CHAPTER 3:

METHODS OF DRAWING REPRESENTATION

PICTORIAL
AE-1023: AIRCRAFT DRAWING
Lecture Outline

 Objectives
 Introduction (2.4, p.85)
 Isometric drawings (2.4.1, p.87)
 Oblique drawings (2.4, p.86)
 Perspective drawings (2.7, p.104)
 Next class
Objectives

 Learn how to construct three types of pictorial

drawings:

1) Isometric

2) Oblique

3) Perspective
Introduction

 Comparison of
Isometric,
oblique, and
perspective
drawings
Introduction (con’t)

 Examples:

Perspective

Oblique
Isometric Drawings (2.4)

 An axonometric pictorial drawing for which the angle

between axes equals 120 degrees and the scale used is full
scale
 Isometric axes
can be positioned
in a number of
ways to create
different views
of the same object
 Regular isometric
is the most
common type
Isometric Drawings (con’t)

 True length distances can only be measured along isometric

lines, that is, lines that run parallel to any of the isometric
axes
Isometric Drawings (con’t)

 Hidden lines are omitted  Center lines are drawn for

unless absolutely necessary showing symmetry or for
to describe the object dimensioning – normally
they are not shown

Example: Hidden Lines Example: Center Lines for

Necessary for Details Dimensioning
Isometric Drawings (con’t)

 Dimensioning for production purposes:

 Dimensions per ANSI standards
 Dimension lines, extension lines, and lines dimensioned shall lie in
the same plan
 All dimensions and notes
should be unidirectional,
reading from the bottom
upward and outside the
view
Isometric Drawings (con’t)

 Dimensioning for illustration purposes:

 Use the aligned method
 Dimension lines, extension lines, and lettering are all draw in the
plane of one of the
faces of the object
 Takes on more of
a pictorial look
Isometric Drawings (con’t)

 Constructing an isometric
drawing using the Boxing-In
Method:

Box in from the

outmost shape
to inside details
Isometric Drawings (con’t)

 What if you have non-isometric lines?

Remember that true-
length distances can
only be measured along
isometric lines, that is,
lines that run parallel to
any of the isometric
axes
Isometric Drawings (con’t)

 What if you have curves?

 Use the offset coordinate method
Oblique Drawings (2.4)

 A form of pictorial drawing in which

the most descriptive or natural view
is treated as the front view and is
placed parallel to the plane of
projection
 Typical oblique drawing angles are
30, 45, or 60 degrees from the
horizontal
Oblique Drawings (con’t)

 Three basic types of oblique drawings:

 Cavalier: drawn true length along the receding axis
 Cabinet: drawn half the true length along the receding axis
 General: drawn anywhere from full to half length along the receding
axis
Oblique Drawings (con’t)

 In oblique projection, the object face that is placed parallel

to the frontal plane will be drawn true size and shape
 Thus, the first rule in creating an oblique drawing is to place
complex features (i.e., arcs, holes, or irregular surfaces)
parallel to the frontal plane
Oblique Drawings (con’t)

 In oblique drawings, dimensions lie in the plane of the

surface to which they apply, and unidirectional text
placement is used

Dimension text
may need to be
changed because
only the cavalier
oblique projection
gives true depth.
Oblique Drawings (con’t)
 Creating an Oblique sketch:
 Step 1: Block in the front face of
the object. Estimate distances to
create a proportioned sketch
 Step 2: Sketch depth
construction lines at 30 to 45
degrees. Estimate depth along
the sketched lines
 Step 3: Draw a line between
each depth mark to create the
back edge
 Step 4: Darken all visible lines
including any part of a back
circle that is inside a front circle
Perspective Drawings (2.7)

 Pictorial drawings used to represent 3-D forms on 2-D

media in a manner closest to how we perceive the objects
with our eyes
 Terms to be familiar with include horizon line (HL), ground
line (GL), station point (SP), picture plane (projection plane),
and vanishing point (VP)
Perspective Drawings (con’t)

 The view of the object can be dramatically changed by

moving the vanishing point along the horizon line
 Points to the right of center will reveal details about the
right side of the object; while points to the left of center will
reveal details about the left side
Perspective Drawings (con’t)

 The human’s eye view is the

most commonly used for
sketching everyday objects
 The position of the view has a
dramatic effect on the
representation of the drawing
Perspective Drawings (con’t)

 Perspective view drawings

can be one-, two-, or
three-point perspectives
 Four variables to consider
in perspective view
drawings:
 Distance of object from
picture plane
 Position of station point
 Position of ground line
 Number of vanishing points

Practice creating a one-point perspective sketch (Fig. 2.54 in text)

Perspective Drawings (con’t)
Next Class