2015 OLevel Pure Chemistry Paper 2 5073 02 Answers

Block 513 Bishan St 13 #01-514 (2nd Floor)
Singapore 570513 | ROC No. : 53176143J

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MET HODOLOGY OF SCI ENCE REALISE YOUR MOST
2015 O’LEVEL CHEMISTRY

5073/02
SECTION A
1. The table shows some common oxidation states for some elements in their compounds.
element common oxidation states metal / non-

non-metal
A −2 non-
non-metal
B +2; +3; +4; +6; +7 metal
C +1 non-metal
D +3 metal
E −1 non-
non-metal
(a) Complete the table by indicating whether each element listed is a metal or non-metal. [1]
[No marks is awarded for any wrong indication]
(b) Answer the following questions using the letter of the elements. [3]
(i) Which element is likely to be hydrogen? C
(ii) Which element is likely to be in Group VI? E
(iii) Which element is likely to form coloured compounds? B
(c) No elements from Group 0 are listed in the table. Use the information in the table to explain
why. [2]
Elements in Group 0 have full valence electron shell and do not have to gain or lose
electrons to obtain stable noble gas configuration, hence will not form compounds.
compounds
[To ‘use information in table’ is to state no compound

compound is formed (for 1mark)]
2. Metals can be extracted from their oxides by reduction reactions. The table given below gives the
minimum temperature needed for reduction of some metal oxides by carbon.
metal oxide min. temperature needed (℃)

( )
calcium oxide 2100
zinc oxide 900
copper oxide 100
magnesium oxide 1600
lead oxide 400
(a) (i) How does the temperature needed relate to the reactivity of the metal? [1]
The more reactive the metal,

metal the higher the minimum temperature needed for
reduction.
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MET HODOLOGY OF SCI ENCE REALISE YO UR MOST
(ii) Predict the minimum temperature needed for reduction of iron oxide by carbon.
Explain your answer. [2]
600
600℃. Iron is less reactive than zinc,
zinc but more reactive than lead as it is between
zinc and lead in the reactivity series, thus the temperature is between the 2 metals.
[Any value between 400 and 900℃]
900 ]
(b) Metal oxides also react with metals.

Use the list below for the following questions.
copper silver oxide

zinc sodium oxide
magnesium calcium oxide
iron potassium oxide
Which metal and metal oxide pair will likely react to give the most vigorous reaction? [1]
Magnesium and silver oxide

oxide.
de
[Both substances must be correct for 1mark]
(c) Zinc metal reacts with steam. Gives the names of the two products. [2]
Zinc oxide and hydrogen gas.

gas
[No marks awarded for chemical formulae]
3. (a) The table shows some information of certain organic compounds.

Fill in the blanks for missing names, formula and processes. [5]
process(es) for making

name structural formula
compound
Fractional distillation of crude oil

ethene
followed by catalytic cracking
Addition polymerisation
polymerisation
poly(ethene)
of ethene.
Two processes.
ethanol Process 1: Catalytic addition of
steam to ethene
ethanoic acid Oxidation of ethanol.
[0.5mark each]
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(b) Dilute ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid react with metal oxides.
(i) How are the reactions between metal oxide and each of the two acids similar? [1]
Both reactions produce a salt and water as the only products.
(ii) The rate of the reaction of dilute ethanoic acid with metal oxides is slower than that of
dilute hydrochloric acid of the same concentration and temperature. Why is this so? [2]
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid with partial ionisation in water to form ۶ ା ions,
ions but
hydrochloric acid is a strong acid with complete ionisation in water to form ۶ ା
ions. Hence, ethanoic acid contains lesser ۶ ା ions,

ions resulting in a slower reaction.
4. Aluminium is used to make drink cans. The metal used can be obtained either from recycling or by
extraction from bauxite by electrolysis.
process recycling electrolysis

Physical extraction and breaking up of
Physical sorting.
ore.
Steel and aluminium cans are
Concentrated sodium hydroxide is
separation separated using a magnet.
used to dissolve aluminium oxide to
Aluminium cans are shredded into
separate it from insoluble metal oxide
small pieces.
impurities.
Dissolving in ionic solvent at 900℃.

Electrolysis to form molten
main process Heating to 700℃. aluminium.
Carbon dioxide is formed in the
process.
Cooling and shaping of molten Cooling and shaping of molten

finishing
aluminium. aluminium.
(a) Use the information above to estimate the melting point of aluminium. [1]
700℃
700
[Actual melting point = 660℃]
660 ]
(b) The extraction of aluminium uses 95% more energy than the recycling process. Use the
information to explain why. [2]
The amount of energy required to dissolve aluminium in ionic solvent is almost 30%
(900℃ vs 700℃) more than that needed to heat aluminium cans. And, a huge amount of
energy is required to ensure bauxite stays molten for extraction to occur.

[Mention of 30% is the enhancement for the centre’s
centre’s students]
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(c) The extraction of aluminium creates waste that can harm the environment. Two such waste
are concentrated sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide. Why would each of these wastes
cause harm when released into the environment? [2]
NaOH is a strong alkali and corrosive. When leaked into the sea,
sea it will raise pH of water
greatly above 7,
7 killing marine lifes that don’t survive in alkaline conditions. COଶ is a
greenhouse gas that raise global temperature, melting polar caps, raising sea-
sea-level and
causes floodings.
floodings
(d) Recycling uses less energy and produces less waste than extraction. Give one other reason
why recycling metals is important. [1]
Recycling reduces the need for more extraction of metals such as aluminium which are
finite resources and will deplete over time.
(e) Some aluminium is used to make duralumin. It is commonly used to make aircraft bodies.
Duralumin is a mixture of aluminium and other elements such as copper, manganese and
magnesium.
(i) What is the name given to mixtures such as duralumin? [1]
Alloy
(ii) Suggest why duralumin is more useful as aircraft bodies than aluminium. [1]
It is stronger and harder than aluminium as layers of atoms in duralumin are less
likely to slide.
5. Dilute sodium chloride solution forms hydrogen and oxygen gases during electrolysis.
(a) Write ionic equations for the reactions at the cathode and anode. [2]
Cathode: 2‫ܪ‬ା (ܽ‫ )ݍ‬+ 2݁ ି → ‫ܪ‬ଶ (݃)
Anode: 4ܱ‫ܱ → )ݍܽ( ି ܪ‬ଶ (݃) + 2‫ܪ‬ଶ ܱ(݈) + 4݁ ି

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(b) The gases are collected and measured. Theoretically, the ratio of the volume of hydrogen to
oxygen collected should be 2:1.
Oxygen gas is more soluble than hydrogen in water. This changes the ratio of gases that are
collected.
(i) Explain the theoretical volume of the two gases. [2]
For 2moles of electrons form 1mole of ‫ܪ‬ଶ , hence for the same circuit,2moles of
electrons(anode) form 0.5moles of ܱଶ , resulting in twice the volume of ‫ܪ‬ଶ than ܱଶ .
(ii) Explain how and why the solubility of oxygen affects the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
that is collected. [2]
When some ܱଶ dissolves, the volume collected decreases

decreases and is less than half that
of ‫ܪ‬ଶ . As such, the actual yield is lower,

lower resulting in a greater ratio difference
between the 2 gases.
gases
(iii) The difference from the expected ratio is greater when the electrolysis starts but less
noticeable after the electrolysis has been running for some time. Suggest why. [1]
The volume of oxygen gas produced exceeds the volume of space in container at
anode. Hence, over time, the difference remains consistent.
(c) What happens to the concentration of sodium chloride during electrolysis? Explain. [1]
increases The amount of water in electrolyte decreases as ‫ ܪ‬ା and

The concentration increases.
ܱ‫ ିܪ‬ions are preferentially discharged, removing water while amount of sodium
chloride remains unchanged.
(d) The same apparatus can be used to electrolyse concentrated aqueous sodium chloride. Give
one similarity and one difference between the products of the two electrolysis. [2]
Similarity Difference
Dilute Both processes Oxygen gas produced at anode.

electrolyte produced hydrogen
Concentrated gas at the cathodes. Chlorine gas produced at anode.
electrolyte
(e) Platinum metal electrodes are used. Why is platinum a suitable material? [1]
Platinum is inert and as anode,

anode does not oxidised and breaks down,
down allowing the
Respective anions to be preferentially discharged instead.

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6. Farmers often buy soil improvers that contain substances that neutralise acidity. The table below
shows some common substances found in soil improvers.
chemical effectiveness in
substance other points
composition
composit ion neutralising
Insoluble in water. Needs to be
limestone CaCOଷ fair
ground to a very fine powder.
Made by heating limestone to a

high temperature.
quicklime CaO Very high Reacts exothermically with
water to make an alkaline
solution.
Made by adding water to

slaked lime Ca(OH)ଶ Very high quicklime.
Slaked lime is an alkali.
Mixture of Insoluble in water. Impurities

CaCOଷ and include silicon oxides and other
blast furnace slag fair
CaSiOଷ with other non-metal compounds.
impurities Composition of mixture varies.
(a) Use the information in the table to suggest why limestone is less effective at neutralizing
acidity than quicklime and slaked lime. [2]
Limestone is insoluble and hence does not dissociate in water to form hydroxide ions
that can effectively neutralise the hydrogen ions in acids. Therefore, it is limited in
contact with acids as solids unlike the mobile ions in the other two to allow faster
reaction.
(b) (i) Suggest an advantage of making improvers from slag rather than the other substances. [1]
Slag contains other non-metal compounds that may include components such as
nitrogen or phosphorus,
phosphorus which are essential for good plant growth.
[Accept idea of slag as waste that
that have no demands in market and increase costs from
disposal]
(ii) Slag may contain impurities of Group IV and V oxides, making it less effective at
neutralizing acidity. Explain why this is so. [2]
These oxides are non-

non-metal oxides that are mostly acidic oxides. Therefore
Increasing acidity and require more improvers to be used.

used
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(c) The calcium content of the substances is important because it adds to the mineral content of
the soil. Show by calculation that quicklime has a higher percentage by mass of calcium than
both of limestone and slaked lime. [3]
Percentage by mass of calcium in quicklime

ସ଴
= × 100%
ସ଴ାଵ଺
= 71.4% (3sf)
Percentage by mass of calcium in limestone

ସ଴
= × 100%
ସ଴ାଵଶାଵ଺×ଷ
= 40%
Percentage by mass of calcium in slaked lime

ସ଴
= × 100%
ସ଴ାଶ(ଵ଺ାଵ)
= 54.1% (3sf)
Therefore, quicklime has a higher percentage by mass of calcium than limestone and slaked
lime.
(d) Quicklime is made by strongly heating limestone. The reaction produces carbon dioxide.
Assuming that limestone is pure calcium carbonate, calculate the volume of carbon dioxide
that is produced. [3]
ଶହ×ଵ଴ల ௚
No. of moles of limestone =
ସ଴ାଵଶାଵ଺×ଷ
= 2.50× 10ହ mol
Equation : CaCOଷ → CaO + COଶ

So,
CaCOଷ COଶ
ratio 1 : 1
moles 2.50× 10ହ 2.50× 10ହ ݉‫݈݋‬
∴Volume of carbon dioxide = 2.50× 10ହ × 24݀݉ଷ

6.0 ૚૙૟ ࢊ࢓૜
= 6.0×
METHODOLOGY
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SECTION B
7. Table 1 shows the melting and boiling points of alkanes.
melting point boiling point

alkane formula
(℃)) (℃))
ethane Cଶ H଺ −183 −89
propane Cଷ H଼ −188 −42
butane Cସ Hଵ଴ −138 −1
pentane Cହ Hଵଶ −130 36
hexane C଺ Hଵସ −95 69
octane C଼ Hଵ଼ −57 126
Table 1
Graph 1 below shows the graph of melting/boiling points plotted against number of carbon atoms
in alkane.
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MET HODOLOGY OF SCI ENCE REALISE YO UR MOST
The flashpoint of a compound is the minimum temperature at which that compound gives off
enough vapour to burn in air. It is important when considering the amount of hydrocarbons
blended to make fuels. Compounds with lower flashpoints evaporate and burn more easily at lower
temperatures and burn more smoothly in car engines.
In a petrol refinery, isomerization is used to convert straight chain alkanes into branched alkanes.
The flashpoints of some straight chain and branched alkanes are provided in Table 2 and Table 3
respectively.
flashpoint
alkane formula
formula
(℃))
propane Cଷ H଼ −104
butane Cସ Hଵ଴ −71
pentane Cହ Hଵଶ −49
hexane C଺ Hଵସ −23
heptane C଻ Hଵ଺ −4
octane C଼ Hଵ଼ 13
Table 2
number of carbon flashpoint

formula
atoms (℃))
branch
branched
5 −57
alkane 1
branch
branched
5 −65
alkane 2
branch
branched
8 4
alkane 3
Table 3
(a) What trends are shown by the data in Table 1 and Graph 1?
1 [1]
Generally, as the number of carbon atoms increases, the melting and boiling points increases.
Both the melting and boiling points do not increase

increase in value linearly.
[Note the plural in trends]
(b) One of the alkanes appears to have a melting point that is different from the expected value.
Name the alkane and explain your choice. [1]
Propane. The expected value of the melting point of propane is −160

160℃
160 and the listed
value is much lower to give a clear trend in melting points.
(c) Predict the melting and boiling of heptane, C଻ Hଵ଺ . [1]
Melting point : −79℃ and boiling point : 90℃

[Acceptable : in range of −70’s
70’s and 90’s respectively]
respectively]
[No marks for just 2 values given without stating melting and boiling point]
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(d) The boiling points and flashpoints of straight chain alkanes have similar trends. Describe
these trends. [1]
Both boiling points and flashpoints increase

increase as the number of carbon atoms per molecule
increases.
increases.
(e) How is the flashpoint of a straight chain alkane affected by isomerisation? Use the
information in the table to explain. [4]
When isomerise, the flashpoint decreases

decreases as compared to a straightchain alkane of the same
number of carbon atoms.

atoms By comparing pentane and branched alkane 1, the flashpoint
decreased from −49℃to −57℃. Also, the more the number of branchings, the lower the
flashpoint of the same number of carbon atoms.

atoms. By comparing branched alkane 1 and 2,
when the no. of branchings increased from 1 to 2, the flashpoint dropped from −57℃ to
−65℃.
[2mark
[2marks
marks for comparing
comparing straightchain to isomer; 2mark
2marks
marks for comparing no. of branchings per
isomer.
isomer. Respective examples
examples must be quoted from the table]
table]
(f) Petrol contains straight chain octane. Other compounds are added to improve the
performance of petrol. In cold countries, ‘winter blend’ petrol is sold. This petrol contains
increased amounts of compounds that include pentane and branched alkane 2.
(i) Explain how and why this mixture works better than pure octane alone. [2]
Pure octane has a higher flashpoint and requires more energy for fuel to burn.
burn
When mixed, petrol will have a lowered melting point where it’s flashpoint can go
below −૝ૢ℃,, making the fuel more efficient in burning.
(ii) Engine tanks in cars are not air tight. Winter blend petrol is not sold in very hot
weather conditions because it leads to an increased loss of petrol from the tank.
Explain how and why petrol is lost. [2]
Winter blend petrol has boiling point lower than room temperature during hot
weather conditions. Hence, it vapourises very readily and escapes uncombusted in
engines in the form of unburnt hydrocarbons,

hydrocarbons resulting in mass loss.
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8. Car engines are adjusted to work at a particular air:fuel ratio. The amount of air that is mixed with
the fuel affects the temperature of the engine, the amount of pollutant gases that form and how
efficiently the catalytic converter works. Two major pollutants are carbon monoxide and nitrogen
monoxide.
(a) A ‘lean burn’ engine runs with a higher ratio of air to fuel than a normal car engine. This
means that the mixture contains a higher amount of air compared to fuel. One effect of this is
a lower running temperature of the engine.
How will a lean burn engine affect the amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide
production compared to a normal car engine? Explain. [3]
Production of CO decreases
decreases in lean burn engine.
engine With higher air:fuel ratio, the presence of
more oxygen allows for greater chance of complete combustion.

combustion Thus, reducing formation of
CO. At a lower running temperature of engine, the amount of NO produced decreases.
Nitrogen gas is inert and only combusts under high temperature.

temperature As such, lesser tendency of
formation of NO in lean burn engine.
(b) A catalytic converter removes pollutants by redox reactions.
from oxidising agent to reducing agent
CO + [O] → COଶ 2NO → Nଶ + 2[O]
Write an overall equation for the two reactions above. [1]
2CO + 2NO → 2COଶ + Nଶ
(c) The amount of air in pollutants that enter the converter affects the reactions. The graph
shows the percentage of pollutants successfully removed.
(i) Describe and explain how increased amounts of air affect the removal of carbon
monoxide and nitrogen monoxide. [3]
Initially, as amount of air increases, % of CO removed increases with maximum amt.
of NO removed. When maximum amount of CO is removed,

removed increasing
increasing amt. of air will
cause the % of NO removed to decrease with no effects on CO.

CO At lower amount of air,
NO can be reduced to ‫ۼ‬૛ more effectively without combusting in air.

air However,
increasing amt. of air allows for oxidation of CO to ۱‫۽‬૛ . Eventually, in the lack of CO
but more air, ‫ۼ‬૛ formed oxidises back into NO, reducing % of removal of NO.
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(ii) In the converter, apart from reacting with each other, carbon monoxide and nitrogen
monoxide react with other substances as well. How does the graph show that? [1]
Both the pollutants do not have zero percent removal,

removal which indicates that there is
presence of both gases in converter reacting with other substances.
EITHER
9. The diagram shows the energy changes when lithium chloride and sodium chloride are dissolved
in water.
(a) Describe the differences in the energy changes and temperature changes that happen as each
compound dissolves. [4]
When lithium chloride dissolves, the reaction is exothermic and the surrounding temp.
increases.
increases. As the energy level of product is less than that of reactant, more heat is released
into surrounding.
surrounding However, when sodium chloride dissolves, the reaction is endothermic
and the surrounding temperature decreases.

decreases The energy level of product is greater than that
of reactant, hence more heat is absorbed

absorbed from the surrounding.
(b) A student measured the temperature change when 4.0g of potassium chloride was dissolved
in excess water.
temperature at start (℃)

( ) 20
lowest temperature recorded
12
after dissolving (℃)
( )
calculated energy change (J) +720
(i) Explain why the calculated energy change includes a ‘+’ sign. [1]
The reaction is endothermic,

endothermic hence the enthalpy change is positive.
positive
(ii) Use the results to calculate the enthalpy change when one mole of potassium chloride
dissolves in excess water. Give your answer in kJ/mol to 3 significant figures. [3]
No. of moles of KC݈
ସ.଴
=
ଷଽାଷହ.ହ
= 0.05369mol M1
(ା଻ଶ଴)×଴.଴ହଷ଺ଽ
∆H per mole of KC݈ = ଵ଴଴଴ M1
= 0.0387 kJ/mol (3s.f.) M1
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(iii) Describe what happens to the arrangement and movement of the particles in
potassium chloride during dissolving. [2]
The ions are closely-

closely-packed together in an orderly arrangement, vibrating about
their fixed position as solids. When added to water, the ions become widely separated
amongst the water molecules,

molecules, vibrating randomly and sliding over one another
another.
ther.
[Note that excess water means a dilute solution]
OR
9. Fluorine is in Group VII.
(a) A jet of fluorine gas is aimed at a filter paper soaked with potassium bromide solution. The
solution on the paper quickly turns brown.
(i) Explain why this happens. Include an ionic equation to support your answer. [3]
Fluorine is more reactive than bromine,

bromine hence it displaces bromine from potassium
bromide to form the brown bromine solution.
Ionic equation : Fଶ (݃) + 2B‫ → )ݍܽ( ି ݎ‬2F ି (ܽ‫ )ݍ‬+ Brଶ (ܽ‫)ݍ‬
(ii) The experiment is repeated with chlorine and iodine gases replacing fluorine in
different setups with potassium bromide solution. State and explain what you would
expect to see in each setup. [3]
Chlorine is more reactive than bromine,

bromine hence it displaces bromine from potassium
bromide.
bromide. When added, the colourless solution turns brown.
brown
But, iodine is less reactive than bromine,

bromine hence it doesn not displace bromine from its
solution.
solution. When added, iodine gas dissolves in solution and turns it yellowish-
yellowish-brown.
brown
[Avoid brown for iodine and confuse with the bromine colour stated]
(b) Fluorine also reacts with iron. When a jet of fluorine is aimed at some iron wool, the wool
glows and appears to burn. An ash of iron(III) fluoride is left behind.
(i) Write an equation, with state symbols, for this reaction. [2]
3Fଶ (݃) + 2Fe(‫ → )ݏ‬2FeFଷ (‫)ݏ‬
(ii) Explain, using ideas of oxidation state and electron transfer, why fluorine is
considered an oxidising agent in the reaction. [2]
Fluorine caused iron to be oxidised as the oxidation state of iron increased

increased from 0 in
Fe to +3 in FeF૜ , and is itself reduced to FeF૜ .
Also, each molecule of fluorine gains an electron from iron, causing iron to be reduced
to FeF૜ . Therefore, fluorine acts as an oxidising agent.
E N D O F P A P E R
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Block 513 Bishan St 13 #01-514 (2nd Floor)

Singapore 570513 | ROC No. : 53176143J

2015 O’LEVEL CHEMISTRY

element common oxidation states metal / non-

(i) Which element is likely to be hydrogen? C

(ii) Which element is likely to be in Group VI? E

(iii) Which element is likely to form coloured compounds? B

[To ‘use information in table’ is to state no compound

metal oxide min. temperature needed (℃)

The more reactive the metal,

(b) Metal oxides also react with metals.

copper silver oxide

Magnesium and silver oxide

Zinc oxide and hydrogen gas.

3. (a) The table shows some information of certain organic compounds.

process(es) for making

Fractional distillation of crude oil

ethanoic acid Oxidation of ethanol.

Both reactions produce a salt and water as the only products.

hydrochloric acid is a strong acid with complete ionisation in water to form ۶ ା

ions. Hence, ethanoic acid contains lesser ۶ ା ions,

process recycling electrolysis

Dissolving in ionic solvent at 900℃.

Cooling and shaping of molten Cooling and shaping of molten

energy is required to ensure bauxite stays molten for extraction to occur.

finite resources and will deplete over time.

(i) What is the name given to mixtures such as duralumin? [1]

Cathode: 2‫ܪ‬ା (ܽ‫ )ݍ‬+ 2݁ ି → ‫ܪ‬ଶ (݃)

Anode: 4ܱ‫ܱ → )ݍܽ( ି ܪ‬ଶ (݃) + 2‫ܪ‬ଶ ܱ(݈) + 4݁ ି

(i) Explain the theoretical volume of the two gases. [2]

electrons(anode) form 0.5moles of ܱଶ , resulting in twice the volume of ‫ܪ‬ଶ than ܱଶ .

When some ܱଶ dissolves, the volume collected decreases

of ‫ܪ‬ଶ . As such, the actual yield is lower,

anode. Hence, over time, the difference remains consistent.

increases The amount of water in electrolyte decreases as ‫ ܪ‬ା and

ܱ‫ ିܪ‬ions are preferentially discharged, removing water while amount of sodium

chloride remains unchanged.

Dilute Both processes Oxygen gas produced at anode.

Platinum is inert and as anode,

Respective anions to be preferentially discharged instead.

Made by heating limestone to a

Made by adding water to

Mixture of Insoluble in water. Impurities

These oxides are non-

Increasing acidity and require more improvers to be used.

Percentage by mass of calcium in quicklime

Percentage by mass of calcium in limestone

Percentage by mass of calcium in slaked lime

Equation : CaCOଷ → CaO + COଶ

∴Volume of carbon dioxide = 2.50× 10ହ × 24݀݉ଷ

7. Table 1 shows the melting and boiling points of alkanes.

melting point boiling point

number of carbon flashpoint

Both the melting and boiling points do not increase

Propane. The expected value of the melting point of propane is −160

value is much lower to give a clear trend in melting points.

(c) Predict the melting and boiling of heptane, C଻ Hଵ଺ . [1]