Diagnostic Testing Solutions for

Power Transformers
 Prevention is Better than Cure - Know More About

manufacturing commissioning

mechanical impacts
>transportation
> event
>post
> fault event
>seismic
> activity event
>etc.
>
100 %
transformer condition

Keep your transformer in

with testing
testing during manufacturing > periodic testing
factory acceptance testing
commissioning acceptance testing > testing after an event - relocation, protection trip

and subsequent preventive

Taking the right action at the right time

maintain OLTC
>corroded
> contacts
>diverter
> switch
>motor
> & brake

2
 the Condition of Your Transformer

operation replacement

factors causing deterioration

aging
>overloading
>
>overheating
>
>moisture
>
protection problems
>protection
> underfunction
>protection
> failure

good condition

or warning, overcurrent, overvoltage, earthquake ...

actions

transformer life expectancy

replace parts Processing of insulation

>bushings
> >degassing
> of fluid
>surge
> arresters >retrofilling
>
>gaskets
> >drying
> of transformer
>pumps,
> fans, etc. >passivators
> or inhibitors

3
Transformer Parts and Their Possible Faults

Part

Bushings

Bushing CTs

Insulation materials

Leads

OLTC

Windings

Core

Surge arresters

4
Transformer Dielectric response Frequency response Partial discharge Current transformer
diagnostic set: analysis instrument: analysis instrument: analysis system: testing instrument:
see pages 6-21 see pages 22-23 see pages 24-25 see pages 26-29 see CT Analyzer brochure

Variable frequency power factor /

Frequency response of stray losses

Capacitance, dissipation factor /
power factor at 50 Hz or 60 Hz

Power factor / dissipation factor

Frequency response analysis

Dielectric response analysis

Current transformer analysis

Short circuit impedance /

Partial discharge analysis

DC winding resistance

Watt-loss and current

Dynamic resistance
leakage reactance
Transformer ratio

dissipation factor
Exciting current

measurement
Tip up test
Faults detectable Measurement
Partial breakdown between capacitive graded layers,
cracks in resin-bonded insulation x x x x
Aging and moisture x x x
Open or compromised measuring tap connection x x
Partial discharges in insulation x x
Loss of oil in an oil-filled bushing x
Current ratio or phase error considering burden, excessive residual
magnetism, non-compliance to relevant IEEE or IEC standard x
Moisture in solid insulation x1 x1 x
Aging, moisture, contamination of insulation fluids x x x
Partial discharges x x
Contact problems x x
Mechanical deformation x
Contact problems in tap selector and at diverter switch x x x x
Open circuit, shorted turns, or high resistance connections in the OLTC
preventative autotransformer, series autotransformer or series transformer x x x
Contact problems in the DETC x x x
Short circuits between windings or between turns x x x x
Strand-to-strand short-circuits x x
Open circuits in parallel strands x x x
Short circuit to ground x x x
Mechanical deformation x x x x
Contact problems, open circuits x x
Mechanical deformation x2 x2 x
Floating core ground x x x
Shorted core laminates x x
Deterioration and aging x
Notes:
1) Power factor / dissipation factor measurements at 50 Hz or 60 Hz can detect high moisture contents, but have a blind spot for low moisture contents. Measuring power factor / dissipation factor at
5
lower frequencies, such as 15 Hz, improves sensitivity. The most sensitive method to determine moisture in solid insulation is dielectric response analysis.
2) If the core ground can be opened.
All in One: the Multi-Functional Transformer Test

DC winding resistance measurement instrument

winding resistance
I
RHV RLV
V

TR

Leakage reactance/short-circuit impedance measurement instrument

mechanical
?
I

TR

Frequency response of stray losses measurement instrument

winding strands
I

TR

+ more substation diagnostics

>> Ground impedance measurement

>> Line impedance and ground factor
measurement
>> Resistance measurement
>> Primary relay testing

Output Measurement Precision Weight

12 kV V, I, P, Q, S output signal digitally generated CPC 100:
800 AAC Cp: 1 pF ‑ 3 µF Cp measurement: < 0.05 % error CP TD1:
400 ADC dissipation factor / power factor independent from mains quality
in wave form and frequency
15 - 400 Hz resistance: 0.5 µW - 20 kW

6
Set CPC 100 / CP TD1

Transformer ratio measurement instrument

NP/NS

VP VS

TR

Transformer exciting current test instrument

core
I f

TR

Power factor / dissipation factor measurement instrument

I
IR IC
V

Insulation

+ more substation diagnostics

>> Current transformer testing

>> Voltage transformer testing

of units Power supply High voltage cable Trolley

29 kg / 65 lbs 110 - 240 V 20 m / 65 feet to conveniently transport:
26 kg / 56 lbs 50 - 60 Hz double screen CPC 100,
CP TD1,
16 A insulation supervision
measurement cable,
high voltage cable

7
Measuring Capacitance & Power Factor / Dissipation

Surge arresters Bushings OLTC Leads Insulation materials Windings Core Damaged TR after

Capacitance and power factor / dissipation

factor (PF / DF) measurements are performed
to investigate the condition of bushings as well
as the transformer overall insulation. Aging and
decomposition of the insulation, or the ingress
of water, increase the energy that is turned into
heat in the insulation. The level of this dissipation
is measured by the PF / DF.

On surge arresters, currents and watt losses of

identical units can be compared. Deviations may
indicate aging effects, poor contacts or open
circuits between elements.

Capacitance values of bushings show if there Typical loss shapes in 15 - 400 Hz range Capacitive layers
have been breakdowns between capacitive
layers. For resin bonded paper bushings, cracks
into which oil has leaked, can also change the polarization losses conductive losses
value of the capacitance.

A rise in capacitance of more than 10 % is

normally considered to be dangerous, since it equivalent circuits *)
indicates that a part of the insulation distance is
already compromised and the dielectric stress to
the remaining insulation is too high.

Preventing bushings from exploding

center conductor
Increased heat dissipation accelerates the
aging of the insulation. If an aged insulation typical loss shapes
can no longer withstand the electrical stress,
bushings explode. CI
CJ
Better understanding of losses
At line frequency, conductive losses can be f f
represented with a parallel equivalent circuit.
Polarization losses can be represented by a series superposition of both effects
equivalent circuit consisting of an ideal capacitor
and a resistor.

Increased losses may pass a test at line

frequency unnoticed, leaving the tester unaware
of an insulation in distress. Measuring the DF /
PF over a broad frequency range helps to better f
understand both types of losses.

8
Factor

bushing explosion How does it work? How can results be confirmed?

High voltage is applied to the insulation to
be tested, i.e. the bushing tip, and a low loss
reference capacitor (integrated in CP TD1) is
connected in parallel. The currents flowing through
the insulation and through the reference capacitor
are measured and the time difference between
their zero crossings is determined. The loss angle d
is then calculated from this time difference. The
tangent of this angle is the dissipation factor. The
cosine of the angle between voltage and current is
the power factor. Results are compared with values
given in IEEE C57.10.01 and IEC 60137, and can
be compared with a base measurement, another
phase, or a sister transformer.
If values deviate more than indicated by the
standards, then dielectric response analysis
can be performed to check for increased
moisture.
Chemical tests can be performed to verify
the quality of the insulation fluid (DGA,
dielectric breakdown strength, interfacial
tension, etc.) Measuring the power factor /
dissipation factor of the insulation fluid can
also be done with a CPC 100 accessory, the
CP TC12 oil test cell.

in bushings Dissipation factor / power factor in % *) OIP bushing: PF / DF tip up test

Type RIP OIP RBP

impregnated

impregnated
Insulation

bonded
paper

paper

paper
Resin

Resin
Oil

IEC 60137 < 0.70 < 0.70 < 1.50

CA

grounded layer OIP bushing: PF / DF variable frequency test

and tap electrode
IEEE C57.10.01 < 0.85 < 0.50 < 2.00
on flange

Typical new
0.3 - 0.4 0.2 - 0.4 0.5 - 0.6
values

*) at 50 / 60 Hz and 20 °C

9
Measuring Capacitance & Power Factor / Dissipation

Power factor / dissipation factor (PF / DF) Energize HV to measure CH + CHL | CH | CHL, then energize LV to measure
measurement indicates the condition of the
liquid and solid insulation within a transformer.

Power and accuracy

The CPC 100 / CP TD1 can measure capacitance
and PF / DF (tan δ) in laboratories, test fields
and on site.

A powerful test voltage source (12 kV, 100 mA

continuous, 300 mA short-term load current)
with variable frequency (15 - 400 Hz), combined
with high accuracy measuring inputs allows fast,
effective and accurate measurements.

Prepared test procedures can guide the user

through the testing process and offer a basis for
comprehensive reporting.

Modular equipment LV
The modular equipment (CPC 100: 29 kg /
65 lbs, CP TD1: 26 kg / 56 lbs) can be easily IN A
transported thanks to its sturdy cases, which
can also be used to place the instruments onto
them for working at a comfortable height, as
shown on page 12.
CL
For convenient transport or mobile use such as
in test fields or in substations/power plants, the
instruments can be mounted onto a trolley.

The CPC 100 is used to control the test, i.e.:

>> entering the voltage and frequency values
where C and cos j / tan d shall be measured
>> starting and stopping the test
>> supervising the measurement progress and
intermediate results
>> storing results on flash disk and Power factor / dissipation factor tip up results
USB memory stick

The CP TD1 includes

>> a high voltage step-up transformer
>> a reference capacitor (pressurized gas type)
>> the unit to measure and compare currents in
amplitude and phase

10
Factor

CL + CHL | CL | CHL - thanks to internal switching logic with guard

Your Benefits
>> perfect digitally generated sine wave
test signal that is independent from
power quality and line frequency

>> laboratory precision for on-site use:

< 0.05 % error for capacitance Cp

>> portability (CPC 100: 29 kg / 65 lbs,

CP TD1: 26 kg / 56 lbs)

>> mobility through the use of a

specialized trolley

>> ruggedness and ergonomic design:

transport cases with wheels bring
equipment to appropriate working
CHL height (see page 12)
HV >> automatic tests at different voltages

>> automatic tests at different frequencies:

early detection of insulation stress due
to the improved sensitivity provided by
measurements made in the range of
15 - 400 Hz
CH
>> optional measurement bandwidth
reduction to ± 5 Hz and averaging
of up to 20 results for precise
measurements despite strong
electromagnetic interference

>> temperature correction according

to type of insulation and relevant
standard

>> internal recalibration of electronic

circuits of the CP TD1 with each
Power factor / dissipation factor variable frequency results measurement

>> automatic reporting of capacitance

Cp, DF (tan d), PF (cos ϕ), power
(active, reactive, apparent), impedance
(absolute value, phase, inductivity,
resistance, Q)

>> automatic assessment if reference

values for capacitance and power
factor / dissipation factor are known

>> less wiring effort through two

measurement inputs (IN A, IN B) that
can be used to measure for example
the capacitance of a bushing at the
same time as the main insulation

11
Measuring Ratio & Exciting (No-Load) Current

Surge arresters Bushings OLTC Leads Insulation materials Windings Core Principal

The measurement is performed for assessing IP

possible winding damage, such as turn-to-turn
short circuits, comparing the measured ratio and
magnetizing currents to specifications, factory
measurement results, and/or across phases.
VP
In the factory, this measurement is performed to
verify that ratio and the vector group is correct.

VP / VS =

Ratio measurement with the CPC 100 Setup for automatically measuring ratio and resistance per tap (see
The CPC 100 measures the transformer ratio by
applying a high voltage at the HV winding of
one transformer leg. In amplitude and phase, it
measures the applied voltage and the voltage at
the LV winding, as well as the exciting (no-load)
current. The deviation from rated values is
displayed as a percentage.

Measuring ratio per tap

The CPC 100 measures ratio and excitation
current at each tap position. Each time the
user operates the tap changer, the CPC 100
automatically starts a new measurement and
measures and displays ratio, phase angle, and
for each tap, the deviation from nominal ratio is
displayed as a percentage.

For automatically measuring winding resistance

and ratio of all phases and all taps, see page 16.

12
 test setup How does it work?
The winding ratio between primary and
secondary windings is measured for each
transformer leg, applying high voltage at the
HV side and measuring on the LV side. The ratio
of these voltages, equalling the turns ratio, is
VS calculated. Results are compared with name-
plate values and across phases.
The exciting current is the corresponding current
flowing in the HV winding if the LV winding is
open. Results are compared with a reference
measurement, or a measurement performed on
TR a sister transformer; in three phase transformers,
= NP / NS
the two outer phases can also be compared.
page 16) CPC 100 TRRatio test card
Exciting current [mA] per tap
Watt losses [W] per tap
13
How can results be confirmed?
With the turns-ratio test, shorted turns can
be detected. If a problem is suspected from
a DGA, a dissipation factor test, or a relay
trip, a turns-ratio test can be performed to
rule out / verify if turns are shorted.
If the exciting current test shows deviations,
and DC winding resistance and ratio test do
not show errors, then the cause may be a
core failure or unsymmetrical residual flux.
Your Benefits
>> powerful AC voltage source,
controllable from 0 to 2000 V
>> a perfect digitally generated
sine wave test signal that is
independent from the quality
of the mains wave form
>> convenient and quick testing by
automatic detection of tap changer
operation as trigger for the next
tap measurement
>> exciting current measurement
in amplitude and phase
>> variable frequency for
measurements outside mains
frequency for noise suppression,
if selected by the user
>> accuracy and safety
>> automatic reporting of measured
voltage values and phase angles,
measured ratio and deviation as
a percentage, exciting current in
amplitude and phase
>> tabular and graphical result
representation for every tap
Measuring DC Winding Resistance and OLTC

Surge arresters Bushings OLTC Leads Insulation materials Windings Core Burn-off at a

Winding resistance measurements are

performed for assessing possible winding
damage. It is also used to check the On-Load
Tap Changer (OLTC) - to know when to clean
or replace OLTC contacts, or to know when
to replace or refurbish the OLTC itself, which
has a shorter life span than the active part of
the transformer.

In the factory, this measurement is performed to

calculate the I2R component of conductor losses
and to calculate winding temperature at the end
of a temperature test.

Measuring resistance with the CPC 100 Table in CPC 100 TRTapCheck test card Switching
The CPC 100 injects DC current into the
winding, measures current and voltage and then
calculates and displays the resistance. When the
resistance value is stable, the CPC 100 makes the
final measurement, and reduces the test current
to zero to discharge the energy saved in the
winding. When it is safe to remove test leads,
the CPC 100 illuminates its green safety light.

Tapped windings and OLTC

In semi-automatic mode, the CPC 100 measures
the resistance of each subsequent tap position.
Each time the user operates the OLTC, the
CPC 100 waits until the values stabilize, and
then measures and displays the winding
resistance at this tap position. When all taps
have been measured, the CPC 100 discharges
the inductive energy stored in the winding and Winding resistance per tap
indicates when this process is completed. For
automatically measuring static and dynamic
winding resistance and ratio of all phases and
all taps, see page 16.

Dynamic resistance measurement

The OLTC has to switch from one tap position
to another without interrupting the load
current. When switching the tap changer during
winding resistance measurement, the DC current
temporarily decreases. This current decrease
should be measured and compared across
taps, as recommeded in the Cigré Transformer
Maintenance Guide 445.

14
diverter switch How does it work?
To measure the winding resistance, the
winding under test must first be loaded with
energy (E=1/2*L*I2) until the inductance of
the winding is saturated. Then the resistance
can be determined by measuring DC current
and DC voltage. For tapped windings, this
should be done for every tap position, hence
testing the OLTC and the winding together.
Results should be compared to a reference
measurement, across phases, or with a sister
transformer. In order to compare measurements,
the resistance values have to be re-calculated,
to reflect different temperatures during
the measurements.
process Ripple per tap
Slope per tap
15
How can results be confirmed?
Results should not differ more than 1 %
compared to the reference measurement.
Differences between phases are usually less
than 2 - 3 %.
Transformer turns ratio or frequency
response analysis can be used to confirm
contact problems. In both cases, hot spots
in the transformer will result in a DGA
indicating increased heat. However, gas
signatures are not unique and thus do not
allow for the identification of the root cause.
Your Benefits
>> convenient and quick testing by using
OLTC operation as a trigger for the
next tap measurement
>> additional condition assessment of the
individual OLTC taps through dynamic
resistance measurement, recorded
as a part of “classical” resistance
measurement, without extra effort
>> high accuracy and safe testing through
the use of a 4-wire connection. The
CPC 100 visually indicates when it
is safe to remove test leads, even
if its power supply is interrupted
during testing. If the test leads are
removed or interrupted accidentally,
the test current will flow through the
voltage path, preventing dangerous
overvoltages. If the CP SA1 accessory
is in use during such an accidental
interruption of test leads, damage to
the CPC 100 will be prevented.
>> automatically created report showing
the test duration, the resistance
value at measurement and reference
temperature, etc.
>> tabular and graphical results are
produced for every tap for easy
visual comparison
Automatically Measuring Ratio & Winding Resistance

Using the CP SB1 accessory, the CPC 100 can Faster Safer
automatically
>> measure ratio and the exciting current of all
of the taps and all phases
>> confirm the vector group
>> measure static and dynamic winding
resistance of all of the taps and all phases

This accessory helps to save a lot of time as

wiring is only necessary once. With the same
cabling, both ratio and resistance measurements
can be performed.

Through the CP SB1, the CPC 100 is connected

to all phases of a transformer. The up and down
command inputs of the OLTC are also connected
and controlled by the CPC 100 and the CP SB1.

Ratio measurement
The CPC 100 only requires the user to enter
ratio and the vector group to measure the
ratio and the exciting current for each tap of
each phase automatically. For each tap, results
are compared to the specified ratio and the
deviations are displayed.

Winding resistance measurement LV

With the CP SB1, the CPC 100 injects DC current
into each tap of each winding. The CPC 100
then waits for the current to stabilize and
measures the resistance value, as well as the
data describing the switching process (dynamic
resistance measurement).

The tap changer is then operated automatically

until the measurement on one transformer
phase is finished. Between measuring the
different phases, the energy stored in the
windings is quickly discharged. When the
windings are fully discharged, the CPC 100 /
CP SB1 automatically switches to the next phase.

At the end of the measurement, the last winding

is discharged and the operator is notified visually
that it is safe to remove the wiring.

AC, DC, OLTC

16
 of All Taps and All Phases

Measurement with switchbox

Switchbox connected to CPC 100 / CP TD1

OLTC HV
Your Benefits
>> several times faster than conventional
wiring technique:
- minimum wiring - only once for all
connections
- automatic discharging of the
windings between measurements
- automatic tap changer operation

>> increased safety: no repeated climbing

up and down the transformer

>> simple workflow: a single, automatic

measurement for determining ratio
and exciting current, as well as static
and dynamic winding resistance

>> prevention of wiring errors: prior to

the measurement, wiring plausibility is
automatically checked

>> comprehensive automatic reporting for

all phases and taps
 control

17
Measuring Short Circuit Impedance / Leakage Reactance

Surge arresters Bushings OLTC Leads Insulation materials Windings Core Regional

The measurement is performed for assessing

possible damage/displacement of windings.
Measurements are compared over time or by
comparing phases.

In case of a short-circuit, forces work towards

the core for the inner winding and away from
the core for the outer winding. If these forces
affect the placement of windings, the leakage
flux will change. In particular, short circuits
between parallel strands of Continuously
Transposed Conductors (CTCs), and local
overheating due to excessive eddy current losses
linked by the stray flux can be detected.

Numerous incidents exist of asset managers Measuring frequency response of stray losses
investigating the reason why their transformer is
gassing even though all standard electrical tests
show acceptable results. This illustrates that
their tools do not cover all trouble and failure
possibilities.

The Frequency Response of Stray Losses of each

phase will be nearly identical if all phases are in
good condition. An increase in frequency will
result in an increase in impedance as the skin
effect becomes more pronounced.

Just like measuring leakage reactance or short

circuit impedance at power system frequency,
the CPC 100 measures leakage reactance, or
short circuit impedance, across a frequency
range of 15 - 400 Hz, as defined by the user.

It applies AC voltage to the high voltage

winding, with the low voltage winding short-
circuited. It then measures the load current
in amplitude and phase and calculates the
impedance. The measurement is performed for
each transformer phase. The user then compares
results across phases and / or over time.

18
& Frequency Response of Stray Losses
overheating How does it work?
An AC source is connected to each phase of the
HV winding with the corresponding LV winding
shorted. The current and the voltage across
the HV winding are measured in amplitude
and phase, and the short circuit impedance
is calculated. Short-circuit impedance
measurements should ideally be performed over
a range of frequencies, commonly known as
Frequency Response of Stray Losses. Here, the
AC source features variable frequency. After
source current and voltage have been measured
across the HV winding, the stray losses are
represented by the inductive part of the short
circuit impedance at higher frequencies.
Leakage flux force direction
Leakage flux
HV LV LV HV
FRSL test results with faulty phase C
19
How can results be confirmed?
Leakage reactance: deviations of more than
1 % ought to be investigated with other
tests such as FRA. Differences between
phases are usually less than 2 %. Deviations
of more than 3 % are considered significant.
Frequency response of stray losses (FRSL) results
can be cross-checked with PD measurement,
FRA, and DGA. If parallel strands are shorted,
higher losses in the stray channel will
cause high internal temperatures, normally
indicated by a DGA. The gas signature
is not unique and does not provide the
identification of the root cause, however.
FRSL is unique in this respect.
Your Benefits
>> a perfect digitally generated
sine wave test signal that is
independent from power quality
>> additional diagnostic information
through the measurement of the
leakage reactance or short circuit
impedance at several frequencies
>> variable frequency for
measurements outside mains
frequency for noise suppression,
if selected by the user
>> accuracy and safety
>> automatic reporting of all
measured values
>> display of result as Z and Φ,
R and X, or R and L
>> graphical results representation
CPC 100 / CP TD1 - Operation According to Individual
Manual front panel operation
Directly setting output values
Result representation on PC / laptop
Test cards dedicated to specific tests
Result representation in MS Excel
Operating CPC 100 / CP TD1 manually
provides results with minimal training –
perfect for users operating the devices
occasionally. Operating directly through
the device, the user just selects the
output to be used, the measurement
to be made and performs it by pressing
the green button. Users can measure
exactly the way they consider best by
using the device in this way.
Front panel operation
supported by test cards
Dedicated test cards help when
performing frequent applications
conveniently and efficiently. The
cards contain predefined procedures,
dedicated to specific applications (for
example power factor / dissipation
factor, winding resistance and tap
changer test, ratio measurement, etc.).
Several test cards can be combined
to form an entire test plan for a
power system apparatus (e.g. a power
transformer), guiding the user through
the measurement.
20
Reporting
Performed tests can be saved and are
the basis for comprehensive reports.
For customized reporting, all data
belonging to the measurement,
including settings, results, and
administrative information such as
date & time, filename, etc. can also
be imported to MS Excel. OMICRON
provides templates containing typical
test procedures for power system
apparatus, providing guidance during
the measurement and conveniently
and quickly producing comprehensive
result representations in MS Excel. Test
reports can automatically be entered
into customer-specific sheets and
further content, for example company
logos, can be added.
Test preparation on PC
Tests can also be prepared in the
office on a PC or laptop - without the
CPC 100, with which the test will later
be executed at site, step by step.
Needs
Primary Test Manager (PTM)
Primary Test Manager (PTM) software
supports the users’ workflow during
diagnostic testing. The user can define
and manage test objects, create test plans, 3. Guidance through testing
perform measurements, and generate
reports. PTM manages the entire workflow
during testing, guiding the user through
the process step-by-step.
1. Asset management
PTM supports the administration of
asset data of power transformers:
general identifying characteristics like
location, manufacturer, production
date, serial numbers, etc. can be
entered just like electrical data such
as number of windings, voltage and
power ratings, vector group, etc.
2. Dynamic test plan generation
Based on the electrical data of the
apparatus (such as vector group
or bushing type), PTM generates a
plan of diagnostic measurements to
be performed in accordance with
industry standards, thus saving time
PC control and application management with PTM
Primary Test Manager main screen
1. Asset management
2. Dynamic test plan generation
and reducing the risk of errors.
The test procedure can easily be 3. Guidance through testing
adapted by selecting / de-selecting
elements.
During the measurement, PTM
enables the user to directly control
the test instrument from a PC or
laptop. Clear connection schemes
help the user to make correct 4. Result representation in PTM
connections and to avoid errors.
The test progress is visible in the
test table throughout the test.
4. Reporting
After the tests, reports can be
generated at any time for any
of the measurements made
previously. The report content
is flexible and customizable.
Customer specific report forms can
be generated and other elements
can be added, such as company
logos.
21
Dielectric Response Analysis of Power Transformers and

Surge arresters Bushings OLTC Leads Insulation materials Windings Core Typical shape of
1

Dissipation factor
Dielectric response analysis is used to assess the Moist
high Insula
water content of the solid insulation (cellulose) Oil co
and thus periodically monitor its condition.

Knowing the water content is important for the 0,1

low
condition assessment of transformer bushings
and the transformer in its entirety.
l
In the factory, this measurement is used at the 0,01
end of production to control the drying procress
and to assure low moisture after drying.

0,001
0,001 Hz 1

Displaying the dissipation factor over a wide Verifying the insulation condition with DIRANA
frequency range provides insight into the
specific properties of the oil, the geometry
of the solid insulation in the form of spacers
and barriers, and the condition of the solid
insulation itself. This is the only method that
can - non-invasively - directly measure the actual
moisture content in the solid insulation.

The method is scientifically approved by

CIGRÉ. Aging threshold values as defined in
IEC 60422 allow for an automatic insulation
condition assessment and corresponding
recommendations for further actions such as
transformer drying.

OMICRON’s DIRANA can measure dielectric

response over an extremely wide frequency
range (10 µHz - 5 kHz). It minimizes testing time
by combining frequency domain spectroscopy
(FDS) at high frequencies and polarization and
depolarization current measurement (PDC)
at low frequencies. DIRANA also displays the
polarization index (PI) based on FDS/PDC
measurement. It thus replaces measuring
insulation resistance, delivering the same
information, but being more accurate for
moisture determination. Testing time is further
minimized by simulaneously measuring through
two channels, and the application of an
intelligent curve recognition. Measurements are
ended automatically as soon as the typical shape
of the curve, including the hump, indicates that
all relevant points have been measured.

22
 Bushings

dielectric response How does it work? How can results be confirmed?

ture and aging of cellulose If the dissipation factor of a transformer is
ation Geometry
onductivity
plotted against a wide frequency range, the
resulting dielectric response curve contains
information on the insulation condition.
The very low and the high sections contain
high information on moisture and aging in the solid
low insulation, while the position of the slope in the
mid range frequencies indicates the conductivity
high of the liquid insulation.
This curve is compared to model curves to
low evaluate aging, particularly for assessing the
1 Hz 1000 Hz moisture content in the insulation.
Frequency
There are no other non-invasive ways to
assess moisture in a transformer; dielectric
response analysis is unique in this respect.
The Karl Fischer titration method can
determine moisture content in oil or in
paper, but has several disadvantages.
For instance, to determine moisture in
paper, the method requires opening the
transformer and taking a paper sample.
During the process, the insulation itself is
being damaged and the sample takes up
new moisture.

f range duration

Your Benefits
DIRANA comprehensive ~ 2.9 h
>> insulation condition assessment
concerning moisture / aging of
cellulose and oil conductivity

>> automatic result evaluation according

to IEC 60422 (dry, moderately wet,
FDS comprehensive ~ 6.0 h
wet, extremely wet), indicating if
further actions are required

>> completely non-invasive measurement

>> minimum down-time: a measurement

PDC limited ~ 5.5 h can be performed directly after the
transformer has been shut down, as
equilibrium is not required

>> fast measurement through an intelligent

combination of methods FDS and PDC,
DIRANA and accessories in sturdy case simultaneous measurement with two
input channels and forecast algorithm

>> automatic compensation of the

influence of conductive aging
by-products avoiding overestimation of
moisture content

>> predefined tests for all transformer

types and bushings

>> step-by-step software guidance

>> also measure the insulation condition

of cables, generators, motors and
instrument transformers

23
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis

Surge arresters Bushings OLTC Leads Insulation materials Windings Core Elements forming a

Frequency response analysis (FRA) is used to

verify the electrical and mechanical integrity
of the active part of the transformer (core,
leads, windings). FRA is also ideal for further
diagnosis, if periodic testing or monitoring
identifies irregularities.

A growing number of utilities also use FRA

during routine testing, since the method can
detect a wide range of faults while being
completely non-invasive.

FRA is the most sensitive method for detecting

mechanical deformations.

Frequency response analysis (FRA) is based on Test lead connection on transformer bushing using broad braids, clamps
the comparison of a reference test with an
actual test, where the reference test is usually a
fingerprint that has been previously measured.
When such a fingerprint is not available, another
phase or a sister transformer can also be used
for comparison.

For on site use, FRAnalyzer comes in a rugged

case which all necessary accessories fit into,
including a battery with sufficient power clamp connection
to complete the comprehensive testing of
any transformer.

FRAnalyzer uses braids for its connections which

allow a high level of reproducibility due to their
tight connection close to the bushing using
clamps and screws.

This technique is recommended in the CIGRÉ

brochure 342 on FRA:
>> connection close to the bushing
>> broad braids minimize test setup interference

ü for large bushings, the influence of the

O O measurement setup can be reduced

even more by using two braids

24
unique fingerprint How does it work?
A low voltage sinusoidal signal with variable
frequency is applied to one terminal of a
winding and at the other end of the winding
the response signal is measured. The voltage
transfer function of the winding is determined
as the output / input ratio.
The transfer function of a winding depends on
the resistive, inductive and capacitive elements
of the transformer. Changes in these elements
as a consequence of a failure lead to changes in
the transfer function. Results are represented in
magnitude and phase as in a Bode diagram.
and screws Automatic comparison / evaluation of results
Small and lightweight FRAnalyzer
25
How can results be confirmed?
Frequency response analysis can detect a
wide range of faults. Some of these faults
can be confirmed by other measurements,
such as DC winding resistance, frequency
response of stray losses, short-circuit
impedance / leakage reactance, exciting
current, or ratio measurement.
However, no other method can give as
clear an indication as frequency response
analysis can to determine whether windings
have been deformed, for example by the
mechanical forces resulting from a fault.
Your Benefits
>> non-invasive detection of:
- winding deformations
- shorted parallel strands
- winding or interturn short circuits
- winding shorted to ground
- shorted core laminates
- floating core ground
- open circuits
- contact resistance problems
>> excellent reproducibilty through
innovative connection technique
>> powerful and easy-to-use software:
- database solution
- import of FRA traces from other
vendors (Doble, FRAMIT, FRAX, etc.)
- export traces in CIGRE exchange (.xfra)
or .csv format
- data export to MS Excel or database
applications
- automatic assessment through
proven algorithm
>> automatic reporting
>> high accuracy and wide dynamic range
>> small and lightweight device
>> support is available from OMICRON for
the interpretation of results
Partial Discharge Analysis

Surge arresters Bushings OLTC Leads Insulation materials Windings Core Partial discharge

Once initiated, partial discharge (PD) causes a conductor

progressive breakdown of insulating materials by C2’
electrical tree formation. C3’
PD measurements are performed on the C1’
insulation of transformers to determine the
insulation’s condition and to safely prevent it
from breaking down. void
C2’
PD measurement is also part of the factory
acceptance test.
conductor

The OMICRON MPD PD system offers quick and PD analysis on a three phase transformer
precise recording of pulses on the three phases
of a transformer using data acquisition from
three or more channels.

Digital filter
In the MPD 600 the classical analog bandpass
filter has been replaced by a digital filter using
a mathematical algorithm. Digital system
design eliminates aging effects and temperature
drift making measurements comparable and
reproducible by perfectly reproducing settings:
>> the digital filter can be easily adapted to
the conditions on site by tuning its center
frequency and bandwith to minimize
disturbances with fixed frequency bands
>> calibration values for charge and voltage
can be set directly on the laptop controlling
the test, fully reproducible during the next
measurement

Optical Isolation
Between individual PD acquisition units
and between the acquisition units and the
PC / laptop, fiber-optics are used for the
communication. Communication with fiber-
optics ensures a continuous, disturbance-free
transmission of PD events and test voltage. The
units are supplied using a battery power supply.
This design provides complete galvanic isolation
between the individual components, minimizing
ground loops and so reducing interference.

26
 measurement How does it work?
A coupling capacitor is connected in parallel
to the capacitances of the measured insulation
distance. Any charge movements within the
C3’ connected insulation distance will be reflected
Ccoupling in the charge of the coupling capacitor. The
resulting circulating current of the paralleled
capacitances is measured and interpreted.
insulation
Analyzing PD means detecting and evaluating
very small discharges, while dealing with very
high test voltages, often complicated by external
disturbances.
Signals acquired simultaneously by 3 units
PD acquisition unit
27
How can results be confirmed?
A chemical dissolved gas analysis (DGA)
can also indicate partial discharges. It
is impossible, however, to locate partial
discharges with DGA.
Battery powered acquisition units
The acquisition units are supplied from
rechargeable batteries, which can supply
the units for more than 20 hours. Another
advantage of battery power supply is that it
eliminates disturbances which would result from
a mains power supply.
Noise suppression through gating
Additionally, noise can be eliminated by
amplitude / phase gating, dynamic noise gating
or antenna gating. Here, one measurement
channel, which is not connected to the
equipment under test, is used as a detector
for external disturbances. Any pulse picked
up by this unit is considered to be an external
disturbance and is therefore eliminated on
all other units because internal PD cannot be
detected by this antenna channel due to the
shielding effect of tank and graded bushings.
Multi-channel measurement
Measuring simultaneously with several channels
with synchronization accuracy in the range of
nanoseconds has several advantages:
>> it minimizes the time for which high voltage
has to be applied to a suspect transformer
and speeds up testing
>> it allows for real-time de-noising of the data
to minimize the influence of disturbances,
and helps separating different sources of PD
and identifying the type of PD sources
Partial Discharge Analysis

“Tuning to” partial discharges (PD)

When you are listening to the radio, the audio
filter of your receiver filters out all other radio
stations, and only plays the one that you are
listening to. The MPD can use two methods for
“tuning to” PD sources to display only what you
want to take a closer look on.

3-Phase Amplitude Relation Diagram

Through cross-coupling, a PD pulse on one
phase in a transformer will usually appear Measurements related to each other in 3PARD or 3CFRD
on all phases - with different amplitudes.
Noise, however, is external and thus produces
amplitudes that are similar on all phases.

By synchronously measuring on all phases the

tester can separate pulses by plotting them in the pd cluster
3-Phase Amplitude Relation Diagram (3PARD).

Noise will create a separate cluster in this diagram,

usually in the center of the 3PARD. PD, however,
the pulses of which are often smaller than those
of noise, typically form a cluster outside the center.
If more than one PD source exists, each of them
will form a separate cluster.

When a cluster is selected, the phase-resolved PD

pattern will be shown specifically for this cluster,
facilitating pattern recognition, i.e. determining
the possible cause of a single PD source.

3-Center Frequency Relation Diagram

Another way to separate pulses is 3-Center
Frequency Relation, which requires only one
measurement channel, for example when the
test object is a single phase transformer.

This method measures with three filters at

different measurement frequencies at the same
time. Using spectral differences, distinct internal
pulses can be separated from each other and PD Separated partial discharge Separated
can be discriminated from external noise.

The result of the three measurements is plotted

in the 3-Center Frequency Relation Diagram
(3CFRD). The unfolding clusters in this diagram
can then be analyzed separately.

Advantages of 3PARD and 3CFRD

>> allows the separation of PD activity from noise
>> enables the separation of different PD sources
>> facilitates pattern recognition

28
 Ultra high frequency PD detection
Within liquid-insulated transformers, PD can also
be measured using ultra high frequency (UHF)
sensors. PD is directly measured from within
the tank, by flanging UVS 610 sensors directly
onto it, using its natural screening effect. The
UHF 608 accessory converts the signals for the
MPD. UHF measurement can also be used to
trigger an acoustic PD measurement, or as an
additional gating mechanism - then pulses from
an electrical measurement are only accepted if a
UHF pulse is also present.

UVS 610 UHF sensor (MPD accessory)

noise cluster

Your Benefits
>> lightweight

>> scalable and modular system

>> high speed for the most

comprehensive testing

>> measuring all phases of a transformer

simultaneously with nanosecond
synchronicity

noise >> high operator safety through optical

fibers galvanically isolated from the
PD acquisition units

>> high sensitivity down to pico or even

femto Coulombs through effective
gating technology

>> separating PD sources and noise

through 3PARD / 3CFRD

>> improving the locating of PD and

thus assisting the user to make the
right follow-up decisions (e.g. if a
transformer can be repaired on-site)

29
Power Transformer Services, Training and Support

Expertise in transformer diagnostics OMICRON experts evaluating a customer’s results

OMICRON employs some of the world’s most
renowned experts in transformer diagnosis.

Among them are members of working groups

concerned with transformer maintenance and
diagnosis in international standardization
bodies, such as CIGRÉ, the IEEE, or the IEC.

They have performed numerous diagnostic

measurements on power transformers, often as
a result of customer requests.

Moreover, they have published many papers

on power transformer diagnosis, which are
available in the customer area on the OMICRON
website, together with dedicated expert forums,
moderated by OMICRON.

Result assessment support

OMICRON experts support customers in
interpreting and assessing results - such as
partial discharge patterns, or FRA fingerprints. Demonstration booth at dedicated event

Technical support
High quality technical support teams also
provide answers to questions on the use of the
equipment, and are the first point of contact
should a functional problem occur. If a repair is
necessary, repair times are short - typically in the
range of less than one or two weeks.

Dedicated events
OMICRON hosts the regular Diagnostic
Measurements on Power Transformers
Workshop. There, typically over a hundred
delegates from all over the world share and
discuss case studies and recent developments in
transformer diagnosis.

Themes include best practice experiences and

solutions in transformer testing presented by
customers and new technological developments
reported by OMICRON. Informal get togethers
aid peer exchange.

Several smaller events on related subjects

targeted on the particularities of specific
geographical regions are also offered
throughout the year.

30
Customer theoretical training Training courses
OMICRON training courses provide a solid
theoretical and practical background and answer
a client’s individual questions. Training courses
are held at either the customer’s site, online
through a webinar, or in one of the OMICRON
training centers wordwide.

Power transformer training topics

>> Design, testing and maintenance
>> Chemical diagnostic methods
>> Diagnostic measurements and residual life
assessment
>> Condition assessment of HV bushings
>> Moisture determination and dielectric
diagnostics
>> Frequency response analysis and interpretation
>> Partial discharge measurement
>> Training courses using OMICRON technology

Customer practical training

Your Benefits
>> assistance in interpretation and
assessment of results

>> access to relevant training modules

>> dedicated conventions/conferences

>> technical assistance in equipment usage

from our technical support teams

>> access to scientific papers on transformer

diagnosis through the customer area on
our website

31
OMICRON is an international company serving the electrical
power industry with innovative testing and diagnostic solutions.
The application of OMICRON products allows users to assess
the condition of the primary and secondary equipment on their
systems with complete confidence. Services offered in the area of
consulting, commissioning, testing, diagnosis, and training make
the product range complete.

Customers in more than 140 countries rely on the company’s

ability to supply leading edge technology of excellent quality.
Broad application knowledge and extraordinary customer support
provided by offices in North America, Europe, South and East Asia,
Australia, and the Middle East, together with a worldwide network
of distributors and representatives, make the company a market
leader in its sector.

The following publications provide further information on the solutions

described in this brochure:

For a complete list of available literature please visit our website.

Americas Asia-Pacific Europe, Middle East, Africa

OMICRON electronics Corp. USA OMICRON electronics Asia Limited OMICRON electronics GmbH
3550 Willowbend Blvd Suite 2006, 20/F, Tower 2 Oberes Ried 1
Houston, TX 77054, USA The Gateway, Harbour City 6833 Klaus, Austria
Phone: +1 713 830-4660 Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R. Phone: +43 5523 507-0
+1 800-OMICRON Phone: +852 3767 5500 Fax: +43 5523 507-999
Fax: +1 713 830-4661 Fax: +852 3767 5400 info@omicron.at
info@omicronusa.com info@asia.omicron.at

© OMICRON L2007, August 2012

Subject to change without notice www.omicron.at • www.omicronusa.com