ME 346: Heat Transfer

Lecture: Conduction-Introduction
Date: Instructor: Ankit Jain
 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine

Objective (2) Cengel & Ghajar

❑ Extended Surface: to enhance heat transfer between a solid and an

adjoining fluid → fin

To increase heat transfer:

❑ Increase h [not always possible]
❑ Decrease 𝑇∞ [not always possible]
❑ Increase A

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 2

 Fin Types:

Straight fin with Straight fin with Annular fin Pin fin
const. cross-section varying cross-section
Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 3
 General Considerations:

Assumptions:
❑ one-dimensional heat conduction inside fin
❑ T is only a function of x
❑ steady-state analysis
❑ h is constant across fin
❑ no radiation losses
❑ constant-k

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 4
 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine

General Considerations: (2) Cengel & Ghajar

Conservation of Energy over a differential element:

𝑞𝑥 − 𝑞𝑥+𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑞𝑥
𝑞𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑇
− −𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )𝑑𝐴𝑠

𝑑 𝑑𝑇 ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠
𝐴 = 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 𝑑𝑥

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 5

 Uniform Cross Section Fin
𝑑 𝑑𝑇 ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑇 ℎ 𝑑𝐴𝑠
= 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴𝑐 𝑘 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝐴𝑠 = 𝑃𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑇 𝑃ℎ
= 𝑇 − 𝑇∞
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴𝑐 𝑘

Θ𝑥 ≡ 𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇∞

𝑑2Θ 𝑃ℎ
= m 2Θ 𝑚2 ≡
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴𝑐 𝑘
Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 6
 Uniform Cross Section Fin
𝑑2Θ 𝑃ℎ
= m2 Θ 𝑚2 ≡
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐴𝑐 𝑘
Θ𝑥 ≡ 𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇∞

2𝑛𝑑 -order, linear, homogeneous differential eqn.

General Soln:

Θ 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 7
 Uniform Cross Section Fin
Θ 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥

One boundary condition,

@ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑏 → Θ 0 = Θ𝑏 [≡ 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ ]

For 𝑥 = 𝐿, four possibilities:

Case-A: very long fin

𝐿 → ∞, Θ𝐿 → 0

Case-B: zero-convective heat loss at tip:

𝑑Θ
−𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑥 ȁ𝑥=𝐿 = 0

Case-C: prescbired T at 𝑥 = 𝐿
Θ 𝐿 = Θ𝐿

Case-D: Convective heat loss at tip

𝑑Θ
ℎ𝐴𝑐 Θ𝐿 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 dx ȁx=L Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 8
 Refs:

Uniform Cross Section Fin: Case-A (1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar

Θ 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥

One boundary condition,

@ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑏 → Θ 0 = Θ𝑏 [≡ 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ ]

Case-A: infinite fin

𝐿 → ∞ Θ𝐿 → 0

𝐶1 + C2 = Θ𝑏
𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 = 0

Θ Total heat transferred from the entire-fin:

= 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
Θ𝑏
𝑑Θ
𝑞𝑓 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 ቚ → 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑘𝑃𝐴𝑐 Θ𝑏
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 9

 Refs:

Uniform Cross Section Fin: Case-B (1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar

Θ 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥

One boundary condition,

@ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑏 → Θ 0 = Θ𝑏 [≡ 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ ]

Case-B: zero-convective heat loss at tip

𝑑Θ
−𝑘𝐴𝑐 ቚ =0
dx x=L

𝐶1 + C2 = Θ𝑏
𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 = 0

Θ cosh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥 Total heat transferred from the entire-fin:

=
Θ𝑏 cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝑑Θ
𝑞𝑓 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 ቚ → 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑘𝑃𝐴𝑐 Θ𝑏 tanh 𝑚𝐿
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 10

 Refs:

Uniform Cross Section Fin: Case-C (1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar

Θ 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥

One boundary condition,

@ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑏 → Θ 0 = Θ𝑏 [≡ 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ ]

Case-C: prescribed temperature at tip

Θ 𝐿 = Θ𝐿

𝐶1 + C2 = Θ𝑏
𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 = Θ𝐿

Θ𝐿 Total heat transferred from the entire-fin:

Θ Θ𝑏 sinh 𝑚𝑥 + sinh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥) Θ
= cosh 𝑚𝐿 − Θ𝐿
Θ𝑏 sinh 𝑚𝐿 𝑑Θ 𝑏
𝑞𝑓 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 ቚ → 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑘𝑃𝐴𝑐 Θ𝑏
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0 sinh 𝑚𝐿

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 11

 Refs:

Uniform Cross Section Fin: Case-D (1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar

Θ 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥

One boundary condition,

@ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑏 → Θ 0 = Θ𝑏 [≡ 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ ]

Case-D: Convective heat loss at tip

𝑑Θ
ℎ𝐴𝑐 Θ𝐿 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 ȁx=L dx

𝐶1 + C2 = Θ𝑏
ℎ𝐴𝑐 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿 = −𝑘𝑚 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿 − 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝐿

ℎ
Θ cosh 𝑚 𝐿 − 𝑥 + sinh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥)
= 𝑚𝑘 Total heat transferred from the entire-fin:
Θ𝑏 ℎ ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿 𝑑Θ sinh 𝑚𝐿 + cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘
𝑞𝑓 = −𝑘𝐴𝑐 ቚ → 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑘𝑃𝐴𝑐 Θ𝑏
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0 ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 12
 Refs:

Fin Performance (1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine

(2) Cengel & Ghajar

❑ fin efficiency: ratio of heat transfer rate with fin to maximum heat transfer
possible through fin (with 0 conduction resistance of fin), accordingly:

𝑞𝑓 For very-long fin, case-A,

𝜂𝑓 ≡ 1 𝑘𝐴𝑐 1
ℎ𝐴𝑓 Θ𝑏 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑘𝑃𝐴𝑐 Θ𝑏 → 𝜂𝑓 = 𝐿 ℎ𝑃
= 𝑚𝐿

𝐴𝑓 = 𝑃𝐿 For adiabatic fin-tip, case-B,

tanh 𝑚𝐿
𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑘𝑃𝐴𝑐 Θ𝑏 tanh 𝑚𝐿 → 𝜂𝑓 =
𝑚𝐿

❑ Results of adiabatic-tip can be used for convective tip with corrected

lengths:
𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿 + 𝑡/2 rectangular 𝑓𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿 + 𝑟/2 (𝑝𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛) 𝜂𝑓 decreases with increasing 𝐿. Typically 𝜂𝑓 ≥ 90%
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 13
 Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
(2) Cengel & Ghajar

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 14

 Refs:

Fin Performance (1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine

(2) Cengel & Ghajar

❑ fin increases convective heat transfer but offers additional conductive

resistance → no guarantee if net heat transfer is improved with fin!
❑ fin effectiveness: ratio of heat transfer rate with fin to heat transfer
rate w/o fin, accordingly:
𝑞𝑓 For infinite fin, case-A,
𝜖𝑓 ≡ 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑘𝑃𝐴𝑐 Θ𝑏 → 𝜖𝑓 =
𝑘𝑃
ℎ𝐴𝑐,𝑏 Θ𝑏 ℎ𝐴𝑐

𝑃
❑ 𝜖𝑓 increases with ,
high-k. Fin use is more recommended in
𝐴𝑐
conditions with small h
Question: When is more recommended? Gas vs Liquid? Free vs forced convection?

Fin resistance, 𝑅𝑓 ≡ Θ𝑏 /𝑞𝑓

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 15

 Thoughts:
❑ Could fin effectiveness be less than unity? What would that mean?
❑ What is the relationship between fin efficiency and fin effectiveness?
❑ What should be the length of fin?
𝑖𝑛𝑓
𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑘𝑃𝐴𝑐 Θ𝑏 𝑞𝑓𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 = ℎ𝑘𝑃𝐴𝑐 Θ𝑏 tanh 𝑚𝐿

𝑞𝑓𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
𝑖𝑛𝑓
= tanh 𝑚𝐿
𝑞𝑓

❑ Shall there be an optimum separation between fins?

𝐿 𝑔𝛽 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝐿3
𝑆𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 2.7 0.25 , 𝑅𝑎𝐿 = 𝑃𝑟
𝑅𝑎𝐿 𝜈2
Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 16
 Problem: A very long rod 5 mm in diameter has one end maintained at 100°C.
The surface of the rod is exposed to ambient air at 25°C with a convection heat
transfer coefficient of 100 W/m2-K. Determine the temperature distributions
along rods constructed from pure copper?
𝐾𝐶𝑢 = 398 W/mK
Schematic:

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 17
 Known: A long circular rod exposed to ambient air
Unknown: Temperature distribution and heat loss from rod?
Assumptions: Steady-state, One-dimensional conduction, constant-k, uniform-
h, no radiation losses, very-long rod
Solution:

For infinite fin:

Θ = Θ𝑏 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 → 𝑇 = 𝑇∞ + 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇∞ 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥

2𝜋5
ℎ𝑃 100 2 × 1000
𝑚= = = 14.2 𝑚 −1
𝑘𝐴𝑐 2
5
398 (𝜋 2 × 1000 )

2𝜋5 5 2
Θ = 25℃ + 75℃ 𝑒 −14.2𝑥 𝑞𝑓 = ℎ𝑝𝑘𝐴𝑐 Θ𝑏 = 100 2×1000
398 (𝜋 2×1000
) 75 = 8.3 𝑊

Refs:
(1) Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman, Lavine
ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain (2) Cengel & Ghajar 18
 Problem: A 15-cm x 20-cm integrated circuit board is to be cooled by attaching 4-cm- long
aluminum (k = 237 W/m∙K) fins on one side of it. Each fin has a 2-mm x 2-mm square cross
section. The surrounding ambient temperature is 25°C and the convection heat transfer
coefficient on each fin surface is 20 W/m2∙K. To prevent the circuit board from overheating,
the upper surface of the circuit board needs to be at 85°C or cooler. Design a finned surface
having the appropriate number of fins, with an overall effectiveness of 3 that can keep the
circuit board surface from overheating.
Schematic:

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 19

 Known: Fin geometry, base, ambient conditions and heat transfer coefficients
Unknown: Number of fins needed to maintain the base surface 𝑇 < 𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 .
Assumptions:
❑ Steady-state operating conditions
❑ One-dimensional heat conduction
❑ Negligible radiation heat transfer
❑ Uniform ℎ
❑ Constant thermal properties
❑ Negligible heat transfer from fin tip

Analysis:

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 20

 Heat transfer will take place both from finned and unfinned surface:

For N fins:
𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝑁𝜂ℎ𝐴 𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿𝑃
𝑞𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁 𝜂 𝑞𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑏 = 𝑁𝜂ℎ𝐿𝑃𝜃𝑏

𝑞𝑢𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑 = ℎ(𝐴 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑁𝐴𝑐 )𝜃𝑏

𝑞𝑛𝑜−𝑓𝑖𝑛 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜃𝑏

qfin 𝑁𝜂ℎ𝐿𝑃𝜃𝑏 + ℎ(𝐴 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑁𝐴𝑐 )𝜃𝑏

Effectiveness, 𝜖 = =
qno−fin ℎ𝐴 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜃𝑏

𝑁𝜂𝐿𝑃 + (𝐴 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 −𝑁𝐴𝑐 )

=
𝐴 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝐿𝑃 𝐴𝑐
= 𝑁𝜂 + 1−𝑁
𝐴 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
1 𝜖−1
=1+ 𝑁 𝜂𝐿𝑃 − 𝐴𝑐 → 𝑁= 𝐴
𝐴 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜂𝐿𝑃 − 𝐴𝑐 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 21

 𝜖−1
𝑁= 𝐴
𝜂𝐿𝑃 − 𝐴𝑐 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

Fin is with constant cross − sectional area with adiabiatic tip

tanh 𝑚𝐿 tanh 13 𝑚−1 × 4 𝑐𝑚

→𝜂= = = 0.92
𝑚𝐿 13 𝑚−1 × 4 𝑐𝑚

𝑊
ℎ𝑃 20 4 × 2 [𝑚𝑚]
𝑚2 𝐾
𝑚= = = 13 𝑚−1
𝑘𝐴𝑐 𝑊
237 𝑚𝐾 × 4 [𝑚𝑚2 ]

(3 − 1)
𝑁= 2 × 0.15 × 0.20 𝑚2
0.92 × 0.04 𝑚 × 4 × 0.002 𝑚 − 0.002 × 0.002 [𝑚 ]

= 206.7

= 207

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 22

 © Ankit Jain
All rights reserved.
You may not make copies or disseminate this material in any form
without my express permission.

ME 346: Heat Transfer, Ankit Jain 23