Archangel

An archangel /ˌɑːrkˈeɪndʒəl/ is an angel of high

rank. The word "archangel" itself is usually
associated with the Abrahamic religions, but
beings that are very similar to archangels are
found in a number of religious traditions.

The English word archangel is derived from the

Greek ἀρχάγγελος (arch- + angel, literally "chief
angel" or "angel of origin").[1] It appears only
twice in the New Testament in the phrase "with
the voice of the archangel, and with the trumpet
call of God" (1 Thessalonians 4:16) and in
relation to "the archangel Michael" (Jude 9). The
corresponding but different Hebrew word in the
Hebrew Scripture (Old Testament) is found in
two places as in "Michael, one of the chief
princes " (Dan 10:13 (https://bible.oremus.org/?p
assage=Daniel%2010:13&version=nrsv)) and in
"Michael, the great prince " (Dan 12:1 (https://bi
ble.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%2012:1&versio
n=nrsv)).

The Annunciation by Paolo de Matteis

Contents
Description
In Zoroastrianism
In Judaism
In Christianity
Roman Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Coptic Orthodox
Ethiopian Orthodox
Protestant
Restorationist
In Islam
Other traditions
Cultural references
See also
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links

Description
Michael (or Mika'il in Islam) and Gabriel are recognized as archangels
in Judaism, Islam, and by most Christians. Some Protestants consider
Michael to be the only archangel. Raphael—mentioned in the
deuterocanonical Book of Tobit—is also recognized as a chief angel
in the Catholic and Orthodox churches. Gabriel, Michael, and
Raphael are venerated in the Roman Catholic Church with a feast on
September 29 (between 1921 and 1969, March 24 for Gabriel and
October 24 for Raphael), and in the Eastern Orthodox Church on
November 8 (if the Julian calendar is used, this corresponds to
November 21 in the Gregorian). The named archangels in Islam are
Jibrael, Mikael, Israfil, and Azrael. Jewish literature, such as the Book
of Enoch, also mentions Metatron as an archangel, called the "highest
of the angels", though the acceptance of this angel is not canonical in
all branches of the faith.

Some branches of the faiths mentioned have identified a group of

seven Archangels, but the named angels vary, depending on the
source. Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael are always mentioned; the The four archangels, mosaics at St
other archangels vary, but most commonly include Uriel, who is John's Church, Warminster
mentioned in 2 Esdras.

In Zoroastrianism, sacred texts allude to the six great Amesha Spenta (literally "Bounteous/Holy
Immortals")[2] of Ahura Mazda.

In Zoroastrianism
An increasing number of experts in anthropology, theology and philosophy, believe that Zoroastrianism
contains the earliest distillation of prehistoric belief in angels.[3]

The Amesha Spentas (Avestan: Aməša Spəṇta, meaning "immortal holiness") of Zoroastrianism are likened
to archangels. They individually inhabit immortal bodies that operate in the physical world to protect, guide,
and inspire humanity and the spirit world. The Avesta explains the origin and nature of archangels or Amesha
Spentas.[3]

To maintain equilibrium, Ahura Mazda engaged in the first act of creation, distinguishing his Holy Spirit
Spenta Mainyu, the Archangel of righteousness. Ahura Mazda also distinguished from himself six more
Amesha Spentas, who, along with Spenta Mainyu, aided in the creation of the physical universe. Then he
oversaw the development of sixteen lands, each imbued with a unique cultural catalyst calculated to encourage
the formation of distinct human populations. The Amesha Spentas were charged with protecting these holy
lands and through their emanation, also believed to align each respective population in service to God.[4]

The Amesha Spentas as attributes of God are:

1. Spenta Mainyu (Phl. Spenamino): lit. "Bountiful Spirit"

2. Asha Vahishta (Phl. Ardwahisht): lit. "Highest Truth"
3. Vohu Mano (Phl. Vohuman): lit. "Righteous Mind"
 4. Khshathra Vairya (Phl. Shahrewar): lit. "Desirable Dominion"
5. Spenta Armaiti (Phl. Spandarmad): lit. "Holy Devotion"
6. Haurvatat (Phl. Hordad): lit. "Perfection or Health"
7. Ameretat (Phl. Amurdad): lit. "Immortality"

In Judaism
The Hebrew Bible uses the term ‫( מלאכי אלוהים‬malakhi Elohim; Angels of
God),[5] The Hebrew word for angel is "malach," which means messenger,
for the angels ‫( מלאכי יי‬malakhi Adonai; Angels of the Lord) are God's
messengers to perform various missions - e.g. 'angel of death';[6] ‫בני אלוהים‬
(b'nei elohim; sons of God) and ‫( הקדושים‬ha-q'doshim; the holy ones) to
refer to beings traditionally interpreted as angelic messengers. Other terms are
used in later texts, such as ‫( העליונים‬ha-elyonim, the upper ones, or the
supreme ones). References to angels are uncommon in Jewish literature
except in later works such as the Book of Daniel, though they are mentioned
briefly in the stories of Jacob (who according to one interpretation wrestled
with an angel) and Lot (who was warned by angels of the impending
Jacob Wrestling with the
destruction of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah). Daniel is the first biblical
Angel by Gustave Doré, figure to refer to individual angels by name.[7] It is therefore widely
1885 speculated that Jewish interest in angels developed during the Babylonian
captivity.[8] According to Rabbi Simeon ben Lakish of Tiberias (230–270
CE), specific names for the angels were brought back by the Jews from
Babylon.

There are no explicit references to archangels in the canonical texts of the Hebrew Bible. In post-Biblical
Judaism, certain angels came to take on a particular significance and developed unique personalities and roles.
Though these archangels were believed to have ranked amongst the heavenly host, no systematic hierarchy
ever developed. Metatron is considered one of the highest of the angels in Merkavah and Kabbalist mysticism
and often serves as a scribe. He is briefly mentioned in the Talmud,[9] and figures prominently in Merkavah
mystical texts. Michael, who serves as a warrior and advocate for Israel,[10] is looked upon particularly fondly.
Gabriel is mentioned in the Book of Daniel[11] and briefly in the Talmud,[12] as well as many Merkavah
mystical texts. The earliest references to archangels are in the literature of the intertestamental periods (e.g., 4
Esdras 4:36).

In the Kabbalah there are ten archangels, each assigned to one sephira: Metatron, Lucifer (other times Jophiel),
Tzaphkiel, Tzadkiel, Khamael, Raphael, Haniel, Michael, Gabriel, and Sandalphon. Chapter 20 of the Book
of Enoch mentions seven holy angels who watch, that often are considered the seven archangels: Michael,
Raphael, Gabriel, Uriel, Saraqael, Raguel, and Lucifer.[13] The Life of Adam and Eve lists the archangels as
well: Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, Raphael and Joel. Medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides made a Jewish
angelic hierarchy.

In Christianity
The New Testament makes over a hundred references to angels, but uses the word "archangel" only twice, at
Thessalonians 4:16 ("For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the
archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first", KJV) and Jude 1:9 ("Yet Michael
the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against
him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee", KJV).
Roman Catholic

In Roman Catholicism, three are mentioned by name:

Gabriel
Michael
Raphael

These three are commemorated together liturgically on Sept. 29. Formerly

each had his own feast (see individual articles).

The latter of these identifies himself in Tobit 12:15(NAB) thus: "I am Raphael,
one of the seven angels who stand and serve before the Glory of the Lord."

The Fourth Book of Esdras, which mentions the angel Uriel (and also the Guido Reni's Archangel
"archangel" Jeremiel), was popular in the West and was frequently quoted by Michael Trampling Lucifer,
Church Fathers, especially Ambrose, but was never considered part of the 1636
Catholic biblical canon.[14]

The Catholic Church gives no official recognition to the names given

in some apocryphal sources, such as Raguel, Saraqael and Remiel (in
the Book of Enoch) or Izidkiel, Hanael, and Kepharel (in other such
sources).[15]

Eastern Orthodox

Eastern Orthodox Tradition mentions "thousands of archangels";[16]

however, only seven archangels are venerated by name.[17] Uriel is Gabriel, Michael and Raphael,
included, and the other three are most often named Selaphiel, depicted in stained glass in St
Jegudiel, and Barachiel (an eighth, Jeremiel, is sometimes included as Ailbe's Church, a Catholic church in
Ireland
archangel).[18] The Orthodox Church celebrates the Synaxis of the
Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers on November 8 of
the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar (for those churches which
follow the Julian Calendar, November 8 falls on November 21 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). Other feast
days of the Archangels include the Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel on March 26 (April 8), and the Miracle
of the Archangel Michael at Colossae on September 6 (September 19). In addition, every Monday throughout
the year is dedicated to the Angels, with special mention being made in the church hymns of Michael and
Gabriel. In Orthodox iconography, each angel has a symbolic representation:[18]

Michael in the Hebrew language means "Who is like God?" or "Who is equal to God?" Michael
has been depicted from earliest Christian times as a commander, who holds in his right hand a
spear with which he attacks Lucifer/Satan, and in his left hand a green palm branch. At the top
of the spear, there is a linen ribbon with a red cross. The Archangel Michael is especially
considered to be the Guardian of the Orthodox Faith and a fighter against heresies.
Gabriel means "God is my strength" or "Might of God". He is the herald of the mysteries of God,
especially the Incarnation of God and all other mysteries related to it. He is depicted as follows:
In his right hand, he holds a lantern with a lighted taper inside, and in his left hand, a mirror of
green jasper. The mirror signifies the wisdom of God as a hidden mystery.
Raphael means "It is God who heals" or "God Heals".[19][20] Raphael is depicted leading Tobit
(who is carrying a fish caught in the Tigris) with his right hand and holding a physician's
alabaster jar in his left hand.
 Uriel means "God is my light", or "Light of God" (II Esdras
4:1, 5:20). He is depicted holding a sword in his right hand,
and a flame in his left.
Sealtiel means "Intercessor of God". He is depicted with
his face and eyes lowered, holding his hands on his
bosom in prayer.
Jegudiel means "Glorifier of God". He is depicted bearing a
golden wreath in his right hand and a triple-thonged whip
in his left hand.
Barachiel means "Blessed by God". He is depicted holding
a white rose in his hand against his breast.
Jerahmeel means "God's exaltation". He is venerated as
an inspirer and awakener of exalted thoughts that raise a
person toward God (2 Esdras 4:36 (https://bible.oremus.or
g/?passage=2%20Esdras%204:36&version=nrsvae)). As
an eighth, he is sometimes included as an archangel. Angelic Council, Orthodox icon of the
seven archangels, left to right:
In the canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, 1 Enoch Jegudiel, Gabriel, Selaphiel, Michael,
Uriel, Raphael, Barachiel. Beneath
describes Saraqael as one of the angels who watch over "the spirits
the mandorla of Christ-Immanuel
that sin in the spirit" (Enoch 20:7–8).
(God is with us) are representations
of Cherubim (blue) and Seraphim
(red).
Coptic Orthodox

In addition to Michael, Gabriel and Raphael, the Coptic Orthodox

Church recognises four more archangels by name:[21]

Suriel means "Prince of God"

Zedekiel means "Grace of God"
Sarathiel (Unknown)
Ananiel means "Rain of God"

Ethiopian Orthodox

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church venerates the four archangels

Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Uriel, as well as:[22][23]

Phanuel, meaning "Face of God" Coptic icon of the Archangel

Michael. Among all the
Raguel, meaning "Friend of God" archangels, the Copts pay
Ramuel[22] or Remiel,[23] meaning "Thunder of God" special attention to St
Michael.

Protestant

The Protestant Bible provides names for three angels: "Michael the archangel", the angel Gabriel, who is
called "the man Gabriel" in Daniel 9:21 and third "Abaddon"/"Apollyon" in Revelation 9:11. Within
Protestantism, the Anglican and Methodist tradition recognizes four angels as archangels: Michael the
Archangel, Raphael the Archangel, Gabriel the Archangel, and Uriel the Archangel.[24][25] But a depiction of
seven archangels in stained-glass windows can be found in some Anglican churches. In this case, in addition
to the aforementioned angels, Chamuel, Jophiel and Zadkiel are also depicted. They are commemorated on
29 September, “Michaelmas”, in the church calendar.[26] The evangelist Billy
Graham wrote that in Sacred Scripture, there is only one individual explicitly
described as an archangel—Michael—in Jude 1:9.[27][28]

Ethiopian icon of an
angel, possibly St
Michael.

Seven archangels depicted in the stained-

glass window at St Michael's Church,
Brighton; from left: Michael, Gabriel, Uriel,
Chamuel (Camael), Raphael, Jophiel, and
Zadkiel

The Annunciation by Henry Ossawa Tanner

Restorationist

Seventh-day Adventists hold that the titles "Michael" and "archangel" are in reference to Jesus. However, they
only signify his role as the chief of angels and make no reference to the nature of Jesus, who is fully divine.
Adventists credit nonconformist minister Matthew Henry as supporting this view.[29]

Jehovah's Witnesses, citing a reference to "an archangel's voice" at 1 Thessalonians 4:16, also believe that
"Michael" is another name for Jesus in heaven. They believe Jesus is an archangel in the true sense of the
word—the highest spiritual creature.[30]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) interprets the term "archangel" as meaning
"Chief Angel",[31] Michael is the only individual so designated in the Latter Day Saints canon.[32] It is
believed that he is the head of all of the angels.[31] LDS Church doctrine also states that the archangel Michael
was the first man, Adam.[33] Though no other being is identified as an "archangel", Joseph Smith taught that
the angel Gabriel was known in mortality as Noah[34] and the angel Raphael is a being of significant standing,
even though he has never been identified with any mortal prophet.[35]

In Islam
In Islam, the mentioned archangels[36] in the Islamic exegetical traditions are:

Gabriel (Jibrail or Jibril in Arabic). Gabriel is said to be the archangel responsible for
transmitting God's revelations to all prophets, including revealing the Quran to Muhammad and
inducing him to recite it. Various hadiths (traditions) mention his role in delivering messages
from "God the Almighty" to the prophets.
Mika'il is often depicted as the archangel of mercy who is responsible for bringing rain and
thunder to Earth.[37]
Raphael (Israfil in Arabic). The name is not mentioned in the Quran. Considered in Islam by
some to be the angel of the trumpet responsible for signaling the coming of Judgment Day.[38]
Azrael (Azra’il in Arabic, also called Malak al-Maut, literally “angel of death”). Taking the soul of
the dead to heaven or hell. The name is not mentioned in the Quran.

Other traditions
Occultists sometimes associate archangels in Kabbalistic fashion with various seasons or elements, or even
colors. In some Kabbalah-based systems of ceremonial magic, all four of the main archangels (Gabriel,
Michael, Raphael and Uriel) are invoked as guarding the four quarters, or directions, and their corresponding
colors are associated with magical properties.[39] Lucifer or Satan in Christian traditions, or Iblis in Islam,[40] is
considered an archangel by Satanists and many non-Satanists, but most non-Satanists consider him evil and
fallen from God's grace.

Cultural references
In art, archangels are sometimes depicted with larger wings. Some of the more commonly represented
archangels are Gabriel, Michael, Raphael, and Uriel.[41]

In the lesser ritual of the pentagram, the invocation includes the words "Before me Raphael; Behind me
Gabriel; On my right hand Michael; On my left hand Auriel [Uriel]..."[42]

See also
Angels in art
Angel of the Lord
Archdemon
Bene Elohim
Fallen angels
Kami
Olympian spirits
 Saint Michael in the Catholic Church
Seven Archangels
Sopo Archangels, Colombian Baroque paintings
Yazata

References

Citations
1. "archangel" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=a
rchangel&allowed_in_frame=0). Online Etymology
Dictionary. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
2. "Encyclopædia Britannica, "amesha spenta" " (http://www.
britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/20459/amesha-spenta).
Annunciatory Angel by Fra Angelico,
Britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
1437–1446
3. Mary Boyce, A History of Zoroastrianism Volume One: The
Early Period, E. J. Brill, Leiden 1975
4. Zend Avesta FARGARD XXII (http://www.sacred-texts.com/
zor/sbe04/sbe0428.htm) (Page 199) Mary Boyce, A History
of Zoroastrianism Volume One: The Early Period, E. J.
Brill, Leiden 1975. (1989 edition ISBN 9004088474)
5. Davidson, Baruch S. "What Are Angels?" (http://www.chab
ad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/692875/jewish/What-Are-Ang
els.htm). Chabad.org. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
6. DEATH, ANGEL OF (http://jewishencyclopedia.com/article
s/5018-death-angel-of) "the "destroying angel" ("mal'ak ha-
mashḥit")" Jewish Encyclopedia
7. Ludwig Blau; Kaufmann Kohler (1908). "ANGELOLOGY"
(http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1521-angelology).
Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
8. "Judaism: The Postexilic Period" (http://www.encyclopedia.
com/doc/1E1-Judaism.html), International Encyclopedia of
the Social Sciences
9. Sanhedrin 38b and Avodah Zarah 3b.
10. Daniel 10:13
11. Daniel 8:15–17
12. cf. Sanhedrin 95b
13. Metzger & Coogan (1993) Oxford Companion to the Bible,
Oxford University Press, p. 54 (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA54#v=snippet&f=false),
ISBN 9780199743919
14. "Souvay, Charles. "Esdras." The Catholic Encyclopedia.
Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 5 Aug.
2013" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05535a.htm).
Newadvent.org. 1909-05-01. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
15. "Driscoll, James F. "St. Raphael." The Catholic
Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton
Company, 1911. 5 Aug. 2013" (http://www.newadvent.org/c
athen/12640b.htm). Newadvent.org. 1911-06-01. Retrieved
2014-03-11.
16. anaphora, Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom
17. The World of The Angels (http://www.holy-transfiguration.or
g/library_en/ang_heavhost.html) Holy Transfiguration
Russian Orthodox Church, Baltimore MD
18. Nicholai Velimirovic, November 8 (http://www.westsrbdio.or
g/prolog/my.html?month=November&day=8&Go.x=13&Go.
y=15) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081207012
031/http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=Nov
ember&day=8&Go.x=13&Go.y=15) December 7, 2008, at
the Wayback Machine Prologue From Ochrid
19. Tobit 3:17 (https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Tobit/3?17)
20. 12:15 (https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Tobit/12?15))
21. Meinardus, Otto F. A. (3 July 2015). "The Heavenly Host in
the Coptic Tradition" (http://becomeorthodox.org/the-heave
nly-host-in-the-coptic-tradition/). becomeorthodox.org.
Retrieved 28 March 2019.
22. "Theology: ANGELS" (http://www.dgmedhanealem.org/our
-church/brief-history). dgmedhanealem.org. Retrieved
12 April 2019. "The notable seven Archangels are: St.
Mikael, St. Gebriel, St. Rufael, St. Uriel, St. Ramuel, St.
Phanuel, St. Raguel."
23. "Devotions: The Invocation of Angels" (http://www.ethiopia
northodox.org/english/Lent/devotion.html).
ethiopianorthodox.org. Retrieved 12 April 2019. "Devoutly
are kept the feasts of all Angels including St. Michael, St.
Gabriel and St. Raphael. […] Uriel, Regel, Remiel and
Phanuel are other revered angels."
24. Armentrout, Don S. (1 January 2000). An Episcopal
Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 14.
ISBN 9780898697018.
25. The Methodist New Connexion Magazine and Evangelical
Repository, Volume XXXV., Third Series (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=7Q8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA493).
London: William Cooke. 1867. p. 493.
26. Kershaw, Simon. "Exciting Holiness: 29 September" (http://
www.excitingholiness.org/first-edition/index.cgi?m09/d29.h
tml). Canterbury Press Norwich. Retrieved 17 September
2016.
27. Graham, Billy (1995). Angels (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=sDUbiV92-mIC&pg=PT31#v=twopage&q=archang
el&f=false). Thomas Nelson. ISBN 9780849938719. p.
PT31.
28. Graham (1995) p. PT32 (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=sDUbiV92-mIC&pg=PT32#v=twopage&q=Gabriel%20n
ot%20archangel&f=false)
29. "Questions on Doctrine: Christ, and Michael and
Archangel" (http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/q08.h
tm). SDAnet. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
30. What Does the Bible Really Teach? (http://wol.jw.org/en/w
ol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160). Watch Tower Society. pp. 218–
219.
31. "Archangel" (https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scri
ptures/gs/archangel). Guide to the Scriptures. LDS Church.
32. Jude 1:9 KJV (LDS)
33. Doctrine and Covenants 128:20–21; Petersen, Mark E.
(November 1980). "Adam, the Archangel" (https://www.chu
rchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1980/11/adam-the-archa
ngel). Ensign..
34. Skinner, Andrew C (1992), "Noah" (http://eom.byu.edu/inde
x.php/Noah), in Ludlow, Daniel H (ed.), Encyclopedia of
Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 1016–
1017, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140 (https://www.
worldcat.org/oclc/24502140).
35. Doctrine and Covenants 128:21
36. Lewis, James R.; Oliver, Evelyn Dorothy (2008). Angels
A to Z (https://books.google.com/books?id=56B7fmmlt6
QC&pg=PR18#v=snippet&q=Mikhail%20archangel%2
0Michael&f=false). Visible Ink Press. p. xviii.
ISBN 9781578592579.
Davidson, Gustav (1967). A dictionary of angels:
including the fallen angels (https://books.google.com/b
ooks/about/A_dictionary_of_angels.html?id=Ed7yHWu
TEewC). Free Press. ISBN 9780029070505.
Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002).
Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism
(https://books.google.com/books/about/Historical_Dicti
onary_of_Prophets_in_Isl.html?id=6aTXAAAAMAAJ).
Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810843059.
37. Quran 2:98 (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=
Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Aver
se%3D98)
38. Quran 69:13 (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc
=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D69%3A
verse%3D13)
39. The Pagan's Path (http://www.paganspath.com/meta/angel
s4.htm), Metaphysics 101: The Archangels
40. "Iblīs | Islam" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iblis).
Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-01-30.
41. Angels in Art (http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s
=g&p=a&a=i&ID=334) on HumanitiesWeb (http://www.hum
anitiesweb.org/)
42. "On the Lesser Banishing Ritual of the Pentagram" (http://w
ww.sacred-texts.com/bos/bos026.htm) from The Internet
Book of Shadows at Sacred-texts.com (http://sacred-texts.c
om)

Bibliography
Boyce, Mary (1984). Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism. Manchester, UK:
Manchester University Press.
Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D., eds. (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible (http
s://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-
 504645-5.

External links
The World of Djinn and Its Secrets (http://www.islamawareness.net/Jinn/fatwa_secrets.html)
The Zoroastrian Religion and its Progeny (http://mailstar.net/zoroastrianism.html)
Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers (http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSai
ntsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103244)—Orthodox icon and synaxarion

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archangel&oldid=984344044"

This page was last edited on 19 October 2020, at 16:39 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.