STRUCTURAL CONCEPT REPORT

for
PROPOSED HIGH-RISE BUILDING FOR WING ‘A’ & ’B’
(Ground + 3 Podium + 1 Recreational Floor + 27 Residential Floor +4
Provision)

Proposal for C.T.S. NO..33,35 ,37,37 /1TO 85 OF VILLAGE KANDIVALI ,TAL.

BORIVALI. BEHIND POISAR DEPOT, KANDIVALI (W) MUMBAI - 400067.

Licensed Structural Engineer:

Vatsal Gokani
B.E. (Civil), M.S. (Structures).
(Lic. No. – STR/G/105)
Date – 12.07.2012
 List of Indian Standards

LOADS OTHER THAN FROM EARTHQUAKE

IS 875 Code of practice for design loads for buildings and
structures
Part I Dead Loads
Part II Imposed Loads
Part III Wind Loads
Part V Special Loads and Combinations
Bases for design of structures - Serviceability of
ISO 10137:
buildings and walkways against vibrations
2007
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
ASCE 7-05
Structures

DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE

IS 1893:2002 Criteria for earthquake resistance design of structures
IS 4326:1993 Code of practice for earthquake resistant design and
construction of buildings
IS 13920:1993 Code of practice for ductile detailing of reinforced
concrete structures subjected to seismic forces

SP 22 Explanatory handbook on codes for earthquake

engineering, IS 1893 & IS 4326
ACI 318M-08 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
and Commentary, American Concrete Institute, 2008
Edition

CONCRETE: STRUCTURAL ELEMENT DESIGN, MATERIALS AND

MIXES

IS 456:2000 Plain and reinforced concrete - Code of practice

IS 13920:1993 Code of practice for ductile detailing of reinforced
concrete structures subjected to seismic forces
SP 16 Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456
SP 24 Explanatory handbook on Indian Standard Code for
plain and reinforced concrete , IS 456
SP 34 Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing
ACI 318M-08 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
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 and Commentary, American Concrete Institute, 2008
Edition
IS 2502 Code of practice for bending and fixing of bars for
concrete reinforcement
IS 1786 Specification for high strength deformed steel bars and
wires for concrete reinforcement
IS 269 Specification for 33 grade ordinary Portland cement
IS 8112 Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland cement
IS 12269 Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement
IS 1489 (Part 1) Portland-Pozzolona Cement -- Specification
IS 383 Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from
natural sources for concrete
IS 9103 Specification for admixtures for concrete
IS 10262 Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design
BS 8110 – Part1 Structural Use of Concrete

SOIL ENGINEERING AND FOUNDATION DESIGN

IS 1904 : 1986 Code of practice for design and construction of

foundations in soils – General Requirements
IS 2911:1979 Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Pile
Foundations, Part 1 – Concrete Piles, Section 2 – Bored
Cast in-Situ Piles
IS 14593:1998 Design and Construction of Bored Cast-in-Situ Piles
founded on Rock – Guidelines
IS 6403:1981 Code of Practice for Determination of Bearing Capacity
of Shallow Foundations
IS 12070:1987 Code of Practice of Design and Construction of
Shallow Foundations on Rocks
Geotechnical Report by Jaydeep Wagh

Description of the Structure

INTRODUCTION
The building has Ground + 3 Podium + 1 Recreational Floor + 27 Residential
Floor + 4 Provision. A brief architectural and structural description of the building is
given in this chapter.

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 ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION
Primary building components include:
 124.65 m tall (up to terrace) residential tower with parking space.
 Ground Floor Level: Parking Floor
 Parking Levels 1 : Parking floor and floor to floor Ht of 3.6 m
 Parking Levels 2 & 3: Parking floor and floor to floor Ht of 3.25 m
 Podium Level 4 : Recreational Floor Level with swimming pool and
floor to floor Ht of 4.1 m
 Above Recreational 27 upper floor: Residential tower with floor to floor
height of 3.35 m.
 Four Provision floor consider & floor to floor Ht of 3.25 m.
 Plan Dimension
for Wing ‘A’ : 26.55 m (X direction) (H/W Ratio 4.69:1)
: 43.80 m (Y direction) (H/W Ratio 2.845:1)
for Wing ‘B’ : 22.80 m (X direction) (H/W Ratio 5.467:1)
: 40.89 m (Y direction) (H/W Ratio 3.048:1)
Structural System
This section covers the super-structure and sub-structure system selected for the
building.

Super-structure
The tower lateral system consists of concrete shear walls (shear core)
surrounding the lobby, service corridor, stairs. Openings through the core shall be
provided in the form of coupling beams at every level to make the core function as a
composite tube. Certain columns & Beams are also part of the lateral system.
Most of the lateral load from earthquake and wind is resisted by the concrete shear
walls i.e. the core. The response reduction factor for seismic walls is taken as R = 4.
It is important to note that segregating the lateral system is one of the most
important practices in a lot of high-rise buildings the world over. However, the IS
codes, especially IS 13920, are silent about such an issue. For the purpose of designing
the gravity system, chapter 21 of ACI 318-08 was referenced. This IS 13920 is similar
in spirit to this Chapter 21 of ACI 318, but a lot of material from the latter is not
4
included in the former. Hence, the intent of IS 13920 is not lost when we refer to ACI
318-08 for provisions of members not designed to resist lateral loads.

Sub-structure (Foundations)

Soil Profile
LAYER I: FILL

Fill, consisting mostly of clay with boulders, was encountered at the ground

surface in the boreholes. The thickness of this layer varied between 1.0m and 2.0m.

LAYER II: RESIDUAL SOILS

Residual soils, consisting mostly of yellowish brown clay, were encountered

below the fill layer. Based on Standard Penetration Tests(SPT) conducted in this layer
consistencies of the cohesive soils within this layer ranged between soft and stiff. The
lower boundary of this layer was encountered at depths between 2.3m and 4.7m.

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 LAYER III: BRECCIA BEDROCK

Yellowish Brown or Green Gray was encountered at depths between 1.1m and
4.7m below ground surface. The bedrock was highly weathered to sound. Core
Recoveries in the bedrock layer varied between 14 and 100 percent, while Rock
Quality Designations (RQDs) varied between nil and 100 percent. Compressive
strength of rock core samples ranged between 37 kg/cm2 and 293 kg/cm2. Boreholes
were terminated in this bedrock layer at depths between 17.0m and 20.0m below
ground surface.

Groundwater accumulation was monitored in boreholes during and after

completion of drilling activities. Groundwater was observed at depths approximately
2.0m below ground surface in the boreholes. Seasonal and annual fluctuations in
ground water levels can be expected to occur.

Type of Foundations
Proposed buildings should be supported on Spread foundation. Bedrock was
encountered at depths between 1.1m and 4.7m below ground surface. Can de designed
for maximum net allowable bearing capacity of 180 t/m2

Maximum settlement will be less than 10mm. A modulus of sub -grade reaction
of 18, 000 t/m3 can be used for design of foundations.

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 Loads on the Structure

DEAD LOADS AND LIVE LOADS

Dead and live loads were calculated different types of levels. The parameters
used for obtaining the loads are given in this section.

Dead Load Parameters

For calculating the dead loads such as floor loads, walls loads, self weight etc.
the parameters given in Table 4.1 were used.

Dead load parameters

Parameter Value
Density of Reinforced Concrete 25 kN/cu.m
Density of Plain Concrete 20 kN/cu.m
Density of Steel 78.5 kN/cu.m
Density of Plasters/Floor Finishes 20 kN/cu.m
Design Density of Sephorex/Light 8 kN/cu.m
Weight Blocks
Density of Bricks 20 kN/cu.m

Live Load Parameters and Values

Live loads were assigned on the three different types of levels based on the type
of usage. The values were obtained from IS 875: Part II.
In general, the live load used for residential areas is 2 kN/m2. For podium levels
and recreation level it is taken as 5 kN/m2. For staircases and passages on residential
floors, live load is taken as 3 kN/m2.

Gravity Loads

Use Dead Load (kN/m2) Live Load (kN/m2)

Residential Slab 1.5 (UNO) 2.0
Residential Floor Bed/ 3.0(Including entire 2.0

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 Terrace filling) + 1.5(UNO)
Corridors and Stairs 3.5 3.0
Common Terraces at 1.5 5.0
Residential Levels
Recreational / Refuge / 1.5 5.0
Podium Levels
OHT & LMR Btm. 1.5(UNO) 30
OHT & LMR Top 4.5(Including entire 2.0
filling) + 1.5(UNO)

EARTHQUAKE LOADS
First, the parameters used for calculating earthquake loads are given. Then hand
calculations for earthquake forces based on IS 1893:2002 provisions are given.

Loading Parameters for Earthquake Forces

Parameters for calculating earthquake forces of building

Parameter Value
Z i.e. Zone Factor 0.16
I i.e. Importance Factor 1
R i.e. Response Reduction Factor 4
% of Live Load Considered in Seismic 0.25
Wing-'A'  
h i.e. Height of Building 124.65 m
dx i.e. Length of Building (along X dirn) (in this case only
26.55 m
shear wall extents)
dy i.e. Breadth of Building (along Y dirn) (in this case only
43.8 m
shear wall extents)
W i.e. Seismic Weight of Building 553033 kN
Soil Type Rocky-(Type-I)
Vbx 5074 kN
Vby 6504 kN
(Ah)x 0.00917
(Ah)y 0.0117
EQX 4943kN
EQY 6340 kN
SPECX (unfactored) 2900 kN
SPECY (unfactored) 2425 kN
Vb,min (1% of Seismic Wt) 5530 kN
Factor for SPECX 2.34
Factor for SPECY 3.29
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SPECX (factored) 5530 kN
SPECY (factored) 6504 kN
Wing-'B'  
h i.e. Height of Building 124.65 m
dx i.e. Length of Building (along X dirn) (in this case only
22.8 m
shear wall extents)
dy i.e. Breadth of Building (along Y dirn) (in this case only
40.89 m
shear wall extents)
W i.e. Seismic Weight of Building 447364 kN
Soil Type Rocky-(Type-I)
Vbx 3807 kN
Vby 5118 kN
(Ah)x 0.00851
(Ah)y 0.0114
EQX 3713kN
EQY 4999kN
SPECX (unfactored) 2488kN
SPECY (unfactored) 1881 kN
Vb,min (1% of Seismic Wt) 4473 kN
Factor for SPECX 2.2
Factor for SPECY 3.33
SPECX (factored) 4473 KN
SPECY (factored) 5118 KN

WIND LOADS
The following are the parameters used.
Parameters for calculating earthquake forces of building

Parameter Value
Category 3
Class C
Basic Wind Speed 44 m/sec
Force Coefficient 1.5
Wing-'A'  

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 Gx - Gust Factor in X direction 2.71
Gy - Gust Factor in Y direction 2.75
Wind Base Shear in X direction 13472 KN
Wind Base Shear in Y direction 8386 KN
Wing-'B'  
Gx - Gust Factor in X direction 2.71
Gy - Gust Factor in Y direction 2.73
Wind Base Shear in X direction 12477KN
Wind Base Shear in Y direction 7057KN
Wind Tunnel NA

LOAD COMBINATIONS
The following basic load combinations for the structural design of members
were considered:
1.5 DL
1.5 DL + 1.5 LL
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL ± 1.2 EQ
1.5 DL ± 1.5 EQ
0.9 DL ± 1.5 EQ
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL ± 1.2 WIND
1.5 DL ± 1.5 WIND
0.9 DL ± 1.5 WIND
Service design of foundations includes checking their stability, elastic
settlements and the bearing pressure. The following basic load combinations for the
service design of foundations:
DL + LL
DL + 0.8 LL ± 0.8 EQ
DL ± EQ
DL + 0.8 LL ± 0.8 WIND
DL ± WIND

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 Structural Analysis

INTRODUCTION
The building was modeled in ETABS v9.5, a very well known building analysis
and design software. ETABS was used because of its user friendliness due to object
based modeling and advanced modeling capabilities such as modeling shear walls using
shell elements. ETABS also designs beams, columns and shear walls based on IS
456:2000 and IS 13920:1993 provisions. The design is covered in the next chapter.
This chapter covers the following:
o Lateral analysis and design approach;
o modeling structural elements such as beams, columns, walls, slabs and defining
diaphragms in ETABS;
o load definitions in ETABS;
o Overall building results such as story drifts under the application of code based
earthquake as well as deflections and drifts under wind loading;
o Modeling foundations in SAFE.

LATERAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN APPROACH SUMMARY

Design Objectives
The objective of the design is to ensure that the overall building behavior meets
stated performance objectives at serviceability and code design levels. The resulting
design provides a level of safety and overall building occupant comfort equivalent to
that provided by building code requirements (Indian and in some instances American)
as well as good practices for tall buildings.

Performance Objectives
The specific performance objectives for the design of the building are as
follows:

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o Frequent / Service Wind (1 year or 10 year Return Period) – Serviceability –
Estimated building drifts (H/500 for deflection and h/400 for interstory) and
accelerations at or below occupant comfort level (15 to 18 milli-gs)
o Design Basis Wind (50 year Return Period) – Code Design Level – Structure to
remain mostly elastic with some minor damage to structural and non structural
elements
o Design Earthquake – Code Design Level – Structure designed to approximately
Life Safety Level (“approximately” since code is not probabilistic). Structure is
designed to resist design earthquake for site without collapse but possibly some
damage to structural and non structural damage.

Lateral Model Summary

Two different types of lateral models were prepared in ETABS.
One is the strength model (for code level design) for the code design level of
lateral elements such as shear walls, coupling beams and foundations. Note that
columns and beams are just a gravity system not designed to resist lateral loads, but are
detailed as per provisions of ACI 318-08 which give specific criteria for designing
elements not designed to resist lateral loads. The bending stiffness of the columns is
minimized to 0.01 so that they do not draw any lateral load and all the lateral load is
transferred to the shear walls which is the intent of the design. P-Delta Analysis was
accounted for in the model using dead load of the structure.
The second model is the serviceability model which reflects the true strength
and stiffness properties of concrete for the 1 year or 10 year wind load as against code
level wind load. Since the loads will be comparatively less than code level forces, the
structure will be essentially elastic with very little cracking.

Stiffness Properties Assumption

Concrete Element Serviceability Code Level Wind /

Analysis Seismic Analysis
Core Walls/Shear Flexural: 0.9 Ig Flexural: 0.8 Ig
Walls Shear: 1.0 A Shear: 1.0 A
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 Coupling Beams / Flexural: 0.5 Ig Flexural: 0.4 Ig
Link Beams Shear: 0.5A Shear: 0.4 A
Beams Flexural: 0.5 Ig Flexural: 0.5 Ig
Shear: 1.0 A Shear: 1.0 A
Floor Diaphragms Flexural: 1.0 Ig Flexural: 1.0 Ig
Shear: 1.0 A Shear: 1.0 A
Concrete Columns Flexural: 0.9 Ig Flexural: 0.8 Ig
Shear: 1.0 A Shear: 1.0 A

MODELING IN ETABS V9.5

Modeling in ETABS is done using objects. Just prior to performing analysis,
ETABS automatically converts these objects to finite elements such as line and shell
elements.
This section gives an overview of how the building was modeled in ETABS
using various finite-elements such as line elements and shell elements.

Global Direction
The longer span of the building coincided with global Y direction in ETABS
and the shorter span was along the global X direction. Z direction in ETABS points
upwards with reference to the building base.

Modeling of Beams
Modeling of beams in ETABS was done using line elements, just like in any
other finite element program such as STAADPro.

Modeling of Columns
Modeling of columns in ETABS was also done using line elements, just like in
any other finite element program such as STAADPro.

Modeling of Shear Walls

Shear walls were modeled in ETABS using the object based wall modeling
capability. Meshing of walls can be done either automatically or manually in ETABS.
To avoid any inherent errors, manual meshing of the walls was done.

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 Shell elements of walls can be assigned pier labels. At the time of recovering
results of shell elements, ETABS integrates the stresses automatically in elements
labeled as a pier and outputs forces in terms of axial forces, shear forces and moments
rather than stresses. Thus user-friendly results for design of walls are obtained from
ETABS.
ETABS also designs walls assigned as a pier based on IS 456:2000 and IS
13920:1993 provisions. This is covered in the next chapter.

Modeling of Slabs
Slabs were modeled in ETABS using membrane elements depending on the
geometry..

Defining Diaphragms
The diaphragm action can be taken care of in ETABS by assigning a rigid
diaphragm to slab elements on a floor.

ANALYSIS OF FOUNDATION OF BUILDING

The foundation system is a mixture of only raft as per the strata availability.
The entire raft is analysed in SAFE. Support reactions from ETABS can be directly
exported to SAFE. Raft are modeled as shell elements with required strips defined to
integrate the shear and moment for a particular width to calculate the reinforcement
requirement. Modulus of subgrade reaction can be assigned in SAFE is as per
geotechnical report.

Design of the Structure

INTRODUCTION
The shear walls and coupling beams were designed as per provisions of IS
13920. Certain provisions of ACI 318:08 were used for the design of boundary
elements.
The beams and columns which are not part of lateral load resisting elements
were designed for deformation compatibility and ductility as per ACI 318:08
provisions.

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 COVER REQUIREMENTS BASED ON FIRE RESISTANCE AND EXPOSURE
CONDITION
Clear cover to reinforcement was based on fire resistance as well as exposure
condition. All structural members are assigned a minimum fire rating of 2 hours,
except slabs are assigned 1.5 hours. Moderate Exposure condition was assigned to
beams, slabs, columns and walls. Very severe condition was assigned to footings and
retaining walls. Grade of concrete is M40 minimum, hence 5mm can be reduced from
the cover provided in the table. The thickness is not a problem here since all walls are
thicker than 450mm, beams are wider than 230mm and columns are thicker than
900mm. Refer table below for cover provided:

Cover Requirements

Element Fire Requirements Durability Cover Provided

Requirements
Slabs 25mm 30mm 30mm
Beams 30mm 30mm 40mm bottom
30mm sides and top
Columns 40mm 30mm 40mm
Walls (Similar to 40mm 30mm 40mm
Columns)
Footings 40mm 50mm 75mm
Raft Slab 40mm 50mm 75mm
Retaining Wall 40mm 50mm 50mm

GRADE OF REINFORCEMENT AND CONCRETE

As per IS 1786, Fe 500D reinforcement is used for the project.
High Strength concrete of up to M50 grade is used in the buildings. A particular
grade has been assigned in the plans. This grade is used for calculating Ec i.e. the
stiffness properties. However, a grade lower than that is specified for strength, due to
the variability of RMC concrete. The grade of concrete is specified at 28 days. Note that
high grade concrete will gain approximately 10% more, hence the added margin of
safety, which is not considered in the design.

Concrete Grade

Element Grade Specified Grade used for Grade used for

computing Ec Value strength design
Slabs & Beams M40 M40 M40

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 Coupling Beams M50 M50 M50
Columns M50 M50 M50
M40 M40 M40

Walls M50 M50 M50

M40 M40 M40
Footings M40 M40 M40
Raft Slab M40 M40 M40
Retaining Wall M40 M40 M40

At junctions of high-grade walls, coupling beams and columns with slabs and
beams, there are two options given to the contractor. One is puddling of high-strength
concrete up to 600mm from its face or using slab/beam concrete which is more than
grade of concrete in wall/column divided by 1.4 as per ACI 318-08.

USE OF ACI 318-08 IN THE DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

ACI 318-08 is specially referenced for ductile design. IS 13920 is adapted
directly from Chapter 21 of ACI 318 with a lot of provisions not included. This makes
the design impractical sometimes. According to Gokani Consultants, a complete review
of all provisions of ACI 318-08 and IS 13920 has to be seen together for ductile design.
The entire chapter 21 and Appendix A of ACI 318:08 is attached with the report.

Shear Walls
IS 13920 gives only one formula (similar to ACI 318) for the confinement of
columns as opposed to two formulae in ACI 318-08. For boundary elements, ACI 318
suggests the use of the latter formula since the formula included in IS 13920 gives too
high and unrealistic results for longish or small elements. Hence the formula in ACI
318 was used to calculate confining links in boundary elements.

Coupling Beams
There are two types of confining reinforcement allowed for coupling beams.
Either the entire beam has to be confined like columns (this detailing is not present is IS
13920) or the bundle of inclined reinforcement is to be confined. The latter is very
difficult to achieve on site. Hence, the former detailing, part of ACI 318-08 was used to
detail coupling beams.

16
 Frame Members not designated as part of the seismic force resisting
system
. The basic philosophy of ACI 318-08 for such members is that either the
members have to be proportioned for forces for deflection compatibility. If they are
proportioned only for gravity forces, they have be provided with ductile detailing. This
means members that yield have to be provided with sufficient confinement and shear
strength.
For columns 21.13.4 of ACI 318-08 has to be followed if they are not
proportioned for deflection compatibility i.e. for forces induced in them under design
displacements. This basically is similar to providing ductile stirrups in the column and
following clauses 7.3 and 7.4 of IS 13920.
For beams, it means following clauses 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.5, 6.2.6 and 6.3 of IS
13920.

For flat slabs, section 21.13.6 of ACI 318-08 has to be followed.

DESIGN OF BEAMS
The beams are designed only for gravity loads. The provisions of ACI 318-08
are used to design them since they are not part of lateral load resisting system. As
explained this means following the clauses of IS 13920 described above.

DESIGN OF SHEAR WALLS

Shear walls were designed for the same load combinations provided in Chapter
3. ETABS was used for the longitudinal and shear reinforcement requirements of the
shear walls. Boundary element requirements were calculated using in-house EXCEL
sheets (i.e. up to which story?). If boundary elements are required the entire wall is
provided with boundary elements. Boundary element confining link calculations are as
per ACI 318-08 using in-house EXCEL sheets.\

DESIGN OF COLUMNS
ETABS and RCDC was used for the design of columns for the provisions of IS
456:2000 for gravity loads. IS 13920: 1993 ductility provisions were checked using an
in-house EXCEL sheets. This was to meet the intent of ACI 318-08 for members not
designed as lateral load resisting elements.

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 DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS
The load cases and service and design combinations for the design of
foundations are given in Chapter 3. Since the foundations are resting on piles or on hard
rock which are resting on rock, the allowable bearing pressure for the load
combinations involving earthquake loads was increased by 50% and wind loads was
increased by 25%.
The rafts are analysed and designed in SAFE as discussed above.

Wind Loads using Gust Factor Calculations

Attached is the wind load calculation Sheet

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 Geotechnical Report
Attached is the Geotechnical Report by Mr. Jaydeep Wagh

19