)
the data acquired from the data.
c) CAM unit:
A production technology that device. Processing devices are
transforms data set into the distinguished by means of the
desired product. Cad software number of milling axes:
are converted into milling strips
• 3-axisdevices.
for the cam-processing and
• 4-axisdevices.
finally loaded into the milling
• 5-axis devices.

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 259
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

Flowchart 1: Overview of CAD/CAM process

Application of CAD/CAM an aesthetically pleasing

technology: restoration. Then the fit is
1. CAD/CAM technology in confirmed in the patient’s mouth

fixed prosthodontics:4 and requiredadjustments are

Cerec in lab system - the tooth done.CAD/CAM provisionalscan

preparation die is secured in the be either fabricated in the clinic

scanning platform and data is or laboratory environment by

captured with a non-contact using polymethyl methacrylate

laser. A ceramic block (ingot) is resin and bis-acryl composite

placed in the milling chamber. resin materials or by using a pre-

Two milling diamonds create the fabricated polycarbonate form.
precise restoration. Porcelain Advantages: avoids patient

build-up is done which results in discomfort, prevent the heat of

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 260
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

polymerization and shrinkage, strength and lower wear on

higher loadbearing capacitiesand antagonists enamel.
significantly lower tensile

2. CAD/CAM technology in records in the design

Complete Dentures:3, 5, 7 software.Scanning is

performed with an optical 3D
Following the basic protocol
scanner (model smart, open
for complete denture after the
technologies srl). Once the
initial examination, primary
complete denture have been
impressions, definitive
virtually designed in gds
impressions of the maxilla and
software, a preview is sent for
mandible are made with
evaluation using 3D viewing
thermoplastic border moulding
software. The digital dentures
material, maxillomandibular
are then fabricated from pre
relationship is recorded, thin
polymerized resin acrylic
wash was made in the occlusal
pucks. After placement,clinical
rims to create enough detail to
evaluations of the fit, retention,
match to the definitive
stability, occlusal relationship,
impressions when aligning the
esthetics, and phonetics are
www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 261
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

performed.

3. CAD/CAM technology in wax pattern is made. Of this

maxillofacial completed wax pattern, once

prosthodontics:1,2 again computer assisted three

dimensional imaging is done.
CAD/CAM is widely used for
Data is entered in computer and
the fabrication of maxillofacial
prosthesis is milled by computer
prostheses, extraoral radiation
aided milling machine. Thus, a
devices, individual respiratory
silicone maxillofacial prosthesis
masks and facial protection
is fabricated using CAD/CAM
devices etc. Three-dimensional
technology.
surfaces imaging is done by
using CAD software. This 3-d Advantages: include reduced

surface image aids in the surgery time and anesthetic

fabrication of resin model with exposure, as well as a lowered

lithographic technique and then risk for iatrogenic infection.

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 262
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

4. CAD/CAM technology in removable partial denture:1,2,5,7

Prostheses fabrication of cast partial dentures can be done using co-cr alloys or
commercially pure titanium and ti-6al-4v alloy by utilizing cad-cam
technologies.William et al have demonstrated a method of fabrication of
removable partial denture framework design using CAD/CAM technologies.
Using CAD/CAM software the removable partial denture framework design is
built on a three-dimensional scan of the patient’s cast.

5. CAD/CAM technology in technique. Another duplicate

abutment is milled, which is
Implant Prosthodontics: 1, 6, 8
functionally identical to
The software uses the primary abutment. CAD/CAM
information from digital abutments can be made of
position recognition of the Telio CAD abutment blocks.
patient’s implant platform to These blocks are made of
create the custom abutment polymethylmethacrylate
computerized designing of (PMMA), a durable material
abutment is done and primary that can be shaped and polished
abutment is fabricated from to create a natural look.
commercially pure titanium via
CAD/CAM technology can
computerized-milling

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 263
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

also be used to create custom using this technology can

healing abutments that better require less re-contouring,
prepare the patient’s tissue for thereby saving the patient from
the CAD/CAM implant. additional dental work and
Healing abutments created expense

Fig.10A: milled CAD/CAM healing abutment from PMMA block with titanium
insert.
Fig.10B: milled CAD/CAM impression coping with titanium insert.

Advantages: - precision, milled reduced chair time.

from titanium bases due to the
material’s biocompatibility and
known hygienic characteristics,
strong and corrosion-resistant
implant base thus
biocompatibility ideal coronal
preparation, correct path of
insertion, perfect emergence
profile, 6° angled implant axis,
shaped like a natural tooth and
Computerized designing of
abutment is done and primary
abutment is fabricated from
commercially pure titanium via
computerized-millingtechnique.
Another duplicate abutment is
milled, which is functionally
identical to primary abutment,
thus reducing chair time.

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 264
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

6. Fabricating implant- portion, known as the base. The

supported restorations scan region is the main
using CAD/CAM Intra-Oral component used to digitally

Scan Bodies (ISB):9 register the orientation and

angulation of an implant. A flat
Inaccurate transfer of the
side is usually incorporated to
implant position can lead to an
create an asymmetrical shape
ill-fitting prosthesis, which may
which helps to index the ISB
ultimately result in both
and improve the surface
biological and mechanical
recognition performed by the
complications. Direct workflow
CAD software. The body
includes ISBs and an intraoral
extends from the scan region to
scanning device to generate a
the base and is made of a
digital impression directly from
variety of materials including
the patient’s mouth. Once
polyetheretherketone (PEEK),
captured accurately, a digital
titanium alloy, aluminum alloy,
implant analog can then be
and various resins. The base is
placed in a digital model with
responsible for creating the
specific implant/ ISB libraries,
mating surface between implant
and dentistry-specific CAD
and ISB and may or may not be
software is used in fabricating
the same material as the body.
the restoration. ISB generally
consists of 3 distinct Advantages:Greater accuracy,
components: the upper portion, improvement in patient-
called the scan region; the centered outcomes and reduced
middle portion, known as the procedure time.
body; and the most apical

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 265
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

Fig. 11 Components of ISB. Fig. 12 Intraoral scanner used to capture.

7. CAD/CAM technology in remaining dentition, surrounding

fabrication of Surgical intraoral soft tissue, and

Guides:10,11,12,13 underlying craniofacial hard

Advancements in 3-dimensional tissue can be visualized in great

(3D) imaging and computer-aided detail in a single virtual entity.

design/computer-aided Digital waxing or virtual teeth

manufacturing (CAD/CAM) arrangement can be performed in

technology have significantly this single virtual entity to

altered the conventional subsequently determine

workflow of prosthetic-driven prosthetic-driven implant

implant planning. The goal of this planning. A CAD/CAM surgical

digital pathway is to create a template can then be milled on

virtual model of the patient, the approved surgical plan. The

beginning with CBCT imaging CAD/CAM surgical template is

and intraoral scanning. The used in conjunction with

DICOM files generated by CBCT computer-guided surgery and can

imaging and standard tessellation incorporate metal sleeves and

language (STL) files generated special surgical instruments to

by intraoral scanning can be fully control accurate drilling

imported to the implant planning depth and angulation during

software. By superimposing the implant surgery.

DICOM and STL files, the A CAD/CAM surgical

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 266
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

template can be supported by eliminate the need for a time-

teeth, mucosa, bone, mini- consuming, laboratory-
implants, or a combination of fabricated radiographic
these to realize the computer- template, and achieve higher
guided implant surgery precision and accuracy in
approach. implant position and
Advantages: Digital pathway angulation than implant
can significantly reduce the placement without surgical
number of clinical visits, guide templates.

Materials used for CAD/CAM system: 2

Material Examples Description

Metals Coron (Etkon: Non- Titanium, titanium alloys and chrome cobalt
Precious Metal alloys are processed using dental milling
Alloy), Everest Bio devices.
T-Blank (Kavo,
Pure Titanium).

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 267
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

Resin ArtegralImcrown, Used for the milling of lost wax frames for
materials Merz Dental casting technology,also used as crown and fpd
frameworks for long-term temporary
prostheses
Silica 1. VitablocsTriluxe 1. used for the production of inlays, onlays,
based (Vita), Ips veneers, partial crowns and full crowns
cerami Empress Cad (fully anatomical, anatomically partially
c Multi(Ivoclar reduced)
vivadent)

2. Lithium 2. used for full anatomical anterior and posterior

DisilicateCerami crowns, for copings in the
c Blocks anteriorandposteriorregionandforthree-
unitfpdframeworksintheanterior
region
Infiltr 1. Vita In-Ceram 1. Forcrowncopingsintheanteriorandposteri
ation Alumina(Al2o3) orregion,three-unit fpd frameworks in the
ceram anteriorregion
ics 2. Vita In-Ceram 2. Crowncopingsintheanteriorandposteriorre

Zirconia (70% gion,three-unitfpd

Al2o3, 30%Zro2) frameworks in the anterior and posterior region

3. Vita In- 3. Has the highest translucency of all oxide

Ceram Spinell ceramics and used in

(Mgal2o4) aestheticanteriorcrowncopings,inparticularonvi
talabutmentteethandin the case of young
patients.
the case of young patients

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 268
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

Oxide 1. Aluminum 1. Aluminium oxide is indicated in the case of

high Oxide(Al2o3) crown copings in the anterior
perform andposteriorarea,primarycrownsandthree-
ance {In-Ceram Al Block unitanteriorfpdframeworks.
Ceramics 2. Materialasframeworkmaterialforcrownsandf
(Vita), Incoris Al
(Sirona) Available pds,and,inappropriate indications, for

In An individual implantabutments.

Ivory-Like Colour
(Color F 0.7}
2. Yttrium Stabilized
Zirconium Oxide
(Zro2, Y-Tzp)
{Lava Frame (3m
Espe), Cercon
Smart
Ceramics(Degu-
Dent),etc}

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 269
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

Limitations of CAD/CAM ● Presently available dental

CAD/CAM systems are

systems: 1-5
unable to incorporate
● Initial high cost of
esthetic veneers with
CAD/CAM systems.
strong cores and
● Time and cost investment to
frameworks.
master thetechnique.

Advantages of CAD/CAM system: 1

Discussion

In a fully digitalized workflow, a the irreversible hydrocolloid or

virtual diagnostic cast can be elastomeric diagnostic
created by either making a impression with laboratory
digital impression directly with scanners compared with
intraoral scanners, or scanning conventional irreversible

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 270
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics
hydrocolloid or elastomeric
diagnostic impression, digital
intraoral scanning is more
efficient for clinicians and
technicians. The accuracy and
reproducibility of intraoral
digital impressions have been
intensively investigated by
various researchers.9,14,15
However, Ting-Shu S et al and
Logozzo S et al in their studies
have states that the cameras are
line of sight, which means that
the camera can only record what
is visible to the camera lens.
Therefore, those structures or
margins obscured by saliva,
blood, or soft tissue are not
visible to the camera and will not
be accurately recorded thus an
extended scanning protocol can
improve the scanning
resultsinsome regions.14,15
CAD/CAM dental labs are able
to design, mill and stain/glaze
robust zirconia restorations in a
controlled and predictable
manner. High-translucency,
www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020
monochromatic, multilayered
full-contour zirconia solutions
are indicated for a variety of
screw- and cement-retained
dental crowns and bridges, and
are available in different base
shades, allowing restorations
between natural teeth to blend in
harmoniously.4
Furthermore, it has been noted
by Abduo J that zirconia
frameworks on teeth requiring
longer curved frameworks are
subjected to a greater sintering
distortion than the shorter
straight frameworks, which may
potentially affect fit and
adaptation. The zirconia
frameworks exhibit accurate fit
for partial arch prosthesis only.8
Regarding the removable partial
denture, the framework design is
drawn on the working cast and
then scanned using a laboratory
scanner. The framework is
always fabricated by printing a
photopolymeric framework and
then cast with chromium
Page 271
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics
cobalt.7,9
Compared with the conventional
technique for fabricating
complete denture, the digital
technology has several
advantages. Besides a reduction
in the number of visits and
reduced clinical chair time, the
repository of digital data in the
manufacturer (gds) database
allows for the rapid future
fabrication of spare or
replacement dentures. Since the
dentures are milled from a
improvements leading to the
recording of the
maxillomandibular relation using
manual methods might increase
the attractiveness of digital
systems.The lack of clinical trial
placement procedures might be a
disadvantage of using
CAD/CAM dentures. To assess
the fit, maxillomandibular
relationship, occlusion, and
esthetics of the future dentures,
the denture system (Avadent)
can be used which offers a trial
www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020
prepolymerized acrylic resin
puck, which is produced under
high pressure and heat,
polymerisation shrinkage does
not occur, porosity is decreased,
and the adherence of candida
albicans to the denture base is
decreased.
The lack of polymerisation
shrinkage associated with milled
dentures results in a highly
accurate denture fit and
improved retention. According to
Schwindling et al.,
placement denture.7,9,11
According to Abduo et al “With
implant frameworks, CAD/CAM
production has been reported to
be at least as accurate as the most
accurate implant framework
fabrication method and with a
tendency to provide the most
consistent outcome” this
indicates the predictability of
obtaining an accurate fit in
comparison with other
fabrication techniques.8
More recently, chair-side
Page 272
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

construction of an implant ensuring the accuracy of the

abutment can also be achieved prefabricated abutments.
using CAD/CAM and is
The custom-made healing
available using the Cerec
abutment is made from a
System(Sirona). This concept
monolithic PMMA block as
involves intraoral scanning of a
opposed to a composite resin or
prefabricated titanium cylinder
auto-polymerizing acrylic resin
followed by designing and
being applied on a prefabricated
milling a definitive zirconia
interim abutment. According to
abutment to the optimal
the manufacturer’s
contour.The zirconia abutment is
specifications, the compressive
adhesively bonded on the
strength of a milled PMMA
prefabricated titanium cylinder .
abutment is approximately 110
Other authors have discussed the
to 130 mpa. Therefore, taking
use of a similar protocol to
the high compressive strength
construct a provisional implant
into consideration suggests that a
crown.The main advantage of
CAD/CAM monolithic healing
this system is the omission of the
abutment may have few if any
impression step as well as
mechanical failures.6,9
surgical guide supported by
CAD/CAM surgical templates
mini-implants provides high
have been more widely used and
accuracy in implant positioning.
well documented however, the
Shen et al showed that implant
types of support used have a
placement facilitated with a
significant impact on accuracy.
CAD/CAM surgical template
A bone-
could achieve higher precision
supportedguideshowslower
and accuracy in implant position
accuracy when compared with
and angulation than implant
other types ofsupports, while a
www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 273
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics
placement without surgicalguide
templates.10,11,12,13
However, Vercruyssen et al
found “that the computer-guided
implant surgery approach was
more accurate than the
conventional approach and also
he stated that with the computer-
guided implant surgery
approach, the most inaccuracy
occurs in the vertical direction
(depth of the placed implant) and
there is less inaccuracy in the
mesial-distal or buccal-lingual
directions.13
Currently, subtractive milling is
the most widely implemented
computer-aided manufacturing
protocol in dentistry and it has
been shown to be a suitable
method for fabricating intraoral
prostheses additive
manufacturing is currently an
www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020
exponentially growing
fabrication method and will most
likely be used more frequently in
dentistry in the future as its
accuracy and range of
applications develop. In terms of
material processing, both
techniques introduce material
defects. The subtractive methods,
however, currently produce more
homogenous objects making this
method more suitable for the
production of intraoral prosthesis
that can withstand higher
occlusal loads. Additive methods
have the advantage of producing
large objects, with surface
irregularities, undercuts, voids,
and hollow morphology that
makes them suitable for
manufacturing facial prostheses
and metal removable partial
denture frameworks.
Page 274
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

Conclusion

Computer aided manufacturing

procedures will indisputably
change many aspects of dentistry
in the future, particularly in
relation to treatment simplicity,
efficiency, accuracy and
production time. It is therefore
critical for clinicians and
technicians to be familiar with
the advantages and
disadvantages of computer-aided
manufacturing as these
procedures continue to develop
and become an integrated part of
dentistry.

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 275
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

Fabricating completes dentures

References
with CAD/CAM technology. J
Prosthet Dent
1. Tamrakar A, Rathee M,
2014;111(5):351-355.
Mallick R, Dabas S.
6. Periklis Proussaefs. Custom
CAD/CAM in prosthodontics -
CAD/CAM healing abutment
a futuristic overview. Annals
and impression coping milled
of Dental Specialty Mar 2014;
from a (poly methyl
2(1):14-15.
methacrylate) block and
2. F. Beuer, J. Schweiger and D.
bonded to a titanium insert. J
Edelhoff. Digital dentistry: an
Prosthet Dent 2016;
overview of recent
116(5):657-662.
developments for CAD/CAM
7. Goodacre BJ, Goodacre CJ,
generated restorations. Br Dent
Baba NZ, Kattadiyil MT.
J May 2008; 204(9):505-511.
Comparison of denture base
3. Janeva et al. Complete
adaptation between
dentures fabricated with
CAD/CAM and conventional
CAD/CAM technology and a
fabrication techniques. J
traditional clinical recording
Prosthet Dent 2016;
method. Maced J Med Sci Oct
116(2):249-256.
2017; 5(6):785-789.
8. J. Abduo, K. Lyons, V.
4. Miyazaki, Takashi et al. A
Bennani et al. Fit of screw-
review of dental CAD/CAM:
retained fixed implant
current status and future
frameworks fabricated by
perspectives from 20 years of
different methods: a systematic
experience. Dent Mater J
review. Int J Prosthodont
2009;28(1):44-56.
2011; 24(3):207-220.
5. Infante L, Yilmaz B,
9. Mizumoto R, Yilmaz B et al .
Mcglumphy, Finger I.
Intraoral scan bodies in

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 276
 Dr. Ubhare et al: CAD/CAM Era in Prosthodontics

implant dentistry: A systematic implantology. J Cranio

review. J Prosthet maxilla fac Surg
Dent2018;120(3):343-352. 2015;43(10):2189-2194.
10. Tahmaseb A, 13. Vercruyssen M, Coucke W,

Wismeijer D, Coucke Naert I, et al. Depth and

W, Derksen W. lateral deviations in guided
Computer technology implant surgery: an rct
applications in surgical comparing guided surgery
implant dentistry: a with mental navigation or the
systematic review. Int J use of a pilot-drill template.
Oral Maxillofac Clin Oral Implants Res
Implants 2014 2015;26(11):1315-1320.
;29(suppl):25-42. 14. Ting-Shu S, Jian S. Intraoral

11. Harris B, Li Chen. Digital digital impression technique:

imaging and prosthetic driven a review. J Prosthodont
implant planning :efficient, 2015;24(4):313–321.
accurate, and reliable 15. Logozzo S, Zanetti Em,

treatment. Compendium Franceschini G, Kilpela¨ A,

Jul/Aug 201738(7). Ma¨Kynen A. Recent
12. Shen P, Zhao J, Fan L, et al. advances in dental optics –
Accuracy evaluation of part I: 3D intraoral scanners
computer-designed surgical for restorative dentistry. Opt
guide template in oral Laser Eng 2014;54:203–221.

www.wjasr.in World J Adv Sci Res Vol. 3 No. 2 March – April 2020 Page 277