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Instrumen ADULT MANIFEST ANXIETY SCALE - Iqbal Fauzi
Instrumen ADULT MANIFEST ANXIETY SCALE - Iqbal Fauzi
Instrumen ADULT MANIFEST ANXIETY SCALE - Iqbal Fauzi
The GAI was not explicitly developed as a diagnostic assessment instrument (Pachana
et al., 2007). Nevertheless, sensitivity and specificity were calculated in the present study for
both the GAI and GAI-SF, principally because of the focus on their use as screening
instruments for nursing home residents. We have presented sensitivity and specificity values
for both instruments at various cut-off points on each of the scales in recognition of the
tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity, and the notion that the “best” cut-off score for
any particular setting or practice may differ from that of others. Our cut-off score on the GAI
differs slightly from that recommended by Pachana et al. (2007), who found the optimal cut-
off score (i.e. balance between sensitivity and specificity) on the GAI for detecting any
anxiety disorder was 8. The optimal cut-off score on the GAI-SF for detecting any anxiety
disorder has not been determined in previous studies. The difference in cut-off scores can be
likely attributed to the differences in the nature of the samples, as the present data were
gathered with a nursing home sample.
At the optimal cut-off score, sensitivity was relatively strong for the GAI and more
modest for the GAI-SF. Specificity was relatively lower than sensitivity for both instruments.
Neither instrument appears to be ideal for diagnostic purposes in light of the AUC values
obtained, which is not a particular problem in light of the intended use of these 8 L. A.
Gerolimatos et al. Instruments. In long-term settings, these instruments are most likely to be
used for detecting significant anxiety symptoms, as opposed to diagnosing anxiety disorders,
and both the GAI and GAI-SF appear to adequately detect anxiety.
These results suggest that the GAI and GAI-SF would be suitable tools for addressing
anxiety in long-term care, particularly in light of the challenges of assessing anxiety in this
setting. The present results also bode well for researchers who seek an economical method
for identifying older adults in long-term care facilities that might be suitable participants for
older adult anxiety research. One is cautioned, however, that neither of these instruments was
developed for use with residents with significant cognitive impairment. Impaired memory, in
particular, can compromise the reliability of self-reported experience of anxiety over even
brief periods of time. In such cases, a combination of direct observation and self-report might
yield a more reliable and valid assessment of anxiety. Seignourel et al. (2008) provide an
excellent critical review of the literature on anxiety in dementia, including the appraisal of
instruments commonly used for this purpose. The challenges of assessing anxiety in this
population are discussed, as is the absence of a suitable, valid, and reliable assessment
instrument.
Finally, the reader is reminded that the principal purpose of the present study was to
examine the psychometric properties of the GAI and GAI-SF because these properties can
vary across population samples. The validity resides with the test scores obtained in the
present study and other studies, not with the instruments themselves (Messick, 1995). For this
reason, it is important to examine psychometric properties across samples when the
characteristics of the population with which one intends to use an assessment instrument
differ from those with which the instrument was standardized.
With individuals with schizophrenia. Anxiety disorders are often comorbid with
psychotic disorders, with rates ranging from 0% to 43%, depending on the particular anxiety
disorder and characteristics of the samples (Braga et al., 2004). The challenge to the
discriminant validity of an anxiety assessment instrument is the differentiation of anxiety
disorders that are comorbid with psychotic disorders (e.g. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder)
and “anxietylike symptoms” due to psychotic disorder (Braga et al. 2004).
The mean age of the present sample was young, which could be due to the fact that a
substantial proportion of the participants had psychotic disorders with symptoms that are
impairing enough to warrant long-term skilled nursing care. However, the young age of the
sample also limits the generalizability of the results to the oldest old. Members of many racial
groups were included in the present sample, though the vast majority of participants were
Caucasian. Replication of the present study with a sample of residents with less severe
pathology and greater ethnic/racial diversity would be helpful in establishing the
generalizability of the present findings.
Pada skor batas optimal, sensitivitas relatif kuat untuk GAI dan lebih sederhana untuk
GAI-SF. Kekhususan relatif lebih rendah daripada sensitivitas untuk kedua instrumen. Tidak
ada instrumen yang tampaknya ideal untuk tujuan diagnostik mengingat nilai AUC yang
diperoleh, yang bukan merupakan masalah khusus mengingat tujuan penggunaan 8 L. A.
Gerolimatos et al ini. Instrumen. Dalam pengaturan jangka panjang, instrumen ini paling
mungkin digunakan untuk mendeteksi gejala kecemasan yang signifikan, sebagai lawan
untuk mendiagnosis gangguan kecemasan, dan GAI dan GAI-SF tampaknya mendeteksi
kecemasan secara memadai.
Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa GAI dan GAI-SF akan menjadi alat yang cocok untuk
mengatasi kecemasan dalam perawatan jangka panjang, terutama mengingat tantangan
menilai kecemasan dalam pengaturan ini. Hasil ini juga menjadi pertanda baik bagi para
peneliti yang mencari metode ekonomis untuk mengidentifikasi orang dewasa yang lebih tua
di fasilitas perawatan jangka panjang yang mungkin merupakan peserta yang cocok untuk
penelitian kecemasan orang dewasa yang lebih tua. Namun, perlu diingat bahwa tidak satu
pun dari instrumen ini dikembangkan untuk digunakan dengan penduduk dengan gangguan
kognitif yang signifikan. Gangguan memori, khususnya, dapat membahayakan keandalan
pengalaman kecemasan yang dilaporkan sendiri bahkan selama periode waktu yang singkat.
Dalam kasus seperti itu, kombinasi observasi langsung dan laporan diri mungkin
menghasilkan penilaian kecemasan yang lebih andal dan valid. Seignourel dkk. (2008)
memberikan tinjauan kritis yang sangat baik dari literatur tentang kecemasan pada demensia,
termasuk penilaian instrumen yang biasa digunakan untuk tujuan ini. Tantangan menilai
kecemasan dalam populasi ini dibahas, seperti tidak adanya instrumen penilaian yang sesuai,
valid, dan andal.
Akhirnya, pembaca diingatkan bahwa tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk
menguji sifat psikometri GAI dan GAI-SF karena sifat ini dapat bervariasi antar sampel
populasi. Validitas terletak pada skor tes yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini dan penelitian
lain, bukan dengan instrumen itu sendiri (Messick, 1995). Untuk alasan ini, penting untuk
memeriksa sifat psikometri di seluruh sampel ketika karakteristik populasi yang akan
digunakan untuk menggunakan instrumen penilaian berbeda dari yang digunakan untuk
standar instrumen
Usia rata-rata dari sampel saat ini adalah muda, yang dapat disebabkan oleh fakta
bahwa sebagian besar peserta memiliki gangguan psikotik dengan gejala yang cukup
mengganggu untuk menjamin perawatan terampil jangka panjang. Namun, usia muda dari
sampel juga membatasi generalisasi hasil ke yang tertua. Anggota dari banyak kelompok ras
dilibatkan dalam sampel ini, meskipun sebagian besar peserta adalah Kaukasia. Replikasi
penelitian ini dengan sampel penduduk dengan patologi yang tidak terlalu parah dan
keragaman etnis / ras yang lebih besar akan membantu dalam menetapkan generalisasi dari
temuan ini.
Daftar Pustaka
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lindsay_Gerolimatos/publication/239941474_Assessme
nt_of_anxiety_in_longterm_care_Examination_of_the_Geriatric_Anxiety_Inventory_GAI_a
nd_its_short_form/links/55c1514c08aed621de154427/Assessment-of-anxiety-in-long-term-
care-Examination-of-the-Geriatric-Anxiety-Inventory-GAI-and-its-short-form.pdf
file:///C:/Users/asus/Downloads/iqbal%20kuesioner%20(1).pdf