ME 346: Heat Transfer

Lecture: Conduction: Steady State

Date: Aug 25, 2020 Instructor: Ankit Jain
 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
Recap from Previous Lecture

𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝜌𝑐𝑝 = 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑞ሶ
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑇 1𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝜌𝑐𝑝 = 𝑘𝑟 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑞ሶ
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝜌𝑐𝑝 = 2 𝑘𝑟 2 + 2 2 𝑘 + 2 𝑘 sin 𝜃 + 𝑞ሶ
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 2
 Objective
❑ One-dimensional heat-transfer: only one coordinate is needed to describe the
spatial variation of the dependent variables
❑ Steady-state: temperature at each point is independent of time

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 3

 Energy Generation

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 4

 Conduction with Thermal Energy Generation
❑ Thermal energy generated due to conversion from other energy
forms.
❑ For instance, electrical-to-thermal using Ohmic resistance:
𝐸ሶ𝑔 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑒
𝐼 2 𝑅𝑒
If constant across volume, then volumetric heat generation rate: 𝑞ሶ =
𝑉

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 5

 Energy Generation: Plane Wall
𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝜌𝑐𝑝 = 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑞ሶ
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡−𝑘 𝑑 2 𝑇 𝑞ሶ
𝑘 + 𝑞ሶ = 0 2
+ =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑘

General Solution:
𝑞ሶ
𝑇 𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2𝑘

Boundary Conditions:
𝑇 −𝐿 = 𝑇𝑠,1 𝑇 𝐿 = 𝑇𝑠,2 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 6
 Energy Generation: Plane Wall
ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿 𝑥2 𝑇𝑠,2 − 𝑇𝑠,1 𝑥 𝑇𝑠,2 + 𝑇𝑠,1
𝑇 𝑥 = 1 − 2 + +
2𝑘 𝐿 2 𝐿 2

Special Case: symmetric temperature, i.e., 𝑇𝑠,2 = 𝑇𝑠,1

ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿 𝑥2
𝑇 𝑥 = 1 − 2 + 𝑇𝑠,1
2𝑘 𝐿

Maximum T at x=0:
ሶ 2
𝑞𝐿
𝑇0 = + 𝑇𝑠,1
2𝑘

𝑇 𝑥 − 𝑇0 𝑥 2
= Symmetric! What about 𝑞@𝑥 = 0?
𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇0 𝐿

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 7

 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
Energy Generation: Plane Wall
𝑇 𝑥 − 𝑇0 𝑥 2
=
𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇0 𝐿

What about 𝑇𝑠,1 ? We only know 𝑇∞ !

Energy balance @ 𝑥 = 𝐿:

𝑑𝑇
−𝑘 ቚ = ℎ 𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇∞
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿

𝑞𝐿
ሶ
𝑇𝑠,1 = 𝑇∞ +
ℎ

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 8

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 9
 Energy Generation: Radial System
We can start with the conduction equation that we derived earlier:
𝜕𝑇 1𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝜌𝑐𝑝 = 𝑘𝑟 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑞ሶ
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

For steady-state, constant properties, radial-heat flow, uniform heat generation:

1𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑞ሶ
0 = 𝑟 +
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘

Alternatively,
energy conservation on a differential radial element: 𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑞𝑟
𝑞𝑉
ሶ = 𝑞𝑟+𝑑𝑟 − 𝑞𝑟 𝑞𝑟+𝑑𝑟 = 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑟
𝑑 𝜕𝑇
𝑞ሶ 2𝜋𝑟𝐿𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿𝑘 𝑑𝑟 Refs:
𝑑𝑟 𝜕𝑟 (1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 10
 Energy Generation: Radial System
For steady-state, constant properties, radial-heat flow, uniform heat generation:

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝑞ሶ
𝑟 =−
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑘

Integrate:

𝑑𝑇 𝑞 𝑞 2
𝑟 = − 𝑟 2 + 𝐶1 𝑇 𝑟 =− 𝑟 + 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2
𝑑𝑟 2𝑘 4𝑘

Boundary Conditions:
𝑑𝑇 ሶ 2
𝑞𝑅 𝑟2
𝑇 𝑅 = 𝑇𝑠 ቚ =0 𝑇 𝑟 = 𝑇𝑠 + (1 − )
𝑑𝑟 𝑟=0 4𝑘 𝑅2

Balancing total generated heat at the boundary:

𝑞ሶ 𝜋𝑅2 𝐿 = ℎ2𝜋𝑅𝐿(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 11
 Without Energy Generation

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 12

 Cartesian System
𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝜌𝑐𝑝 = 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑞ሶ
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

Steady-state
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
0= 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑞ሶ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
No-heat generation
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
0= 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
One-dimensional Constant k
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 Rate-of change of heat-flux is zero → 𝜕2𝑇 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
0= 𝑘 heat flux is constant 2
=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 13
 Cartesian System
𝑇(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2

Boundary conditions of Type-I @ x =0, L:

𝑇 0 = 𝑇𝑠,1
𝑇 𝐿 = 𝑇𝑠,2

𝑥
𝑇 𝑥 = (𝑇𝑠,2 − 𝑇𝑠,1 ) + 𝑇𝑠,1
𝐿

Using Fourier’s law to get heat flow rate: For electrical charge:
𝜕𝑇 𝐴 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 (𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇𝑠,2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝐿
Similarly:
Δ𝑇 = 𝑞 𝑅𝑡 with
Refs: 𝐿 𝐿
(𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇𝑠,2 ) = 𝑞𝑥 → 𝑅𝑡 =
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 14
 Cartesian System
Steady-state, no-heat generation, one-dimensional conduction:
𝐿
𝑅𝑡,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 =
𝑘𝐴

Similarly, for convection:

1
𝑞 = ℎ𝐴Δ𝑇 → 𝑞𝑅𝑡,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = Δ𝑇 → 𝑅𝑡,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 =
ℎ𝐴

𝑇∞,1 − 𝑇∞,2 𝑇∞,1 − 𝑇𝑠,1 𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇𝑠,2 𝑇𝑠,2 − 𝑇∞,2

𝑞𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥 = = =
1 𝐿 1
𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
ℎ1 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 ℎ2 𝐴
1 𝐿 1
Refs: 𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = + +
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine ℎ1 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 ℎ2 𝐴
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 15
 Composite Wall
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U:
ΔT
𝑞 ≡ 𝑈𝐴Δ𝑇 𝑞=
𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

1
𝑈=
𝐴𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 16
 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
Composite Wall

Isothermal Walls Adiabiatic Walls

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 17

 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
Contact Resistance
𝑇𝐴 − 𝑇𝐵
𝑅𝑡,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝑞𝑥”

❑ Surface roughness
”
❑ 𝑞𝑥” = 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 ”
+ 𝑞𝑔𝑎𝑝 → two parallel resistances

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 18

 Problem: A thin silicon chip and an 8-mm-thick aluminum substrate are
separated by a 0.02-mm- thick epoxy joint. The chip and substrate are each 10
mm on a side, and their exposed surfaces are cooled by air, which is at a
temperature of 25°C and provides a convection coefficient of 100 W/m2 K. If
the chip dissipates 104 W/m2 under normal conditions, will it operate below a
maximum allowable temperature of 85°C?
𝑊 ” −5 𝑚2 𝐾
𝑘𝐴𝑙 = 239 , 𝑅𝑡,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 =9∗ 10
𝑚𝐾 𝑊
Schematic:

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 19
 Known: convective heat transfer coefficient, dimensions, heat-dissipation rate,
maximum allowable temperature
Unknown: if maximum allowable temperature is reached?
Assumptions: Steady state, one-dimensional heat-flow (assuming insulating
sides), constant properties, negligible radiative heat transfer, isothermal chip
Solution:
𝑊
”
𝑞𝑐” = 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑝 ”
+ 𝑞𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑞𝑐”= 104
𝑚2
𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 25° 𝐶
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑝 − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑊
”
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑝 = ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 100 2
1/(ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 ) 𝑚 𝐾
”
𝑚2 𝐾
𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑝 − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑅𝑡,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 9 ∗ 10−5
”
𝑞𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝑊
” 𝐿 1 𝑊
𝑅𝑡,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 + + 𝑘𝐴𝑙 = 239
𝑘𝐴𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝐾

1 1
104 = 𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑝 − 25°𝐶 ∗ + → 𝑇𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑝 = 75.3 °𝐶
1 0.008 1
100 0.00009 + +
239 100
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 20
 Radial Systems: Cylinder
Steady-state, radial heat-flow, no energy generation:

Energy Conservation:
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑞𝑟+𝑑𝑟 𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑇𝑠,2
𝑇𝑠,1
Also, from Taylor Series Expansion:
𝜕𝑞𝑟
𝑞𝑟+𝑑𝑟 = 𝑞𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟
𝜕𝑟
Therefore,

𝑑𝑞𝑟 d 𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑑 𝑑𝑇
=0 → 𝑞𝑟 = 0 → −𝑘2𝜋𝑟𝐿 → 𝑘𝑟 =0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
=0
Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡−𝑘 𝑑 𝑑𝑇
𝑟 =0
(2) Cengel & Ghajar 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 21
 Radial Systems: Cylinder
Steady-state, radial heat-flow, no energy generation:

𝑑 𝑑𝑇
𝑟 =0 𝑇 𝑟 = 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑇𝑠,2
𝑇𝑠,1
Boundary Conditions:
𝑇 𝑟1 = 𝑇𝑠,1 𝑇 𝑟2 = 𝑇𝑠,2

𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇𝑠,2 𝑟
𝑇 𝑟 = ln + 𝑇𝑠,2
𝑟1 𝑟2
ln 𝑟
2

Using Fourier’s law:

𝑑𝑇 𝑘2𝜋𝐿 𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇𝑠,2
𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘2𝜋𝑟𝐿 = (𝑇𝑠,1 −𝑇𝑠,2 ) 𝑞𝑟 =
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2 𝑅𝑡
ln 𝑟
1
Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine 𝑟2
ln
(2) Cengel & Ghajar 𝑟1
→ 𝑅𝑡 =
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 2𝜋𝐿𝑘 22
 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
Radial Systems: Cylinder
Steady-state, radial heat-flow, no energy generation:

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 23

 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
Radial Systems: Sphere
Steady-state, radial heat-flow, no energy generation: 𝑑 𝑑𝑇
2
(𝑞 ) = 0 𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘 4𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 dr

𝑑 2
𝑑𝑇
𝑘𝑟 =0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟

𝐶1
𝑇 𝑟 = + 𝐶2
𝑟

Boundary Conditions: 𝑇 𝑟1 = 𝑇𝑠,1 𝑇 𝑟2 = 𝑇𝑠,2

𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇𝑠,2 1 1
→ 𝑇 𝑟 = − + Ts,1
1 1 r r1
𝑟1 − 𝑟2
1 1
𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇𝑠,2 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
𝑞𝑟 = 𝑘4𝜋 → 𝑅𝑡 =
1 1 4𝜋𝑘
𝑟1 − 𝑟2
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 24
 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
Radial Systems: Sphere
Steady-state, radial heat-flow, no energy generation: Alternatively,
𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘 4𝜋𝑟 2
dr

Integrate (𝑞𝑟 is constant with 𝑟):

𝑞𝑟 𝑟2 1 𝑇𝑆,2
න 𝑑𝑟 = − න 𝑑𝑇
4𝜋𝑘 𝑟1 𝑟 2 𝑇𝑠,1

𝑇𝑠,1 − 𝑇𝑠,2
𝑞𝑟 = 4𝜋𝑘
1 1
𝑟1 − 𝑟2

1 1
𝑟1 − 𝑟2
→ 𝑅𝑡 =
4𝜋𝑘

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 25

 Summary of One-dimensional Steady-state, no
heat-generation, constant properties heatflow:

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 26
 ❑ For radial systems, increasing thickness increases the conduction resistance
but it decreases the convective resistance → possibility of increase in heat
transfer when adding more insulation!
Problem: A thin-walled copper tube of radius 𝑟𝑖 is used to transport a low-T
refrigerant and is at 𝑇𝑖 < 𝑇∞ . Is there a critical thickness that maximizes heat
transfer?

Schematic:

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 27
 Known: Tube inner radius, 𝑇𝑖 , 𝑇∞ , ℎ
Unknown: Optimum thickness for insulation
Assumptions:
❑ Steady-state, one-dimensional heat transfer
❑ Constant properties
❑ Negligible radiation losses
❑ Negligible contant resistance
Analysis:

One-dimensional, stead-state, no heat-generation → resistance network:

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 28
 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑖
𝑞′ = ′
𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

′
For optimum thickness, maximize 𝑞 ′ → minimize 𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

′
𝑑𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
=0
𝑑𝑟
1 1
→ − =0
2𝜋𝑟𝑘 2𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑘
→𝑟=
ℎ
𝑘
Check if minimum or maximum @ 𝑟 = ℎ ?
′
𝑑 2 𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 1 1
ቚ = − + ቚ 𝑟
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑘
𝑟=ℎ 2𝜋𝑟 2 𝑘 𝜋𝑟 3 ℎ 𝑟=𝑘ℎ ln 𝑟 1
′ 𝑖
𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = +
ℎ2 ℎ2 ℎ2 2𝜋𝑘 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
=− + = >0
2𝜋𝑘 3 𝜋𝑘 3 2𝜋𝑘 3

′ 𝑘
→ 𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 is minimum at 𝑟 = ℎ → 𝑞 ′ is maximum Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 29
 𝑊
How much is 𝑟𝑐𝑟 for typical insulation material with 𝑘 = 0.05 𝑚𝐾?

𝑘 0.05
𝑟𝑐𝑟 = = = 1 𝑐𝑚
ℎ 5

Would it matter for for say flow of steam inside a tube?

How about a electrical wire with plastic insulation?

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 30
 Problem: A spherical container with liquid nitrogen at 77 K is placed in an ambient
at 300 K. What is the rate of liquid boil-off?
Schematic:

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 31
 Known: All material properties, ℎ, 𝑇𝑖 , 𝑇∞
Unknown: heat transfer rate, nitrogen boiling rate
Assumptions:
❑ Steady-state, one-dimensional heat transfer
❑ negiligible radiative losses
❑ negligible contact resistance
❑ constant properties

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 32
 Analysis:
Steady-state, one-dimensional radial heat transfer, no heat generation → resistance network

𝑟2 − 𝑟1 1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 =
4𝜋𝑘𝑟1 𝑟2 ℎ𝜋𝑟22

𝑇∞,2 − 𝑇∞,1 𝑇∞,2 − 𝑇∞,1

𝑞= =
𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 1
+
4𝜋𝑘𝑟1 𝑟2 ℎ𝜋𝑟22

𝑞 = 13.06 𝑊

𝑊
𝑘 = 0.0017
𝑚𝐾

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 33
 Analysis:

Energy Conservation:

𝑞
𝑚ℎ
ሶ 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑞 → 𝑚ሶ =
ℎ𝑓𝑔
13.06 𝐾𝑔
=
2 × 105 𝑠

𝑚ሶ ሶ 𝑚3
∀= = 0.007
𝜌 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑊
𝑘 = 0.0017
𝑚𝐾

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 34
 © Ankit Jain
All rights reserved.
You may not make copies or disseminate this material in any form
without my express permission.

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 35