[DEETAF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING]

PLANT MAINTENANCE AND WORK SERVICE - PRACTICE March 12, 2021

PUMP

Pump Definition:
A pump is a device that is used for lifting the liquid from ground sources to the upper top surface
or from one place to another place.

Pumps are operated by the mechanism that is rotary, reciprocating and it consumes energy while
performing mechanical work which is moving fluid from one place to another.

This can be operated by many energy resources which include manual operation, electricity,
engine, wind power and many more, day to day life to industrial applications.

Types of Pumps:
A pump can broadly be classified into two categories, and those are:

I. Positive Displacement Pump

II. Dynamic Pump

Two types of Positive Displacement Pumps:

1. Rotary Pump
o Single Rotor Pump (For example, Piston Pump, Vane Pump, Screw Pump)
o Multiple Rotor Pump (For example, Gear pump, Lube pump)
2. Reciprocating Pump
o Diaphragm Pump (For example, Fluid Operated Pump, Mechanically Operated
Pump)
o Piston Plunger Type Pump

Dynamic Pumps can be classified into two types:

1. Centrifugal Pump
2. Axial Pump

Reciprocating Pump:
A reciprocating pump is a hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy.

Here a certain volume of liquid is collected in the enclosed volume and is discharged using
pressure to the required application.

1
 [DEETAF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING]
PLANT MAINTENANCE AND WORK SERVICE - PRACTICE March 12, 2021

Reciprocating pumps are more suitable for low volumes of flow at high pressures.

The reciprocating pump having two types: 

 Single-acting reciprocating pump

 Double acting reciprocating pump

Parts of Reciprocating Pump:

These are the main parts of a Reciprocating Pump:

 Suction Pipe
 Suction Valve
 Delivery Pipe
 Delivery Valve
 Cylinder
 Piston and Piston Rod
 Crank and Connecting Rod
 Strainer
 Air Vessel

Suction Pipe:

It is used to suck the water from the water reservoir to the cylinder.

It connects the inlet of the pump with the water tank.

2
 [DEETAF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING]
PLANT MAINTENANCE AND WORK SERVICE - PRACTICE March 12, 2021

Suction Valve:

The suction valve is a non-return valve which means the only one-directional flow is possible in
this type of valve.

This is placed between the suction pipe inlet and the cylinder.

During suction of liquid, it is opened and during discharge, it is closed.

Delivery Pipe:

It is a pipe that is used to deliver the water from the cylinder to the desired location.

It connects the outlet of the pump to the tank where the water is to be delivered.

Delivery Valve:

Delivery valve also non-return valve placed between the cylinder and delivery pipe outlet.

It is in a closed position during suction and opened position during the discharging of liquid.

Cylinder:

A hollow cylinder made of steel alloy or cast iron. 

An arrangement of piston and piston rod is inside this cylinder.

Piston and Piston Rod:

A piston is a solid type cylinder part which moves backward and forwards inside the hollow
cylinder, to perform suction and delivery of liquid.

Piston rod helps the piston to its linear motion.

Crank and Connecting Rod:

Crank is a solid circular disc which is connected to the power source like motor, engine, etc, for
its rotation.

Connecting rod connects the crank to the piston, as a result, the rotational motion of the crank
gets converted into linear motion of the piston.

Strainer:

3
 [DEETAF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING]
PLANT MAINTENANCE AND WORK SERVICE - PRACTICE March 12, 2021

A strainer is provided at the end of the suction pipe to prevent the entrance of solids from a water
source into the cylinder.

Air Vessel:

Air vessels are connected to both suction and delivery pipes to eliminate the frictional head and
to give a uniform discharge rate.

Centrifugal Pump:
The hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy is
called Pumps.

The hydraulic energy is in the form of pressure energy if the mechanical energy is converted into
pressure energy by means of a centrifugal force acting on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is
called a Centrifugal Pump.

4
 [DEETAF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING]
PLANT MAINTENANCE AND WORK SERVICE - PRACTICE March 12, 2021

Main Parts of Centrifugal Pump:

 Impeller
 Casing
 Suction pipe with a foot valve
 strainer and
 Delivery pipe

Impeller:

5
 [DEETAF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING]
PLANT MAINTENANCE AND WORK SERVICE - PRACTICE March 12, 2021

An impeller is a rotating component of a centrifugal pump which transfers energy from the

motor that drives the pump to the fluid being pumped by accelerating the fluid outwards from the
center of rotation.

Casing:

The Casing that receives the fluid being pumped by the impeller, slowing down the fluid’s rate
of flow.

A volute is a curved funnel that increases in area as it approaches the discharge port.

Suction pipe with a foot valve and Strainer:

A pipe whose one end is connected to the inlet of the pump and another end dips into the water
in a sump is known as a suction pipe.

A foot valve is found at the end of a pipeline in a suction lift application.

They function as a check valve, but they also have a strainer affixed to their open end.

Delivery pipe:

A pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other ends delivers the water at
a required height is known as a Delivery pipe.

Working of a Reciprocating Pump:

The reciprocating pump consists of a piston that moves forward and backward in a close-fitting
cylinder. The movement of the piston is obtained by connecting the piston rod to crank through a
connecting rod. The crank is rotated using an electric motor. 

Suction and Delivery Pipes with a suction valve and a delivery valve are connected to
the cylinder. The suction and delivery valves are non return valves, which allow the water to
flow in one direction only. 

The suction valve allows water from the suction pipe to the cylinder and where the delivery
valve allows water from the cylinder to the delivery pipe only.

6
 [DEETAF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING]
PLANT MAINTENANCE AND WORK SERVICE - PRACTICE March 12, 2021

Reciprocating Pump

When the crank starts rotating, the piston moves in the cylinder. when a crank is at A, the piston
is at the extreme left position in the cylinder. As the crank is rotating from A to C,(θ=0º to
180º) the piston is moving towards the right in the cylinder. The movement of the piston towards
the right creates a partial vacuum in the cylinder. But on the surface of the liquid in the sump
atmospheric pressure is acting, which is more than the pressure inside the cylinder. 

Thus the liquid is forced into the suction pipe from the sump. This liquid opens the suction valve
and enters into the cylinder.

When a crank is rotating from C to A (θ=180º to 360º), the piston from the extreme right position
starts moving toward left in the cylinder. 

The movement of the piston towards the left increases the pressure of the liquid inside the
cylinder more than the atmospheric pressure. 

Hence the Suction valve closes and the delivery valve opens. The liquid is forced into the
delivery pipe and is raised to a Required Height.

7
 [DEETAF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING]
PLANT MAINTENANCE AND WORK SERVICE - PRACTICE March 12, 2021

Working Principle of Centrifugal Pump:

The Centrifugal pump acts as a reversed of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means
that flow in a centrifugal pump is in the radial outward directions.

The centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow which means that when a
certain mass of liquid is rotated by an external torque, the rise in pressure head of the rotating
liquid takes place.

The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating liquid is proportional to the square of the
tangential velocity of the liquid at that point.

Therefore the rise in pressure head 

Thus at the outlet of the impeller, where the radius is more, the rise in pressure head will be more
and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a high-pressure head.

Due to this high-pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a high level.

Applications of Centrifugal Pumps are:

 Centrifugal pumps are used in buildings for pumping the general water supply, as a
booster and for domestic water supplies.
 The design of a centrifugal pump makes them useful for pumping sewage and slurries.
 They are also used in fire protection systems and for heating and cooling applications.
 Beverage industry: Used to transfer juice, bottled water, etc.
 Dairy industry: Used to transfer dairy products such as milk, buttermilk, flavored milk,
etc.
 Various industries (Manufacturing, Industrial, Chemicals, Pharmaceutical, Food
Production, Aerospace, etc.) for the purposes of cryogenics and refrigerants.
 Oil Energy: pumping crude oil, slurry, mud; used by refineries, power generation plants.

Advantages of Pump:
These are some advantages of Pump:

 As there is no drive seal so there is no leakage in the pump.

 There are very less frictional losses.
 The construction of the pump is Simple.
 Almost no noise.
 Minimum wear as compared to others.

8
 [DEETAF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING]
PLANT MAINTENANCE AND WORK SERVICE - PRACTICE March 12, 2021

Disadvantages of Pump:
These are some disadvantages of Pump:

 Produce cavitation.
 Corrosion.
 Cannot be able to work at high speed.

Applications of Pump:
The main applications of the pump are:

 As we already discussed Pumping Water from one place to another place.

 Aquarium and pond filtering
 This is also used for Water cooling and fuel injection in automobiles
 Pumping oil or gas and operating cooling towers in the energy industry.
 Uses in waste-water recycling, pulp, and paper, chemical industry, etc.