Developments of the Quarter: Comment and Chronology May 16, 1973-August 15, 1973

Reviewed work(s):
Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Autumn, 1973), pp. 483-498
Published by: Middle East Institute
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4325143 .
Accessed: 03/03/2012 09:17

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Middle East Institute is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Middle East
Journal.

http://www.jstor.org
 THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY
1923-1973
On October 29, 1923, the Turkish Assembly, meeting at the new capital
in Ankara, abolished the Sultanate, declared a Republic and elected Gazi
Mustafa Kemal President. This year Turkey celebrates the fiftieth anniversary
of this event-fifty years of profound change in the history of a people.
For the next fifteen years, Mustafa Kemal, given the name "Atatiirk"-
"Fatherof the Turks"-by the Assembly, set about to build a nation out of
a sprawling and disparateempire. Strippedof its Balkan and Arab provinces,
reducedlargely to Anatolia with an overwhelming Turkish population, Turkey
after a decade of war was backwardand impoverished.
The pace of change was kaleidoscopic. The Caliphate, head and symbol of
Islam, was abolished in 1924. The turban and the fez, symbolically "oriental,"
were banned in 1925; in 1926 a Civil Code on Europeanmodels was promul-
gated; in 1927 Atatiirk's "GreatSpeech" set forth the further direction of the
Republic; in 1928 a Latinized alphabet was introducedand made mandatory;
in the same year the Constitution was purged of all its Islamic references.
Following his theme "peaceat home and peace abroad,"Ataturk had in the
'twenties established better relations with Russia and in 1934 and 1937,
respectively, made pacts of friendship with his Balkan and Middle Eastern
neighbors.
When he died in 1938, Atatiirk had begun a program of industrialization,
set up a national system of education and reconstituteda strong and respected
national army. Atatiirk was surely one of the most remarkable men of this
century. He pursued his twin goals of national security and modernization
with boundless energy and cool pragmatism and left a Turkey profoundly
different from that in which he came to power.
In the 'forties and 'fifties, Atatuirk'ssuccessors, largely his associates and
proteges, forged a policy of firm alliance with the Western powers and estab-
lished Turkey as the eastern anchor of NATO.
After a period of difficulties,Turkey has built a mature multiparty system;
free and democratic elections were held in October 1973, and the country
seems prepared, both politically and economically, for a period of continued
vigorous growth. Turkey's first fifty years as a republic have been an era of
exceptional achievement.

483
 CHRONOLOGY
May 16, 1973 -August 15, 1973
ArabIsraeliConflict
1973
May 16: Soviet Ambassador to Lebanon Sardar
Azimov met with Palestine Liberation Organi-
zation (PLO) ChairmanYisir 'Arafit and warned
of possible large-scale Israeli attacks on Pales-
tinian commandosin Lebanonand Syria. [CSMJ
May 18: Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban said
he was assured by the US that American need
for Arab oil would not alter US policy towards
Israel. [NYTI
May 21: The office of the UN SecretaryGeneral
issued a reportsummarizingUN effortsto achieve
peace in the Middle East. It said the problemwas
"extremelycomplex"but addedthat a "new effort"
to arrive at peace "need not be futile." [NYT]
US Senate Foreign Relations CommitteeChair-
man J. William Fulbright warned the Senate
that he had apprehensions"that the US or its
militarily potent surrogates"might secure oil sup-
plies in the Middle East by militarymeans. [WP]
May 22: Accordingto The New York Times, West
German Foreign Minister Walter Scheel report-
edly told EgyptianPresidentAnwar Al-Sidit that
the US and USSR were working to break the
diplomatic deadlock in the Arab Israeli conflict.
[NYT)
May 23: A US spokesman,referringto the May 21
speech of Fulbright, said: "The idea of using
force . . . does not reflect in any way thought
within this Administration."[MEED]
May 28: The Organizationof AfricanUnity (OAU)
meeting in Ethiopia pledged "to effectively and
actively support the Arab Republic of Egypt and
other Arab countries until the total liberation of
the occupied territoriesresulting from the Israeli
aggression in June 1967." [JP]
Egyptian Foreign Minister Muhammadkfasan
al-Zayyit met with Soviet leaders in Moscow.
Tass reported that the talks were warm and
friendly and concentratedon the pending UN
SecurityCouncil debate. UP]
Saudi Foreign Minister 'Umar al-Saqqafwarned
that Arab countries would deny their oil to
Western countriesthat "help our enemy." [MEES]
May 29: The US Ambassadorto the UN John Scali
said the SecurityCouncil "must avoid any action
which would have the effect of altering" Res-
olution #242 in substanceor balance. Scali said
he would take "whateveraction is necessary"to
prevent such a change. [NYT]
The JerusalemPost reportedthat Jordan'snew
Cabinet had dropped "all restrictionsimposed by
the previousCabineton Jordaniamcitizens travel-
ing to the West Bank and Israel." [JP)
May 31: Beirut's L'Orient-LeJour quoted a secret
order from King Husayn of Jordan to his army
saying Jordanwould not participatein a new war
with Israel unless the chances of winning were
"50-50." [JP)
Israeli Foreign Minister Eban said pending US
arms sales to Saudi Arabia and Kuwayt would
"definitelyinfluence the balance of power in the
Middle East." [NYT]
June 3: Syria released 3 Israeli pilots in return
for 56 Syrianand Lebaneseprisoners. Israeli De-
fense MinisterMosheDayan said Israelwas willing
to make a similar exchangewith Egypt. [NY']
June 5: Arab merchantsin Jerusalembegan a 1-day
strike as a protest on the anniversaryof the June
1967 war, but Israeli police forced open most of
the shops. [WP]
The InternationalCivil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) said its investigationfound no justification
for Israel'sdowning of a Libyan jet on Feb. 21.
Israeli observersat the ICAO meeting in Mon-
treal called the report "biasedand unjust." [WP]
The New York Times reported that Israeli
Ambassadorto the US Simcha Dinitz had been
meeting with US officialsin an effort to persuade
the US not to sell Phantom jets to Saudi Arabia
and Kuwayt. [NYT]
Sid-at inspected troops and positions held by
Egypton the EastBank of the Suez Canal. [NYT]
IsraeliChief of StaffDavid Elazardenied Syrian
chargesthat Syrianprisonersin Israelwere tortured.
[NYT]
June 6: The UN SecurityCouncil opened a special
debate on the Arab Israeli conflict. Egyptian
Foreign MinisterZayyit said "Egyptaccepts talks
with no prior conditions"but that Israel was im-
posing a prior condition by refusing to discuss
 CHRONOLOGY
complete withdrawal from occupied territory.
Israel AmbassadorYosef Tekoah said Israel took
note of Zayyit's comment on direct negotiations
but that "much that Dr. al-Zayyit said after that
destroyedthe significanceof this." [NYT)
June 7: Syriareportedthat Israeliplanes were driven
off when they tried to enter Syrian airspacefrom
the Mediterranean.[CSM)
Zayyat told the Security Council that there
could be no stability in the region until the
Palestinians have an independent state whose
boundaries the Palestinians must help to deter-
mine. Tekoah said Zayyat'sproposalwould mean
the dismembermentof Jordan and substantive
changes in UN Resolution #242 which would
"shatter"the only "basisfor United Nations efforts
acceptableto both sides." [NYT)
June 8: Zayyat asked the Security Council to pass
a resolution "in basic English" saying "territory
cannot be acquiredby force." [NYTJ
June 9: Syrian President Hafiz al-Asad said Syria
would continue to be the "prime supporterand
main sanctuaryof the Palestinianresistancemove-
ment" despite Israeli "threats."[NYT]
June 12: Beirut's L'Orient-LeJour reported that
Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Algeria and Saudi Arabia
were studying the possibility of establishing a
Palestinianstate on the West Bank. [WPJ
June 13: Israel's UN AmbassadorTekoah told the
SecurityCouncil: "The allegationsthat the Pales-
tinian Arabs have not yet vindicated their in-
alienablerights to self-determinationand statehood
are without foundation. The Arabs of Palestine
exercise these rights in the Palestinian state of
Jordan."[NYTJ
June 14: UN AmbassadorScali told the Security
Council that an Arab Israeli agreementcould not
be reached"withoutan ongoing, serious negotiat-
ing process, either direct or indirect" and that
Resolution#242 "is silent on the specificquestion
of where the final border should be located."
[NYT)
China's UN AmbassadorHuang Hua told the
SecurityCouncil that Israel should withdrawfrom
all occupied territoryand that the US and USSR
were "colluding with each other" to "maniplate
and dominate"the region. [NYTJ
June 15: Israeli Defense Minister Dayan said Israel
would have to harden her resistance to with-
drawal from occupied land in response to new
arms purchasesby Arab governments.[NYT]
The Security Council suspended its Mid East
debatefor 1 month. [NYTJ
June 19: Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba told
the InternationalLabor Organizationin Geneva
that the Arabs and Israel should hold talks to
establish a "just and lasting peace" based on
Israel'sright "not to be exterminated"and on the
need for a Palestinianhomeland. [WPJ
485
June 20: Israeli Premier Golda Meir disclosed that
Israel had asked a neutral state to try to set up
a meeting between Israel and Tunisia. [WP)
June 25: Egypt's Al-Ahram said it was surprised
by the "strangelynegative" attitude taken by the
US and USSR during Leonid Brezhnev'svisit to
the US. [NYT)
June 26: TunisianForeignMinisterMuhammadMas-
moudi said talks towardarrangingfor negotiations
with Israel were taking place through the good
officesof Switzerland.[MEED)
June 27: Israel'sKnessetapproveda bill to compen-
sate Israeli Arabs for property abandonedinside
Israel during the 1948 war and afterwards.[B)
June 28: An Algerian,MuhammadBoudia,who was
alleged to be a high ranking member of Black
Septemberin Europe was killed when a bomb
exploded in his car in Paris. [CSM)
June 29: Israel reportedthat Egypt fired missiles at
Israelijets on a routinepatrolover Israelioccupied
territoryalong the Suez Canal and that no planes
were hit. [NYT]
June 30: Israeli Foreign Minister Eban said Tunisia
failed to follow up on his proposal to meet an
Israelirepresentativeeven though Israel "expressed
its willingness."[NYT)
July 1: An Israeli military attache in Washington,
D.C., Yosef Alon, was assassinated.The Voice of
Palestine broadcast from Cairo said Alon was
executed in reprisal for the death of Boudia in
Paris. [NYT)
July 2: Dayan said of the killing of Alon: "The only
lesson to be drawnis to go on hitting the terrorists
whereverwe reachthem." [CSM)
July 3: Speakingat Alon's funeral in Israel, Dayan
pledged that his death would be avenged. [NYT)
July 10: AlgerianForeignMinisterAbdul Aziz Boute-
flika suggestedthat Mid East peace talks be held
directly between Israeli and Palestinian leaders.
[NYT)
July 12: Israel reportedthat Syriantanks opened fire
on Israeli positions in the Jawlan region. [NYT]
July 13: UN SecretaryGeneral Kurt Waldheim said
he would visit Egypt,Israeland Jordanin an effort
to find commonground. [NYT]
July 16: Sidat accusedthe US of trying to delay the
resumptionof UN SecurityCouncil talks on the
Mid East question in favor of promotingnegotia-
tions for the reopening of the Suez Canal. The
US denied the charge. [NYTI
July 17: A trial opened in Israel of 10 Palestinian
guerrillas captured by Israel during a raid into
Lebanonin Sept. 1972. They were chargedunder
Israeli law with belonging to "illegal" organiza-
tions and possessionof arms. [WP]
July 19: A bomb exploded in a Jerusalemmarket
injuring 5 persons. [NYT)
An armed Palestinianseized 17 hostages in an
Athens hotel after an unsuccessfuleffort to enter
486 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
the El Al office. He bargained with police for
safe conduct out of Greece and was put on a plane
to Kuwayt. [NYTI
July 20: The UN Security Council resumed its Mid
East debate. Egypt charged that US aid to Israel
was blocking meace. Scali said that a heated
debate would diminish Waldheim's visit to the
Mid East and that the US would veto anything
less than a compromise resolution by the Council.
[NYT)
July 21: A Janan Air Lines jet with 145 persons
aboard was hiiacked over Europe by persons claim-
ing to be Palestinian commandos and members
of the Jananese Red Army. The plane landed in
Dubai. [NYTI
The hijackers of a Japanese jet demanded in
Dubai that Israel release Kozo Okamoto, a con-
victed terrorist who participated in an attack at
Lod Airport in May 1972. Israel said it would not
release him. [NYTI
A Moroccan was killed in Norway by unknown
gunmen. [NYT)
July 22: Cairo's Rose al-Yusuf quoted Palestine
Liberation Organization Chairman 'Arafat as say-
ing the PLO supported the freezing of Arab oil
production levels as a means of pressuring Israel.
[WP)
July 23: An Israeli military tribunal ruled that
international law was not violated by the trial in
Israel of 10 Arab commandos who had never been
in Israel but were seized during an Israeli raid on
Beirut. [NYT]
July 24: The Japan Air Lines jet left Dubai and
flew to Libya where the passengers disembarked
and the jet was blown up by the hijackers. [NYT)
July 25: The New York Times reported that 2 of
5 men arrested for the killing of an Arab in
Norway had admitted that they were members
of an Israeli counterterrorist organization. [NYT)
A resolution was submitted to the UN Security
Council expressing "concern at Israel's lack of
cooperation" with the mission of UN Envoy Gun-
nar Jarring and "conviction that a just and peaceful
solution" could only be achieved on the basis of
respect for national sovereignty, territorial integrity
and the "rights and legitimate aspirations of the
Palestinian people." [NYT]
July 26: The US vetoed the proposed UN Security
Council resolution on the grounds that it "would
have done irrevocable and permanent damage" to
"the only agreed basis for a peaceful solution."
[NYTI
Israel denied any connection with the men
arrested for murder in Norway. [NYT)
July 29: Libya said the 4 hijackers of the Japanese
plane, 3 Arabs and 1 Japanese, would be tried in
accordance with Islamic law. [AW]
Beirut's Al-Nahar reported that Algeria and
Saudi Arabia arrived at a joint plan for using oil
as a political weapon in the Arab Israeli conflict.
[MEED]
Aug. 1: Assistant Secretary of State Joseph Sisco told
an Israeli audience that American energy needs
were "a factor" in the Middle East situation.
[MEES)
Aug. 5: Two Arabs who claimed to be members of
Black September killed 3 people and wounded
55 in an attack in Athens airport. After holding
35 peoDle hostage, they surrended to police.
A PLO spokesman denied that the PLO had any
connection with the incident. [NYTI
Aug. 6: The 2 Arabs held by Greek police said they
had made a mistake in attacking US bound TWA
passengers instead of Israeli bound passengers.
[NYTI
Aug. 7: US State Department officials confirmed that
the US began a "low key" effort to persuade Israel
to come up with new ideas to break the Mid East
deadlock. [JP)
A Turk, Faik Buluk, captured by Israel in a raid
on a Palestinian camp in Lebanon was sentenced
by an Israeli court to 7 years in prison for mem-
bership in a terrorist organization. [JP)
Aug. 8: The Jerusalem Post called the Buluk verdict
the "first conviction under the law giving Israeli
courts jurisdiction over security offenses committed
abroad." [JPI
A terrorist group calling itself "7th Suicide
Squad" claimed credit through Beirut's Al-Nahar
for the Aug. 5 attack at Athens airport. [JP)
Aug. 9: Egypt said its jet fighters hit an Israeli
aircraft which violated airspace. Israel said all
patrolling aircraft returned safely to base. [NYT)
Aug. 10: Israeli jets diverted an Arab airliner over
Lebanon bound to Baghdad from Beirut and forced
it to land in Israel where a check of the passengers
was conducted. The plane returned to Beirut.
[NYTI
Aug. 11: Lebanon accused Israel of air piracy and
called for international sanctions. The US pro-
tested the action to Israel saying it was a violation
of Lebanese sovereignty and "the rule of law."
[NYT]
An Israeli spokesman said that Israel had in-
tended to divert a different plane over Lebanon
believed to be carrying Palestinian guerrilla leaders.
[NYTI
Dayan said that the Lebanese airliner was di-
verted to seize George Habash, the head of the
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
(PFLP) and several other leaders but that they
changed flights at the last moment. [NYT)
Aug. 13: Israeli and Egyptian gunboats exchanged
fire in the Gulf of Suez. [NYT)
At the request of Lebanon the Security Council
opened a debate on the Israeli diversion of the
Lebanese plane. [NYTj
Aug. 15: Israel said 10 to 20 North Korean pilots
 were flying jet fighters for the Egyptian air force.
[NYT)
The UN Security Council passed a resolution
condemning Israel's interception of a Lebanese
airliner. It warned that "if such acts are repeated,
the Council will consider taking adequate steps or
measures to enforce its resolutions." [NYTJ
Israeli Chief of Staff David Elazar said of the
Lebanese airliner operation, that more such "op-
erations may be expected." [NYT]
General
1973
May 26: The Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) began emergency meetings in
Vienna to discuss the deadlock with oil companies
over compensation to be paid for devaluation of
the dollar. [JP]
June 1: An agreement was reached between OPEC
and the Western oil companies to raise the posted
price of crude oil by 11.9% to compensate OPEC
members for the devaluation of the US dollar
in Feb. [MEES]
June 4: The European Economic Community (EEC)
imposed a ceiling on imports of refined oil products
from Algeria, Spain, Israel, Tunisia and Morocco
for a 6 year period or until a comprehensive
energy policy could be drawn up. [MEED}
June 6: The World Intercommunal Conference on
Pollution in the Mediterranean attended in Beirut
by 1000 delegates warned that the Mediterranean
could bcome a "dead sea" and appealed in a
"Beirut Charter" to states, cities, and individuals to
prevent pollution. [JPJ
June 11: The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
concluded its 2 day annual conference in Tehran.
US Secretary of State Rogers told the meeting that
US arms sales in the region of the Persian Gulf
would be a "stabilizing influence for peace."
[NYT)-
June 23: The Organization of Arab Petroleum Ex-
porting Countries (OAPEC) ended its 10th ses-
sion in Damascus after approving a plan to build
a drydock in Bahrayn. [MEED]
July 27: OPEC issued a statement saying that oil sales
should be negotiated with a view to obtaining
conditions that would "effectively foster the per-
manent and diversified sources of income within
their territories." [MEED]
Afghanistan
1973
May 24: The first trade agreement with Poland was
signed. [MEED)
Soviet President Nikolai Podgorny concluded
a 3 day official visit and talks on the international
situation and on Soviet aid for the 4th 5 year
plan. [MEED]
May 25: The New York Times reported that a
bumper crop of opium poppies would be harvested
in the Helmand valley on land developed with
American aid and that the US was urging stiffer
penalties against poppy production. [NYT]
May 26: Turkish Foreign Minister Haluk Bayulken
arrived for an official visit. [FBIS]
June 15: The only Christian church in the country
was demolished by the government after it was
taken over by authorities on June 13 in Kabul.
[Washington Star News]
July 8: King Zahir Shah arrived in Italy for a vaca-
tion. [NYT]
July 17: Lieut. General Muhammad Daud Khan
deposed King Zahir and proclaimed a republic.
Daud said the coup would replace the "corrupt
and effete" monarchy with "genuine democracy"
and would continue the nation's policy of non-
alignment in international affairs. Martial law
was put into effect. [NYTI
July 18: Daud was proclaimed President and De-
fense Minister. [WPJ
Press reports in New Delhi said at least 36
persons had been killed during the coup. [NYT]
July 19: The USSR and India extended diplomatic
recognition to the new government. [WP]
July 20: The new government said that the members
of the royal family in Kabul were safe.
West Germany recognized the new government.
[NYT]
July 21: It was announced that Iran, Bangladesh and
Austria extended diplomatic recognition. [NYTI
July 22: Pakistan recognized the new government and
the US said it would continue close relations and
that the question of announcing formal recognition
did not arise. [NYTI
Iraq announced full "de jure recognition" of
the new republic. [FBIS]
July 23: Daud told reporters that no foreign power
took part in the coup. He said it was not yet
decided what form the new government would
take but that it would be democratic in nature
and that the people would have to forego some of
their personal freedoms "temporarily" for the
economic benefit of the country. Regarding the
territorial dispute with Pakistan, Daud said:
"Pashtunistan is a reality which cannot be denied.
In treating this reality with mutual goodwill, I
hope that both sides will be able to find a peace-
ful, amicable and honorable solution." [WPJ
July 27: Daud issued a declaration abrogating the
Constitution of 1964 and dissolving the Parliament.
[FBIS]
Aug. 2: A Cabinet was announced:
Muhammad Daud: Premier, Defense and Foreign
Muhammad Hasan Sharq: Deputy Premier
Abdul Majid: Justice
488 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Abdul Ellah: Finance Limassoland 3 bombsexplodedin Nicosia. Athens'

Faiz Muhammad:Interior daily Estia said the actions were carried out by
Nematollah Pazhwak:Education pro enosis guerrillas in retaliationfor the death
Pausha Gul: Border Affairs of one of their members.[NYT]
Abdul Kayeum: Industryand Mines June 24: Two bomb attacks were reported against
Abdul Hamid: Communications supportersof George Grivas' EOKA organization.
Nizir MuhammadSikander:Health [JP]
Abdul Rahim Navin: Informationand Culture June 25: The shops of 2 supportersof Grivas in the
Ghulam Jallani Bakteri: Agriculture town of Polis were bombed. [JPI
Aug. 5: It was announcedthat all sergeantsin the June 28: Two captains of the
National Guard, 6
army would be promoted to 3rd lieutenantsand policemenand 30 otherswere arrestedand charged
all officers,excluding generals, would be given a with conspiring to use armed force against the
year'ssenioritybonus. [JP) government.[CSM]
July 5: A synod of 13 senior prelateswas convened
by Makariosin Nicosia to consider charges that
Algeria the Bishops of Paphos, Kitium and Kyreniawere
holding illegal assembliesand plotting to create
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict, General, Morocco) a schism ?n the Church. [NYT]
1973 July 14: The synod of 16 prelates called into ses-
May 21: MoroccanPremier Ahmad Osman arrived sion by PresidentArchbishopMakariosdefrocked
for talks with President Houari Boumedienne. the Bishopsof Paphos,Kitiumand Kyrenia.[NYT)
[MEED] July 16: Health Minister Zenon Severis resigned
June 12: Saudi King Faysal ended a 2 day visit citing the crisis in the Church as his reason.
after extensive talks with President Boumedienne [MEED].
on the Arab Israel conflict. [WP] July 21: In a public declaration, Grivas denied
June 14: The World Bank agreed to 2 loans worth rumorsthat he was sufferinga seriousillness. [JP]
$24.5m for July 28: JusticeMinisterChristosVakis was abducted
highway constructionand educational
facilities. [MEED] from his home and over 40 bomb explosions
June 16: Boumedienne opened the country's 2nd were reported.[NYT]
oil refineryduring a celebrationin Arzew mark- July 29: Two newspaperssupportingGrivas,Ethinki
ing his 8th anniversaryas head of state. [MEED] and Gnomi, were attacked and their machinery
June 17: Boumedienne presented 82 farmers with damaged. A police station in Nicosia was blown
title deeds to the first land to be distributedin up. [NYT)
the second phase of the agrarianreform. [MEED] Police announced the arrest of more than 20
July 9: Foreign Minister Abdel Aziz Bouteflika persons,including8 journalists,in connectionwith
arrived in France for official talks on economic the kidnappingof Vakis. [JPJ
relations. [MEED] July 31: Makariossaid he would not barterfor the
July 18: It was announcedthat full diplomatic re- releaseof Vakis. [WPJ
lations would be establishedwith Qatar. [FBIS] Aug. 2: A pamphlet signed by Grivas named the
following conditions for the release of Vakis:
the holding of Presidentialelections,the incumbent
President must decide between "Church and
Cyprus politics," general amnesty for political prisoners
and reinstatementof dismissed police and civil
1973 servants. [JPJ
May 18: The OrthodoxChurchof Greece appointed Aug. 3: The constitutionalphase of the intercom-
3 bishops to mediate the dispute between Pres- munal talks was completed and the results sub-
ident ArchbishopMakariosand the other 3 bishops mitted to the Greek and Turkishexpertsfor their
of the Holy Synod of Cyprus. [NYT] analysis and suggestions. [FBIS]
June 1: UN SecretaryGeneral Kurt Waldheim re- Aug. 4: Grivas issued a statementto the press warn-
ported an $18.9m deficitin the UN peace keeping ing Makarios that 'there will be a civil war if
force and said he would reduce the size of the Grivas' terms were rejected. [JP]
force if it is extended for 6 months on June 15. A Cyprus BroadcastingCorporationstation at
[NYT] Maas was blown up by 4 men. [JP)
June 3: Bishop SuffraganChrysostoms,an aide to Aug. 5: Makarios said he rejected Grivas' black-
Makarios,was elected Bishop of Paphos. [CSM] mailing terms but accepted "with pleasure the
June 15: The UN SecurityCouncil voted 14 to 0, challengeof a democraticcontest"if Grivaswould
with China abstaining,to extend the peace keep- come out of hiding and abide by a democratic
ing force for 6 months. [NYT] vote. [JP)
June 23: Two men were killed by gunmen in Aug. 8: Government sources said Makarioswould
 CHRONOLOGY
accepta proposalfrom Greecefor PresidentGeorge July 6: Middle East Economic Digest reportedthat
Papadopoulosto mediate the dispute with Grivas.
[NYTI
Aug. 9: Securityforces arrestedStavrosStavrou,the July 9: Qadhdhafileft after an 18 day visit. [JP)
military commanderof Grivas' EOKA organiza- July 14: Hafiz Ismi'il, special advisor to President
tion. [NYT)
Aug. 11: The governmentsaid documentsplanning
the assassinationof Makarioswere seized by police
when Stavrouwas arrested.[JP]
Egypt
(See also Arab IsraeliConflict,Libya,Sudan)
1973
May 19: Exxon Company concluded an agreement
to spend $50m over a 12 year period on offshore
exploration.[MEES]
May 22: West German Foreign Minister Walter
Scheel ended a 3 day visit and talks with President
Anwaral-Sadit. [NYT)
June 12: SudaneseSocialistUnion SecretaryGeneral
Abuial-QasimIbrahimiarrivedfor talks on closer July 20: Near Marsa
cooperationwith the Arab SocialistUnion (ASU).
[MEED]
June 14: It was announcedthat Sidat returnedfrom
an unscheduled 2 day visit to Syria where he talked
with President Hafiz al-Asad about the situation
in Lebanon. [JP)
June 18: A cooperationagreement was signed be-
tween the ASU and the SudaneseSocialist Union
(SSU). SSU SecretaryIbrahimi said the agree-
ment reflectedthe "magnificentaspectsof coopera- July 23: Sidat said union with
tion between the 2 countries."[MEED]
It was agreed with Bangladesh to exchange
diplomatic liaison offices. [MEED1
June 24: Libyan President Mu'ammaral-Qadhdhifi
arrivedin Alexandriafor talks with Sidat on the
Arab Israelisituationand plans to unify Libyaand
Egypt. [JP)
June 26: Libyan Chairmanal-Qadhdhifi met with
Sadat in Alexandriato discusseconomicaspectsof
the projectedLibyan Egyptian union. [NYT)
June 27: A British official told Parliamentthat a
?10Om loan was extendedto Egyptat 2% interestto
provide goods and services for Egyptiandevelop-
ment projects. [MEED]
June 28: Qadhdhifi told reportersin Cairo that he
and Sadaithad differencesover the proposedunion
of Libya and Egypt. Qadhdhafi said Libya was
'prepared to sacrifice" its wealth but not its cul-
tural "revolution" in a union. He added that if
complete union was not achieved by Sept. 1, he
would resign his post in Libya. [NYT)
June 30: Qadhdhifi answeredquestionsin the Parlia- (See also General, Afghanistan,Iraq, Jordan,
ment during a "heated"session on the proposed
union. [NYT)
July 4: Al-Ahram reportedthat Ambassadorto Mos- 1973
cow Yahya 'Abd al-Qidir was recalled for "con- May 23: Pakistanimilitary chiefs began high level
sultation."[MEED] talks in Tehran. [CSM)
489
China agreed to build 9 plants to manufacture
sand brick. [MEED]
Sidat, returnedfrom a 3 day visit to the USSR
and said the 2 countries were in "total accord"
on their future relations and on the Mid East
situation. He added that the USSR was "deter-
mined to strengthenthe Egyptianand Arab capa-
bility to confrontthe Zionist occupation."[NYT]
July 16: Sidat said that Ismt'il was told in Moscow
that the US-USSRdetente was expectedto last 20
to 30 years. Sidat said Egypt should rethink its
policies in the light of that. [MEED]
July 19: The governmentdecided to send a delega-
tion to MarsaMatruhto meet with the leadersof a
Libyan demonstration traveling from Libya to
Egypt to petition for union of the 2 countries.
[NYT)
Cairo Radio said Egypt had proposeda plan to
Libyaunder which union would be postponedfor
at least a year. [CSMI
Matruhsecurityforces blocked
the journey of 40,000 Libyans to Cairo. Five
leadersof the marchwere taken to Cairo to meet
with governmentofficials.
July 21: The EgyptianGeneral PetroleumCorpora-
tion announcedthat a recent oil find in the Gulf
of Suez could raise Egyptianproductionby 50%.
[MEED]
After an appeal from Qadhdhafi the Libyan
demonstrators began to withdrawto Libya.[NYT)
Libya should be
carriedout in stages and that emotion was not a
firm foundation for unity. [NYT)
July 24: In a speech to a joint session of the ASU
and the People's Assembly Sidat called for the
formulationof a national policy for 25 years and
2 committeeswere establishedto study the ques-
tion. [MEED)
July 28: Deputy Premier 'Abd al-'Aziz Hijazi said
over $9 billion dollars were spent on rebuilding
the armed forces since 1967. [JPI
Aug. 6: Jordanian Special Envoy 'Abd al-Mun'im
Rifa'i concludedtalks in Cairowith Egyptianlead-
ers and Arab League officials and said bilateral
relationswere improvingtowardnormal.
Aug. 7: CairoRadiosaid Egyptand Libyahad reached
agreementon the "stepsand manner"of declaring
union of the 2 on Sept. 1. [AW]
Iran
Pakistan,Saudi Arabia, Tunisia)
May 24: TIhe Consortium of Western oil companies
signed an agreement giving full ownership of the
southern operations to the National Iranian Oil
Company in return for a guarantee of receiving
"substantial quantities" of crude oil for 20 years.
[MEES]
May 28: Eight terrorists convicted as "spies and
traitors" were executed. [JPJ
May 29: The Shah began a 10 day tour of Yugo-
slavia, Romania and Bulgaria. [MEED]
June 2: An American military advisory, Col. Lewis
Hawkins, was assassinated near his home in
Tehran. [NYT)
June 3: During a visit by the Shah, Romania signed
a long term economic and technical cooperation
agreement. [MEED]
June 4: Economy Minister Hushang Ansary flew to
Bonn to discuss West Germany's plan to purchase
crude oil directly from Iran. [MEED]
June 6: Premier Abbas Hoveyda said the courts
would "not be lenient" with the assassins of
Hawkins if they were caught. [WP)
June 14: Economy Minister Ansary ended a 4 day
visit to Britain and it was announced that 8 joint
projects in Iran worth $600m had been agreed
on. [MEED]
June 16: Police announced that they killed Reza
Rezai, who allegedly took part in the assassination
of Hawkins, when Rezai refused to surrender.
[NYT]
June 17: Chinese Foreign 1linister Chi Peng-Fei
ended a 3 day visit. [MEED]
June 27: King Husayn of Jordan arrived for a
"private" visit to Tehran. [MEED]
June 30: A severe earthquake struck Tehran but no
casualties were reported. [NYT]
July 22: Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singh con-
cluded a 3 day visit and talks with the Shah.
[FBIS]
July 23: The Shah arrived in the US for talks with
President Nixon. [NYT]
July 24: The Shah met with Nixon to discuss Mid
East questions and arms sales. [NYTI
July 25: The Shah said Iran was planning to purchase
US F14 jet fighters and to "look at" F15's.
He also announced that Iran had signed an
agreement with Ashland Oil Company for joint
operation of refineries and filling stations in the
US using Iranian oil. [NYT]
July 29: The Shah returned from the US.
July 31: The US announced that Iran agreed to take
Canada's place on the 4 nation truce commission
in South Vietnam. [NYT]
Aug. 12: Premier Hoveyda ended a 6 day visit to
the USSR. A joint communique called for the
resolution of Persian Gulf issues "without foreign
interference." [WP]
Iraq
(See also Afghanistan, Kuwayt)
1973
May 18: It was announced that the World Bank
agreed to a loan of $40m for a grain storage
project after a 17 day visit to Washington, D.C.,
by Economic Bureau Chief Fakhri Khaddurl.
[MEED]
May 25: Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singh con-
cluded a 3 day visit after contracting to purchase
an additional 2m tons of crude oil in 1973/74.
[MEES]
June 22: The Washington Post reported that an
Indian air force mission was in Iraq to train Iraqi
pilots to fly Russian built Mig jets under a secret
agreement. signed 2 months previously. [WP)
June 23: India denied reports that Iraqis were being
trained in India to fly Mig 21s. A spokesman said
that a small Indian air force team had been in
Iraq for 14 years. [JP)
June 25: President Hasan al-Bakr flew to Bulgaria
for a 4 day official visit. [MEED]
An agreement was reached with the USSR to
form a joint planning committee to aid in Iraq's
economic development. [MEES)
June 27: Iran's Tehran Journal reported that Kurdish
leader Mustafa Barazgni warned the government
to pull its troops out of Kurdish regions or face
"total war." The report added that 11 men were
killed and 22 wounded in 2 days of clashes be-
ginning June 24. [JP)
Bakr flew to Poland for an official visit. [MEED]
June 28: Press reports in Tehran said fighting be-
tween the army and the Kurds had spread to
mountainous areas near the Iranian border. [JPI
June 30: The Christian Science Monitor reported
that clashes between Kurdish forces and army
troops in the Kirkuk region entered the 3rd day
on June 27. [CSM]
Bakr returned from visits to Poland and Bul-
garia where he reached agreements to sell crude
oil. [NYTJ
July 1: Defense Minister Hamad Shihab was as-
sassinated and Interior Minister Sa'duin Ghaydan
was wounded after being abducted from Baghdad
to Zarbatiya. Baghdad Radio said the leader of
the plot, Security Chief Nazim Kazzar, was ar-
rested. [NYT]
July 2: The army was put on alert and many arrests
were made following the death of Shihab. [WP]
It was announced that Kazzar and his accom-
plices would be tried by a special tribunal. [NYT]
July 7: Kazzar and 22 others were executed for par-
ticipating in the attempted coup d'etat. [NYT]
July 11: An agreement was reached between the
Ba'th Party and the Communist Party under which
the Communists would be permitted to partici-
pate in a ruling Council of Ministers. [NYT]
 CHRONOLOGY
July 13: The New York Times reported that nego-
tiations were resumed between the government
and Kurdish leaders to settle their differences.
[NYT]
Vice President Siddam Husayn al-Takriti said
Iraq would welcome moves by Britain or the US
which could lead to the normalization of diplo-
matic relations. [NYTJ
July 14: President Bakr amended the Constitution to
name himself President, Premier and Commander
in Chief of the armed forces with the power to
appoint or dismiss any official including the Vice
Preisdent. [CSMI
July 15: Muhammad Rifa'i was appointed Acting
Minister of Defense. [NYTJ
JuLy 16: Bakr said the nation's annual economic
growth rate had reached 10% a year. [MEED]
July 17: Bakr said the terms of the March 11 declara-
tion to the Kurds would be fulfilled in 1974.
[CSM]
The Revolution Command Council (RCC) is-
sued a decree which would establish a parliament,
to be called the National Council, whose 100
members would meet by October after being ap-
pointed by the RCC. [NYTI
July 26: President Bakr assumed the duties of De-
fense Minister.
Israel
See also Arab Israeli Conflict, General)
1973
May 24: Ephraim Katzir was sworn in as Israel's
4th President. [JPJ
The Executive Bureau of the Labor Party de-
cided by a vote of 14 to 1, with 3 abstentions,
to open party membership to Arabs. [NYTJ
May 29: The country's 2nd oil refinery was inaugu-
rated at Ashdod. [JP]
June 6: A doctors' strike for higher wages and better
working conditions began at government hospitals
and Kupat Holim clinics. [NYTI
June 7. West German Chancellor Willy Brandt ar-
rived for an official visit. He said at the airport
that Germany's special relationship with Israel
would "be apparent in the talks we will be having
in the next few days." [NYT}
June 8: Brandt announced that Premier Golda Meir
had accepted an invitation to visit Germany in
1973. [NYT]
Brandt said Germany was seeking a "balanced
relationship with Israel and the Arab world" and
that "normal relations" with Israel would have a
"special character" as a result of the "National
Socialist reign of terror." [JP]
June 11: Brandt concluded his visit. [NYTI
June 17: Meir announced that she would run for re-
election in Oct. [NYT]
June 18: The Christian Science Monitor reported US
491
military officials as saying the US agreed to sell
Israel an additional 48 Phantom jets and 36 Sky-
hawks. [CSMJ
June 24: The government announced a 3 month price
freeze on imported and manufactured goods and
promised not to raise taxes and to grant a 5%
cost of living increase to workers beginning in
July. [NYT]
An Israeli, Rami Livnem, was found guilty of
spying for Syria and sentenced to 10 years in
prison. [NYT]
June 28: The New York Times reported that the
government barred the import of Soviet cement
for reasons other than economics. [NYT]
June 29: Jewish Defense League leader Rabbi Meir
Kahane was indicted on charges of conspiring to
abduct and kill foreign officials in the US. [NYTI
June 30: Reuters reported that the Cabinet voted to
set up a committee to seek ways to promote op-
portunities for the rapid influx of immigrant
scientists. [NYTI
July 4: A month long strike by 6000 doctors ended
after higher pay scales and more rapid negotia-
tions. [JPJ
July 12: Ashdod port and many public offices were
closed down by 2000 immigrants from Soviet
Georgia who were demonstrating against the firing
of 47 Georgian port workers. [JPJ
July 15: The government announced that compulsory
military service would be reduced by 3 months.
[NYT]
Archbishop Joseph Raya said he would begin a
fast to protest the government's refusal to allow
villagers of Berem and Ikrit to return to their
homes. [NYT]
July 16: Kahane said he proposed to American
friends that they blow up the vacant Iraqi em-
bassy in Washington, D.C. to dramatize the plight
of Iraqi Jews. [NYT]
July 18: It was announced that the USSR agreed to
deliver 100,000 tons of cement to help alleviate
the housing shortage. [WP]
July 23: Defense Minister Moshe Dayan told the
Labor Party that he would be unable to appear
on its list in the fall election unless a clear pro-
gram for the occupied territories would be adopted.
[JP]
Aug. 5: Jerusalem's Mayor Teddy Kollek called for
the expansion of the city's boundaries to the
north and east. [JP]
Aug. 6: The Seaman's Union called a general strike
in all 100 merchant marine ships for higher pay.
[JP]
Aug. 7: The seamen of the merchant fleet began a
general strike for higher wages. [NYT]
Aug. 11: The Seaman's Union agreed to return to
work while negotiations were continuing. [JP]
Aug. 14: Norway expelled an Israeli Embassy security
official for allegedly hiding 2 men sought for the
killing of an Arab on July 21. [NYT]
492 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
Jordan
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict, Egypt)
1973
May 24: West German Foreign Minister Walter
Scheel concludeda 2 day visit after meeting with
King Husayn. [JPJ
May 26: A new Cabinet was announced:
Zayd al-Rifi'i: Premier,Defense and Foreign
Nadim al-Zaru:Transport
'Adnan Abu 'Awdah: Culture and Information
$ubhi Amin 'Amr: Development and Recon-
struction
'Um.aral-Nabilsi: Agriculture
Ishaq al-Farhin: Waqf and Islamic Affairs
Salim al-Mas'adih:Justice
Ghilib Barakat: Tourism and Antiquities
Ahmad al-Shawbaki:Public Works
MuhammadNunr Shafiq: Finance
Zuhayr al-Mufti: State for Foreign Affairs
Fu'id al-Khaylani:Health
'Abd al-Karimal-Tarawinah:Interior
Muhyi al-Din al-Husayni: Communications
TThiral-Masri: State for OccupiedTerritory
KiamilAbuiJabir: Economy
Yusuf Dhihni: Labor and Social Affairs
Marwan al-Hammud: Municipal and Rural
Affairs
MudarBadran:Education
June 11: The Chamberof Deputies gave a vote of
confidenceto Premieral-Rifa'iafter he said Jordan
would not sign a separatepeace treatywith Israel.
[MEED]
June 14: Britain signed an agreementto loan ilOm
for the 3 year plan. [MEED)
June 22: Iranian Premier Amir Abbas Hoveyda ar-
rived for 3 days of talks on Jordan'sdevelopment
plans. [JPJ
June 25: Iranian Premier Hoveyda ended his visit
after talks with King H.usayn.[JP)
June 30: A SovietTupolevairlinercrashedin Amman,
killing 8 and injuring 79. [JP)
July 3: Husayn'sSpecialEnvoy'Abdal-Mun'imRifi'i
returnedfrom a visit to Kuwayt. [MEED]
July 10: Husayn flew from Iran to London for talks
with Prime Minister EdwardHeath. [JP)
July 15: Husayn returned after a 5 day visit to
Britain. [JP}
July 16: Beirut's Al-Anwar reported that Kuwayt
told Special Envoy Rifa'i during his visit that the
annualsubsidyto Jordanof 16.3m KuwaytiDinars
would remain suspendedbecause"the reasonsfor
freezing the funds still exist...." [MEED)
July 17: The governmentbroke off diplomaticrela-
tions with Tunisia in protest against Tunisian
PresidentHabib Bourguiba'scall for replacingthe
Jordanian monarchy with a Palestinian state.
[NYT)
July 23: Middle East Airlines announced it would
resume daily flights to Amman which were
suspendedin Aug. 1971. [MEED)
Aug. 3: Middle East Economic Digest reportedthat
the governmentlifted a 10% tax on importsfrom
the West Bank. [MEED)
Kuwayt
(See also Arab IsraeliConflict,Jordan,PersianGulf,
Turkey,Yemen)
1973
May 23: The WashingtonPost reportedthat Kuwayt
was "aboutto order"$500m worth of US military
armamentsincluding 160 tanks, 32 Crusaderjet
fightersand anti-aircraftmissiles. [WP]
June 4: The government said its projected $500m
worth of arms purchasesin the West were for
defensive purposesonly. [NYT)
June 8: Middle East EconomicDigest reportedthat
an agreementwas signed with Iraq under which
Iraqwould increasewatersuppliesto Kuwaytfrom
the Shatt al-Arab waterway. [MEED]
June 9: Al-Tali'ah reported that a series of arrests
was carriedout against citizens of South Yemen,
Oman and the Gulf states. [FBIS)
June 11: Foreign Minister Shaykh $abah al-Ahmad
al-Sabahreturnedfrom a 10 day tour of the Gulf
stateswhich he said had "positiveresults."[MEED]
June 12: The National Assemblyapproveda gift of
KD 1Omto Syriafor use in the confrontationwith
Israel. [MEES]
June 13: Oil Minister'Abd al-Rahmin al-'Atiqi said
the governmentwould seek a revision of the par-
ticipation agreement signed with the oil com-
panies on Jan. 8 but never ratifiedby the National
Assembly. [MEES)
June 16: US DeputyAssistantDefenseSecretaryJames
Noyes arrived to discuss arms purchases.[CSM]
June 30: The United Arab Amirates (UAA) signed
an economic and cultural cooperationagreement
which -Foreign Minister Sabah al-Ahmad al-
Sabah called "the cornerstoneof the fruitful co-
operation to which we aspire." [AW]
July 3: The National Assembly ratifieda bill pro-
viding $1.43 billion for defense spending over a
7 year period.
Parliamentapproveda governmentrequest for
?575m for defense purposes. [JP)
July 9: Acting Oil MinisterHammiudal-Nusfi con-
firmedthat Kuwaytwould reopennegotiationswith
the oil companiesand seek 519%participation.He
said the Amir had renderedthe previous partici-
pation agreement "null and void." [MEES]
Lebanon
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict,General,Syria)
1973
May 17: The government and Palestinian leaders
ended 2 days of negotiations and reported that
 CHRONOLOGY
they had reached "identicalviewpoints." [NYT]
May 19: At the request of President Sulayman
Franjiyyah,Amin Hifiz withdrew the resignation
he offered on May 8 and resumed the duties of
Premier. [NYTI
May 22: Syria accusedLebanonof imprisoningand
deportingSyrian citizens "for no reason."Foreign
Minister Khalil Abu Hamad denied the charge.
[JP]
May 23: The Cabinetvoted to terminatethe state of
emergencydeclaredon May 7. [NYTI
May 25: West German Foreign Minister Walter
Scheel ended a 2 day visit after signing an agree-
ment for a German loan of $7.5m to Lebanon
at 2% interest. [NYT)
It was announcedthat SaudiArabiareducedand,
in some cases,eliminatedimportdutieson Lebanese
goods "to help Lebanon compensate for losses
sustained"duringcivil strife in earlyMay. [MEED)
May 31: Arab League SecretaryGeneral Mahmfid
Riyad left for Damascusafter talks with President
Franjiyyah.Riyid said in Damascusthat the situ-
ation in Lebanonwas returningto normal under
the cease fire between the governmentand Pales-
tinian commandos. [JP)
June 1: PresidentFranjiyyahmet with PalestineLib-
eration Organization Chairman Yasir 'Arafat.
Premier al-Hifiz said the talks were a "greatde-
velopment that is the fruit of efforts to normalize
relations." [NYT)
June 2: Middle EastAirlines beganan airlift of trade
goods to easternArab states to compensatefor the
borderclosure with Syria. [MEED]
June 11: Sunni Muslim membersof Parliamentde-
cided to boycott a vote of confidencefor Premier
Hafiz scheduledfor June 12 on the grounds that
a stronger premier should be appointed. [NYT]
June 12: EconomyMinisterBahij Tabbirah and Oil
Minister Zakariyyi Nasfili resigned in solidarity
with the boycott of Hafiz's call for a vote of
confidence.Hafiz obtained a postponementof the
vote when only .61 members of Parliament at-
tended the day's session. [NYT)
June 14: Hafiz submitted his resignation to Fran-
jiyyah. [NYT)
June 21: Franjiyyahasked Taqi al-Din Sulh to form
a new government. [WP)
July 2: Premier Designate Sulh said he had chosen
a Cabinetbut he did not releasethe names. [NYT)
July 8: A new Cabinet of "nationalcoalition" was
formed:
Taqi al-Din Sulh: Premier
Bahij Taqi al-Din: Interior
Fu'id Ghusn: Deputy Premier and Public Works
$abri Hamadah:Agriculture
Majid Arslin: Defense
Kazim Khalil: Justice
Joseph Sakaf: Water and Electricity
Nazih al-Bizri: Economy
Albert Mukhaybir:State
493
Fu'adNafa: Foreign
Michel Sassin: Housing
Edmund Rizq: Education
Tony Franjiyyah:Telecommunications
Emile Saqr: Labor
'Ali al-Khalil: State
Hasan al-RifiVi:Planning
Souren Khanamirian:Tourism
Nasri al-Ma'laf: Defense
Joseph Shadir:State
'Uthman al-Dani: Health
Fahmi Shihin: Information
Tawfiq 'Assaf: Oil and Industry
July 9: A member of the Soviet CommunistParty
Politburo,Andrei Kirilenko,arrivedfor an official
visit. [AW]
July 10: SyrianPremierMahmudal-Ayiibitelephoned
his best wishes to PremierSulh. [AW]
July 12: Soviet CommunistPartyCentralCommittee
SecretaryKirilenkoended a 3 day visit after talks
with Franjiyyah.[AW]
July 31: The government announcedit was taking
over the operationof the MEDRECOrefineryat
Zahrayniafter MEDRECOthreatenedto close the
plant because the government refused to allow
price increasesfor the processedoil. [MEED]
Aug. 1: The Parliamentgave a vote of confidenceto
the new government after 33 hours of debate.
[AW]
Libya
(See also Arab IsraeliConflict,Egypt)
1973
May 30: The government told the UN Security
Councilthat the US naval presencein the Mediter-
raneanwas a"manifestationof terrorism"creating
"a state of tension which could explode at any
moment." [WP]
May31: The US deniedto the UN that it had violated
Libyan air space and said "we do not accept the
special zone they have declaredin a radiusof 100
nautical miles from Tripoli as consistent with
internationallaw or as constitutingsovereign ter-
ritorial water or air space." [NYT]
June 3: Revolution Command Council Chairman
Mu'ammar Qadhdhifi announced that "people's
committees"took over the radio stationsin Tripoli
and Benghazi as part of the cultural revolution.
[NYT)
June 4: The New York Times reported that 450
"people'scommittees"had been formed and had
taken over control of the national administration,
universities,hospitals,schools, factoriesand farms.
[NYT]
June 10: EgyptianPresidentAnwar al-Sidit arrived
for "intensive"talks with Qadhdhifi. [JP)
June 11: Qadhdhifi announced the nationalization
494 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
of an American oil company, Bunker Hunt, saying
the US "deserved a strong slap in the face" and
that US companies were an instrument of a "policy
of domination." A company spokesman said Bunker
Hunt would "pursue all available legal remedies."
[NYT)
June 13: Egyptian President Sadat concluded 3 days
of talks on the projected union between Libya and
Egypt. [MEED]
June 21: The US told the UN Security Council that
the US Sixth Fleet neither "constitutes aggression,
nor reflects an agressive intent" in the Mediter-
ranean and charged that Libya's claim to a restricted
territory of 100 nautical miles radius from Tripoli
was "inconsistent with the Convention on Inter-
national Civil Aviation to which the Libyan Arab
Republic is a party." [NYT)
June 26: Associated Press reported that 2 Greek ships
had struck mines in Tripoli harbor and one of the
ships sank. The report said the harbor was mined
to protect it against Israeli attack. [AW]
June 30: It was announced that full diplomatic rela-
tions would be established with East Germany. [JPJ
July 2: Japan became the 25th country to agree to
issue passports in Arabic for those Japanese who
would travel to Libya. [NYT)
July 8: Negotiations with the 3 major oil companies,
Amoseas, Oasis and Occidental, resumed to discuss
Libya's demand for 100% ownership. [MEED]
July 10: The government declared that it reserved
the right to restrict and control oil production and
exports in times of hostilities. [WP)
July 18: A demonstration by 20,000 Libyans set out
in trucks for Egypt to pressure Cairo into agreeing
to a full merger between the 2 countries. Egypt's
President Sadat warned Libya that the march could
lead to "risks and dangers." [WP)
July 21: It was announced that Qadhdhafi resigned
on July 21 but that the Revolution Command
Council refused the resignation. [NYT)
July 23: Qadhdhafi said he was withdrawing his
resignation and would remain in his post until
unity with Egypt would be achieved. [NYT)
Aug. 5: Talks on the proposed merger with Egypt
resumed in Tripoli with Egyptian Deputy Premier
'Abd al-Qadir Hatim. [JP)
Aug. 7: The US State Department said the US did
not accept the validity of Libya's nationalization
of Bunker Hunt Oil Co. and was informing other
governments in an effort to discourage the sale
of the oil. [NYT)
Aug. 10: Egyptian Deputy Premier Hlatim concluded
a week of talks on the proposed merger. [MEED]
Aug. 11: Middle East News Agency reported that
the government had issued a decree nationalizing
51% of the Occidental Oil Company. [NYT)
Aug. 13: Occidental accepted the terms of the na-
tionalization which included compensation totaling
$135m and the right of Occidental to buy Libya's
51% of the oil. [MEED]
Morocco
(See also General, Algeria)
1973
May 30: King Hasan appointed Mohamed Benhima
to be Minister of State for Cadre Training. [FBIS)
June 6: Saudi King Faysal arrived for a 2 day official
visit. [JP]
June 8: It was announced that Saudi Arabia agreed
to aid in the projects of the 1973/77 5 year plan.
[MEED]
June 13: An agreement was signed with the USSR
calling for cooperation in fishing and ocean re-
search. [MEED]
June 25: A trial opened for 157 persons charged with
carrying out guerrilla operations in a Libyan plot
to overthrow the government. [JP)
July 21: King Hasan opened the new 155km highway
between Casablanca and Agadir. [MEED]
July 23: King Hasan opened a conference in Agadir
with President Houari Boumedienne of Algeria
and President Moktar Ould Daddah of Mauritania
on the future of the Spanish Sahara. [MEED]
July 24: The tripartite summit meeting between King
Hasan, Algerian President Boumedienne and
Mauritanian President Ould Daddah concluded
after talks on the Spanish Sahara question. [FBIS]
July 28: Omani Foreign Minister Fahd Ibn Sa'id
arrived for talks on bilateral relations. [MEED]
July 30: A trial of 80 persons accused of plotting
to overthrow the government to set up a "socialist
republic" began. [NYT]
Pakistan
(See also Afghanistan, Iran)
1973
May 22: It was announced that troops were moved
into Baluchistan Province to combat tribal unrest.
[NP]
May 28: President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto warned that
Bengalis in Pakistan would be put on trial if
Pakistanis are tried for war crimes in Bangladesh.
[NYTI
June 5: In a hearing before the World Court, At-
torney General Yahya Bakhtiar accused India of
detaining illegally the 92,000 Pakistani prisoners
of war captured in Dec. 1971. [NYTu
June 8: Bangladesh Premier Shaykh Mujib al-Rahman
said 195 Pakistani prisoners would soon go on trial
for planning a policy of genocide and he criticized
Pakistan for "refusing to accept the realities of the
subcontinent." [NYT]
June 19: Chinese Foreign Minister Chi Peng-fei ended
a 2 day visit and talks with President Bhutto. An
official announcement said the 2 sides "share a
 CHRONOLOGY
complete identity of views."
Newsletter]
[Pakistan Affairs
June 20: National Awami Party (NAP) leader Abdul
Wali Khan told Parliament that Iran was directly
involved in suppressing the NAP in Baluchistan
and that Iran's "direct intervention" could en-
courage other neighbors to do likewise. [CSM]
July 2: Baluchi tribesmen clashed with government
troops in Sorb. [JP]
India said it would repatriate 440 Pakistani
prisoners for medical reasons. [NYT)
July 4: India agreed to hold talks with Pakistan to
discus the problem of peace. [CSMJ
July 5: Bhutto told American correspondents that the
US was supplying arms to the Middle East and
asked why Pakistan should be "an exception."
[NYT]
July 6: The US State Department said American
policy on arms sales to Pakistan was unchanged.
[NYT)
July 10: The National Assembly approved a resolution
giving President Bhutto the authority to grant
diplomatic recognition to Bangladesh. Bhutto said
that the time to grant recognition had not yet
come. [NYT]
July 11: India repatriated 438 Pakistani POW's for
medical reasons. [CSM]
July 12: The Christian Science Monitor reported that
India was planning to hold negotiations on the
POW issue. [CSM)
July 23: Bhutto met with British Prime Minister
Edward Heath and the Shah of Iran in London.
[WP)
July 24: Bhutto said a strict new British immigration
law would not inconvenience Pakistani nationals
in Britain. [WP]
Talks on the POW question opened in Rawal-
pindi with an Indian delegation. A statement said
there was some "progress" at the meeting. [WPJ
July 25: The talks with India were postponed until
Bhutto could return from a visit to Europe. [NYT]
July 31: Talks with India were adjourned and a
statement said "certain issues" required further
discussion which would resume on Aug. 18 in New
Delhi. [NYT]
Aug. 10: Kashmiri Muslim leader Shaykh Muham-
mad Abdullah said he would enter Indian politics
"to serve the entire country" but would not com-
promise his "basic mission, namely the uplift of
the people of Kashmir." [NYT)
Aug. 12: Bhutto was elected Premier in the National
Assembly by a vote of 160 to 28. [NYT]
Aug. 13: The Christian Science Monitor reported
"informed sources" as saying that agreement was
reached after 9 days of talks with India on the
repatriation of 90,000 Pakistani POW's. [CSM]
495
PersianGulf
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict, General, Algeria,
Iran, Kuwayt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia)
1973
May 20: The United Arab Amirates (UAA) intro-
duced its new currency, the dirham, to replace the
Bahrayni and Qatari currency in use in the UAA.
[MEED]
June 5: Kuwayti Foreign Minister Shaykh Sabah al-
Ahmad al-Sabah concluded a 2 day visit to
Bahrayn. A joint communique said "preservation
of the region's security and prosperity calls for
continuous cooperation and effective solidarity be-
tween its states, away from foreign intervention."
[AW]
June 9: Kuwayti Foreign Minister Shaykh Sabah ar-
rived in Oman for a 3 day visit and talks with
Sultan Qabus. [MEED]
June 11: Sharjah's ruler Shaykh Sultan bin Muham-
mad Qasimi arrived in the US after a 2 day visit
to Britain. [MEED]
June 19: Bahrayn and Kuwayt signed a long range
economic agreement. Kuwayti Foreign Minister
Shaykh Sab-ah al-Ahmad said it was a "decisive
step" toward Gulf unity and that similar agree-
ments would be signed with Oman and the
UAA. [AW]
June 21: Oman announced that 10 men were executed
and others sentenced to long prison terms for plot-
ting to overthrow the government. The charges
said the men were members of the Popular Front
for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf
(PFLOAG) . [WPJ
July 3: Sultan Qabus of Oman flew to London for a
"private visit" and talks with British leaders.
[MEED]
July 20: Middle East Economic Digest quoted UAA
Foreign Minister Ahmad Khalifah Suwaydi as say-
ing the UAA "was looking forward to expanding
the base of the federation so that other states will
join it, led by Bahrayn and Qatar." [MEED)
Saudi Arabia
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict, Lebanon,
Morocco, Tunisia)
1973
May 26: US Pentagon officials reported that nego-
tiations were underway to sell Saudi Arabia $500m
worth of military arms. [NYTI
The Washington Post reported that Saudi Arabia
was negotiating to purchase up to 19 warships
from the US. [WP)
May 31: The State Department said the US was
willing to sell Saudi Arabia a "limited number"
496 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL
of F-4 Phantomjets and that Kuwaytwas seeking
to buy Phantomsalso. A spokesmansaid the coun-
tries of the region would have to take on "more
of their own security procedures" following
Britain's withdrawalfrom the region. He added
that the US would not make sales which would
put Israel in jeopardyand that "oil is one of the
considerations."[WP]
June 7: The New York Times reportedUS officials
as saying Egypt was urging Saudi Arabia to buy
French Mirage jet fighters instead of US Phan-
toms so that the Saudi air force would be com-
patible with the Libyanair force in the event of
hostilities with Israel. [NYT]
June 8: Middle East EconomicDigest reportedthat
the US State Department'sDirector of Oil and
Energy James Akins announcedthat the US and
Saudi Arabia had arrived at an understanding
under which the Saudi state petroleum company
Petromin could invest in the US on a private
basis., [MEED]
July 5: King Faysal met in Riyad with Iranian
Foreign Minister Abbas Khalatbari.[AW]
July 6: The ChristianScience Monitor quoted King
Faysalas saying Saudi Arabia "would like to con-
tinue friendly ties with the United States" but
that this would be difficult unless the US takes
"a more even-handed . . . policy" in the region.
Petroleum Minister Ahmad Zaki Yamani was
quoted as denying the report that an agreement
was reachedwith the US on investmentby Petro-
min in the US. [CSM]
July 14: Qatar signed an economic agreement "to
facilitate trade and the movement of citizens."
[FBIS]
July 16: Bahrayn'sruler Shaykh'Isa bin Sulm-anal-
Khalifah completed a 2 day visit and talks with
'Faysal. [MEED]
July 18: Foreign Minister 'Umar al-Saqqafflew to
Ethiopiafor an officialvisit. [MEED]
July 28: Faysal met with Jordanian Premier Zayd
al-Rift'i who paid a brief 1 day visit. [FBIS]
July 30: A record budget was announced to be
SR 22,810m, an increaseof 72.8% over the pre-
vious budget. [MEED]
South Yemen
(See also Yemen)
1973
May 18: A Cabinet reshufflewas announced:
Muhammad$alih Muti: Foreign
'Abdallih Khamiri: State for CabinetAffars
'Abd al-'Aziz 'Abd al-Wali Nashir: Economy
Hasan Yahyi: Transport
$alih Muslih: Interior (Acting)
'All Salim al-Bayd:Planning (Acting)
Rashid MuhammadThibit: Information (Act-
ing)
May 28: The USSR signed an agreementto build
a 300 bed pediatrichospital. [MEED]
June 25: The WashingtonPost reportedthat Cuba
"has begun training"South Yemeni pilots to fly
Soviet built Mig 21 aircraft.[WP]
July 15: Arab League RepresentativeMunib al-
Rift'i said the unity talks with Yemen, which
were suspendedafter the assassinationof Muh.am
mad 'All Uthmanin Yemen on May 30, would be
resumedon July 21. [JP]
July 24: 'Abdallih Ahmad Ghanim was named Act-
ing Minister of Waqf and Justice. [FBIS]
Sudan
(See also Egypt)
1973
May 21: The Ministryof Financeraisedthe prices of
some commodities including gasoline, sugar and
cigarettes.[AW]
May 23: OmdurmanRadio reportedthat President
Ja'faral-Numayriofferedto resign after opposition
to the price rises was expressedin a meeting of the
Sudan Socialist Union's Political Bureau on May
22. According to the report, Numayri withdrew
his resignation in response to popular demand.
[AW]
May26: Numayrimet with EgyptianPresidentAnwar
al-Sadit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, during the
conferenceof the Organizationof African Unity
(OAU). [MEED]
May 27: InformationMinister 'Umar al-Hajj Muisa
denied reports that the 8 Black September as-
sassins of a Belgian and 2 American diplomats
would not be tried. He said the trial would begin
"soon." [JP]
June 15: A magistrate'shearingfor Palestinianguer-
rillas who killed 3 foreign diplomatsin Marchwas
postponed. [NYT]
July 6: EconomyMinister Ibrihim Mansuirended a
visit to China after signing a trade agreement.
[MEED]
July 16: EgyptianWar Minister Ahmad Ismi'll 'All
ended an official visit. [MEED]
July 30: PresidentNumayricompleteda 19 day tour
of the provincesincluding the south. [MEED]
July 31: Information Minister Muisi said a pre-
liminary hearing for 10 Palestinians accused of
killing 3 foreign diplomats in March would be
held on Sept. 25. [NYT]
 CHRONOLOGY
Syria
(See also Arab Israeli Conflict,General, Egypt,
Kuwayt, Lebanon,Turkey)
1973
May 26: Elections began for the People's Council.
[CSMJ
May 27: Voting continued in the general elections.
The Interior Ministry announced that the Ba'th
Party won I 11 seats out of 164 but that an
additional 22 in Aleppo were undecided because
of voting irregularities.[CSM)
May 28: Full diplomatic ties were resumed with
Britain. [JPJ
June 9: PresidentHifiz al-Asadspoke to the inaugu-
ral session of the People's Council and warned
that another war with Israel was "inevitable"
despite the US-USSRdetente. [AWl
June 13: Yemeni Deputy PremierMuhammadAhmad
Nu'man concludeda 1 day visit after talks on the
situation between Yemen and South Yemen.
[FBISJ
June 28: Defense Minister MustafaTalas held talks
in Moscow with Soviet Defense Minister Andrei
Grechko. [NYTI
June 29: The delegationheadedby Defense Minister Aug. 13: Bourguiba accused a "clique . . . manipu-
MustafaTalas arrived in North Vietnam to seek
military advisors for the Syrian armed forces.
[NYT)
July 5: President Asad inauguratedthe Euphrates
Dam. [NYT)
July 18: Omani Ministerof Foreign AffairsFahd al-
Said arrived for talks on bilateral relations.
[MEED]
July 19: Beirut's L'Orient-Le Jour reported that Asad
survived an assassinationattempt by high ranking
militaryofficerson July 10. [WPJ
July 22: A delegationof the Union of ArabChambers June 25: Kuwayti Foreign Minister Shaykh Sabah
of Commercearrived in Damascusto discuss the
effects of the border closure against Lebanon.
[MEED]
Aug. 9: LebaneseForeign Minister Fu'ad Nafa' ar-
rived for negotiationsto reopen the border. [JP]
Tunisia
(See also Arab IsraeliConflict,General)
1973
May 25: Iranian Premier Abbas Hoveyda ended an
official visit after a joint communique said eco- July 21: Foreign Minister Haluk Bayulken ended
nomic cooperationwould be increased and that
Iran would participatein the constructionof the
Wadi Zurud Dam. [MEED]
June 5: The following Cabinet appointment were July 26: Syrian Foreign Minister 'Abd al-Halim
announced:
Salah al-Din Bali: Justice
497
Al-Hadi al-Qashah:Public Works
Mohamed Sayah: Youth & Sport
June 12: Saudi King Faysalarrivedfor officialmeet-
ings with PresidentHabib Bourguiba.[WPJ
June 15: Middle East Economic Digest reportedthat
a joint commission with Libya had concluded 9
agreementsincludingthe founding of a joint bank
in Lebanonand Libyan aid for a water resources
study in southernTunisia. [MEED]
June 19: FormerEconomyMinisterAhmadBen Salah
and 11 others on trial were found guilty of plan-
ning the successful escape of Ben Salah from
prison in Feb. Ben Salah and 3 others were sent-
enced in absentia. [NYT]
Aug. 4: It was announcedthat PresidentBourguiba
granted pardons to political refugees abroad, in-
cluding former Economy Minister Ben Salah, if
they would return home before 1974 and refrain
from political activity. [NYT)
Aug. 7: Turkish Foreign Minister Haluk Bayiulken
arrivedfor talkson increasingbilateralcooperation.
[FBIS]
Aug. 9: Bourguibaannouncedthat a sweeping ad-
ministrativereform law would be introducedto
the assembly when the Premier returned from
holiday. [MEED]
lated by big hands"of corruptingyouth by "brag-
ging about socialism"while the state worked for
the "applicationof socialism."[MEED]
Turkey
(See also Afghanistan)
1973
al-Ahmad al-Sabah arrived for official talks.
[MEED]
June 26: A Soviet pilot landed a small plane near
Trabzonand requestedpolitical asylum. [NYT]
June 30: A supplementaryprotocol was signed with
the EuropeanEconomicCommunitylowering EEC
tariffs on some Turkish agricultural goods.
[MEED]
July 2: An Armenianimmigrantto the US, Gourgen
Yanikian, was found guilty of the murder of 2
Turkishdiplomatsin Californiaon Jan. 27. [NYT]
July 19: The new land reform law went into effect.
[JP]
an official visit to Bulgaria after agreementwas
reachedto form a commissionto study the pros-
pects for greater economic cooperation. [MEED]
Khaddamarrived for an official 4 day visit and
talks on bilateral relations. [JP)
498 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

July 27: It was announced that martial law was May 30: Sana'aRadio said ShaykhMuhammad'Ali
ended in Diyarbakirand Siirt. [FBIS] Uthmanwas assassinated.The governmentblamed
Aug. 5: Agreement was reached with Syria to co- the killing on "men from across the southern
operate in efforts to combat smuggling across the border."[NYTI
border. [JPI June 6: The governmentdispatched2 delegationsto
Aug. 14: It was announcedthat 66 generalsincluding Arab capitals to explain the situation with South
Air Force Commander Muhsin Batur and 130 Yemen. [MEED]
colonels were being retired and 30 generals and June 8: Kuwayt signed an agreement to loan
admiralswere being promoted. [MEED] KD 1.9m for agriculturalprojects in the Tihama
coastal region. [MEED]
June 21: The governmentannouncedthat 8 "sabo-
teurs" were executed. [WP)
Yemen July 18: Ten personsfound guilty of planting mines
and undertakingoperationsagainst the army were
(See also Syria) executed. [JPJ
July 22: A special envoy of South Yemen met with
1973 President'Abd al-Rahmanal-Iryanito discuss the
May 26: Middle East News Agency reportedthat 30 unificationof the 2 countries.[MEED]
persons were killed in 4 days of fighting near Aug. 9: Middle East News Agency reportedthat 1
Bayda when securityforces tried to arresta band man was killed and another wounded when a
of men who were planting mines near the South group attemptedto smuggle arms into the country
Yemen border. [NYTJ from acrossthe borderin South Yemen. [JP]

SOURCES
ARR, Arab Report and Record (84-86 ChanceryLane, London WC2A 1DL, England). AW, The Arab
World (P.O. Box 3045, Beirut, Lebanon). CSM, The ChristianScience Monitor (1 Norway St., Boston,
Mass. 02115). CB, CyprusBulletin (Public InformationOffice, Nicosia, Cyprus). E, The Economist (54
St. James's Street, London, SWlA 1JT, England). FBIS, Foreign BroadcastInformation Service Daily
Report-Middle East and Africa (Washington, D.C.). G, The ManchesterGuardianWeekly (164 Deans-
gate, Manchester,M60 2RR, England). JP, The JerusalemPost (6 Rehov Aristobulus,Jerusalem). KI,
Kayhan International(Ave. Ferdowsi,Tehran, Iran). MEED, Middle East EconomicDigest (84-86 Chan-
cery Lane, London,WC2A 1DL, England). MEES,Middle East EconomicSurvey (P.O. Box 1224, Beirut,
Lebanon). LM, Le Monde (English Section, 5 rue des Italiens, 75 Paris 9E, France). NYT, The New
York Times (229 W. 43 Street,New York, N.Y. 10036). WP, The WashingtonPost (1515 L St., N.W.,
Washington,D.C. 20005).